Abstract: 1 Freud’s Basic Ideas -- 2 Sociology and Psychological Perspectives -- 3 Society and Character -- 4 The Group and the Primal Horde -- 5 The Archaic Heritage -- 6 Instincts and Society -- 7 Freud and Early Sociological Theory -- 8 Freud and Recent Sociological Theory: the Frankfurt School -- 9 Summary and Conclusion.

Abstract: by Ronald Fletcher To devote a volume to Freud in a series on 'The Making of Sociology' might seem, to some readers, very strange. Freud, they might argue, was not only (and very explicitly) a psychologist, but also (and equally explicitly) a clinical psychologist, whose most immediate preoccupation was that of trying to cure the mental illnesses of his patients. Furthermore, he was a psychologist who insisted on relating his theories as closely as possible to biological and physiological facts. All this, of course, is true. But to adopt this view as one which distinctly marks Freud off from sociology is a basic mistake, and one which shows how sadly subjects which were once seen as being essentially interrelated have been forced into false separation by the current vogue of'specialization'-necessary and correct when it is soundly conceived, but intellectually disastrous when it is not. It is worthwhile to recall that all the major thinkers who contributed to the making of sociology-from Comte and Spencer to Ward, Giddings, Tonnies, Durkheim, Hobhouse, Weber, Simmel, Pareto (this could be a very long list I)-were, in fact, convinced about the close relationships between biology, psychology and sociology. The same is true of all the major anthropologists. The simple truth is that all these men were critically and creatively participating in the revolution which was taking place in man's approach to his knowledge of nature, and of his own nature and place within it.

Abstract: 1. Introduction: The Paradoxes of Paranoia -- 2. Psychological Background -- 3. Sociological Background -- 4. Methodological Background -- 5. Metaphysical Background -- 6. The Paradoxes of Paranoia Revisited -- 7. Paranoia as a Fixation of an Abstract System -- 8. Clinical Matters -- Appendix I: Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia -- Appendix II: Freud’s View of Neurosis and Psychosis -- 9. Conclusion: Towards a General Demarcation of Psychopathology -- Postscript -- Notes -- Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names.

Abstract: There is a curious parallel between the philosophy of science and psychiatric theory. The so-called demarcation question, which has exercised philosophers of science over the last decades, posed the problem of distinguishing science proper from non-science - in par­ ticular, from metaphysics, from pseudo-science, from the non­ rational or irrational, or from the untestable or the empirically meaningless. In psychiatric theory, the demarcation question appears as a problem of distinguishing the sane from the insane, the well from the mentally ill. The parallelism is interesting when the criteria for what fails to be scientific are seen to be congruent with the criteria which define those psychoses which are marked by cognitive failure. In this book Dr Yehuda Fried and Professor Joseph Agassi - a practicing psychiatrist and a philosopher of science, respectivel- focus on an extreme case of psychosis - paranoia - as an essentially intellectual disorder: that is, as one in which there is a systematic and chronic delusion which is sustained by logical means. They write: "Paranoia is an extreme case by the very fact that paranoia is by definition a quirk of the intellectual apparatus, a logical delusion. " (p. 2.

Abstract: I. Dialectics of the Concrete Totality -- The World of the Pseudoconcrete and Its Destruction -- The Spiritual and Intellectual Reproduction of Reality -- Concrete Totality -- Notes -- II. Economics and Philosophy -- Metaphysics of Everyday life -- Metaphysics of Science and Reason -- Metaphysics of Culture -- Notes -- III. Philosophy and Economy -- Problems of Marx’s Capital -- Man and Thing, Or the Character of Economics -- Notes -- IV. Praxis and Totality -- Praxis -- History and Freedom -- Man -- Notes -- Index of Names.

Abstract: Kosik writes that the history of a text is in a certain sense the history of its interpretations. In the fifteen years that have passed since the fust (Czech) edition of his Dialectics of the Concrete, this book has been widely read and interpreted throughout Europe, in diverse centers of scholarship as well as in private studies. A faithful English language edition is long overdue. This publication of KosIk's work will surely provoke a range of new interpretations. For its theme is the characterization of science and of rationality in the context of the social roots of science and the social critique which an appropriately rational science should afford. Kosik's question is: How shall Karl Marx's understanding of science itself be understood? And how can it be further developed? In his treatment of the question of scientific rationality, Kosik drives bluntly into the issues of gravest human concern, not the least of which is how to avoid the pseudo-concrete, the pseudo-scientific, the pseudo-rational, the pseudo­ historical. Starting with Marx's methodological approach, of "ascending from the abstract to the concrete", Kosik develops a critique of positivism, of phenomenalist empiricism, and of "metaphysical" rationalism, counter­ posing them to "dialectical rationalism". He takes the category of the concrete in the dialectical sense of that which comes to be known by the active transformation of nature and society by human purposive activity.

Abstract: I. Orders of Causality -- II. Causality Commentson the Physicalist Theory of Science -- 1. Verification and Elucidation -- 2. Elimination of Metaphysical Formulations by Means of the Physical Language -- 3. The ‘Privileged Position’ of Protocol Propositions and the Physicalist Criterion of Probation -- 4. Obtaining the Protocol Propositions -- 5. The ‘True’ Science -- III. Empiricism and Physicalism -- IV. Forms of Negation of Empirical Propositions -- 1. Forms of Negation -- 2. ‘Complete’ and ‘Incomplete’ Contradictions -- 3. The Obtaining and Verifying of Propositions -- 4. Negation of Constatations -- 5. Incompatibility of ‘Protocol Statements’ -- Postscript -- V. Principles of Logical Empiricism -- 1. Reality Concepts, Metaphysical and Empirical -- 2. Invariant Systems of Statements -- 3. Non-Behaviouristic Verification -- 4. K-Statements and Invariant Systems of Statements -- VI. The Method of Epistemological Analysis -- 1. Analysis of Form and of Content -- 2. Formal Analysis of the Concept of Existence -- 3. Content Analysis of the Concept of Causality -- VII. Probability Inferences as Syntactic Inferential Forms -- 1. Relations of Consequence, Deductive and Probable -- 2. The System of Relations of Probable Consequence -- 3. ‘Probable Consequence’ and ‘Logical Truth’ -- VIII. ‘Positive’ and ‘Negative’ Use of Statements -- 1. Truth Value and Content -- 2. Conditions to be Satisfied by any Definition of Truth -- 3. ‘Positive’ and ‘Negative’ Use of Statements -- 4. Negation and Falsity -- 5. Confusion of Positive with Negative Use -- 6. The Recursive Definition of the Concept of Truth -- IX. The New Form of Empirical Knowledge -- 1. The ‘Empirical Continuous’ Form of Knowledge of Classical Physics -- 2. Uncertainty Domains as Prerequisite for the Empirical-Fictitious Form of Knowledge -- 3. Probability Description, a Special Case of the Empirical Fictitious Form of Knowledge -- 4. Probability Functions as Relations between Measured and Fictitious Values -- 5. The Empirical Fictitious Method Conditioned by Measuring Procedures -- 6. The Definition of Probability Functions by Repeated Application of the Empirical-Fictitious Method -- X. The Methological Symmetry of Verification and Falsification -- 1. Like Names for Unlike Concepts -- 2. Empirical Propositions about Finitely and Infinitely -- Many Cases -- 3. Wittgenstein’s Verification Thesis -- 4. Propositions about Finitely and Infinitely Many Cases. The Methodologies of Wittgenstein, Carnap, and Popper -- 5. ‘Asymmetrical’ Falsification Theories -- 6. Criteria of Scientific Progress -- 7. ‘Complete’ and ‘Progressive Partial’ Testability -- XI. Three Sources of Knowledge -- 1. The Triadic Method -- 2. Data of Consciousnes—Logico-Mathematical Constructions — Methods of Empirical Content -- 3. Three concepts of ‘Truth’ and ‘Probability’ -- XII. The Triadic Method -- 1. Elements of Linguistic Representation and the Triadic Method -- 2. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Truth’ -- 3. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Probability’ -- 4. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Number’ -- 5. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Philosophic Expressions’ -- XIII. The Method of Fictitious Predicates -- 1. Scientific and Speculative Philosophy -- 2. ‘Operative’ and ‘Fictitious’ Existence -- I: Predicates as Descriptive Concept-Forms -- 1. The Existence of Logico-Linguistic Forms -- 2. Dispositional Concepts as Fictitious Predicates -- 3. Characterization of Phenomena by Fictitious Quantities -- II: Predicates as Quantities Characterizing States -- 4. Characterizing by Infinite Values of Quantities -- 5. Characterizing Phenomena in Uncertainly Ranges by Means of Fictitious Values (‘Values of Measurement’) -- 6. Logical Analysis of the Concepts ‘Motion’ and ‘Rest’ -- 7. Logical Analysis of the Relativity Principle -- 8. The Clock Paradox -- 9. Conditions, under which the Relativity Principle Does not Hold -- 10. Domains of Uncertainty as a Presupposition for Applying the New Method -- III: Predicates as Probability Quantities -- 11. Analytic-Deductive Inferences. Inferences from Conjunctive Classes of Propositions -- 12. Inferences from Disjunctive Classes of Propositions. Probability Inferences -- 13. Systems of Probability Metric and Their Order -- 14. The Characterization of States by Conjunctive and Disjunctive Classes of Propositions -- 15. Presuppositions of Measurement in Classical and Relativistic Physics -- 16. Description by Ranges of Quantities -- 17. Definition of Probability Quantities by Means of Functions -- 18. Descriptions by Means of Probability and Metrical Quantities -- 19. Uncertainty Domains as Prerequisite for the Method of Fictitious Predicates -- 20. The Definition of Probability Functions by Means of Operators -- 21. Empirical and Fictitious Existence of Predicates -- 22. Theories of Measurement as a Presupposition of Exact-Continuous and of Probability Description -- 23. The Epistemological Conditions for Applying the Method of Fictitious Predicates -- 24. The Probability Field -- 25. Probability Description and Indeterminacy of Phenomena -- 26. The Logical Meaning of Quantisation. First and Second Quantisation -- 27. The Quantisation of Electromagnetic Fields -- IV. Empirical-Fictitious Knowledge -- 28. Active and Fictitious Causality -- 29. Greatest Possible and Least Possible Physical Constants -- 30. The New Form of Knowledge -- 31. The Matrix Field and the Probability Wave Field -- 32. Probability Description in Biology -- Index of Names.

Abstract: It was as a result of having known Juhos personally over many years that I became familiar with his thought. I met him and Viktor Kraft in Vienna soon after the War and through their acquaintance I first came into contact with the tradition of the Vienna Circle. To their conversation .too lowe much as regards the clarification of my own views, even if in the end these took quite a different turn in many essentials. At this point my gratitude goes first of all to Mrs. Lia J uhos for the gen­ erous help she has given me and the editors of the Vienna Circle collection in selecting the contents of this volume. Next, we owe a special debt to Dr. Paul Foulkes for his splendid translation of the text. Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Veit Pittioni for his constant assistance. As Juhos' last student, he was thoro).lghly familiar with his supervisor's mode of thought and has significantly furthered the assembly and execution of this book.

Abstract: Inaugural Lecture: The Initial Spontaneity -- Prologue -- Initial Spontaneity and the Modalities of Human Life -- I / The Modalities of Human Life -- The World-Remoteness of the Text -- Affectivity and the Life World -- Special Contribution to the Debate: On History and the Life-World -- Special Contribution to the Debate: A Return to Experience or How to Kick the Habit -- II / Rupture and Reconstruction -- Man and Values in Ingarden’s Thought -- Continuité et discontinuité des valeurs -- Values and the Life-World in the Problem of the Crisis -- Identité personelle et la temporalité du moi -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Theoria, Praxis, and the Crisis -- III / Alienation-Belonging -- Alienation and the Concept of Modernity -- The Religious Crisis of Our Culture -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Alienation and the Interpretative Framework -- IV / From Reason to Action -- Phénoménologie et esthétique -- Personne, individu et responsabilité chez Edith Stein -- The Quest for Valid Knowledge in the Context of Society -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Intentional Act and the Human Act, that is, Act and Experience -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Conversion of Nature and Technology -- V / Complementary Essays -- Culture and Utopia in the Phenomenological Perspective -- Consciousness and Action: Husserl and Marx on Theory and Praxis -- Closing Remarks.

Abstract: Section I / Historical Foundations of Modern Neurology -- Varieties of Cartesian Experience in Early Nineteenth Century Neurophysiology -- Historical Development of the Concept of Hemispheric Cerebral Dominance -- Reflections on Our Condition: The Geography of Embodiment Comments on ‘Varieties of Cartesian Experience in Early Nineteenth Century Neurophysiology’ and ‘Historical Development of the Concept of Hemispheric Cerebral Dominance’ -- Section II / Philosophical Implications of Psychosurgery -- Persons and Psychosurgery -- Psychosurgery: What’s the Issue? Comments on ‘Persons and Psychosurgery’ -- Section III / Neural Integration and the Emergence of Consciousness -- Mind, It Does Matter -- Mind and Brain: The Embodied Person -- The Misleading Mediation of the Mental: Comments, on ‘Mind, It Does Matter’ and ‘Mind and Brain: The Embodied Person’ -- Section IV / The Causal Aspect of the Psycho-Physical Problem: Implications for Neuro-Medicine -- On the Power or Impotence of Subjectivity -- The Spurious Psyche-Soma Distinction: Comments on ‘On the Power or Impotence of Subjectivity’ -- Section V / Altered Affective Responses to Pain -- Pain and Unpleasantness -- Pain — The Existential Symptom -- The Evaluation of Pain Responses: A Need for Improved Measures -- Pain and Suffering: Comments on ‘Pain and Unpleasantness,’ ‘Pain — The Existential Symptom,’ and ‘The Evaluation of Pain Responses: A Need for Improved Measures’ -- Section VI / The Function of Philosophical Concepts in the Neuro-Medical Sciences -- Round-Table Discussion -- Notes on Contributors.

Abstract: Although the investigation and regulation of the faculties of the human mind appear to be the proper and sole concern of philosophers, you see that they are in some part nevertheless so little foreign to the medical forum that while someone may deny that they are proper to the physician he cannot deny that physicians have the obliga­ tion to philosophize. Jerome Gaub, De regimine mentis, IV, 10 ([ 10], p. 40) The Second Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, whose principal theme was 'Philosophical Dimensions of the Neuro-Medical Sciences,' convened at the University of Connecticut Health Center at the invitation of Robert U. Massey, Dean of the School of Medicine, during May 15, 16, and 17, 1975. The Proceedings constitute this volume. At this Symposium we intended to realize sentiments which Sir John Eccles ex­ pressed as director of a Study Week of the Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, CiWl del Vaticano, in the fall of 1964: "Certainly when one comes to a [study] . . . devoted to brain and mind it is not possible to exclude relations with philosophy" ([5], p. viii). During that study week in 1964, a group of distinguished biomedical and behavioral scientists met under the director­ ship of Sir John C. Eccles to relate psychology to what Sir John called 'the Neurosciences. ' The purpose of that study week was to treat issues con­ cerning the functions of the brain and, in particular, to concentrate upon the relations between brain functions and consciousness.

Abstract: Overview -- I Theoretical Studies -- A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Reform of Central Government -- Administrative Reform and Political Development -- Bureaucratic Models and Administrative Reform -- Strategies for Administrative Reform -- Implementation — the Achilles Heel of Administrative Reform -- The Human Dimensions of Administrative Reform -- II Case Studies -- Administrative Reform in Mexico -- Administrative Reform Experience in Venezuela 1969–1975: strategies, tactics and criteria -- Administrative Reforms in India -- The Optimum Strategy Matrix and Indonesian Administrative Reforms -- Recent Administrative Reform in Britain -- Planning and Reform of the Governmental Structure in the Federal Republic of Germany -- The Power of the Field Staff: the case of the Ministry of Public Works, Urban Affairs and Housing in France -- Programme Budgeting: the Swedish Experiment.

Abstract: I/Space and Time -- 1. Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Special Theory of Relativity -- 3. The Structure of Physics in the Theory of Relativity -- 4. Space and Time in the Philosophy of Kant -- 5. Critique of the Concept of Time in the Theory of Relativity -- II/Euclidean And Riemannian Geometry -- 1. Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Foundation of Euclidean Geometry -- 3. The Theory of the Metric Field -- 4. The Foundation of a Physical Geometry -- 5. Summary -- III/The Quantum-Mechanical Measurement Process -- 1. The Uncertainty Relation -- 2. Quantum Theory -- 3. The Measuring Process -- 4. The Cut -- 5. The Function of the Observer in Quantum Theory -- IV/The Concept of Substance -- 1. The Concept of Substance in Classical Physics -- 2. The Concept of Substance in Quantum Theory -- 3. Objectifiability -- 4. Critique of the Concept of Substance in Quantum Theory -- V/The Causal Law -- 1. The Concept of Causality in Philosophy -- 2. The Concept of Causality in Physics -- 3. The Invalidity of the Causal Law in Quantum Theory -- 4. The Problem of Hidden Parameters -- VI/Logic and Quantum Logic -- 1. Formulation of the Problem -- 2. Classical Logic -- 3. The Logic of Commensurable Properties -- 4. The Logic of Incommensurable Properties -- 5. Probability and Quantum Logic -- 6. Summary.

Abstract: Professor Peter Mittelstaedt is a physicist whose primary concern is the foundations of current physical theories. This concern has made him, through his prolonged, incisive and detailed examinations of the structures and overall characteristics of these theories, into a philosopher of physic- of contemporary physics, to be precise, of relativistic theories of space and time, and of the logic of quantum mechanics, in particular. The present book, which expounds his main ideas in these matters, has seen four editions (in German), each including newer results - as indeed does the present translation: see the author's 1975 preface to the English translation. Perhaps this is the place to repeat the author's chief problem and mention his own approach, even though they are expounded in his Intro­ duction. How close is Mittelstaedt to Kant's understanding of science? We are at liberty to choose a framework for thought - a logic and a method­ ology - prior to experience (in the classic sense, to think a priori); yet we choose a framework so as to fit our empirical findings. How is this done? How may it be understood and justified? This is obviously the question of all philosophies that evolve from, and are in reaction to, Kant's system.

Abstract: Introduction: Leibniz as Philosopher -- I. The 17th Century -- II. Leibniz’s Life and Work -- III. The Metaphysical Pattern -- IV. Leibniz’s Method 19 V. Logic and the Principles of Truth and Reality -- VI. Mathematics and Philosophy -- VII. Physics and the Realm of Nature -- VIII. Biology -- IX. Psychology -- X. Theory of Knowledge -- XI. Summary: Structure and Purpose -- XII. Ethics and Social Thought -- XIII. Theology -- XIV. Leibniz’s Consistency and Influence -- I. Mainz and Paris, 1666–76 -- 1. Dissertation on the Art of Combinations, 1666 (Selections) -- I. Demonstration of the Existence of God -- II. Corollaries for Disputation -- III. Cum Deo! -- Definitions -- Problems -- 2. A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence, 1667 (Selections from Part I) -- I. General and Common to All Faculties: on a Basis for Studies in General -- 3. Letter to Jacob Thomasius, 1669 -- 4. Letter to Thomas Hobbes, 1670 -- 5. Theological Writings Related to the Catholic Demonstrations, 1668–70 -- I. The Confession of Nature against Atheists, 1669 -- II. A Fragment on Dreams -- III. On Transubstantiation, 1668(?) -- Supplement: Notes on the Eucharist, 1668 -- 6. Preface to an Edition of Nizolius, 1670 (Selections) -- 7. Elements of Natural Law, 1670–71 -- 8. Studies in Physics and the Nature of Body, 1671 -- I. The Theory of Abstract Motion: Fundamental Principles -- II. An Example of Demonstrations about the Nature of Corporeal Things Drawn from Phenomena -- 9. Letter to Magnus Wedderkopf, 1671 -- 10. Letter to Antoine Arnauld, 1671 (Selection) -- 11. Letter to Simon Foucher, with Notes on Fouche?s Reply to Des Gabets, 1675 -- 12. Selections from the Paris Notes, 1676 -- 13. Letter to Henry Oldenburg, 1675 -- 14. Two Notations for Discussion with Spinoza, 1676 -- II. Hanover to the Italian Journey, 1676–87 -- 15. On a Method of Arriving at a True Analysis of Bodies and the Causes of Natural Things, 1677 -- 16. Letter to Arnold Eckhard, 1677 -- 17. Dialogue, 1677 -- 18. Letter to Herman Conring, 1678 -- 19. Letter to Walter von Tschirnhaus, 1678 -- 20. On the Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza, 1678 -- I. On God -- 21. What is an Idea? 1678 -- 22. Letters to Nicolas Malebranche, 1679 (Selections) -- 23. Two Dialogues on Religion, ca. 1678 (Selections) -- I. Dialogue between Poliander and Theophile -- II. Dialogue between Polidore and Theophile -- 24. On the General Characteristic, ca. 1679 -- 25. On Universal Synthesis and Analysis, or the Art of Disco very and Judgment, 1679(?) -- 26. Two Studies in the Logical Calculus, 1679 -- I. Elements of Calculus -- II. Specimen of Universal Calculus -- 27. Studies in a Geometry of Situation, 1679 -- I. Letter to Christian Huygens, 1679 -- II. Supplement -- III. On Analysis Situs -- 28. Letter to John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Hanover, 1679 -- 29. On Freedom, ca. 1679 -- 30. “First Truths”, ca. 1680–84 -- 31. Selections from Leibniz’s Correspondence, 1679–84 -- I. To Christian Philipp, 1679 -- II. To Philipp, 1680 -- III. To François de la Chaise, 1680 -- IV. To Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf, 1683 -- V. To Walter von Tschirnhaus, 1684 -- 32. On the Elements of Natural Science, ca. 1682–84 -- I. The Plan of the Book277 II. An Introduction on the Value and Method of Natural Science -- 33. Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas, 1684 -- 34. A Brief Demonstration of a Notable Error of Descartes and Others Concerning a Natural Law, 1686 -- 35. “Discourse on Metaphysics”, 1686 -- 36. Correspondence with Arnauld, 1686–87 (Selections) -- 37. Letter of Mr. Leibniz on a General Principle Useful in Explaining the Laws of Nature through a Consideration of the Divine Wisdom; to Serve as a Reply to the Response of the Rev. Father Malebranche, 1687 -- to Parts III and IV -- III. Hanover to the Death of Ernest August, 1690–98 -- 38. Letter to Arnauld, 1690 -- 39. On the Method of Distinguishing Real from Imaginary Phenomena -- 40. On the True Theologia Mystica, ca. 1690(?) -- 41. A Study in the Logical Calculus -- 42. Critical Thoughts on the General Part of the Principles of Descartes, 1692 -- On Part I -- On Part II -- 43. Correspondence with Huygens, 1692–94 (Selections) -- 44. From the Ethical and Legal Writings, 1693–1700 -- I. From the Preface of the ‘Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus’ -- II. From the Preface to the Mantissa Codicis Juris Gentium -- III. On Wisdom -- IV. On Natural Law 428 A Classification of Societies or Communities -- 45. On the Correction of Metaphysics and the Concept of Substance, 1694 -- 46. Specimen Dynamicum, 1695 -- 47. I. A New System of the Nature and the Communication of Substances, as well as the Union between the Soul and the Body, 1695 -- II. “Second Explanation of the New System”, 1696 -- 48. Letter to Gabriel Wagner on the Value of Logic, 1696 -- 49. Letters to Des Billettes, 1696–97 -- 50. Tentamen Anagogicum: An Anagogical Essay in the Investigation of Causes, ca. 1696 -- 51. On the Radical Origination of Things, 1697 -- 52. Clarification of the Difficulties which Mr. Bayle has found in the New System of the Union of Soul and Body, 1698 -- 53. On Nature Itself, or on the Inherent Force and Actions of Created Things, 1698 -- IV. Hanover under George Louis, 1698–1716 -- 54. Correspondence with John Bernoulli, 1698–99 -- 55. Correspondence with De Voider, 1699–1706 -- 56. Letter to Varignon, with a Note on the ‘Justification of the Infinitesimal Calculus by That of Ordinary Algebra’, 1702 -- I. Letter to Varignon, February 2, 1702 -- II. Justification of the Infinitesimal Calculus by That of Ordinary Algebra, 1701 -- 57. On What is Independent of Sense and of Matter, 1702 -- 58. Reflections on the Doctrine of a Single Universal Spirit, 1702 -- 59. Reflections on the Common Concept of Justice, 1702(?) -- 60. Reply to the Thoughts on the System of Pre-Established Harmony contained in the Second Edition of Mr. Bayle’s Critical Dictionary, Article Rorarius 1702 -- 61. Considerations on Vital Principles and Plastic Natures, by the Author of the System of Pre-Established Harmony, 1705 -- 62. Letter to Hansch on the Platonic Philosophy or on Platonic Enthusiasm, 1707 -- 63. Correspondence with Des Bosses, 1709–15 -- 64. Conversation of Philarète and Ariste, following a Conversation of Ariste and Theodore, ca. 1711 -- 65. Remarks on the three Volumes Entitled Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times,... 1711, 1712 -- 66. The Principles of Nature and of Grace, based on Reason, 1714 -- 67. “The Monadology”, 1714 -- 68. Letters to Nicolas Remond, 1714–15 -- 69. Letters to Louis Bourguet, 1714–15 -- 70. The Metaphysical Foundations of Mathematics, after 1714 -- 71. The Controversy between Leibniz and Clarke, 1715–16.

Abstract: The selections contained in these volumes from the papers and letters of Leibniz are intended to serve the student in two ways: first, by providing a more adequate and balanced conception of the full range and penetration of Leibniz's creative intellectual powers; second, by inviting a fresher approach to his intellectual growth and a clearer perception of the internal strains in his thinking, through a chronological arrangement. Much confusion has arisen in the past through a neglect of the develop­ ment of Leibniz's ideas, and Couturat's impressive plea, in his edition of the Opuscu/es et fragments (p. xii), for such an arrangement is valid even for incomplete editions. The beginning student will do well, however, to read the maturer writings of Parts II, III, and IV first, leaving Part I, from a period too largely neglected by Leibniz criticism, for a later study of the still obscure sources and motives of his thought. The Introduction aims primarily to provide cultural orientation and an exposition of the structure and the underlying assumptions of the philosophical system rather than a critical evaluation. I hope that together with the notes and the Index, it will provide those aids to the understanding which the originality of Leibniz's scientific, ethical, and metaphysical efforts deserve.

Abstract: 1/An Overview of Tense Logic -- 2/Linear Tense Logics -- 3/Branching Tense Logic and Temporal Modality -- 4/Quantificational Tense Logics -- 5/Soundness and Completeness Theorems for Tense Logic -- Appendix I/SC Tautologies Used in Proofs -- Appendix II/Summary of the Systems.

Abstract: This monograph is designed to provide an introduction to the principal areas of tense logic. Many of the developments in this ever-growing field have been intentionally excluded to fulfill this aim. Length also dictated a choice between the alternative notations of A. N. Prior and Nicholas Rescher - two pioneers of the subject. I choose Prior's because of the syntactical parallels with the language it symbolizes and its close ties with other branches of logi­ cal theory, especially modal logic. The first chapter presents a wider view of the material than later chapters. Several lines of development are consequently not followed through the remainder of the book, most notably metric systems. Although it is import­ ant to recognize that the unadorned Prior-symbolism can be enriched in vari­ ous ways it is an advanced subject as to how to actually carry off these enrichments. Readers desiring more information are referred to the appropri­ ate literature. Specialists will notice that only the first of several quantifi­ cational versions of tense logic is proven complete in the final chapter. Again constraints of space are partly to blame. The proof for the 'star' systems is wildly complex and at the time of this writing is not yet ready for publi­ cation.

Abstract: I. A Page in Recent Philosophical History -- II. The Dilemma of the “Blue Book” -- III. Kant -- IV. Schopenhauer -- V. The Will to Metaphysics : A Brief Summary -- VI. Picture Theory in Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy -- VII. Wittgenstein and our Philosophic Tradition -- Name Index.

Abstract: STEPHEN TOULMIN George Santayana used to insist that those who are ignorant of the history of thought are doomed to re-enact it. To this we can add a corollary: that those who are ignorant of the context of ideas are doom­ ed to misunderstand them. In a few self-contained fields such as pure mathematics, concepts and conceptual systems can perhaps be de­ tached from their historico-cultural situations; so that (for instance) a self-taught Ramanujan, living alone in India, mastered number­ theory to a point at which he could make major contributions to European mathematics. But elsewhere the situation is different - and, in philosophy, inevitably so. For philosophical ideas and problems confront us like geological specimens in situ; and, in the act of prising them free from their historical and cultural locations, we can too easily forget about the matrix in which they took shape, and end by impossing on them a sculptural form of our own making. Something of this kind has happened in the case of Ludwig Wittgen­ stein. For his philosophical work has commonly been seen as an episode in the development, either of mathematicallogic, or oftwentieth-century British philosophy. His associations with Frege and Russell, Moore and Waismann, have over-shadowed everything else in his cultural origins and intellectual concerns.

Abstract: Deism -- Anthony Collins -- Writings -- The Controversy on Freewill -- The Philosophical Inquiry -- Thomas Hobbes -- John Locke -- Pierre Bayle and William King -- Liberty of Indifference -- De Origine Mali -- Bayle and King -- Leibniz -- The Inquiry -- Conclusion -- Text of the Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty -- Notes to the Text of the Inquiry -- Collation of the Text of the Inquiry.

Abstract: The Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty of Anthony Collins' was considered by Joseph Priestley and Voltaire to be the best book written on freewill up to their own time. Priestley admitted that it convert­ ed him to determinism and it had a powerful effect on Voltaire in the same direction. It seems important to place in its wider historical context a book which so influenced such men and which greatly impressed the philosophes in general. Therefore - and because such an account has value in itself - the Introduction contains a survey of the freewill controversy from the time of Hobbes to that of Leibniz, giving in some detail the opinions of Hobbes, Locke, Pierre Bayle, William King, Archbishop of Dublin, and Leibniz and an account of the Scholastic doctrine of liberty of indifference - opinions which either influenced Collins or against which he reacted. The value and originality of Collins' works need assessing. He was also at times liable to misinterpret or misunderstand the authorities he quoted. I have, therefore, subjected the Inquiry to a detailed critique. This also gives cross-references to parallel passages in Collins' works and those of the authors who influenced him, and, by discussing the philosophical and theological questions to which his writings give rise, obviates the need for a good many footnotes in the notes that follow the text.

Abstract: The Problems which have developed in the Legal System out of the Conflict in Northern Ireland and its Extension to the rest of the United Kingdom -- Intellectual Liberty and Totalitarianism -- The Dutch railway strikes of 1903: Some Remarks on legislation and victimization -- The Interaction of Criminal Policy and the State of Crime -- The Selfcreated Conflict: Civil disobedience in the United States and the Netherlands compared -- Criminology: Its Meaning and Contents — An Essay -- Towards a Macrosocial Conflict Model in Criminology -- Criminology and Politicization -- Personality Research and its Importance for Criminology and Criminal Law -- Sexuality and Criminal Law in Terms of Anthropological and Social Conflict -- A New Trend in Criminal Law in Finland -- The Achilles heel of the criminal justice system -- Role and Reactions of the Victim and the Policy of Diversion in Criminal Justice Administration -- Price Tag Switching -- Crime, Deviance and Law in Post-Industrial Societies: Profile of Future Trends -- Comparative Criminology and Developing Countries -- Criminality and Macrosocial Characteristics: a Report of Trial and Error -- Name index.

Abstract: One Transformation and Recent Organization of Hungarian Agriculture -- I. The Postwar Land Reform -- II. The Socialist Transformation of Hungarian Agriculture -- III. Scale Returns, Farm Size and Changes in Farm Organization -- IV. Changes in Hungary’s Farm Organization: A Mathematical Restatement -- Two Cooperative Models -- v. The Major Social and Economic Features of Cooperative Farming -- VI. Mathematical Models of Cooperative Farming -- Three Cooperative Optimization -- VII. Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Cooperative Optimization -- VIII. Optimization in the Large Collective Enterprise -- IX. Economic Welfare and Objectives of Cooperative Households -- X. Cooperative Equilibrium and Economic Policy -- Summary And Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: The present scientific and technical revolution has brought science into the range of the most effective forces of production. The formula "science= production force" applies also to the social sciences whose explorations of human relationships and drives have reached previously unsuspected depths. Objectives, such as higher living standards and full employment, economic growth and stability, social equity and security, have both called for and provided a basis for the exploitation of possibilities offered by the natural and technical sciences. In today's agriculture, age-old traditions are in the process of disintegra­ tion, but the heredity of a century (or that of even a millennium as in Hungary) does not get dissolved without defending itself. Technical progress and social restratification, the emergence of new scales of values and preferences, the adjustment of the rural communities to their new tasks and conditions - all these have transformed farm operations and farming techniques. But agriculture, even under its revolutionized surface, still hides deep, almost untouched layers. If economists and agriculturalists are perplexed by the multitude and variety of the visible farm problems, there exist many others about which they can only guess, which they must follow up. In formulating and solving these problems, agricultural economists have professional tasks: (1) facilitating the most efficient use of agricultural resources from the standpoint of the national economy, and (2) helping farmers and farm people to attain their stated, socially feasible objectives.

Abstract: I / Concepts and Indicators in Humanistic Sociology -- II / Verbal Communications As Indicators of Sociological Variables -- III / Meaning and Measurement in Comparative Studies -- IV / Comparative Social Research and Methodological Problems of Sociological Induction -- V / Causal Interpretation of Statistical Relationships in Social Research -- VI / Inductive Inconsistencies and The Problems of Probabilistic Predictions -- VII / Logical and Empirical Assumptions of Validity of Inductions -- VIII / Empirical Knowledge and Social Values in The Cumulative Development of Sociology -- IX / Cultural Norms As Explanatory Constructs in Theories of Social Behavior -- X / Role and Limits of The ‘Functional Approach’ In Formulation of Theories of Attitudes -- XI / The Logic of Reductive Systematizations of Social and Behavioral Theories -- XII / Values and Knowledge in The Theory of Education: A Paradigm for an Applied Social Science -- Index of Names.

Abstract: One of the more characteristic features of contemporary sociology is an increasing interest in theories. More and more theories are being developed in various areas of social investigation; we observe also an increasing number of verificational studies aimed primarily toward the verification of various theories. The essays presented in this volume deal with theories too, but they approach this problem from a methodological perspective. There­ fore it seems worthwhile in the preface to this volume to make a kind of general declaration about the author's aims and his approach to the subject of his interest, and about his view of the role of methodological reflection in the development of sciences. First let me say what methodology cannot do. It cannot be a substitute for the formulation of substantive theories, nor can it substitute for the empirical studies which confirm or reject such theories. Therefore its impact upon the development of any science, including the social sciences, is only indirect, by its undertaking the analysis of research tools and rules of scientific procedures. It can also propose certain standards for scientific procedures, but the application of these standards is the domain of substan­ tive researchers, and it is the substantive researchers who ultimately develop any science. Nevertheless the potential impact-of methodological reflection, even if only indirect, should not be underestimated.

Abstract: I: Community -- II: Rules and Related Concepts -- III: Status and Position -- IV: Sub-Communities and Sub-Structures -- V: Elements of the Ultimate Group Structure -- VI: Structure of Beliefs and Group Structure -- VII: Social Engineering: Legislative Systems -- VIII: Social Engineering: Systems of Government -- Appendix: Some General Remarks on Pluralism and the Relative Satisfactoriness of Systems of Political Control.

Abstract: The general purpose of this book differs from those of most of the works found traditionally in the field of political philosophy. Firstly, the present approach is in no way prescriptive or normative, as the interest centres on explication rather than an evaluative assess­ ment of this, that or another type of arrangement, or act. 1 It will be clear that I am in complete disagreement with Gewirth when he claims that "The central concern of political philosophy is the moral evaluation of political power. " It seems obvious that the under­ standing of political and social forms of life, and a fortiori of political power, must come before its evaluation. This cannot be provided by moral assessment alone. Thus an analytical or explicative approach which promotes such understanding must come first, and must be the "central concern" of the appropriate philosophical discipline. This is not to say that moral assessment is illegitimate, nor even that it cannot be one of the concerns of political philosophy, but it is to deny that it can be central, even though it might be somebody's central interest. To the extent to which this book is successful it will provide an argu­ mentin my favour - if the job can be done, obviously it is of primary importance. But we should not assume that it cannot be done unless we can show that there is no separate sphere of political and/or social phenomena.

Abstract: I. The Dutch “Miracle” -- II. The Instruments of Decision -- Government and Ideology -- Stewards of Order -- III. Management of an Economy -- Forging a Commonwealth -- Instituting Profesionalism -- Omens of the Future -- IV. The Patroon System — Modern Style -- The Compassionate Society -- Social Health -- V. Housing and Urban Planning -- Public Housing -- City Planning in the Randstad -- VI. Physical Planning -- Nationwide Planning -- The Grand Design — IJsselmeer and the Delta -- VII. Environmental Protection -- Land -- Water -- VIII. The Engines of Change -- Social Development -- The Schools -- Universities and Social Research -- IX. “...Of Order and Methods”.

Abstract: The Netherlands is an unusual nation in many ways. It is not only that nearly half her land is below sea level. Nor is it that she is one of the world's most crowded lands; her more than 13 million people create a population density of about 1000 per square mile. Nor is it that half her national income is dependent upon world trade. Nor is it that so small a nation could achieve peace and prosperity with so little natural resources. What is most unusual is that the Netherlands has made such a rapid and total adjustment to the demands of modern technological society. In no small measure this was achieved by a deliberate policy of planning, direction, control and development. Its postwar history tells how a determined people under intelligent govern­ ment leadership rose from a broken economy to a level of economic and social development that places their society among the most modern in the world. The Netherlands is a success stor} that in some measure has been overlooked by a wider world. This will be an attempt to record her story, touching upon some of the causes and results of this success. The Netherlands is undoubtedly one of the most planning conscious of modern nations. This is not to say that the Dutch government or its people have any concept comparable to the totality of Soviet Five Year It might be more accurate to see Dutch planning as similar to Plans.

Abstract: 1 Fundamentals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Wave mechanics -- 1.4 Transition elements -- 1.5 Atomic magnetism -- 1.6 Electrons in solids -- 2 Structure of Solids -- 2.1 Introduction—atomic bonding -- 2.2 Crystal structure -- 2.3 Lattice planes and directions -- 2.4 Atomic packing -- 2.5 Covalent solids -- 2.6 Ionic solids -- 2.7 Summary -- 2.8 Lattice imperfections -- 2.9 Lattice vibrations -- 2.10 Point defects -- 2.11 Line defects -- 2.12 Plane defects -- 2.13 Amorphous materials -- 3 Preparation of Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanism of crystal growth -- 3.3 Growth from the melt -- 3.4 Non-melt techniques -- 3.5 Thin films -- 3.6 The origin of dislocations during crystal growth -- 3.7 Non-crystalline materials -- 3.8 Amorphous semiconductors -- 3.9 Plastic materials -- 4 Practical Determination of Structure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical X-ray diffraction -- 4.3 Practical X-ray diffraction -- 4.4 Other applications of X-ray diffraction -- 4.5 Neutron diffraction -- 4.6 Electron diffraction -- 4.7 Structure of amorphous materials -- 4.8 Other techniques -- 5 Mechanical Properties of Materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanical testing -- 5.3 Elastic behaviour -- 5.4 Plastic behaviour -- 5.5 Fracture -- 5.6 Strengthening of materials -- 5.7 Creep -- 5.8 Mechanical properties of plastics -- 6 Thermal Properties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Thermal statistics -- 6.3 Heat capacity -- 6.4 Specific heat anomalies -- 6.5 Thermal expansion -- 6.6 Thermal conductivity -- 6.7 Thermoelectricity -- 7 Electrical Properties -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metals -- 7.3 Semiconductors -- 7.4 Transition metal compounds -- 7.5 Polarons -- 7.6 Magnetic semiconductors -- 7.7 Amorphous materials -- 7.8 Switching -- 8 Dielectrics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanisms of polarization -- 8.3 The local field -- 8.4 The Clausius-Mosotti relation -- 8.5 Dielectric relaxation -- 8.6 Applications -- 8.7 Piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials -- 8.8 Piezoelectricity -- 8.9 Ferroelectricity -- 8.10 Classification of ferroelectric materials -- 8.11 Barium titanate -- 8.12 Ferroelectric ceramics -- 8.13 Ferroelectric domains -- 8.14 Pyroelectricity -- 9 Magnetic Properties -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification of magnetic materials -- 9.3 Diamagnetism -- 9.4 Paramagnetism 187 9.4.1 Pauli paramagnetism -- 9.5 Ferromagnetism -- 9.6 Magnetic anisotropy -- 9.7 Magnetostriction -- 9.8 Ferromagnetic domains -- 9.9 Microscopic explanations of ferromagnetism -- 9.10 Applications of ferromagnetic materials -- 9.11 Antiferromagnetism -- 9.12 Antiferromagnetic compounds -- 9.13 Antiferromagnetic domains -- 9.14 Ferrimagnetism -- 9.15 Ferrimagnetic domains—magnetic bubbles -- 9.16 Magnetic ceramics -- 9.17 Applications of ferrimagnetic materials -- 10 Optical Properties -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Refractive index -- 10.3 Absorption -- 10.4 Reflection -- 10.5 Natural birefringence -- 10.6 Induced birefringence -- 10.7 Non-linear optics -- 10.8 Secondary processes -- 10.9 Lasers -- 11 Superconductivity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Resistanceless and superconducting states -- 11.3 Superconductivity -- 11.4 Penetration depth -- 11.5 The two-fluid model -- 11.6 The intermediate state -- 11.7 Coherence length -- 11.8 Type II superconductors -- 11.9 Theory of superconductivity -- 11.10 Superconducting materials and their applications -- Appendix I Electrons in Solids -- A1.1 The free electron model -- A1.2 The band model -- A1.3 Electrons and holes-effective mass -- Appendix II Periodic Chart of the Elements -- Appendix III List of the Elements -- Table of Physical Constants -- Answers to Questions.

Abstract: Materials Science has now become established as a discipline in its own right as well as being of increasing importance in the fields of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering. To the student meeting this subject for the first time the combination of disciplines which it embraces represents a formidable challenge. He will require to understand the lan­ guage of the physicist and chemist as well as appreciate the practical uses and limita­ tions of solid materials. This book has been written as an introduction to the Physical Properties of Materials with these thoughts in mind. The mathematical content has been limited deliberately and emphasis is placed on providing a sound basis using simplified models. Once these are understood we feel that a mathematical approach is more readily assimilated and for this purpose supplementary reading is suggested. While the authors are deeply aware of the pitfalls in attempting such a treatment this is meant to be an essentially simple book to point the many avenues to be explored. We anticipate that the book will appeal to first and second year degree students in a variety of disciplines and may not prove too difficult for those studying appropriate Higher National Certificate and Diploma courses. Electrical engineers working in the field of materials applications may well find it useful as a guide to modern thinking about materials and their properties. The book begins with an introduction to some basic ideas of modern physics.

Abstract: I: The Cultural Beginnings -- I / The Importance of Ambiguity in Russian and American Culture -- II / Chaadayev and Emerson — Two Mystical Pragmatists -- III / Herzen and James: Freedom as Radical -- IV / Royce and Khomyakov on Community as Process -- V / Art vs. Science in Dewey and Chernyshevsky -- VI / Underlying Themes and the Present Cultural Context -- II: Contemporary Soviet Reactions -- VII / Marxist-Leninist Philosophy and Social History -- VIII / Soviet Reaction to Some Nineteenth-Century Philosophers -- IX / Underlying Themes in Contemporary Marxist-Leninist Philosophy -- Epilogue: Final Thoughts -- Notes -- Index of Names and Titles.

Abstract: In this year of bicentennial celebration, there will no doubt take place several cultural analyses of the American tradition. This is only as it should be, for without an extensive, broad-based inquiry into where we have come from, we shall surely not foresee where we might go. Nonetheless, most cultural analyses of the American context suffer from a common fault - the lack of a different context to use for purposes of comparison. True, American values and ideals were partly inherited from the European tradition. But that tradition is in many ways an inadequate mode of comparison. Without going too far afield, let us note two points: first, European culture was the proud inheritor of the Renaissance tradition, and, going back still further, of classical culture; second, the European countries are compact. Their land masses are such that the notion of "frontier" simply would not have arisen in the same way as it did in America. On the other side of the globe, however, there does exist a country capable of serving as a suitable mirror. We speak, of course, of Russia. That country also came relatively late onto the cultural horizon, and was not privy to the Renaissance tradition. Furthermore, her land mass is such as to be "experi­ mentally infmite" in character - not unlike the American frontier. It is hoped that much can be leamed about the present cultural context by com­ paring the two countries in their youthful stages.

Abstract: I. The Economy of California: How It has Developed and How It is Related to the Educational System -- A Few Introductory Remarks -- Income in California -- The Population of the State -- A First View of Labor Force -- California Manufacturing -- Occupations, Present and Projected -- The Public Sector in California -- II. Structure of the Education System in California -- The Structure of Education -- School Districts are Independent Units of Government -- Unequal Resources for Education -- The Growing Role of Federal Aid -- Complex System of Coordination -- State Board Controls are Limited but Rigidities are Present -- The Private Elementary and Secondary Schools -- The System of Higher Education -- Financing -- Differentiated Admission -- High Rates of Drop-out -- Access to Higher Education -- Enrollments -- An Overview of Education in California -- III. The Expansion of Education in California: A Closer Examination -- Projections of Educational Out-turn and the Problem of Educated Unemployed -- Expenditure Flows in Different Branches of the California Education System -- The Rising Concern with Internal Efficiency -- Public Elementary and Secondary Schools -- The University of California -- Alternatives for Fiscal Reform -- The Schools -- Higher Education -- The Social Efficiency of California’s Educational Enterprises -- IV. Planning — Success or Failure? -- State Budgeting for Public Higher Education -- The Master Plan: Its Relations to Annual Budgeting -- The Period of Disenchantment -- Program Budgeting: Another Failure? -- Manpower Planning -- V. Adult Education in California -- The ‘Hidden’ Adult Education Activity -- Business and Industry -- Government -- The Military -- Poverty Programs -- Television -- Correspondence -- Proprietary Schools -- ‘Free’ Universities -- Other Programs -- More Visible Adult Education Programs -- The University -- General Extension -- Agricultural Extension -- The State Colleges -- Community or Junior College -- Secondary Schools -- The Extended University -- VI. Future Trends in California’s Educational System -- The Changing Functions of Education in California and the Consequences for Planning -- Implications for Policy -- Bibliography — A selection -- Biographical Notes.

Abstract: precise, appeared until the recent crisis - to many Americans from the East of America's America, as the whole of America seemed to Europeans of a century ago: extreme and strange, full of violent contrasts, contradictory, over-advanced, neo primitive and savage, a land where everything is possible, the hippies and the religious-political fundamentalism of the Orange County, Marcuse, Angela Davis and Norman Brown, Esalen, the new consciousness. Alan Watts and Carlos Castaneda, as well as Patricia Hearst and the Sym­ bionese Liberation Army, Richard Nixon and his men, the Satan religion, outrageous crimes such as that of the Manson "family" and incredibly scan­ dalous business deals. For better or worse, California appears as a sort of preview of the European society of the future: the land of the Western World with the greatest immigration and population growth, with enormous cities which in the textbooks of your childhood were hardly even mentioned, e.g. Los Angeles, or were not mentioned at all, as in the case of San Diego and San Jose, a considerable urban development which has taken place almost overnight.

Abstract: I. Philosophical and Scientific Thought -- II. A Psycho-physiological Consideration -- III. Memory. Reproduction and Association -- IV. Reflex, Instinct, Will, Ego -- V. Development of Individuality in a Natural and Cultural Habitat -- VI. The Exuberance of the Imagination -- VII. Knowledge and Error -- VIII. The Concept -- IX. Sensation, Intuition, Phantasy -- X. Adaptation of Thoughts to Facts and to Each Other -- XI. On Thought Experiments -- XII. Physical Experiment and its Leading Features -- XIII. Similarity and Analogy as a Leading Feature of Enquiry -- XIV. Hypothesis -- XV. Problems -- XVI. Presuppositions of Enquiry -- XVII. Pathways of Enquiry -- XVIII. Deduction and Induction Psychologically Viewed -- XIX. Number and Measure -- XX. Physiological Space in Contrast with Metrical Space -- XXI. On the Psychology and Natural Development of Geometry -- XXII. Space and Geometry from the Point of View of Physical Enquiry -- XXIII. Physiological Time in Contrast with Metrical Time -- XXIV. Space and Time Physically Considered -- XXV. Sense and Value of the Laws of Nature -- Index of Names.

Abstract: 0: An Introduction to General Intensional Logics -- 0 / Consequence Relations -- 1: An Introduction to One Dimensional Modal Logics -- 1 / Basic Notions -- 2 / General Theory of Unary Intensional Connectives -- 3 / Basic Necessity Systems -- 4 / Basic Tense Systems -- 5 / Possible Worlds with Varying Domains -- 6 / Equality and Proper Names -- 7 / Propositional Statability Operators -- 2: Technical Results for Propositional Calculi -- 8 / The Finite Model Property -- 9 / Selective Filtration -- 3: Introduction to Many Dimensionel Modal Logics and Applications -- 10 / Two Dimensional Propositional Tense Logics -- 11 / An Appendix -- 12 / Some Applications -- 4: Special Systems -- 13 / Relative Necessity Operators and the Subjunctive Conditional -- 14 / Propositional Quantifiers -- 15 / Basic Entailment Type Logics -- 5: The Decision Problem -- 16 / The Reduction Method -- 17 / Some Decidability Results -- 18 / The Decision Problem for Predicate Systems -- 6: Special Topics -- 19 / Completeness for Frames -- 20 / The Interpolation Theorem -- 7: Notes and Some References -- Scheme of the Book -- References -- Index of Names.

Abstract: This book is intended to serve as an advanced text and reference work on modal logic, a subject of growing importance which has applications to philosophy and linguistics. Although it is based mainly on research which I carried out during the years 1969-1973, it also includes some related results obtained by other workers in the field (see the refer­ ences in Part 7). Parts 0, 1 and 2, can be used as the basis of a one year graduate course in modal logic. The material which they contain has been taught in such courses at Stanford since 1970. The remaining parts of the book contain more than enough material for a second course in modal logic. The exercises supplement the text and are usually difficult. I wish to thank Stanford University and Bar-Han University for making it possible for me to continue and finish this work, and A. Ungar for correcting the typescript. Bar-Ilan University, Israel Dov M. GABBA Y PART 0 AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL INTENSIONAL LOGICS CHAPTER 0 CONSEQUENCE RELATIONS Motivation We introduce the notions of a consequence relation (which is a generalization of the notion of a logical system) and of a semantics. We show that every consequence relation is complete for a canonical semantics. We define the notion of one semantics being Dian in another and study the basic properties of this notion. The concepts of this chapter are generalizations of the various notions of logical system and possible world semantics found in the literature.

Abstract: I. Teil Teleologie der Geschichte -- § 1. Phänomenologie und Philosophiegeschichte -- § 2. Teleologisch-kritische Ideengeschichte. Die Urstiftung der Philosophie in Griechenland -- § 3. Galilei und die Mathematisierung der Natur -- § 4. Descartes’ Entdeckung der transzendentalen Subjektivität -- § 5. Vorformen der Phänomenologie im Englischen Empirismus -- § 6. Der Transzendentalismus Kants und die Lebensweltproblematik -- § 7. Geschichsteleologie und Lebenswelt -- II. Teil Teleologie der Intentionalität -- § 8. Die Lebensweltproblematik als Intentionalanalyse -- § 9. Bewußtseinsintentionalität als teleologisches Problem -- § 10. Die teleologische Funktion der Intentionalität -- § 11 Husserls Teleologieauffasung -- § 12. Von der adäquaten zur apodiktischen Evidenz -- § 13. Von der statischen zur genetischen Phänomenologie -- § 14. Abschluß. Die genetische Einheit von Teleologie der Intentionalität und Geschichtsteleologie.

Abstract: I. Conversation with Husserl, 16/7/26 -- II. Conversation with Husserl and Becker, 24/6/31 -- III. Conversation with Becker and Kaufmann, 25 (26 or 27) /6/31 -- IV. Notes on Husserl conversation, 27/6/31 -- V. Conversation with Husserl, 11/7/31 -- VI. Notes on conversation with Husserl, 18/7/31 -- VII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 11/8/31 -- VIII. Conversation with Husserl and Malvine Husserl, 13/8/31 -- IX. Conversation with Fink, 17/8/31 -- X. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 17/8/31 -- XI. Conversation with Husserl, Fink and Miyake, 19/8/31 -- XII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 22/8/31 -- XIII. Conversation with Fink, 24/8/31 -- XIV. Conversation with Husserl, 28/8/31 -- XV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 1/9/31 -- XVI. Conversation with Husserl, 6/9/31 -- XVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 11/9/31 -- XVIII. Conversation with Fink, 16/9/31 (?) -- XIX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 17/9/31 -- XX. Conversation with Fink, 21/9/31 -- XXI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 22/9/31 -- XXII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 28/9/31 -- XXIII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 3/10/31 -- XXIV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 9/11/31 -- XXV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 12/11/31 -- XXVI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 18/11/31 -- XXVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 20/12/31 -- XXVIII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 24/11/31 -- XXIX. Conversation with Fink, 24/11/31 -- XXX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 25/11/31 -- XXXI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 30/11/31 -- XXXII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 4/12/31 -- XXXIII. Conversation with Fink, 7/12/31 -- XXXIV. Conversation with Husserl, 8/12/31 -- XXXV. Conversation with Fink, 14/12/31 -- XXXVI. Conversation with Fink, 19/12/31 -- XXXVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 22/12/31 -- XXXVIII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 23/12/31 -- XXXIX. Conversation with Husserl and others, 26/12/31 -- XL. Conversation with Husserl, 28/12/31 -- XLI. Conversation with Husserl and Reiner, 31 /22 /32 -- XLII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 5/1/32 -- XLIII. Conversation with Husserl, 13/1/32 -- XLIV. Conversation with Fink, 18/1/32 -- XLV. Conversation with Fink, 20/1/32 -- XLVI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 26/1/32 -- XLVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 29/1/32 -- XLVIII. Conversation with Husserl, 3/3/32 -- XLIX. Conversation with Husserl, 7/3/32 -- XL. Conversation with Husserl, 11/3/32 -- LI. Conversation with Husserl, 4/5/32 -- LII. Conversation with Husserl, 6/5/32 -- LIII. Conversation with Husserl, 9/5/32 -- LIV. Conversation with Husserl, 11/5/32 -- LV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 31/5/32 -- LVI. Conversation with Husserl, 2/6/32 -- LVII. Conversation with Husserl, 4/6/32 -- LVIII. Conversation with Husserl, 8/6/32 -- LVIX. Conversation with Husserl, 13/6/32 -- LX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 15/6/32 -- LXI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 23/6/32 -- LXII. Conversation with Husserl, 27/6/32 -- LXIII. Conversation with Husserl, 29/6/32 -- LXIV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 15/7/32 -- LXV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 20/9/32 -- LXVI. Conversation with Fink, 23/9/32 -- LXVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 25/10/32 -- LXVIII. Conversation with Husserl, 2/11/32 -- LXIX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 15/11/32 -- I. Topics, Husserl conversation, 24/6/31 -- II. Conversation with Husserl, 25/6/31 -- III. Conversation with Husserl, 27/6/31 -- Works by Husserl mentioned in the Conversations -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.

Abstract: This is an unusual volume. During his periods of study with Ed­ mund Husserl - first from I924 1. 0 I926, then from I93I to I932 - Dorion Cairns had become imnlensely impressed with the stri­ king philosophical quality of Husserl's conversations with his students and co-workers. Not unlike his daily writing (five to six hours a day was not uncommon, as Husserl reports herein, the nature of which was a continuous searching, reassessing, modi­ fying, advancing and even rejecting of former views), Husserl's conversations, especially evidenced from Cairns's record, were remarkable for their depth and probing character. Because of this, and because of the importaIlt light they threw on Husserl's written and published works, Cairns had early resolved to set down in writing, as accurately as possible, the details of these conversations. Largely prompted by the questions and concerns of his students, including Cairns, the present Conversations (from the second period, I93I-I932, except for the initial conversation) provide a significant, intriguing, and always fascinating insight into both the issues which were prominent to Husserl at this time, and the way he had come to view the systematic and historical placement of his own earlier studies. Cairns had often insisted - principally in his remarkable lec­ 1 tures at the Graduate Faculty of the New School - that attaining a fair and accurate view of Husserl's enormously rich and complex 1 Cairns's lectures between 1956 and 1964 are especially important.

Abstract: Process and the Escape from Nihilism -- Relation and Substance in Whitehead’s Metaphysics -- Process as a Categorical Concept -- William James on the Nature of Time -- Space in Leibniz and Whitehead -- Process Philosophy, a Categorial analysis -- A Crossroads for Process Philosophy -- On Whitehead, Marx, and the Nature of Political Philosophy -- The Process Philosophy of Sir Muhammad Iqbal.

Abstract: I / Analysis of Thought -- II / Expression and Its Functions -- III / Thinking and Meaning -- IV / Husserl’s Philosophy of Language -- V / Certain Associated Problems -- A. On ‘Occasional Expressions’ -- B. On Non-extensional Expressions -- C. Dependent and Independent, Complete and Incomplete Meanings -- D. The Concept of Name -- VI / Formal Logic -- VII / Back to Experience -- Bibliographical references -- Index of proper names -- General index.

Abstract: In this work I have tried to present HusserI's Philosophy of thinking and meaning in as clear a manner as I can. In doing this, I had in mind a two-fold purpose. I wanted on the one hand to disentangle what I have come to regard as the central line of thought from the vast mass of details of the Logische Unter­ suchungen and the Formale und transzendentale Logik. On the other hand, I tried to take into consideration the immense developments in logic and semantics that have taken place since HusserI's major logical studies were published. It is my belief that no one to day can look back upon the philosophers of the past except in the light of the admirable progress achieved and consolidated in the fields of logic and semantics in recent times. Fortunately enough, from this point of view HusserI fares remarkably well. He certainly anticipated many of those recent investigations. What is more, a true understanding and appraisal of his logical studies is not possible except in the light of the corresponding modern investigations. This last consider­ ation may provide us with some explanation of the rather puzzling fact that orthodox HusserIian scholarship both within and outside Germany has not accorded to his logical studies the central importance that they, from all points of view, unmis­ takeably deserve.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Subjunctive Reasoning -- 2. The Linguistic Approach -- 3. The ‘Possible Worlds’ Approach -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- II. Four Kinds of Conditionals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Four Kinds -- 3. ‘Even if’ Subjunctives -- 4. ‘Might Be’ Conditionals -- 5. Necessitation Conditionals -- 6. Simple Subjunctives -- 7. The Axiomatization of Simple Subjunctives -- 8. Conclusions 44 -- Notes -- III. Subjunctive Generalizations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Rudiments of an Analysis -- 3. Strong Generalizations -- 4. Weak Generalizations -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- IV. The Basic Analysis of Subjunctive Conditionals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Analysis of M -- 3. Simple Propositions -- 4. Counter-Legal Conditionals -- 5. Subject Preference -- Notes -- V. Quantification, Modalities, and Conditionals -- 1. Referential Opacity -- 2. Transworld Identity -- 3. Kripke’s Observation -- 4. Quantified Modal Logic -- 5. Conditionals -- Notes -- VI. The Full Theory -- 1. Syntax -- 2. Semantics -- 3. Infinitary Operators -- 4. The Introduction of Sets -- 5. Some Consequences of the Analysis -- Note -- VII. Causes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Ontology of Causes -- 3. Some Causal Relations -- 4. Causal Sufficiency -- 5. Remarks on the Analysis -- 〉6. The Logic of Causes -- Notes -- VIII. Probabilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indefinite Probabilities -- 3. The Redefinition of M -- 4. Simple Subjunctive Probability -- Notes -- IX. Dispositions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absolute Dispositions -- 〉3. Probabilistic Dispositions -- Notes -- 〉Index.

Abstract: I am indebted to many people for the help they gave me in the writing of this book. lowe a large debt to David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker, on both general and specific grounds. As becomes apparent from reading the notes, the book would not have been possible without their pioneering work on subjunctive conditionals. In addition, both were kind enough to provide specific comments on earlier versions of different parts of the book, and Stalnaker read and commented on the entire manuscript. Closer to home, I am indebted to my colleagues Rolf Eberle and Henry Kyburg, Jf. , my erstwhile colleague Keith Lehrer, and numerous graduate students for their helpful comments on various parts of the manuscript. Some of the material contained herein appeared first in the form of journal articles, and I wish to thank the journals in question for allowing the material to be reprinted here. Chapter One contains material taken from 'The "Possible Worlds" Analysis of Counter-factuals', published in Phil. Studies 29 (1976), 469 (Reidel); Chapter Two contains material much revised from 'Four Kinds of Conditionals', Am. Phil. Quarterly 12 (1975), and Chapter Three contains much revised material from 'Subjunctive Generaliza­ tions', Synthese 28 (1974), 199 (Reidel). CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. SUBJUNCTIVE REASONING There exists quite a variety of statements which are in some sense 'subjunctive'.

Abstract: One. Surrender -- 1. There Is a Beginning -- 1. There Is a Beginning -- An Introduction to Surrender-and-Catch -- 2. Surrender and Catch -- 3. Too Literal, Not Literal Enough -- 4. ‘Surrender’ and ‘Catch’ -- 5. -- 6. Surrender as a Response to Our Crisis -- 7. -- 8. Surrender and Religion -- 9. -- 10. (This Book) -- I. Surrenders-To -- 11. Surrender and Rebellion -- 12. -- 13. Surrender and Community Study: The Study of Loma -- 14. -- 15. Surrender and Aesthetic Experience -- 16. -- II. From Surrender-To to Surrender -- 17. Prefatory Note -- 18. Beginning: In Hegel and Today -- 19. -- 20. On the Cunning of Reason in Our Time -- 21. -- 22. Sociology, Phenomenology, and Surrender-and-Catch -- 23. -- 24. Surrender and the Body -- Two. Trying with others -- 25. Recovery: Trying with others -- 26. 1951 -- 27. 1961-2 -- 28. -- 29. 1962-63 -- 30. 1964-65 -- 31. Publishing Papers by Students and Identifying Their Authors -- 32. 1964–65, Concluded -- 33. -- 34. 1965–66 -- 35. 1971 -- 36. And a Letter -- 37. ‘Dear Phantasy’ -- 38. 1971, Concluded -- 39. And there is an End -- Sources and Acknowledgments -- Index of Names -- Index of Topics.

Abstract: Su"ender and catch: give so you can receive, where the giving is your whole self, in a total experience. This is scarcely new on the American scene, and it is ancient knowledge, East and West. The fears of total surrender, the fears of self-revelation and of total abandon, although genuine, are likewise not new. Yet Kurt H. Wolff does attempt something new here, an epistemologi­ cal essay with the help of this old idea: his subtitle is 'experience and inquiry today'. He tries to formulate an integrated view which incorporates in the theory of total experience not only the accepted component- esthetics, religion, the recent American experience - but also a metaphysics, a phenomenology, a theory of perception, a social philosophy and a methodology of the social sciences, even a philosophy of history and psychopathology. Phenomenology (especially Alfred Schutz), the critical Frankfurt school (especially Adorno and Marcuse), sociology (especially Georg Simmel), and existentialism (especially Camus) are tied in together. It all looks topsy-turvy at first. We have here scraps of a diary, fragments of correspondence, a stray adolescent love letter, notes on notes on field work, and notes and comments on tutorial seminars plus long excerpts from students' essays, a stray paper in a learned journal summarizing the core of the book, comments piled on comments and a web of self-references, literary criticisms, and pieces of poetry, plus a rich scholarly apparatus.

Abstract: I. Introduction: Phenomenology and the Beginning -- II. Epistemology and the Metaphysics of Presence -- A. The Metaphysics of Presence -- B. Positivism -- C. Intuition -- D. Fact and Essence -- E. Phenomenology as Science -- F. Intentional Analysis -- III. Truth and Presence -- A. Expression and Meaning -- B. Meaning-Fulfillment -- C. Evidence and Truth -- D. Evidence and the Metaphysics of Presence -- E. Language and Consciousness -- IV. Temporality and Presence -- A. The Problematic of Time -- B. Time as a Phenomenological Datum -- C. The Now -- D. The Temporal Horizons -- V. Intersubjectivity and Epistemological Presence -- A. The Refutation of Solipsism -- B. The Presence of the Other -- C. The Being of the Other -- VI. Conclusion -- A. Review of Our Findings -- B. Phenomenology and the Possibility of History.

Abstract: Imre Lakatos (1922–1974): Philosopher of Mathematics and Philosopher of Science -- The Lakatosian Revolution -- Immediate Perception -- On Imre Lakatos -- Lakatos One and Lakatos Two: An ppreciation -- William Whewell and the Concept of Scientific Revolution -- How Can One Testimony Corroborate Another? -- Constraints on Science -- Research Programs, Rationality, and Ethics -- Introduction: Culture, Cultural System and Science -- On the Critique of Scientific Reason -- The Young Einstein and The Old Einstein -- An Ethic of Cognition -- Instrumentalism and Its Critique: A Reappraisal -- Imre Lakatos: Some Recollections -- Is Falsifiability the Touchstone of Scientific Rationality? Karl Popper versus Inductivism -- Ancient Geometrical Analysis and Modern Logic -- The Development of Logical Probability -- Descartes’ Rules of Impact and Their Criticism. An Example of the Structure of Processes in the History of Science -- Toulmin and the Rationality of Science -- Participation, ‘Authenticity’ and the Contemporary Vision of Man, Law and Society -- Rational Reconstructions -- A Paradox for the Birds -- Mathematics as a Critical Enterprise -- The Fertility of Theory and the Unit for Appraisal in Science -- The Ambivalence of Scientists -- Method or Madness? -- Novel Predictions as a Criterion of Merit -- Whither Physical Objects? -- Popperian Philosophy of Science as an Antidote Against Relativism -- Conditions of Progress and the Comparability of Theories -- Comments on Two Epistemological Theses of Thomas Kuhn -- Leibniz’s Program for the Development of Logic -- On Compton’s Research Program -- Inquiring Systems and Paradigms -- History, Praxis and the Third World’. Ambiguities in Lakatos’ Theory of Methodology -- Against Some Methods -- The Human Condition: Two Criticisms of Hobbes -- The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science -- Cosmology and Logic — An Intractable Issue? -- Index of Names.

Abstract: The death of Imre Lakatos on February 2, 1974 was a personal and philosophical loss to the worldwide circle of his friends, colleagues and students. This volume reflects the range of his interests in mathematics, logic, politics and especially in the history and methodology of the sciences. Indeed, Lakatos was a man in search of rationality in all of its forms. He thought he had found it in the historical development of scientific knowledge, yet he also saw rationality endangered everywhere. To honor Lakatos is to honor his sharp and aggressive criticism as well as his humane warmth and his quick wit. He was a person to love and to struggle with. PAUL K. FEYERABEND ROBERT S. COHEN MARX W. WARTOFSKY TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface VII JOHN WORRALL / Imre Lakatos (1922-1974): Philosopher of Mathematics and Philosopher of Science JOSEPH AGASSI / The Lakatosian Revolution 9 23 D. M. ARMSTRONG / Immediate Perception w. W. BAR TLEY, III/On Imre Lakatos 37 WILLIAM BERKSON / Lakatos One and Lakatos Two: An Appreciation 39 I. B. COHEN / William Whewell and the Concept of Scientific Revolution 55 L. JONATHAN COHEN / How Can One Testimony Corroborate Another? 65 R. S. COHEN / Constraints on Science 79 GENE D'AMOUR/ Research Programs, Rationality, and Ethics 87 YEHUDA ELKANA / Introduction: Culture, Cultural System and Science 99 PA UL K.

Abstract: An Early Evaluation -- Phenomenology -- Foundational Philosophers -- Sense and Essence: Frege and Husserl -- Husserl and/or Wittgenstein -- Husserl and Wittgenstein on Language -- The Double Awareness in Heidegger and Wittgenstein -- Heidegger’s Criticism of Wittgenstein’s Conception of Truth -- Meaning and Language -- Austin and Phenomenology -- Meta-Philosophical Reflections -- Some Parallels between Analysis and Phenomenology -- Is There a World of Ordinary Language? -- Hare, Husserl, and Philosophic Discovery -- Phenomenology and Linguistic Analysis I -- Phenomenology and Linguistic Analysis II -- What are the Grounds of Explication?: A Basic Problem in Linguistic Analysis and Phenomenology -- Notes on Contributors -- Sources -- Index of Names.

Abstract: This is the second volume in the series of American University Publi­ cations in Philosophy. It, like the first volume, moves significantly beyond what other books have done before it. The first volume's original­ ity lay in its bringing together essays that explored important new directions in the explanation of behavior, language, and religion. The originality of the present volume lies in its collecting, for the first time in book form, essays at the interface between analytic philosophy and phenomenology. In this volume there are essays about a number of the most seminally influential philosophers among both the analysts and the phenomenologists. Barry L. Blose, for the editors of American University Publications in Philosophy EDITOR'S PREFACE Philosophy inevitably creates divisions and this anthology deals with what is perhaps the central division in twentieth century Western philo­ sophy. The collection, originally the foundation for a seminar in com­ parative philosophy which I offered at The American University in 1971 and 1974, was sufficiently suggestive to students of both traditions to lead me to initiate its publication. The future development of Western philosophy is far from clear, but I am convinced that it will inevitably involve a more open conversation between phenomenologists and analytic philosophers, between the current dominant orientations among both European and Anglo-Saxon philosophers. This volume of essays is offered as an attempt to stimulate that conversation.

Abstract: Symposium: the Unity of Science -- Unified Theories and Unified Science -- Thermodynamics, Statistical Mechanics and the Complexity of Reductions -- Theory Generalization, Problem Reduction and the Unity of Science -- Contributed Papers: Session I -- Galileo and Reasoning Ex Suppositione: The Methodology of the Two New Sciences -- The Erkenntnistheoretiker’s Dilemma: J.B. Stallo’s Attack on Atomism in his Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics (1881) -- Symposium: Genetics, IQ and Education -- Fictionalism, Functionalism and Factor Analysis -- IQ, Heritability, and Human Nature -- The IQ Controversy and the Philosophy of Education -- Contributed Papers: Session II -- Evolutionary Rationality -- Laws and Meaning Postulates (in van Fraassen’s View of Theories) -- Meaning in Science and Mathematics -- Observationality and the Comparability of Theories -- Symposium: Science Education and the Philosophy of Science -- The Relevance of Philosophy of Science for Science Education -- Metaphorical Models of Mastery: Or, How to Learn to Do the Problems at the End of the Chapter of the Physics Textbook -- Philosophy of Science, History of Science, and Science Education -- Contributed Papers: Session III -- Causes and Deductive Explanation -- On Defending the Covering-Law ‘Model’ Comment: -- Dispositional Explanation and the Covering-Law Model: Response to Laird Addis -- The Likeness of Lawlikeness -- TWO Forms of Determinism -- The Conventionality of Slow-Transport Synchrony -- Symposium: Technology Assessment -- The Bicentenary of Technology Assessment -- Assurance and Agnosticism -- Technology Assessment as a Critique of a Civilization -- Symposium: Velikovsky and the Politics of Science -- The Domination of Astronomy Over Other Disciplines -- Some Comments on Velikovsky’s Methodology -- Velikovsky Versus Academic Lag (The Problem of Hypothesis) -- Symposium: Quantum Logic -- Quantum Logic -- The ‘Logic’ of ‘Quantum Logic’ -- Contributed Papers: Session IV -- Integrating the Philosophy and the Social Psychology of Science, or a Plague on Two Houses Divided -- The Illusions of Experience -- Symposium: Development of the Philosophy of Science -- Some Current Trends in Philosophy of Science: With Special Attention to Confirmation, Theoretical Entities, and Mind-Body -- History and Philosophy of Science: A Marriage of Convenience? -- Philosophy of Language and Philosophy of Science -- Symposium: History and Philosophy of Biology -- Reductionism in Biology: Prospects and Problems -- Reduction in Genetics -- Informal Aspects of Theory Reduction -- Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account -- Contributed Papers: Session V -- How Do We Apply Science? -- What Is The Logical Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics? -- Index of Names.

Abstract: For this book, we have selected papers from symposia and contributed sessions at the fourth biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held at the University of Notre Dame on November 1-3, 1974. The meeting was lively and well-attended, and we regret that there was no way to record here the many stimulating discussions after the papers and during the informal hours. We also regret that we had in­ sufficient space for all the contributed papers. Even more, some of the symposia were not available: those on systems and decision theory (c. W. Churchman, P. Suppes, I. Levi), and on the Marxist philosophy of science (M. W. Wartofsky, R. S. Cohen, E. N. Hiebert). Unhappily several individual contributions to other symposia were likewise not available: I. Velikovsky in the session on his own work and the politics of science, D. Finkelstein in the session on quantum logic. Memorial minutes were read for Alan Ross Anderson (prepared by Nuel Belnap) and for Imre Lakatos (prepared by Paul Feyerabend). They initiate this volume of philosophy of science in the mid-seventies.

Abstract: I / Pure Theory -- The Social World and the Theory of Social Action -- The Dimensions of The Social World -- The Problem of Rationality in the Social World -- II / Applied Theory -- The Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology -- The Homecomer -- The Well-Informed Citizen: An Essay on the Social Distribution of Knowledge -- Don Quixote and the Problem of Reality -- Making Music Together: A Study in Social Relationship -- Mozart and the Philosophers -- Santayana on Society and Government -- Equality and the Meaning Structure of the Social World -- Some Equivocations in the Notion of Responsibility -- Tiresias, or Our Knowledge of Future Events.

Abstract: Elsewhere 1 we were concerned with fundamental aspects of the question how man can comprehend his fellow-men. We analyzed man's subjective experiences of the Other and found in them the basis for his understanding of the Other's subjective processes of consciousness. The very assumption of the existence of the Other, however, introduces the dimension of intersub­ jectivity. The world is experienced by the Self as being inhabited by other Selves, as being a world for others and of others. As we had occasion to point out, intersubjective reality is by no means homogeneous. The social world in which man finds himself exhibits a complex structure; fellow-men appear to the Self under different aspects, to which correspond different cognitive styles by which the Self perceives and apprehends the Other's thoughts, motives, and actions. In the present investigation it will be our main task to describe the origin of the differentiated structures of social reality as well as to reveal the principles underlying its unity and coherence. It must be stressed that careful description of the processes which enable one man to understand another's thoughts and actions is a prerequisite for the methodology of the empirical social sciences. The question how a scientific interpretation of human action is possible can be resolved only if an adequate • From: De, sinnha/te A II/ball tler sowuen WeU, Vienna, 1932; 2nd ed. 1960 (Sektion IV: Strukturanalyse der Sozialwelt, Soziale Umwelt, Mitwelt, Vorwelt, English adaptation by Professor Thomas Luckmann.

Abstract: The Statistics of Non-Boolean Event Structures -- Possibility and Probability -- Some Remarks on Hamiltonian Systems and Quantum Mechanics -- The Possibility Structure of Physical Systems -- Quantum Mechanical Physical Quantities as Random Variables -- On the Interference of Probabilities -- Classical and Quantum Probability and Set Theory -- Discussion -- A Generalized Measure and Probability Theory for the Physical Sciences -- Discussion -- Quantum Logic, Convexity, and a Necker-Cube Experiment -- On the Applicability of the Probability Concept to Quantum Theory -- Discussion -- A Mathematical Setting for Inductive Reasoning -- Discussion -- Classical Statistical Mechanics Versus Quantal Statistical Thermodynamics: A Study in Contrasts -- Discussion -- A Semantic Analysis of Niels Bohr’s Philosophy of Quantum Theory.

Abstract: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.

Abstract: The Nature of the Wittenberg 1529 Revision of the Vulgate: Galatians I -- “Jehan de Saintré”: The Liberation of Knighthood -- Between Vision and Void: Postmodern American Literature -- La Création littéraire -- Las supuestas tres etapas del seseo -- Sur “Horace” -- The Rhyme Structure of Pushkin’s “Pamjatnik” -- The Kaleidoscope of Montaigne’s “Inconstance” -- Aspects of the Language Question in Italy -- Marsilio Ficino’s Fable of Phoebus and Lucilia and Botticelli’s “Primavera” -- Le Génie d’Edgar Poe et le Goût Français -- Table of Contents: Volume I -- Table of Contents: Volume II.

Abstract: One The Life and Work of Le Grand D’aussy -- A. The early years: Le Grand and the Society of Jesus -- B. The apprenticeship -- C. The Fabliaux ou Contes -- D. The Observations sur les Troubadours -- E. The Histoire de la Vie Privée des Français -- F. The excursions to Auvergne -- G. A new carecr? The years of silence -- H. Final recognition. The last ambitious years -- Two The Fabliaux ou Contes -- to part two -- I. Literary texts or historical documents? The mirror of medieval society. -- II. France and the literary renaissance in medieval Europe. The vindication of the “trouvères”. -- III. Medieval literature by eightccnth-ccntury standards. A discerning appreciation. -- IV. The sources. -- V. The method. An examination of Le Grand’s extract form: the “copie réduite”. -- VI. Conclusion: The popularity and enduring validity of the Fabliaux ou Contes. -- Appendix: The Sources of the Fabliaux ou Contes -- A. Manuscript copies used by Lc Grand d’Aussy -- B. Medieval manuscripts used by Le Grand d’Aussy -- C. Table of fabliaux manuscripts known to Le Grand D’Aussy and his predecessors -- Bibliography: -- Section I. Manuscript Works -- Le Grand d’Aussy -- Contemporary medievalists -- Barbazan, Etienne -- La Gurne de Saintc-Palaye -- La Vallière, Due de -- Paulmy, Marquis de -- Section II. Printed Works -- Principal eighteenth-century journals to which reference is made -- Authors before 1700 -- Contemporaries of Le Grand d’Aussy -- Le Grand d’Aussy: -- Extracts, articles, “mémoires”, “notices” -- Biographies and bibliographies of Le Grand d’Aussy -- Modern students of the fabliaux who mention or use Le Grand d’Aussy -- Modern works concerned with eighteenth-century medievalism -- Miscellaneous modern works to which reference is made.

Abstract: It is a common belief that in France the study of medieval literature as literature only began to gain recognition as a valid occupation for the scholar during the nineteenth century. It is well known that historians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries looked to the literary productions of the Middle Ages for materials useful to their researches, but it is only recently that the remarkable frequency of this reference has been appreciated and that scholars have become aware of an unbroken tradition of what might best be described as historically ori ented medievalism stretching from the sixteenth century to our own. The eighteenth century has drawn the greatest number of curious to this field, for it is evident that the surprisingly extensive researches undertaken then do much to explain the progress made a century later by the most celebrated generation of medievalistst. Very slowly we are coming to see the value of the contribution made by little known schol­ ars like La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Etienne Barbazan and the Comte de Caylus.

Abstract: Probleme der Husserlschen Reduktion. Vorlesung gehalten an der Universität Oslo, Oktober/November 1967 -- Roman Ingarden’s Moral Philosophy -- Roman Ingarden’s Literary Theory -- ‘Ingarden’s Phases, Bergson’s durée réelle, and William James’ Stream: Metaphoric Variants or Mutually Exclusive Concepts on the Theme of Time -- R. Ingarden et le ‘vrai’ Bergsonisme -- Die Funktion des konstituierenden Bewusstseins in einem ‘Studium für die Seelenmaler’. Die phänomenologische Studie einer Erzählphase in M. C. Wielands ‘Geschichte des Agathon’ -- Museum Exhibition as a Work of Art and a Subject of ‘Specific Aesthetics’. A Contribution to Ingarden’s System of Aesthetics -- Language and Logic in the Work of Roman Ingarden -- Historicity, Value and Mathematics -- Beyond Ingarden’s Idealism/ Realism Controversy with Husserl — The New Contextual Phase of Phenomenology -- The Letter to Husserl about the VI [Logical] Investigation and ‘Idealism’.

Abstract: Studies on different aspects of Roman Ingarden's Philosophy have been published during the last thirty years. They were meant partly to in­ vestigate the contribution of that thinker to phenomenological philoso­ phy, which was then dominant in WestemEurope, partly to arouse interest in a philosopher who was, at that time, practically unknown. The publication by the present editor of For Roman Ingarden: Nine Essays in Phenomenology, a Festschrift for his 65th birthday, marked the beginning of an interest in his thought. Subsequently, Ingarden has lectured abroad, and a number of his hitherto inaccessible Polish works have been made available, some translated into German and some even into English. This has led to further studies of his thought. However, the majority of the papers published have until now been mainly introductory. This volume offers for the first time a series of systematic studies in Ingardenian philosophy, which, it is hoped, will supply a general framework as well as a foundation for future research in this wide and difficult field.

Abstract: I An Overview -- 1 Models, Projections and Policies -- 2 An Overview of the Model -- 3 Solving the Model -- II The Model: Specification and Estimation -- 4 Personal Consumption -- 5 Investment -- 6 Exports -- 7 Imports -- 8 Employment -- 9 Prices and Profits -- 10 Incomes and Expenditures -- 11 Company Profits, Dividends and Retentions -- III Applications: The British Economy in 1980 -- 12 The British Economy in 1980: A Standard View -- 13 Alternative Economic Environments -- 14 Alternative Taxation Systems and Their Incidence -- 15 Budgetary Policy, Public Expenditure and the Balance of Payments -- 16 Alternative Economic Policies -- Appendix the Classifications Used and the Sources of Data -- A List of Works Cited -- Author Index.

Abstract: Since the first statement of the aims and methods of the Cambridge Growth Project, which appeared in 1962 as the first number of our former series A Programme for Growth, we have produced a volume on the state ofthe model and on projections derived from it at roughly five year intervals: Exploring 1970 (1965), Exploring 1972 (1970) and now the present book. A comparison of these publications shows the directions in which we have developed our model. First, we have been able to model more parts of the economy and to model them better; and, second, by adopting a targets-and-instruments approach, we have been able to tackle questions of policy. As a consequence of the first of these improvements, the model has become more closely knit and variables which were previously exogenous have become endogenous; and, as a consequence of the second, the model has become less rigid and can be used to suggest policies for correcting some ofthe undesir­ able features that emerge from the projections.

Abstract: Volume One -- I. The Police of Provisioning -- II. The Regulations and the Regulators -- III. The Origins of Liberty -- IV. The Response to Liberalization: Theory and Practice -- V. Forcing Grain to be Free: The Government Holds the Line -- VI. The Reforms and the Grain Trade -- VII. Paris -- VIII. The Royal Trump -- Volume Two -- IX. The government, the parlements, and the battle Over liberty: I -- X. The government, the parlements, and the battle Over liberty: II -- XI. From Political Economy To Police: The Return to Apprehensive Paternalism -- XII. Policing the General Subsistence, 1771–1774 -- XIII. The King’s Grain and the Retreat from Liberalization -- Conclusion.

Abstract: I Modern times has invented its own brand of Apocalypse. Famine is no longer one of the familiar outriders. The problems of material life, and their political and psychological implications, have changed drastically in the course of the past two hundred years. Perhaps nothing has more profoundly affected our institutions and our attitudes than the creation of a technology of abundance. - Even the old tropes have given way: neither dollars nor calories can measure the distance which separates gagne-pain from gagne-hi/leek. 1 Yet the concerns of this book seem much less remote today than they did when it was conceived in the late sixties. In the past few years we have begun to worry, with a sort of expiatory zeal, about the state· of our environment, the size of our population, the political economy and the morality of the allocation of goods and jobs, and the future of our resources. While computer projections cast a malthusian pall over our world, we have had a bitter, first-hand taste of shortages of all kinds. The sempiternal battle between producers and consumers rages with a new ferocity, as high prices provoke anger on the one side and celebration on the other. Even as famines continue to strike the third world in the thermidor of the green revolution, so we have discovered hunger in our own midst.

Abstract: I: The Shadow of History over Philosophy: R. C. Collingwood -- A. Facts and Thoughts -- B. History and Philosophy -- C. Issues -- II: The Prejudice of Inevitability: Isaiah Berlin -- III: History, Tradition and Politics: Michael Oake-shott -- IV: The Historical Process and its Explanation: Karl Popper and his debtors -- Index of Names.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- by the Editors -- 2. Basic Action -- Action, Knowledge, and Representation -- Intention, Practical Knowledge and Representation -- 3. The Volitional Theory Revisited -- Volitions Re-affirmed -- The Volitional Theory Revisited -- 4. The Logic of Action -- The Logic of Action -- The Twofold Structure and the Unity of Practical Thinking -- 5. Events and Actions -- Particulars, Events, and Actions -- Events as Property Exemplifications -- Events and Actions: Some Comments on Brand and Kim -- Reply to Martin -- 6. The Agency Theory -- The Agent as Cause -- How Does Agent Causality Work? -- 7. Abilities and other ‘Cans’ -- ‘Can’ in Theory and Practice: A Possible Worlds Analysis -- Time and Modality in the ‘Can’ of Opportunity -- Comment on Walton’s Paper -- 8. Responsibility and Human Action -- Action and Responsibility -- Action and Responsibility -- 9. Decision Theory and Human Action -- The Morality of Cognitive Decision-Making -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: The Poverty of Statisticism -- Discussion -- On the Equivalence of Standard Inference Procedures -- Discussion -- Empirical Probability, Objective Statistical Methods, and Scientific Inquiry -- Discussion -- Philosophy of Survey-Sampling Practice -- Discussion -- The Bayesian Influence, or How to Sweep Subjectivism Under the Carpet -- Confidence Intervals vs Bayesian Intervals -- Discussion -- On Tests of Significance -- Discussion -- Statistics and the Philosophers -- Discussion -- Statistical Knowledge and Statistical Inference -- Discussion -- Bayesian Statistics -- Discussion -- A Theory of Statistical Evidence -- Discussion -- Testing Theories and the Foundations of Statistics -- Discussion.

Abstract: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- Presuppositions -- Cogito -- The Reductions -- II. Language and the Phenomenological Reduction -- Reduction of Transcendencies -- An Unambiguous Language -- Conclusion -- III. Language and the Transcendental Reduction -- Transcendental Ego -- Intentionality and Constitution -- Derivation of a Complete Theory of Constitution -- Conclusion -- IV. Language and the Eidetic Reduction -- Lebenswelt -- Essences and Possibility -- Facts and Meanings -- Meanings and Essences -- Essences in Language -- Conclusion -- V. A Linguistic Alternative -- Early Alternatives -- Linguistic Alternative -- Evidence and Certainty -- Conclusion -- VI. Conclusion -- The Phenomenological Reduction -- The Transcendental Reduction -- The Eidetic Reduction -- Conclusion.

Abstract: It was while reading HusserI's Cartesian Meditations that the subject of the present volume first occurred to me. And in a way I am offering a somewhat oblique commentary on HusserI's Meditations - "oblique" because it is not a systematic elucidation of the entire text. Nonetheless, it is primarily with the task of the Meditations that I am concerned. It is there that the antipathy between natural ~anguage and HusserI's quest for certainty come clearIy into focus. (Other texts are cited insofar as they shed light on this central work or illustrate the fact that HusserI did not significantly alter his position on the problem. ) My purpose here is to further sharpen that focus, showing that the consciousness within the phenomenological reductions is essentially language­ using. Working with the Wittgensteinian insight regarding "pri­ vate languages," I attempt to show that a language-using con­ sciousness cannot effectively divorce itself from its social context and is unable, therefore, to perform the radical phenomenological reductions. Solipsism, then, is never a genuine problem, but nei­ ther is the elimination of all existential commitments a genuine possibility. Finally, I conclude that language-use bridges the distinction between essence and existence, the transcendental and the transcendent, the ideal and the real-making the phenomeno­ logical method incapable of providing the apodictic foundations on which all metaphysics and science will be rebuilt.

Abstract: I. From the Judgment to Judgmental Identity -- The Ground of Meaning -- The Ground of Object -- On the Non-Contradictory or Consistent Judgment -- The Distinct Judgment -- Evidence of Clarity: The Clear Judgment -- II. The Identity of the Judgment -- The Transcendental Ground of Identity -- The Same Judgment -- Transcendental Identity -- III. The Genetic Return to Experience -- From the Judgment to the Object -- The Object-sense and the Logical-sense -- The Horizon and Ground of Experience -- Perceptual Consciousness and Perceptual Unity -- IV. The Temporal Structure of Identity -- The Object as the Same -- The Object as Unity of Duration -- Consciousness of Identity -- Conclusion.

Abstract: of A first attempt to formulate the phenomenological problem identity was originally made in my doctoral dissertation, "The Identity of the Logical Proposition," (Graduate Faculty, New School for Social Research, 1969). Further development of the problem, both direct and indirect, as well as extensive revision, has found expression in "The Foundation of Predicative Experience and the Spontaneity of Consciousness" (Life-World and Consciousness. Essays for Aron Gurwitsch, 1972), "Gurwitsch's Concept of Per­ ceptual Unity as the Basic Form of Rational Consciousness," (Social Research, April, 1975), and "The Refinement of the Concept of Constitution" (Research in Phenomenology, Vol. IV, 1974). These studies, in turn, formed the springboard for the present study of the problem of identity. No more than the other studies, this study far from claiming finality, is rather an ever-widening beginning of a phenomenological inquiry into the constitution of identity. I am enormously indebted to my friend and colleague, Professor Fred Kersten of the University of Wisconsin at Green Bay. No tribute is sufficient to acknowledge his invaluable assistance and counsel in the preparation of this work for publication. I would also like to thank Professor Werner Marx of the University of Freiburg for his sustaining encouragement in the later phase of this work. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to investigate the meaning of the concept of identity within a framework of the phenomenological theory of consciousness.

Abstract: 1 Introduction and Early Life, 1705–35 -- 2 Schoolmaster and Author, 1735–7 -- 3 Dilettante and Microscope Maker, 1737–40 -- 4 Itinerant Lecturer, 1740–55 -- 5 Philology and the General Magazine -- 6 Establishment of the Fleet Street Business, 1756–9 -- 7 Consolidation: the 1760s -- 8 The 1770s -- 9 Death and Aftermath -- I Short-title List of Martin’s Publications -- II Manuscripts Relating to Benjamin Martin -- III Martin’s Catalogue of Instruments, Books and Prints, 1762 -- IV Locations of Representative Martin Instruments -- V ?ibliography of Printed Sources, other than Martin’s Publications.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The problem -- 1.2 Overall steps in protein biosynthesis -- 2 The molecules involved in protein biosynthesis -- 2.1 Messenger RNA -- 2.2 Ribosomes -- 2.3 Transfer RNA -- 2.4 Initiator tRNA -- 2.5 Amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases -- 2.6 Elongation factors -- 2.7 Peptidyl transferase -- 2.8 Initiation factors -- 2.9 Termination factors -- References -- 3 The mechanism of protein biosynthesis and its control -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 mRNA metabolism -- 3.3 Initiation complex formation -- 3.4 Elongation -- 3.5 Termination of protein biosynthesis and post-translational modification -- 3.6 RNA phage protein synthesis -- References.

Abstract: 46 3. 2 mRNA metabolism 47 3. 3 Initiation complex formation 3. 3. 1 Binding of initiator tRNA 47 3. 3. 2 Binding of messenger RNA 50 3. 4 Elongation 56 3. 5 Termination of protein biosynthesis and post-translational modification 59 RNA phage protein synthesis 61 3. 6 References 63 Index 64 1 Introduction possible control processes operating to adjust 1. 1 The problem protein synthesis to the needs of the cells and The discovery that the genetic material of organism. It will be assumed that the reader has living organisms is DNA, and the later de­ some knowledge of molecular biology in gen­ monstration that the DNA molecule is a eral and protein biosynthesis in particular, but double helix were both great milestones in twentieth century science, and formed the by way of introduction each of the major molecules and stages of the process will be foundation of the new discipline of molecular described in simple terms, and in subsequent biology. But even after these momentous dis­ chapters each will be discussed again in coveries, the detailed mechanism by which such genetic material could be expressed as the struc­ greater depth. tural and catalytic proteins which play so im­ portant a role in the functioning of all living 1. 2 Overall steps in protein biosynthesis The information encoded in the two comple­ cells was still not obvious.

Abstract: A / Ethics and Welfare Economics -- I. Cardinal Utility in Welfare Economics and in the Theory of Risk-Taking -- II. Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility -- III. Ethics in Terms of Hypothetical Imperatives -- IV. Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls’s Theory -- V. Nonlinear Social Welfare Functions: Do Welfare Economists Have a Special Exemption from Bayesian Rationality? -- B / Rational-Choice and Game Theoretical Models of Social Behavior -- VI. Advances in Understanding Rational Behavior -- VII. Rational-Choice Models of Political Behavior vs. Functionalist and Conformist Theories -- VIII. Game Theory and the Analysis of International Conflicts -- IX. Measurement of Social Power, Opportunity Costs, and the Theory of Two-Person Bargaining Games -- X. Measurement of Social Power in n-Person Reciprocal Power Situations -- XI. A Bargaining Model for Social Status in Informal Groups and Formal Organizations -- C / Scientific Explanation -- XII. Explanation and Comparative Dynamics in Social Science -- XIII. Popper’s Improbability Criterion for the Choice of Scientific Hypotheses.

Abstract: When John Harsanyi came to Stanford University as a candidate for the Ph.D., I asked him why he was bothering, since it was most un­ likely that he had anything to learn from us. He was already a known scho­ lar; in addition to some papers in economics, the first two papers in this vol­ ume had already been published and had dazzled me by their originality and their combination of philosophical insight and technical competence. However, I am very glad I did not discourage him; whether he learned any­ thing worthwhile I don't know, but we all learned much from him on the foundations of the theory of games and specifically on the outcome of bar­ gaining. The central focus of Harsanyi's work has continued to be in the theory of games, but especially on the foundations and conceptual problems. The theory of games, properly understood, is a very broad approach to social interaction based on individually rational behavior, and it connects closely with fundamental methodological and substantive issues in social science and in ethics. An indication of the range of Harsanyi's interest in game the­ ory can be found in the first paper of Part B -though in fact his owncontri­ butions are much broader-and in the second paper the applications to the methodology of social science. The remaining papers in that section show more specifically the richness of game theory in specific applications.

Abstract: I. The Dutch “Miracle” -- II. The Instruments of Decision -- Government and Ideology -- Stewards of Order -- III. Management of an Economy -- Forging a Commonwealth -- Instituting Profesionalism -- Omens of the Future -- IV. The Patroon System — Modern Style -- The Compassionate Society -- Social Health -- V. Housing and Urban Planning -- Public Housing -- City Planning in the Randstad -- VI. Physical Planning -- Nationwide Planning -- The Grand Design — IJsselmeer and the Delta -- VII. Environmental Protection -- Land -- Water -- VIII. The Engines of Change -- Social Development -- The Schools -- Universities and Social Research -- IX. “... Of Order and Methods”.

Abstract: The Netherlands is an unusual nation in many ways. It is not only that nearly half her land is below sea level. Nor is it that she is one of the world's most crowded lands; her more than 13 million people create a population density of about 1000 per square mHe. Nor is it that half her national income is dependent upon world trade. Nor is it that so small anation could achieve peace and prosperity with so little natural resources. What is most unusual is that the Netherlands has made such a rapid and total adjustment to the demands of modern technological society. In no small measure this was achieved by a deliberate policy of planning, direction, control and development. Its postwar history teIls how a determined people under intelligent govern­ ment leadership rose from a broken economy to a level of economic and social development that places their society among the most modern in the world. The Netherlands is a success story that in some measure has been overlooked by a wider world. This will be an attempt to record her story, touching upon some of the causes and results of this success. The Netherlands is undoubtedly one of the most planning conscious of modern nations. This is not to say that the Dutch government or its people have any concept comparable to the totality of Soviet Five Year Plans.

Abstract: Physical Theory and Experiment -- Two Dogmas of Empiricism -- Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance: Problems and Changes -- Some Fundamental Problems in the Logic of Scientific Discovery -- Background Knowledge and Scientific Growth -- The Duhemian Argument -- A Comment on Grünbaum’s Claim -- Scientific Revolutions as Changes of World View -- Grünbaum on ‘The Duhemian Argument’ -- Quine, Grünbaum, and the Duhemian Thesis -- Duhem, Quine and Grünbaum on Falsification -- Duhem, Quine and a New Empiricism -- Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes -- Is it never Possible to Falsify a Hypothesis Irrevocably? -- The Rationality of Science (From‘Against Method’) -- Index of Names.

Abstract: According to a view assumed by many scientists and philosophers of science and standardly found in science textbooks, it is controlled ex­ perience which provides the basis for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable theories in science: acceptable theories are those which can pass empirical tests. It has often been thought that a certain sort of test is particularly significant: 'crucial experiments' provide supporting empiri­ cal evidence for one theory while providing conclusive evidence against another. However, in 1906 Pierre Duhem argued that the falsification of a theory is necessarily ambiguous and therefore that there are no crucial experiments; one can never be sure that it is a given theory rather than auxiliary or background hypotheses which experiment has falsified. w. V. Quine has concurred in this judgment, arguing that "our statements about the external world face the tribunal of sense experience not indi­ vidually but only as a corporate body". Some philosophers have thought that the Duhem-Quine thesis gra­ tuitously raises perplexities. Others see it as doubly significant; these philosophers think that it provides a base for criticism of the foundational view of knowledge which has dominated much of western thought since Descartes, and they think that it opens the door to a new and fruitful way to conceive of scientific progress in particular and of the nature and growth of knowledge in general.

Abstract: Section I / Value and Explanation: Historical Roots -- Some Basic Explanations of Disease: An Historian’s Viewpoint -- Diseases Versus Healths: Some Legacies in the Philosophies of Modern Medical Science -- Section II / Philosophy of Science in Transition to a Philosophy of Medicine -- Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science (Hommage à Claude Bernard) -- Organs, Organisms and Disease: Human Ontology and Medical Practice -- Comments on “Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science” and “Organs, Organisms and Disease” -- Section III / Ethics and Medicine -- How Virtues Become Vices: Values, Medicine and Social Context -- Moral Philosophy and Medical Perplexity: Comments on “How Virtues Become Vices” -- Section IV / Concepts in Medical Theory -- The Concepts of Health and Disease -- On Disease: Theories of Disease and the Ascription of Disease: Comments on “The Concepts of Health and Disease” -- Section V / Body and Self: Phenomenological Perspectives -- Context and Reflexivity: The Genealogy of Self -- Comments on “Context and Reflexivity” -- The Lived-Body as Catalytic Agent: Reaction at the Interface of Medicine and Philosophy -- Comments on “The Lived-Body as Catalytic Agent” -- Section VI / The Role of Philosophy in the Biomedical Sciences: Contribution or Intrusion? -- Round-Table Discussion -- Notes on Contributors.

Abstract: This volume inaugurates a series concerning philosophy and medicine. There are few, if any, areas of social concern so pervasive as medicine and yet as underexamined by philosophy. But the claim to precedence of the Proceedings of the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philos­ ophy and Medicine must be qualified. Claims to be "first" are notorious in the history of scientific as well as humanistic investigation and the claim that the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine has no precedent is not meant to be put in bald form. The editors clearly do not maintain that philosophers and physicians have not heretofore discussed matters of mutual concern, nor that individual philosophers and physicians have never taken up problems and concepts in medicine which are themselves at the boundary or interface of these two disciplines - concepts like "matter," "disease," "psyche. " Surely there have been books published on the logic and philosophy of medi­ 1 cine. But the formalization of issues and concepts in medicine has not received, at least in this century, sustained interest by professional phi­ losophers. Groups of philosophers have not engaged medicine in order to explicate its philosophical presuppositions and to sort out the various concepts which appear in medicine. The scope of such an effort takes the philosopher beyond problems and issues which today are subsumed under the rubric "medical ethics.

Abstract: I. Radical Empiricism and the Anomalies in the Knowledge of Science -- II. Troubles with the Problem of Demarcation -- III. The Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification -- IV. Facts and Theories: Radical Empiricism -- V. Facts and Theories: Conventionalism -- VI. Reformation and Counter-reformation: Paradigms and Research Programs -- VII. Revolutions in Science: The Accumulation of Knowledge and the Correspondence of Theories -- VIII. Revolutions in Science: Science and Philosophy -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: Editorial Introduction -- Quine’s Philosophy of Science -- An Introduction to ‘Translation and Meaning’, Chapter Two of Word and Object -- Beginning with Ordinary Things -- Quine’s Empirical Assumptions -- Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation -- Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation -- Singular Terms and Predication -- Vacuous Names -- Quine’s Syntactical Insights -- On Saying That -- Quine on Modality -- Some Problems about Belief -- Quantifying In -- Logic with Platonism -- On the Consistency of a Slight (?) Modification of Quine’s New Foundations -- Replies -- Publications of W. V. Quine.

Abstract: It is gratifying to see that philosophers' continued interest in Words and Objections has been so strong as to motivate a paperback edition. This is gratifying because it vindicates the editors' belief in the permanent im­ portance of Quine's philosophy and in the value of the papers com­ menting on it which were collected in our volume. Apart from a couple of small corrections, only one change has been made. The list of Professor Quine's writings has been brought up to date. The editors cannot claim any credit for this improvement, however. We have not tried to imitate the Library of Living Philosophers volumes and to include Professor Quine's autobiography in this volume, but we are fortunate to publish here his brand-new auto bibliography. 1975 THE EDITORS TABLE OF CONTENTS V PREFACE 1 EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1. C. SMAR T / Quine's Philosophy of Science 3 GILBERT HARMAN / An Introduction to 'Translation and Meaning', Chapter Two of Word and Object 14 ERIK STENIUS / Beginning with Ordinary Things 27 NOAM CHOMSKY / Quine's Empirical Assumptions 53 1AAKKO HINTIKKA / Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation 69 BARRY STROUD / Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation 82 P. F. STRA WSON / Singular Terms and Predication 97 118 H. P. GRICE / Vacuous Names P. T.

Abstract: One Introduction -- I. Reason and Religion -- II. Chillingworth’s Common-Sense Anglicanism -- III. Chillingworth’s Legacy -- IV. Chillingworth’s Influence -- Two Society, Politics, and Religion The Career of an Anglican Conservative -- I. Education and Ecclesiastical Career -- II. Irenicum -- III. Toleration -- IV. Glorious Revolution -- V. Stillingfleet’s Conservatism -- Three the Reasonableness of Christianity Part One -- I. The Common-Sense Defense of Religion -- II. The Problem of Certainty -- III. Anti-Catholic Writings -- IV. Protestant Infallibility -- V. Stillingfleet’s Theory of Certainty -- VI. Reasonable Faith -- VII. Miracles -- VIII. Miracles (continued) -- IX. Conclusion -- Four the Reasonableness of Christianity Part Two -- I. Divine Faith -- II. Divine Mysteries -- III. John Toland and John Locke -- IV. Summary -- Five the Defense of Natural Religion -- I. Introduction -- II. Reason and the Principles of Natural Religion -- III. The Existence of God -- IV. The Immortality of the Soul -- V. Summary -- Six Conclusion -- Appendix A: An Essay on Biography -- Appendix B: Stillingfleet’s Influence -- Index of Names.

Abstract: I. Reason and Religion "Si on soumet tout a la raison, notre religion n'aura rien de mysterieux et de surnaturel; si on choque les principes de la raison, notre religion sera absurde et ridicule",l In this passage from his Pensees Pascal summarizes what is perhaps the most basic problem for the defender of the reasonableness of Christianity: the necessity of upholding beliefs which Reason is incapable of judging, while at the same time claiming that those beliefs are reasonable. Pascal does not state the problem in precisely these terms regarding the limits of Reason, yet it seems clear that the dilemma he is indicating involves the question of the relation of religious beliefs to the compass of Reason. He does not, however-at least in the passage cited-indicate that the problem is a question of either/or: either Reason and no Religion, or Religion and Irrationality. Rather, he seems to be simply stating what he perceives to be a simple matter of fact. If Reason is allowed to be the judge of all Religion, then all Religion must abandon any elements that are either contrary to reason or cannot be shown to be in accord with Reason. On the other hand, if Reason is not allowed to judge Religion at all, then Religion will be absurd and ridiculous.

Abstract: I. Claude Fleury and His Career -- 1. College and Introduction to Society -- 2. Lawyer, Priest, and Humanist -- 3. Teacher and Scholar -- II. The Socio-Cultural Environment -- 1. The Structure of French Society -- 2. The European Cultural Environment -- III. Colleges, Petites Ecoles, and Academies: The Educational Context of Fleury’s Traite -- 1. Sixteenth-Century Origins -- 2. Mother Tongue and Education for Life -- 3. The Great Secondary School Traditions: University, Jesuit, Oratorian, and Port-Royalist -- 4. The Petites Ecoles, Education of the Poor, and Other Educational Endeavors -- IV. Claude Fleury as an Educational Historian -- 1. The Beginnings of a Tradition -- 2. On the Writing of History -- 3. Languages, Libraries, and Colleagues: The Tools of the Trade -- 4. A Place in the Age of Erudition -- V. Fleury’s Survey of Educational History -- 1. A Question of Text -- 2. Fleury’s Survey of Educational History -- 3. A Central Theme -- 4. The Traité and Some Examples of Educational Historiography Before and After It -- VI. The Choice and Method of Studies -- 1. The Sources of Fleury’s Educational Thought -- 2. School, Society, and Students: The Foundations of a Curriculum Theory -- 3. A Matter of Choice: Selectivity in Studies -- 4. Fleury as an Educational Thinker: A Summing Up -- VII. The Spread and Impact of Fleury’s Educational Thought -- 1. Fleury and his Associates: Bossuet and Fénelon -- 2. Fleury’s Educational Writings and the Evolution of Education in France -- 3. Fleury, Locke, and the Encyclopedists -- 4. Translations and Reputation Abroad -- 5. Fleury and Education in the United States -- VIII. Claude Fleury, Educational Historiographer and Thinker: A Synthesis.

Abstract: This study has grown out of an interest in French education and cul­ ture that dates from fondly remembered student days in France. Specifically, it is an attempt to explain the educational thought of Claude Fleury, a literate, responsible homme de leUres who analyzed the historical origins of public education as it existed in seventeenth-cen­ tury France and, on that basis, proposed what he considered to be a more generally useful program of studies. Generous space has been devoted to historical, social, and pedagogical background in an effort to place Fleury's thought in its proper cultural context; namely, that of the decline of the Classical Age and the dawn of the Age of Reason. This background material represents also an attempt to explain, at times in detail, the origin of Fleury's Traite du Choix et de la Methode des Etudes and his rise to scholarly and pedagogical prominence at court. It is possible that Fleury's thought, while of most immediate interest to students of seventeenth-century cultural history, will be of interest also to a more general audience. In particular, those charged with providing education that must respond to the ever increasing practical needs of society and at the same time give to contemporary man a of his cultural heritage may find in Fleury's thought some useful sense historical perspective. It is a pleasure to acknowledge that this study would not have been possible without the encouragement and guidance of Dr. William W.

Abstract: I Introduction -- II Intuition and Intelligence -- III Probability Learning -- IV Probability Learning in Children -- V The Intuition of Relative Frequency -- VI Estimating Odds and The Concept of Probability -- VII Combinatorial Analysis -- VIII Summary and Conclusions -- Index of Names.

Abstract: About a year ago I promised my friend Fischbein a preface to his book of which I knew the French manuscript. Now with the printer's proofs under my eyes I like the book even better than I did then, because of, and influenced by, new experiences in the meantime, and fresh thoughts that crossed my mind. Have I been influenced by what I remembered from the manuscript? If so, it must have happened unconsciously. But of course, what struck me in this work a year ago, struck a responsive chord in my own mind. In the past, mathematics teaching theory has strongly been influenced by a view on mathematics as a heap of concepts, and on learning mathematics as concepts attainment. Mathematics teaching practice has been jeopardised by this theoretical approach, which in its most dangerous form expresses itself as a radical atomism. To concepts attainment Fischbein opposes acquisition of intuitions. In my own publications I avoided the word "intuition" because of the variety of its meanings across languages. For some time I have used the term "constitution of mathematical objects", which I think means the same as Fischbein's "acquisition of intuitions" - indeed as I view it, constituting a mental object precedes its conceptualising, and under this viewpoint I tried to observe mathematical activities of young children.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Causality and Necessity -- III. Human Agency -- IV. Sensing and Objective Reference -- V. Substance and the Mind-Body Relation -- VI. Propositions, Truth and Signs -- VII. Ethics and Education -- VIII. Aesthetics -- IX. Ethics of Belief -- X. Philosophy of Religion -- XI. Paranormal Phenomena -- XII. Meta-philosophy -- Bibliography of the Writings of C. J. Ducasse -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: Although a succession of fashions swept the American philosophical scene, C. J. Ducasse was throughout his long career an effective practitioner of analytic philosophy in the classic tradition. As he explained in 1924 "[i]t is only with truths about such questions as the meaning of the term 'true', or 'real', or 'good', and the like . . . that philosophy is concerned. " Such truths are to be discovered inductively by comparing and analyzing concrete cases of the admittedly proper u/le . . . The pressing problems of philosophy are thus in my view primarily problems of def'mition, and moreover, problems of framing def'mitions which must be in formal terms, under penalty of not being otherwise understandable by or acceptable to one or another philosophical school, since the formal elements of thought and tp. ey only are common to all schools. These def'mitions, of course are not to be arbitrary; their relation to the facts of admittedly meaningful linguistic usage is the same as exists between any scientific hypothesis and the facts which it attempts to 1 construe.

Abstract: I Historical Perspectives -- Compossibility and Incompossibility in Leibniz -- Hume and the Discipline of Phenomenology: An Historical Perspective -- Royce and the Reductions -- Wittgenstein’s “Phenomenological Reduction” -- The Occasion and Novelty of Husserl’s Phenomenology of Essence -- Martin Heidegger as a Phenomenologist -- II Systematic Perspectives -- Marriage, Parenthood and Life in Community: A Phenomenological View -- The Monads Have Windows -- Das Noema als reelles Moment -- Eine Tragödie: Wallensteins und unser aller böser Geist -- “Alms for Oblivion”: An Essay on Objective Time and Experienced Time -- Truth Within Phenomenological Speech -- The Phenomenology of Speaking -- Sym-philosophizing in an Ethics Class -- Phenomenological Aspects of Probability -- III Bibliographical Perspectives -- Apologia pro Bibliographia Mea -- Herbert Spiegelberg, Bibliography of Published Works 1930–1974.

Abstract: Professor H. L. Van Breda had hoped to write this preface, but his recent, unexpected and untimely death has left that task in my hands. Although my remarks will not be as eloquent and insightful as his surely would have been, some few words are clearly in order here; for the phenomenological community has not only lost the leadership of Fr. Van Breda these last years, but also the scholarship and leadership of Aron Gurwitsch and Alden Fisher - both contributors to this volume - as well as that of Dorion Cairns and John Wild. Our leaders are fewer now but Herbert Spiegelberg is still very obviously one of them. This volume thus presents the work of some of the past and presently recognized leaders in phenomenology - e. g. Gurwitsch, Straus, and Fisher - but, more important perhaps, it also presents the work of some of those who are sure to be future leaders of our community of phenomenological philosophers, if in fact they have not already achieved this status. Most, if not all, of the contribu­ tors to this volume are in some way or another indebted to Herbert Spiegelberg and his work in phenomenology.

Abstract: I The Concordat of 1801 The Nexus of the Religio-Political Policy of Napoleon Bonaparte -- I. The Concordat of 1801 -- II. Bonaparte’s Motives for Negotiating the Concordat -- III. Negotiation of the Concordat -- IV. The Concordat Provided a Modus Vivendi on Questions Basic to the Power of Each Ruler -- V. Ratification and Promulgation of the Concordat -- VI. Observations on Bonaparte’s Religious Policy -- II The Congregation of the Mission Within the Napoleonic Religio-Political Policy -- I. Historical Survey of Pre-Napoleonic Lazarists 1625–1800 -- II. Early Relations of the Lazarists with Bonaparte -- III. The Legal Reestablishment of the Congregation of the Mission -- IV. The Lazarists Subsequent to their Reestablishment — External Problems -- V. The Lazarists Subsequent to their Reestablishment — Internal Problems -- VI. Suppression of the Lazarists in France -- III Sequel to the Nepoleonic Reestablishment of the Congregation of the Mission -- I. The Congregation of the Mission in the Post-Napoleonic Period -- II. Recapitulation.

Abstract: Neither in English nor in French is there a published study of Napoleon Bonaparte's reestablishment in France of the Congregation of the Mis­ 1 sion, whose members are generally known in France as Lazarists. This study, Napoleon and the Lazarists, 1804-1809, examines the reestablish­ ment of the Congregation of the Mission in France and its subsequent relations with the Napoleonic Government. Because religion played an important role in the policies and plans of Napoleon, this study is set with­ in the framework of Napoleon's general religio-political policy. Since the Concordat of 1801 was the legal instrument by which the Catholic Church was reestablished in France and also a necessary preliminary to and a model for the reestablishment of the Lazarists, its negotiation is treated in detail. The examination of the reestablishment of the Congre­ gation of the Mission in France under Napoleon Bonaparte and its sub­ sequent history between 1804 and 1809 follows. It is a study in microcosm which reflects Napoleon's general religio-political policies. Who are the Lazarists? The name Lazarist originates from St. Lazare, the original Motherhouse in Paris of the Congregation of the Mission of St. Vincent de Paul. St. Vincent de Paul founded the Congregation of the Mission in 1625. With the cooperation of St. Louise de Marillac, he also founded the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity.

Abstract: 1. Approaches to the Practice and Planning of Social and Educational Change -- A Critical Analysis of Approaches to Futures-Thinking -- Towards a Constructive Approach to the Future -- Conclusion -- 2. Trends and Problems in Social and Educational Equality -- Problems in the International system -- Class and Equality in European Society -- Problems of Educational and Social Equality -- 3. Alternative Social Futures and Social Dynamics -- A Framework for Social Futures -- Hierarchical Alternatives -- Egalitarian Alternatives -- Conclusion -- 4. Towards Alternative Futures for Education —Educational Structures and Processes -- 1 : Education in the Hierarchical Alternatives -- 2: Education in the Egalitarian Alternatives -- 5. Social Power and Strategies for Changing Education -- The Search for Strategies -- The Social and Political Content of Strategies for Change -- Towards More Effective Innovation in Education -- Biographical Notes.

Abstract: This volume has been prepared in the framework of Project 1: "Educating Man for the 21st Century" of Plan Europe 2000, sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation. While most of the studies launched under this Project deal with specific aspects or levels of education the present volume attempts to provide a more global view of educational futures and their relationships to alternative futures of the overall socio-economic system. It should not be considered as a general integration or synthesis· of the different studies of the Education Project of the European Cultural Foundation - although it draws on them as well as other recently published documents. Rather, it should be regarded as one of several possible approaches, analytical tools, and incentives to the study and open discussion of educational problems seen in a long-term perspective. The volume is the result of a collective effort of a multinational team of researchers. A colloquium of some sixty participants, meeting at the Uni­ versity of York in October 1972, provided critiques and comments to the first version of the report. But only the authors themselves claim responsibil­ ity for the methodology of the study, and the opinions and conclusions expressed therein. These do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsors of the volume, the European Cultural Foundation and the Scientific Committee of its Education Project. • Such a synthesis will appear as the concluding report of the Project.

Abstract: I. Preference Orderings and Utility Theory -- 1. Relational Systems -- 2. Preference Relations -- 3. Some Remarks on Utility Theory -- 4. Linear Inequalities -- II. Ordinal Utility -- 1. Some Classical Representation Theorems -- 2. Lexicographic Utility -- 3. Utility Theories with Respect to n?-Sets -- 4. Ultraproducts and Ultrapowers -- 5. Approximating an r*-Valued Utility Function by a Real Valued Function -- 6. Non-Standard Utility Functions Always Exist -- 7. Utility Functions for Partial Orderings -- III. On Numerical Relational Systems -- 1. First-Order Languages -- 2. Some Preliminary Considerations -- 3. Universal and Homogeneous Relational Systems -- 4. Saturated Relational Systems -- IV. Utility Theories for More Structured Empirical Data -- 1. Some Remarks -- 2. The Empirical Status of Axioms -- 3. Utility Theories which are Axiomatizable in an Ordinary First Order Language -- 4. Extensive Utility -- 5. Conjoint Measurement of Utilities -- 6. On Certain Mean Systems -- V. On Utility Spaces, The Theory of Games and the Realization of Comparative Probability Relations -- 1. A Generalization of the Von Neumann/Morgenstern Utility Theory -- 2. Non-Standard Utilities in Game Theory -- 3. Some Aspects of the Realization of Comparative Probability Relations -- Appendix I. Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers -- Appendix II. Some Basic Facts about Filters and Ultrafilters -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: My interest in non-Archimedean utility theory and the problems related to it was aroused by discussions which I have had with Professors Werner Leinfellner and Günter Menges. On the occasion of the Second Inter­ national Game Theory Workshop, Berkeley, 1970, which was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, I had the opportunity to report about a result on non-standard utilities. Work on this subject continued when I was a research assistant of Professor Günter Menges at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. The present mono graph is essentially a translation of my habilitation thesis which was accepted on February 15, 1973 by the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the Universtity of Heidelberg. On translating my thesis I took up some suggestions made by ProfessorWerner Böge from the Faculty of Mathematics at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. Through lack of time many of his ideas have not been taken into consideration but I hope to do so in a future paper. The first chapter should be considered as a short introduction to pref­ erence orderings and to the notion of a utility theory proposed by Dana Scott and Patrick Suppes. In the second chapter I discuss in some detail various problems of ordinal utility theory. Except when introducing non-standard models of the reals no use is made of concepts of model theory. This is done in deference to those readers who do not wish to be troubled by formal languages and model theory.

Abstract: I: Sexuality and the Fall of Man -- 1. Gnostic Cosmogony -- 2. Christian Gnostics and the Book of Genesis -- 3. Augustinian Orthodoxy and the Original Sin -- II: Virginity and the Monastic Economy of Perfection -- 1. Vita angelica -- 2. Simplicitas -- 3. Contemplation and Prophecy -- 4. Milites Christi -- III: Sponsa Christi: Virginity and Epithalamian Mystery -- 1. The Song of Songs and Christian Exegesis -- 2. Encratism and Marriage -- 3. Epithalamian Gnosis -- IV: Virginity Sexualized -- 1. The Twelfth-Century Context: Ideas and Influences -- 2. Victorine Spiritual Marriage -- 3. St. Bernard and the Song of Songs -- 4. The Katherine Group and Erotic Spirituality -- V: Surviving Elements of Christian Gnosis -- 1. Sin as Sexual -- 2. Traditional Features of Virginity Deontologized -- 3. Virginity and Moral Conflict -- Afterword -- Appendix: The Virgin Mary: Virgin Birth and Immaculate Conception.

Abstract: Apreface is best written last, after a book is done and its author may look back to survey what he hopes he has accomplished and what he must admit he has not. In hindsight virginity by itself has seemed a very large field to till, but with that reflection also comes a sense of misgiving, the awareness that a really comprehensive treatment of that subject would somehow have to encompass an enormous ter­ rain, the whole length and breadth of Christianity's attitude toward sexuality from the earliest times down to the high Middle Ages. It could be argued that no small book could cover so much ground, and I would be the first to agree. As its subtitle is meant to suggest, the present work is, in at least two senses of the word, an essay: both an initial and tentative effort to get at the meaning of an extremely important but as yet unprobed medieval belief in the perfective value of the virginal life; and an interpretive study of a complex subject from a limited point of view, specifically, that in which the virgin appears in devotional literature as the bride of Christ.

Abstract: I. Marxism -- Communism and the New Marxists -- Contemporary Problems of Dialectical Materialism -- Marxist Philosophy in Czechoslovakia : The Lessons from Prague -- Marxist Philosophy in Yugoslavia : ThePraxis Group -- II. Religion -- Reluctant Bedfellows : The Catholic Church and the Polish State, 1918–1939 -- The Catholic Church and the Soviet Government in Soviet Occupied East Europe, 1939–1940 -- The Suppressed Church: Ukrainian Catholics in the Soviet Union -- Muslim Religious Dissent in the U.S.S.R. -- Religious Dissent in the U.S.S.R.: Lithuanian Catholics.

Abstract: Since the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, two of the most significant but at the same time least understood areas of that revolution's cultural impact have been philosophy and religion. The impact has of course been massive, not only in the Soviet Union but, after the second World War, in Soviet­ dominated Eastern Europe as well. Yet the consequences of Communism for philosophy and religion throughout the Soviet orbit are far from having the simplicity suggested by the stereotypes of a single, monolithic 'Marxism' and a consistent, crushing assault on the Church and on re­ ligious faith. Unquestionably Marxism is the ruling philosophy throughout Eastern Europe. In the Soviet Union, 'Marxism-Leninism' or 'dialectical ma­ terialism' is the official and the only tolerated philosophy, and most of the other countries of Eastern Europe follow the Soviet lead in philosophy as in other fields. But in the latter countries Marxism was imposed only after W orId War II, and its deVelopment has not always copied the Soviet model. Original thinkers in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary have thought their own way through the writings of Marx and his followers, and have arrived at Marxist positions which are consider­ ably at variance with the Soviet interpretations - and often with each other. Moreover in recent years the Soviet philosophers themselves have been unable to ignore the theoretical questions raised by the other East of Marxism in the West.

Abstract: Acceptance Revisited -- Cognitive Decision Theory -- A Critique of Epistemic Utilities -- Induction, Consensus, and Catastrophe -- Elements of Induction -- On Sequential Inference -- Cognitive Decisions under Partial Information -- Local and Global Induction -- Hume and the Problem of Local Induction -- A Conspectus of the Neo-Classical Theory of Induction -- Inquiries, Problems, and Questions: Remarks on Local Induction -- On Piecemeal Knowledge-Formation -- Confirmation, Explanation, and the Paradoxes of Transitivity -- A Selected Bibliography of Local Induction -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Abstract: The local justification of beliefs and hypotheses has recently become a major concern for epistemologists and philosophers of induction. As such, the problem of local justification is not entirely new. Most pragmatists had addressed themselves to it, and so did, to some extent, many classical inductivists in the Bacon-Whewell-Mill tradition. In the last few decades, however, the use of logic and semantics, probability calculus, statistical methods, and decision-theoretic concepts in the reconstruction of in­ ductive inference has revealed some important technical respects in which inductive justification can be local: the choice of a language, with its syntactic and semantic features, the relativity of probabilistic evalua­ tions to an initial body of evidence or background knowledge and to an agent's utilities and preferences, etc. Some paradoxes and difficulties encountered by purely formal accounts of inductive justification, the erosion of the once dominant empiricist position, which most approaches to induction took for granted, and the increasing challenge of noninduc­ tivist epistemolgies have underscored the need of accounting for the methodological problems of applying inductive logic to real life contexts, particularly in science. As a result, in the late fifties and sixties, several related developments pointed to a new, local approach to inductive justification.

Abstract: The Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1936) -- The Logic of Complementarity and the Foundation of Quantum Theory (1972) -- Mathematics as Logical Syntax — A Method to Formalize the Language of a Physical Theory (1937–38) -- Three-Valued Logic and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1944) -- Three-Valued Logic (1957) -- Reichenbach’s Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1958) -- Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space (1957) -- The Logic of Propositions Which are not Simultaneously Decidable (1960) -- Baer *-Semigroups (1960) -- Axioms for Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (1961) -- Probability in Physics and a Theorem on Simultaneous Observability (1962) -- Semantic Representation of the Probability of Formulas in Formalized Theories (1963) -- The Structure of the Propositional Calculus of a Physical Theory (1964) -- Boolean Embeddings of Orthomodular Sets and Quantum Logic (1965) -- Logical Structures Arising in Quantum Theory (1965) -- The Calculus of Partial Propositional Functions (1965) -- The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics (1967) -- Logics Appropriate to Empirical Theories (1965) -- The Probabilistic Argument for a Non-Classical Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1966) -- Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1967) -- Baer *-Semigroups and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- Semimodularity and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- On the Structure of Quantum Logic (1969) -- On the Structure of Quantal Proposition Systems (1969) -- The Current Interest in Orthomodular Lattices (1970) -- Integration Theory of Observables (1970) -- Probabilistic Formulation of Classical Mechanics (1970) -- Atomicity and Determinism in Boolean Systems (1971) -- Survey of General Quantum Physics (1972) -- Quantum Logics (1974) -- The Labyrinth of Quantum Logics (1974).

Abstract: The twentieth century has witnessed a striking transformation in the un­ derstanding of the theories of mathematical physics. There has emerged clearly the idea that physical theories are significantly characterized by their abstract mathematical structure. This is in opposition to the tradi­ tional opinion that one should look to the specific applications of a theory in order to understand it. One might with reason now espouse the view that to understand the deeper character of a theory one must know its abstract structure and understand the significance of that struc­ ture, while to understand how a theory might be modified in light of its experimental inadequacies one must be intimately acquainted with how it is applied. Quantum theory itself has gone through a development this century which illustrates strikingly the shifting perspective. From a collection of intuitive physical maneuvers under Bohr, through a formative stage in which the mathematical framework was bifurcated (between Schrödinger and Heisenberg) to an elegant culmination in von Neumann's Hilbert space formulation the elementary theory moved, flanked even at the later stage by the ill-understood formalisms for the relativistic version and for the field-theoretic altemative; after that we have a gradual, but constant, elaboration of all these quantal theories as abstract mathematical struc­ tures (their point of departure being von Neumann's formalism) until at the present time theoretical work is heavily preoccupied with the manip­ ulation of purely abstract structures.