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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    The Basic Analytics of Access To Financial Services (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten The Basic Analytics of Access To Financial Services
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Access to financial services, or rather the lack thereof, is often indiscriminately decried as a problem in many developing countries. The authors argue that the "problem of access" should rather be analyzed by identifying different demand and supply constraints. They use the concept of an access possibilities frontier, drawn for a given set of state variables, to distinguish between cases where a financial system settles below the constrained optimum, cases where this constrained optimum is too low, and-in credit services-cases where the observed outcome is excessively high. They distinguish between payment and savings services and fixed intermediation costs, on the one hand, and lending services and different sources of credit risk, on the other hand. The authors include both supply and demand side frictions that can lead to lower access. The analysis helps identify bankable and banked population, the binding constraint to close the gap between the two, and policies to prudently expand the bankable population. This new conceptual framework can inform the debate on adequate policies to expand access to financial services and can serve as the basis for an informed measurement of access
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Liberalizing Trade In Services : A Survey (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Liberalizing Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives
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  • 3
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    The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper contributes to explain the cross-country heterogeneity of the poverty response to changes in economic growth. It does so by focusing on the structure of output growth. The paper presents a two-sector theoretical model that clarifies the mechanism through which the sectoral composition of growth and associated labor intensity can affect workers' wages and, thus, poverty alleviation. Then it presents cross-country empirical evidence that analyzes first, the differential poverty-reducing impact of sectoral growth at various levels of disaggregation, and the role of unskilled labor intensity in such differential impact. The paper finds evidence that not only the size of economic growth but also its composition matters for poverty alleviation, with the largest contributions from labor-intensive sectors (such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing). The results are robust to the influence of outliers, alternative explanations, and various poverty measures
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  • 4
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    Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies : Is There More To Come? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mitra, Pradeep Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper decomposes changes in inequality, which has in general been increasing in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, both by income source and socio-economic group, with a view to understanding the determinants of inequality and assessing how it might evolve in the future. The empirical analysis relies on a set of inequality statistics that, unlike "official data", are consistent and comparable across countries and are based on primary records from household surveys recently put together for the World Bank study "Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1998-2003" [World Bank (2005b)]. The increase in inequality in transition, as predicted by a number of theoretical models, in practice differed substantially across countries, with the size and speed of its evolution depending on the relative importance of its key determinants, viz., changes in the wage distribution, employment, entrepreneurial incomes and social safety nets. Its evolution was also influenced by policy. This diversity of outcomes is exemplified on the one hand for Central Europe by Poland, where the increase in inequality has been steady but gradual and reflects, inter alia, larger changes in employment and compensating adjustments in social safety nets and, on the other for the Commonwealth of Independent States by Russia, where an explosive overshooting of inequality peaked in the mid-1990s before being moderated through the extinguishing of wage arrears during its post-1998 recovery. The paper argues that the process of transition to a market economy is not complete and that further evolution of inequality will depend both on (i) transition-related factors, such as the evolution of the education premium, a bias in the investment climate against new private sector firms which are important vehicles of job creation and regional impediments to mobility of goods and labor, as well as increasingly (ii) other factors, such as technological change and globalization. The paper also contrasts key features of inequality in Russia in the context of other transition economies with trends in inequality observed in China where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a steep increase in inequality. It argues that the latter's experience is, to a large extent, a developmental, rather than a transition-related phenomenon deriving from the rural-urban divide and is, therefore, of limited relevance for predicting changes in inequality in Russia
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  • 5
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    Estimating The Returns To Education : Accounting For Heterogeneity In Ability (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony Estimating The Returns To Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Typically estimates of the benefits of education investments show average private rates of return for the average individual. The average may not be useful for policy. An examination of the distribution of the returns across individuals is needed. The few studies that have examined these patterns focus on high-income countries, showing investments to be more profitable at the top of the income distribution. The implication is that investments may increase inequality. Extending the analysis to 16 East Asian and Latin American countries the authors observe mixed evidence in middle-income countries and decreasing returns in low-income countries. Such differences between countries could be due to more job mobility in industrial countries, scarcity of skills, or differential exposure to market forces
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  • 6
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    An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (98 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lindbeck, Assar An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs. The author also studies the consequences of the economic reforms for the previous social arrangements in the country, which were tied to individual work units-agriculture communes, collective firms, and state-owned enterprises. He continues with the social development during the reform period, reflecting a complex mix of social advances, mainly in terms of poverty reduction, and regresses for large population groups in terms of income security and human services, such as education and, in particular, health care. Next, the author discusses China's future policy options in the social field, whereby he draws heavily on relevant experiences in industrial countries over the years. The future options are classified into three broad categories: policies influencing the level and distribution of factor income, income transfers including social insurance, and the provision of human services
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  • 7
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    Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ? : Evidence From Rural China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ?
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The paper revisits the site of a large, World Bank-financed, rural development program in China 10 years after it began and four years after disbursements ended. The program emphasized community participation in multi-sectoral interventions (including farming, animal husbandry, infrastructure and social services). Data were collected on 2,000 households in project and nonproject areas, spanning 10 years. A double-difference estimator of the program's impact (on top of pre-existing governmental programs) reveals sizeable short-term income gains that were mostly saved. Only modest gains to mean consumption emerged in the longer term-in rough accord with the gain to permanent income. Certain types of households gained more than others. The educated poor were under-covered by the community-based selection process-greatly reducing overall impact. The main results are robust to corrections for various sources of selection bias, including village targeting and interference due to spillover effects generated by the response of local governments to the external aid
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  • 8
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    Reducing Distortions To Agricultural Incentives : Progress, Pitfalls, And Prospects (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Reducing Distortions To Agricultural Incentives
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Import Barriers ; Incentives ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Trade Policy ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Import Barriers ; Incentives ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Trade Policy ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Import Barriers ; Incentives ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Protectionism ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Most of the world's poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. Earnings from farming in low-income countries are depressed partly due to a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, and partly because richer countries (including some developing countries) favor their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic growth and add to inequality and poverty in developing countries. Acknowledgement of that since the 1980s has given rise to greater pressures for reform, both internal and external. Over the past two decades numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while many high-income countries continue with protectionist policies that harm developing country exports of farm products. Recent research suggests that the agricultural protectionist policies of high-income countries reduce welfare in many developing countries. Most of those studies also suggest that full global liberalization of merchandise trade would raise value added in agriculture in developing country regions, and that much of the benefit from global reform would come not just from reform in high-income countries but also from liberalization among developing countries, including in many cases own-country reform. These findings raise three key questions that are addressed in this paper: To what extent have the reforms of the past two decades succeeded in reducing distortions to agricultural incentives? Do current policy distortions still discriminate against farmers in low-income countries? And what are the prospects for further reform in the next decade or so?
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  • 9
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    Rural Poor In Rich Rural Areas : Poverty In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Rural Poor In Rich Rural Areas
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Rural poverty remains a crucial part of the poverty picture in Argentina. This paper used a rural dataset collected by the World Bank in 2003. Findings show that extreme income poverty in rural areas reached 39 percent of the people or 200,000-250,000 indigent families. These families tend to: be large, and young, and to escape from poverty as they mature and children leave the household (life cycle); live largely in dispersed areas where basic service provision is often weak and delivery is difficult (in particular school attendance beyond 11 years of age falls off very rapidly compared with grouped rural or urban areas); and be more likely to be small landholders than landless laborers. The structure of poverty in rural Argentina shows that larger households are poorer than smaller households, female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households, young households/household heads are poorer than older households/household heads, the poor tend to work more in the informal sector, and a greater share of those engaged in agriculture are poor. However, poverty is by no means strictly an agricultural problem. Furthermore, the deepest poverty is among the poorly educated and young household heads with children. Without interventions to improve their opportunities and assets, their plight is likely to worsen
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  • 10
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    Rural Vulnerability In Serbia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Rural Vulnerability In Serbia
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future. Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature, extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70 percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than those with a significantly higher share of their income coming from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring the agricultural sector's lopsided exposure to covariate shocks in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to mobilize them in time of need
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  • 11
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    Finance And Hunger : Empirical Evidence of The Agricultural Productivity Channel (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Finance And Hunger
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Using cross-country and panel regressions, the authors show that financial sector development significantly reduces undernourishment (hunger), largely through gaining farmers and others access to productivity-enhancing equipment, translating into beneficial income and general effects. They show specifically that a deeper financial sector leads to higher agricultural productivity, including higher cereal yields, through increased fertilizer and tractor use. Higher productivity in turn leads to lower undernourishment. The results are robust to various specifications and econometric tests and imply that a 1 percentage point increase in private credit to GDP reduces undernourishment by 0.22-2.45 percentage points, or about one-quarter the impact of GDP per capita
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  • 12
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    Measuring The Pro-Poorness of Income Growth Within An Elasticity Framework (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah B Measuring The Pro-Poorness of Income Growth Within An Elasticity Framework
    Keywords: Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Poverty reduction has become a fundamental objective of development, and therefore a metric for assessing the effectiveness of various interventions. Economic growth can be a powerful instrument of income poverty reduction. This creates a need for meaningful ways of assessing the poverty impact of growth. This paper follows the elasticity approach to propose a measure of pro-poorness defined as a weighted average of the deviation of a growth pattern from the benchmark case. The measure can help assess pro-poorness both in terms of aggregate poverty measures, which are members of the additively separable class, and at percentiles. It also lends itself to a decomposition procedure, whereby the overall pattern of income growth can be unbundled, and the contributions of income components to overall pro-poorness identified. An application to data for Indonesia in the 1990s reveals that the amount of poverty reduction achieved over that period remains far below what would have been achieved under distributional neutrality. This conclusion is robust to the choice of a poverty measure among members of the additively separable class, and can be tracked back to changes in expenditure components
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  • 13
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    Trade Reforms And Welfare : An Ex-Post Decomposition of Income In Vietnam (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin Trade Reforms And Welfare
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully
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  • 14
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    Growth Before And After Trade Liberalization (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Salinas, Gonzalo Growth Before And After Trade Liberalization
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Development ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Indicators ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Protectionism ; Theory ; Trade Law ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Development ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Indicators ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Protectionism ; Theory ; Trade Law ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Development ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Indicators ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Protectionism ; Theory ; Trade Law
    Abstract: The empirical study of the impact of trade liberalization has not convinced the skeptics about the economic gains after trade reforms. Some have even argued that trade reforms have led to economic collapse and to deindustrialization. Using a sample that excludes countries that were subject to major exogenous disruptions, the authors note that post-reform economic growth was 1.2 percentage points higher than before the reforms. This is remarkable considering that pre-reform periods were characterized by highly expansionary state policies and large external borrowing, and the crisis years that preceded trade liberalization in the comparisons are eliminated. Through multivariate fixed effects estimations the authors calculate that annual per capita GDP growth rates increased by up to 2.6 percentage points after the trade reforms, compared to a counterfactual that takes into consideration the evolution of several growth determinants. Moreover, trade liberalization has been followed by an acceleration of growth in investment, exports of goods and services, and manufacturing exports, and as opposed to common belief, outward orientation did not lead to significant deindustrialization and actually seems to have increased export diversification. Growth acceleration occurred irrespective of income per capita level and was quite significant in Sub-Saharan Africa. As expected, small countries benefited most from the reforms
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  • 15
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    Beyond Trade : The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements On Foreign Direct Investment Inflows (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (66 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Medvedev, Denis Beyond Trade
    Keywords: Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on the net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows of member countries using a comprehensive database of PTAs in a panel setting. He finds that PTA membership is associated with a positive change in net FDI inflows, and the FDI gains are increasing in the market size of the PTA partners and their proximity to the host country. The author identifies several different channels through which preferential trade liberalization may affect FDI, and confirms that both threshold effects (signing the agreement) and market size effects (joining a larger and faster-growing common market) are important determinants of net FDI inflows, although the latter seem to dominate. The estimated relationship is largely driven by North-South PTAs, and is most pronounced in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the period when the majority of "deep integration" PTAs had been advanced
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  • 16
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    Partially Awakened Giants : Uneven Growth In China And India (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chaudhuri, Shubham Partially Awakened Giants
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper examines the ways in which recent economic growth has been uneven in China and India and what this has meant for inequality and poverty. Drawing on analyses based on existing household survey data and aggregate data from official sources, the authors show that growth has indeed been uneven-geographically, sectorally, and at the household level-and that this has meant uneven progress against poverty, less poverty reduction than might have been achieved had growth been more balanced, and an increase in income inequality. The paper then examines why growth was uneven and why this should be of concern. The discussion is structured around the idea that there are both "good" and "bad" inequalities-drivers and dimensions of inequality and uneven growth that are good or bad in terms of what they imply for both equity and long-term growth and development. The authors argue that the development paths of both China and India have been influenced by, and have generated, both types of inequalities and that while good inequalities-most notably those that reflect the role of economic incentives-have been critical to the growth experience thus far, there is a risk that bad inequalities-those that prevent individuals from connecting to markets and limit investment and accumulation of human capital and physical capital-may undermine the sustainability of growth in the coming years. The authors argue that policies are needed that preserve the good inequalities-continued incentives for innovation and investment-but reduce the scope for bad ones, notably through investments in human capital and rural infrastructure that help the poor connect to markets
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  • 17
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    Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers' income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men
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