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  • World Bank Group  (24)
  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (18)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bridging the Gap : Inequality and Jobs in Thailand (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Inclusive Society ; Income Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Drivers ; Wage
    Abstract: This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on income inequality in Thailand. It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality in Thailand and identify opportunities to promote more inclusive growth. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A) to examine the pattern, structure, and drivers of income inequality in the country, with a special focus on inequality and labor market supply-side factors. It is structured as follows. This section has laid the foundation for analysis, examining historical trends in both consumption - and income-based measures of inequality while providing geographic context and data on public perceptions about inequality. It also provided a summary of literature findings. Section 2 analyzes the pandemic's impacts on inequality, including the role that social assistance played in mitigating its effects but also the potential scarring effects on children's human capital development. Section 3 examines the structural drivers of inequality and its persistence, focusing on the role of inequality of opportunity in human capital development and access to basic services. Finally, Section 4 provides policy options to create a more inclusive society by addressing the root causes of persistent inequality and mitigating the challenges brought about by the pandemic. In particular, since a significant share of the poor in Thailand are engaged in agriculture, the report underscores that improving farm incomes is crucial for alleviating poverty and reducing inequality. As such, Section 4 draws its recommendations from a recent study on the key challenges and opportunities facing Thai farmers to raise agricultural productivity and incomes
    DOI: 10.1596/40878
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Central America Human Capital Review : Promoting More and Better Investments in Human Capital (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/41181
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Empowering Girls and Women in South Sudan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Empowerment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Women ; Womens Education
    Abstract: This advisory services and analytics (ASA) study focuses on the empowerment of South Sudanese girls and women. The report provides a cohesive overview of the barriers to empowering girls and women in South Sudan, as well as evidence-based programs and strategies that have been successful in the country and other similar fragile contexts. Focusing on both global and country-specific evidence, which has been informed by a desk review, the report also focuses on successful strategies and programs to understand what is being done and what works worldwide for women and girls. This ASA builds on several programs currently in place for South Sudan, providing synergies across various sectors. The findings from this ASA will be particularly impactful for an emerging operation in South Sudan that focuses on the empowerment of women. Specifically, this ASA will create synergies with the South Sudan Women's Social and Economic Empowerment Project, given that its target population is also girls and women. This report will attend to strategies to empower women from the social and economic perspective and its support to the institutional environment to facilitate this. Further, the South Sudan Women's Social and Economic Empowerment Project may benefit from the findings and recommendations from this ASA, especially from an economic perspective, as it embarks on implementation and seeks to empower women in South Sudan
    DOI: 10.1596/39703
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Crisis and Recovery : Learning from COVID-19's Economic Impacts and Policy Responses in East Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Impacts ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies
    Abstract: More than three years after the first COVID-19 case was discovered in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, it is time to take stock of the lasting effects-and opportunities-of the pandemic and identify which policies may have helped stem the economic losses suffered by households and firms. To do so, this regional report examines the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households and firms in six countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. This volume examines: (a) the links between impacts on firms and households, in particular through the employment channel, and (b) governments' fiscal responses to the COVID crisis, through transfers, subsidies, and taxes. It identifies and explains changes in household well-being by examining the economic effects of the pandemic on labor markets. As the source of employment and wage income, businesses have a direct role in determining jobs and earnings, and, indirectly, welfare, poverty, and inequality. When faced with a shock, firms responded by adjusting employment, reducing wages, increasing prices, and reducing services provided. All of these channels directly affected households' wellbeing. For this reason, the report focuses on firms in addition to households. Governments responded through various instruments, providing transfers and subsidies and lowering the tax burden to both households and firms
    DOI: 10.1596/39977
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Afghanistan Gender Monitoring Survey : Baseline Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Employment ; Freedom of Expression ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Restrictions ; Women
    Abstract: Through various decrees from the Interim Taliban Administration (ITA), women and girls have been systematically excluded from public and political domains, and restricted in their freedom of expression, access to education, and some forms of employment. As the restrictions continue to mount, it is increasingly important to safely consult with women and girls on their needs and priorities. The Afghanistan gender monitoring survey (AGMS) is intended to provide a snapshot of women's own perceptions of their situation and to bring the voices of Afghan women into data collection efforts to inform the humanitarian-development response. The AGMS interviews were conducted in September and October 2022. This first round of data collection will provide an important baseline from which to assess the additional impacts of the December bans. This report presents the main results of the AGMS, conducted by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/39708
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  • 6
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    Kosovo Public Expenditure Review (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PER ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Social Assistance ; Western Balkans
    Abstract: Kosovo has gained a creditable reputation for prudent macro-fiscal management; yet necessary structural reforms and related fiscal pressures lie ahead. The country's track record includes consistently high output growth rates, prudent fiscal deficits supported by fiscal rules, and one of the lowest public debt levels among peers. The Government was able to successfully weather the COVID-19 crisis and mitigate the impact of the ongoing inflationary crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine thanks to its healthy fiscal accounts and stable financial sectors. At the same time, however, the overlapping external shocks have highlighted the inherent volatility that mirrors Kosovo's structural limitations - especially in health, energy, and education - and accentuates gaps in both human and physical capital. The objective of this Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to help the government identify means for improving the structure and quality of public services, enhance the equity of government spending, and take a holistic view of policies that will affect financing needs over time. To do so, the PER has analyzed fiscal issues that have not been explicitly detailed in, or are in the process of being incorporated into, the medium-term expenditure framework and the economic reform program. The most notable issues include the urgently needed energy investments, the ramifications of the new law on public salaries on the budget, the sustainability of the untargeted social protection system, and possible pathways of the cost of pensions in light of expected changes to eligibility criteria, and the health spending and health financing conundrum. The PER also looks back at past World Bank PER recommendations and their implementation record, in the attempt to shine a light on measures that remain valid and could still be implemented
    DOI: 10.1596/39944
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  • 7
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    Social Protection Situational Analysis : North Macedonia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: North Macedonia has strengthened its social protection system through comprehensive reforms in social assistance, social services, and pensions. This note considers, based on existing evidence, the extent to which the social protection system in North Macedonia satisfies four basic principles: adequacy; balance and effectiveness; equity; and sustainability. The situational analysis note is structured as follows: section two reviews the main poverty and labor market outcomes in North Macedonia, comparing it with peers and relevant country groups. Section 3 introduces a framework to consider the performance of the social protection system and then outlines the broad characteristics of social protection in North Macedonia, by program type and expenditure. Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, the vulnerable and persons with disabilities and assesses the recent social assistance reform. Section 5 discusses social services and assesses the changes in social services as a result of the social protection reform as well as the introduction of case management, which aims to help ensure the provision of integrated services to the poor and vulnerable. Section 6 discusses pensions. Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs (ALMPs). Section 8 considers the recent social protection response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and section 9 concludes by offering an assessment of the main areas for reform
    DOI: 10.1596/37873
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  • 8
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    Cox's Bazar : Inclusive Growth Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
    DOI: 10.1596/36841
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  • 9
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    South Sudan Economic Monitor, February 2022 : Towards a Jobs Agenda (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inflation ; Job Creation ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Peacebuilding ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: South Sudan faced significant headwinds in FY2020/21, with the pandemic, floods, and violence flareups affecting economic activities. Consequently, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 5.4 percent in FY2020/21. Oil production declined by 5.9 percent as floods affected production and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed new investments to replace exhausted wells. In the agriculture sector, flooding precipitated estimated losses of 38, 000 tons of cereals (4.3% of 2020 production) and 800, 000 livestock according to FAO estimates. The overall cereal deficit was projected to reach 465, 610 metric tons in 2021, equivalent to about 35 percent of the overall food requirement for the year, sustaining high levels of food insecurity. Living conditions continue to be impacted by violence, displacement, and inadequate access to basic services. With improving macroeconomic conditions supported by an ongoing macro-fiscal reform program, a modest growth rebound of 1.2 percent is projected in FY2021/22. Nevertheless, poverty levels are expected to remain exceptionally high. As the economy recovers from multiple shocks, a focus on policy options to stimulate the creation of a sufficient number of quality jobs to absorb a young and expanding labor force should take center stage. Economies that create jobs, particularly for the youth, are generally more stable and can elevate public confidence in the Government's capacity to deliver. In South Sudan, an effective jobs support program would invest in immediate livelihood support, the recovery of modest business activities, and the revival of markets
    DOI: 10.1596/36994
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  • 10
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    Post Covid-19 - Building a Resilient and More Sustainable Recovery in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras : Central America Competitiveness Report (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sustainability ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has had widespread negative effects in developing countries around the world, generating an unprecedented shock. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was a particularly affected region, recording a significant contraction in regional GDP and international trade in 2020. This report focuses on the impact of Covid-19 and recovery in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. These three Central American countries (CA3), albeit unique in their history and characteristics, share many similarities in their economic context and challenges for achieving sustained growth. The region includes one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, with low economic growth rates relative to other Latin American countries
    DOI: 10.1596/37689
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  • 11
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    Tunisia's Jobs Landscape (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Demography ; Employment ; Gender ; Growth ; Labor Supply and Labor Demand ; Living Standards ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized in four chapters. Chapter1 describes trends in growth, productivity, demography, employment, and living standards to inform the analysis of labor supply and labor demand carried out in the chapters that follow. The chapter starts by depicting aggregate trends in economic growth and living standards of the Tunisian population, the drivers of growth (e.g. remittances and migration, FDI, exchange rate, productivity, et cetera), and broad structural changes in terms of job creation and labor productivity growth. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the composition of the labor market and how it has changed over time, including demographics and labor force participation, employment and employment composition in terms of type of job, industrial sector, occupation both at the aggregate level and for different population groups based on gender, age, educational level, and geographical location. It turns the spotlight on two groups that face particular difficulties in accessing the labor market, namely women and youth, and advances hypotheses regarding key barriers to their engagement in the labor market. Chapter 3 shifts the focus to one of the most relevant dimensions that characterize the Tunisian labor market, namely the distinction between the public sector, formal and informal employment. The chapter investigates how individual characteristics are correlated with the probability of working in different types of employment; it provides an overview of recent trends in wages and of conditional wage gaps along a number of dimensions (men/women, public/private, formal/informal employment); and it illustrates how wage workers with different characteristics, in particular different educational endowments, benefit from the labor market. Finally, building on the findings of Chapter 1, Chapter 4 examines recent trends in the patterns of structural and spatial transformation along the employment and firm dimension. It provides an overview of the firm landscape in terms of size, industrial sector, geographical area as well as recent trends in firms' performance, dynamics, labor decisions and capital investments, as well as constraints and opportunities firms face
    DOI: 10.1596/38381
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  • 12
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    Egypt Economic Monitor, December 2021 : The Far-Reaching Impact of Government Digitalization (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; E-Government ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Finance
    Abstract: The Egyptian economy continues to show resilience through the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the macroeconomic and energy sector reforms implemented in recent years, along with measures to ease monetary conditions, provide selected sectoral support and mobilize external financing. Real GDP growth and foreign income activities started recovering since Q4-FY2020/21. However, global COVID-related challenges and an uneven recovery across the world continue to restrain the rebound. Foreign reserves remain ample, but the widened current account deficit has increased financing requirements. Fiscal consolidation has helped bring down the budget deficit-to-GDP ratio. Yet, fiscal space remains constrained by the interest burden and below-potential revenue-mobilization. Egypt is expected to resume pre-pandemic growth in FY2021/22 as the COVID-situation gradually improves. Further advancement of structural reforms is critical to sustain the recovery, drive productivity growth and generate high-earning job opportunities. The Focus Chapter in this report is dedicated to the topic of government digitalization; a key priority of the country's national structural reform program. Egypt is currently at a relatively elevated level of government digitalization, according to international indices such as the United Nations E-Government Development Index, as well as the newly constructed World Bank GovTech Maturity Index. For the recent digitalization efforts to realize their potential and further enhance governance and public service delivery, continued reforms require focus on: (1) The roll-out of 'end-to-end' digital solutions (whereby digital transformation occurs in every step throughout a given governmental process), ensuring the integration and inter-connectedness (inter-operability) of related government systems, (2) Complementing digital transformation with a continued simplification and streamlining of government processes. (3) Strengthening the foundations of the "Digital Economy" in Egypt is crucial to effectively leverage technologies for a more efficient government, and for large-scale uptake by individuals and businesses. This will require (3-a) Continuous investments in digital infrastructure across the country to ensure uninterrupted availability of essential digital government services and universal access to high quality internet, (3-b) Promotion of digital skills, (3-c) Incentivizing use of digital financial services, and (3-d) Ensuring an overall conducive legal and regulatory framework for the digital transformation of the economy
    DOI: 10.1596/36995
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  • 13
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    Unlocking Egypt's Potential for Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth : Eqypt Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Transparency
    Abstract: Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) analyze the most critical constraints and opportunities to ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The first SCD for Egypt was published in 2015. A lot has happened since then, so this SCD Update takes advantage of a longer stretch of reforms and newer data up to 2019 to identify and again assess the set of priorities through which Egypt can most effectively and sustainably achieve the goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36437
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  • 14
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    Iran Economic Monitor, Fall 2021 : Adapting to the New Normal - A Protracted Pandemic and Ongoing Sanctions (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Iran's economy is gradually recovering following a lost decade (2011-2020) of negligible economic growth. Less stringent COVID-19 restrictions, adaptation to the new normal - reflected in a recovery in consumption, and more favorable oil sector conditions have driven a four-quarter rebound after June 2020, albeit from a low base. The rebound was boosted by the rapid rollout of COVID-19 vaccines in the second half of 2021/22. However, limited accessible foreign exchange reserves, due to ongoing US sanctions, have led to exchange rate volatility and a surge in inflation. The economic rebound has also been predominantly jobless which coupled with high inflation has translated to declining household welfare, especially among the bottom income deciles who were also disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. Meanwhile, adverse climate change events such as droughts and record temperatures have led to water shortages and energy blackouts which have brought the socio-economic urgency of these challenges to the fore
    DOI: 10.1596/36785
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  • 15
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    Prosperity for All Saotomeans : Priorities to End Poverty, Promote Growth, and Build Resilience in Sao Tome and Principe (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Education ; Education Sector Strategy and Lending ; Electric Power ; Electricity ; Employment ; Energy ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Human Capital ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Investment ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Sao Tome and Principe (STP), a small island nation of 215,000 people in the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of Central Africa, is in many ways a country of great untapped wealth. One of Africa's least known countries, its striking volcanic landscape is home to virgin rainforests with rich biodiversity, while its large exclusive economic zone (EEZ), approximately 160 times larger than the archipelago, is a marine biodiversity hotspot and supports high numbers of species unique to the area. It has among the lowest violence and crime rates in Africa and has had peaceful elections and transitions of power since becoming a multiparty democracy in 1991, making it an outlier in the region. It also has a young population, half of which is under 18 years of age, raising the prospect of a demographic dividend to be tapped in the years ahead. Its economy has grown steadily over the past two decades, outpacing its high population growth. This growth reflects strong inflows of overseas development aid (ODA) and revenues from oil exploration that have enabled the government to expand public investments, particularly in infrastructure, social protection, health, and education. This has enabled STP to bridge the gap caused by years of underinvestment in local human and physical capital, a legacy of the country's colonial past (its first secondary school was established only in 1952). This growth model has not been able to spark the fundamental changes needed for the economy to generate resilient poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Few jobs are being created, and indicators and consultations with civil society reveal a broad sense of social exclusion even as the economy has grown. This model is not sustainable.A new growth model is needed, one that will be able to provide more opportunities for its growing population. In the context of STP, a small nation with low capacity facing increasing vulnerabilities and in need of a new growth model, it is important to think strategically to identify an effective way forward. To this end, this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the most critical vulnerabilities and constraints facing the country and, from these, a set of actionable priorities that will contribute to reducing poverty while promoting sustainable growth and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36562
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  • 16
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    Lesotho Systematic Country Diagnostic Update : Bridging Implementation Gaps to Accelerate Development (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Business Environment ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Risk Management ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Job Creation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Reform ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) emphasized the need to shift from a public sector-driven to a private sector-driven, export-oriented, and job-creating economic growth model. This SCD Update revisits the constraints and priority interventions identified in the 2015 SCD and posits that most of the challenges and binding constraints identified in the first SCD remain valid today
    DOI: 10.1596/36910
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  • 17
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    Tajikistan Country Economic Update, Summer 2021 : Rebounding Economy, Challenges Remain (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: After the economic slowdown in 2020, Tajikistan's GDP grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent in the first half of 2021. According to the Listening-to-Tajikistan (L2T) survey, the social and economic wellbeing of the population severely deteriorated following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), and the country remained far from full recovery at the end of 2020. The strong economic rebound was mainly supported by a continued sharp increase in the export of precious metals, and a pickup in private investment and consumption. The cautious and incremental resumption of air traffic with regional countries allowed migrants to resume traveling abroad and restore the inflow of remittances. Domestic economic activity strengthened as the government gradually relaxed lockdown measures. In the beginning of 2021, Tajikistan adopted a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan (NDVP) and launched it on March 23, 2021, after receiving the first 192,000 doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine from COVAX
    DOI: 10.1596/36126
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  • 18
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    Policy Recommendations on Accelerating Inclusive Employment of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Stigma
    Abstract: Disability-inclusive development directly responds to the World Bank's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Disability and poverty are inherently linked, with persons with disabilities having poorer health outcomes; lower education achievements; less economic participation; and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. Poverty may also increase the risk of disability, by leading to the onset of health conditions associated with disabilities, such as malnutrition; low birth weight; lack of clean water and sanitation; and unsafe work and living conditions. The development challenges faced by persons with disabilities need to be addressed through a multisectoral and multidimensional approach that entails measures to improve accessibility and equality of opportunity; promotes participation and inclusion; and increases respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons with disabilities. Ensuring the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities in Bangladesh remains a challenge. To break the cycle of disability exclusion and poverty for persons with disabilities and their households, access to work and or livelihoods is essential. This note provides a set of recommendations to support the equitable participation and inclusion of women and men with disabilities in the labor market through a variety of mechanisms, including legislative policies; education and skills development; self and wage employment; social protection; accessibility; and the importance of changing attitudes
    DOI: 10.1596/36521
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    Tajikistan Country Gender Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Life Expectancy ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Tajikistan has a lot to show in terms of creating an enabling policy framework for gender equity, yet large gendered challenges remain. The global COVID-19 outbreak is impacting economies around the world, including Tajikistan, in an unprecedented manner and aggravates existing gender challenges. This report is presenting achievements made and challenges still to be addressed in view of gender-equity in Tajikistan, based on a desk study covering using most recent material from Tajikistan national sources, the World Bank, development partners and others. It is oriented towards key strategic objectives of the World Bank Group (WBG) Gender Strategy for the period of FY17-FY23 with relevance for the Tajikistan context
    DOI: 10.1596/36657
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  • 20
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    Malaysia Country Gender Note 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Gender ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Life Expectancy ; Maternal Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Malaysia Country Gender Diagnostic Note will serve as a guide to identify the priority areas for the World Bank country office in Malaysia to address the gender equality challenges in meeting the country's aspirations and next stage of development, particularly in the areas of inclusive growth and sustainability. This diagnostic builds on the first review that was completed in 2018, and aims to understand the changes from 2017 to 2020, especially with regards to the impact of the pandemic on gender issues. This note has strived to obtain the most current data. Where 2019 to 2020 micro-data is not available, this diagnostic is based on data and analysis drawn from published reports using data obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia. The diagnostic commences with a review of Malaysia's performance in gender indicators in global indices, and documents areas of progress and areas where Malaysia is lagging in comparison to Southeast Asian (SEA) neighbors and selected countries in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, as well as aspirational high-income nations. The diagnostic follows the framework of the 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development, and focuses on three priority areas: human endowments, voice and agency, and economic opportunities. This note also considers the changes in Government and national policies, and on pertinent emerging issues. Malaysia scores poorly in gender-related indicators, although it performs fairly well on a number of human development indicators in international indices. Since the previous Gender Diagnostic Note 2018, Malaysia's performance in the global gender indices has not changed significantly. For example, in the Women, Business and Law Report 2021, Malaysia maintained its score at 50 and comes in the bottom 20th percentile. When compared to regional comparators and aspirational high-income economies, Malaysia is underperforming
    DOI: 10.1596/36658
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  • 21
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    Philippines Economic Update, December 2021 : Regaining Lost Ground, Revitalizing the Filipino Workforce (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The economic rebound gained momentum in the third quarter of 2021 despite another COVID-19 wave. The Philippines has, so far, faced its worst infection wave in September when the 7-day daily average reached about 21,000 cases due to the Delta variant. In response, the authorities reimposed stringent mobility restrictions in Metro Manila and other key metropolitan areas. Nonetheless, compared with previous waves, domestic activity has been less sensitive to infections. Public containment measures constrained overall mobility less, while households and firms have learned to cope with infections and diminished mobility. As a result, the growth momentum was not severely hampered, and the third quarter growth surprised on the upside, exceeding market expectations. The economy expanded by 4.9 percent in the first three quarters of 2021, rebounding from a 10.1 percent contraction over the same period in 2020. Although partially driven by base effects, the growth expansion also reflected an increase in economic activity despite the implementation of several lockdowns. Growth was supported by the industry sector, driven by double-digit growth in manufacturing and robust public construction activity. The services sector posted a more moderate expansion as some key services were subdued by mobility restriction measures. The agriculture sector contracted as farm and livestock outputs were impacted by typhoons and ongoing outbreak of African Swine Fever. Meanwhile, domestic demand improved, supported by a resurgence in public construction spending. Private consumption picked up but still tempered by elevated inflation and unemployment, mobility restrictions, and low consumer confidence. Public consumption growth eased, in part due to the base effects from the swift disbursement of fiscal support a year ago. The global economic recovery strengthened exports, although services trade remained weak. The fiscal stance remains supportive of economic recovery, but the policy space is narrowing. Public spending accelerated from 23.6 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2020 to 24.6 percent of GDP in the same period in 2021, in line with the recovery in public investment and ongoing fiscal support. Infrastructure outlays increased from 3.5 percent of GDP to 4.7 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2021, a result of the government's push on investment spending as part of its recovery program. Meanwhile, public revenues fell from 16.8 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2020 to 16.3 percent of GDP over the same period in 2021. Tax revenues rebounded due to strong tax and customs collections, but non-tax revenue contracted following the significant dividend remittances to the Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) in the beginning of the pandemic. The fiscal deficit widened from 6.9 percent of GDP in Q1-Q3 2020 to 8.3 percent of GDP in Q1-Q3 2021. The wider fiscal deficit has resulted in higher financing needs, which have been met by increased public borrowing. Public debt increased from 54.6 percent of GDP at end-2020 to 63.1 percent of GDP at end-September 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/36874
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  • 22
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    Albania Country Economic Memorandum : Background Note on Supporting an Adaptive and Resilient Labor Force (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This background note is one of several analytical contributions to the 2021 Albania country economic memorandum (CEM). The CEM is a World Bank flagship report that aims to help Albania identify next steps in its structural reform agenda. As set out in the CEM, Albania needs to refocus attention on the pre-crisis reform agenda and accelerate its long-term economic growth rate, including by spurring productivity growth, building human capital, and supporting investment. On the labor supply side, this means investing in people and supporting workers in their transitions towards better employment. On the labor demand side, this means supporting firm productivity growth and the creation of better job opportunities. Beyond higher economic growth rates per se, however, the quality of the development model needs to strengthen. Through more green, resilient and inclusive development (GRID), Albania can ensure that growth gains will be more sustainable. Finally, the CEM highlights the need for Albania to rebuild its public finances. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has driven public debt to new heights. Upgrading Albania's growth model - including implementing many of the reforms presented in the CEM - will require further spending. In this context, increasing the fiscal space available to Albania needs to be a priority
    DOI: 10.1596/36926
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  • 23
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    An Assessment of Employment in Niger (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Due to frequent domestic and external shocks, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Located in a sub-region repeatedly challenged by security threats such as the Libyan conflict, the Mali crisis and the Boko Haram armed attacks, the Nigerien economy is exposed to severe climate shocks that largely impact the country's economic performance. Despite going through several episodes of political turbulence, Niger has experienced relative political stability, with beneficial effects for economic growth since 2011. To sum up, Niger is a country that faces the jobs challenges of an agrarian and increasingly resource-based economy, and in which a large part of the population is young, poor and exposed to external and internal shocks. In Niger, most population is poor and lives in rural areas, implying that the jobs with the highest development impact are in agriculture. However, as discussed, jobs per se do not guarantee sufficient income opportunities to escape poverty; as such, increases in productivity are crucial for improving living standards. Moreover, giving the high exposure of poor and rural households to climatic shocks and food insecurity, the new jobs agenda needs to encourage the use of modern and inputs and decrease reliance on rainfall patterns. This book is arranged as follows: 1) Chapter one explains the employment structures in Niger; 2) Chapter two discusses employment dynamics and transitions; 3) Chapter three has the analysis of agricultural employment; 4) Chapter four looks at non-agricultural household enterprises; and 5) Chapter five introduces the youth occupational aspirations
    DOI: 10.1596/36616
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  • 24
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    Principes de l'OCDE sur la réglementation des pensions professionnelles : Méthodologie pour l'évaluation et la mise en œuvre (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264087101
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation; Methodology for Assessment and Implementation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation: Methodology for Assessment and Implementation
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les pensions professionnelles jouent un rôle déterminant dans les pays de l’OCDE et dans les autres régions du monde, car elles complètent les revenus des retraités provenant de sources publiques. Fin 2009, l’épargne-retraite privée se chiffrait à 25 000 milliards USD. Le vieillissement de la population a amené de nombreux pays de l’OCDE à entreprendre un large éventail de réformes des retraites – qui ont eu pour effet, dans l’ensemble, de réduire les engagements des États en matière de retraite publique et donc de donner davantage d’importance à l’épargne-retraite privée. Les Principes fondamentaux portent sur sept domaines essentiels : i) les conditions d’une réglementation et d’un contrôle efficaces ; ii) la constitution des plans de retraite, des fonds de pension et des sociétés de gestion de fonds de pension ; iii) les engagements au titre des plans de retraite, les règles relatives à la capitalisation, la liquidation et l’assurance ; iv) la gestion des actifs ; v) les droits des participants et des bénéficiaires et l’adéquation des prestations ; vi) la gouvernance ; et vii) le contrôle. Chacun comprend un énoncé du principe et un ensemble de lignes directrices d’application. Les lignes directrices correspondant au principe fondamental consacré au contrôle, intègrent les Principes de l’Organisation Internationale des Autorités de Contrôle des Pensions relatifs au contrôle des pensions privées. La Méthodologie propose une approche structurée afin d’évaluer la conformité de la réglementation des pensions professionnelles d’une juridiction aux Principes fondamentaux de réglementation des pensions professionnelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264087101-fr
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    Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE : Notes méthodologiques par pays 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264089921
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics; Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics: Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Austria ; Belgium ; Canada ; Chile ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Luxembourg ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Slovak Republic ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Les tendances de la rentabilité des banques et les facteurs agissant sur elle sont des indicateurs importants de l’état de santé des systèmes bancaires nationaux. Le présent ouvrage complète la publication Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE: Comptes des banques 2010, fournissent aux spécialistes un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Outre des informations sur les comptes des banques des pays membres de l'OCDE, elles comprennent des données sur le nombre de banques, leurs filiales et leur personnel, des informations structurelles sur l’ensemble du secteur financier et des ratios visant à faciliter l'analyse de la rentabilité des banques des pays de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques ainsi que dans le but de fournir une description succincte des activités des banques dans chacun des pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/bank_country-200-fr
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    Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2011, no. 1
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. National legislative and regulatory activities
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Czech Republic ; Finland ; Ireland ; Romania ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Belgique – Amendement à la Loi relative à la classification et aux habilitations, attestations et avis de sécurité États-Unis – Mise à jour de la décision et de la réglementation relatives aux garanties concernant les déchets Réponse aux récents événements survenus au Japon Finlande – Amendement provisoire à la Loi sur la responsabilité civile nucléaire Irlande – Loi relative à la marine marchande République tchèque – Résolution du gouvernement de la République tchèque relative au calendrier des travaux préparatoires en vue de l’agrandissement de la centrale nucléaire de Temelín Roumanie – Ordonnance d’urgence concernant le recensement, la désignation et la protection des infrastructures critiques Ordonnance d’urgence relative au régime de contrôle des biens à double usageAmendement à la Loi sur la sûreté de la gestion des activités nucléaires Normes de sûreté nucléaire applicables à la conception et à la construction des centrales nucléaires et Normes de sûreté nucléaire applicables au choix du site des centrales nucléaires Royaume-Uni – Création d’un Bureau de la réglementation nucléaire
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5kg0m1fw46d8
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  • 27
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    Maladie, invalidité et travail : Surmonter les obstacles : Synthèse des résultats dans les pays de l'OCDE (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088870
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sickness, Disability and Work; Breaking the Barriers; A Synthesis of Findings across OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers: A Synthesis of Findings across OECD Countries
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Sozialpolitik ; Behinderung ; Krankheit ; Rehabilitation ; Integration ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: Trop de travailleurs quittent définitivement le marché du travail pour des raisons de santé ou à cause d’une incapacité, et rares sont les personnes qui conservent un emploi lorsque leur capacité de travail est réduite. C’est là une tragédie sociale et économique commune à la quasi-totalité des pays de l’OCDE, qui est à l’origine d’un paradoxe apparent méritant explication : alors qu’en moyenne la santé s’améliore, pourquoi de nombreux individus en âge de travailler quittent-ils la population active pour vivre de leurs prestations de maladie de longue durée ou d’invalidité ? Ce rapport, le dernier de la série de l’OCDE intitulée Maladie, invalidité et travail : surmonter les obstacles synthétise les conclusions du projet et étudie les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer ce paradoxe. Il met en lumière le rôle des institutions en place et des politiques mises en œuvre et conclut qu’il est essentiel pour les principaux acteurs – travailleurs, employeurs, médecins, organismes publics et prestataires de services – de rehausser les attentes et d’améliorer les incitations. À partir d’un examen des bonnes et mauvaises pratiques observées dans les pays de l'OCDE, le rapport suggère qu’une série de réformes de fond s’impose afin de promouvoir l’emploi des personnes atteintes de problèmes de santé. Le rapport examine plusieurs options d’arbitrage essentielles entre des politiques de diminution du nombre de nouveaux bénéficiaires du régime d’invalidité et d’augmentation du nombre de sorties de ce régime, de maintien dans l’emploi ou de recrutement de personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé. Il s’interroge sur la nécessité de dissocier chômage et invalidité en tant qu’aléas distincts, souligne combien il importe de disposer d’une meilleure base de données d’observation et insiste sur les difficultés de mise en œuvre des politiques retenues. Dans la même série Vol. 1 : Norvège, Pologne et Suisse (2006) Vol. 2 : Australie, Luxembourg, Espagne et Royaume-Uni (2007) Vol. 3 : Danemark, Finlande, Irlande et Pays-Bas (2008) Canada : des possibilités de collaboration (2010) Sweden: Will the Recent Reforms Make It? (2009, en anglais uniquement)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088870-fr
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    Das débuts qui comptent ! Des emplois pour les jeunes (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096110
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: Des emplois pour les jeunes/Jobs for Youth
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Off to a Good Start? Jobs for Youth
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: Améliorer la transition de l’école à l’emploi, et permettre aux jeunes de progresser dans leur carrière et dans leur vie sont depuis longtemps des questions fondamentales pour nos économies et nos sociétés. Aujourd’hui, elles se posent avec encore plus d’acuité au moment où l’économie globale sort de la crise la plus profonde des 50 dernières années. Les jeunes ont, en effet, payé un lourd tribut à la récente crise de l’emploi, Le taux de chômage des jeunes est proche de 20 % dans la zone de l’OCDE, avec presque 4 millions de jeunes de plus au chômage que fin 2007. Les premières expériences sur le marché du travail conditionnent fortement la trajectoire professionnelle. Un bon départ facilite l'insertion et jette les bases d’une carrière intéressante alors qu'un échec est difficile à rattraper. En particulier, la crise de l’emploi est susceptible de marquer négativement à long terme certains jeunes de la génération qui sort aujourd’hui de l’école, surtout ceux qui connaissent plusieurs handicaps, comme le fait d’être peu qualifié et d’être issu d’un milieu défavorisé. Pour faire face à la crise de l’emploi pour les jeunes, il faut une implication forte de tous ; les jeunes eux-mêmes, les pouvoirs publics à travers des mesures efficaces et bien ciblées, les partenaires sociaux par leur participation au dialogue social ; et tous les autres acteurs clés tels que les enseignants, les travailleurs sociaux et les parents, qui peuvent réellement changer les choses en investissant dans la jeunesse. Ce rapport constitue une contribution importante à la définition de politiques et de pratiques nouvelles favorables à l’emploi des jeunes. Il analyse la situation de l’emploi et du chômage des jeunes dans le contexte de la crise de l’emploi et identifie les mesures qui marchent le mieux dans les pays de l’OCDE. Il analyse également quelles sont les réformes structurelles dans les domaines de l’éducation et du marché du travail qui peuvent faciliter la transition de l’école à l’emploi. Ce rapport met à profit à la fois les faits récents et les principaux enseignements tirés des 16 examens nationaux qui ont été menés dans le cadre de l’activité de l’OCDE Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096110-fr
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    Maladie, invalidité et travail : Surmonter les obstacles : Canada : Des possibilités de collaboration (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264090439
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sickness, Disability and Work; Breaking the Barriers; Canada; Opportunities for Collaboration
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers: Canada: Opportunities for Collaboration
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada
    Abstract: Comment peut-on améliorer l’état moyen de santé de la population alors que de nombreux travailleurs quittent encore le marché du travail de façon permanente en raison de problèmes de santé ou d’incapacités, et qu’ils dépendent des prestations d’aide pour survivre ? Dans le même temps, de plus en plus d’adultes en âge de travailler mais affectés d’unhandicap sont exclus de la population active. C’est une tragédie à la fois sociale etéconomique qui frappe pratiquement l’ensemble des pays de l’OCDE, dont le Canada ; et c’est aussi un paradoxe qui mérite explication. Le présent rapport qui fait partie de la série Maladie, invalidité et travail propose uneévaluation de la situation au Canada. Il explore quelques-unes des raisons expliquant ce paradoxe au Canada et la spécificité de sa politique qui implique plusieurs acteurs publics et privés ainsi que différents niveaux de gouvernement pour réduire l’inactivité et augmenter la participation. Il propose une liste de recommandations politiques pour s’attaquer aux disparités actuelles et prévisibles. Le Canada fait face aux mêmes problèmes que les autres pays de l’OCDE : faibles taux d’emploi, forts taux de chômage et risque élevé de pauvreté des personnes handicapées. Cependant, bien que ces chiffres soient en augmentation, le nombre de personnes percevant des prestations maladie ou invalidité à long terme est plus faible au Canada que dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cette tendance permettra de soutenir dans les années à venir les efforts entrepris par les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux pour mettre en place un système sur l’incapacité mieux orienté vers l’emploi. En conclusion, ce rapport estime que des changements supplémentaires sont nécessaires, notamment afin de mieux coordonner les programmes fédéraux et provinciaux, de faciliter l’accès aux services et aux aides grâce à un système de guichet unique et à un cadre de responsabilité mutuelle, et d’identifier le handicap et d’intervenir le plus tôt possible. Les employeurs ont aussi un rôle important pour éviter que les gens se détachent du marché du travail.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264090439-fr
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    Les migrants et l'emploi (Vol. 2) : L'intégration sur le marché du travail en Belgique, en France, aux Pays-Bas et au Portugal (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055711
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (370 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2); Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2): Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; France ; Netherlands ; Portugal
    Abstract: Lorsque des immigrants arrivent dans un pays, ils sont confrontés à un marché du travail peu connu qui a ses propres exigences. Avoir une bonne maîtrise de la langue du pays hôte et une bonne connaissance des procédures de recherche d’emploi et du fonctionnement du marché du travail sont autant d’atouts qu’ils n’ont pas forcément. Les nouveaux immigrants ne sont pas les seuls à rencontrer ces difficultés, il en va de même pour leurs enfants même s’ils sont nés et ont été scolarisés dans le pays d’accueil. Cet ouvrage examine l’intégration sur le marché du travail des immigrés et de leurs enfants dans quatre pays de l’OCDE (Belgique, France, Pays-Bas et Portugal), et formule des recommandations propres à chacun de ces pays. Les pouvoirs publics se doivent de promouvoir l’enseignement des langues et la formation professionnelle, et d’encourager la diversité au travail. Pour leur part, les immigrés doivent accepter les exigences des employeurs des pays d’accueil. La viabilité des futures politiques migratoires et le recours accru à l’immigration dépendent en grande partie de l’aptitude des pays de l’OCDE et des immigrés à réaliser ces objectifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055711-fr
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    Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République tchèque (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069312
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.34
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Czech Republic
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Czech Republic
    Keywords: Trade ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069312-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 32
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    Législations nucléaires des pays de l'OCDE : République tchèque (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063921
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Législations nucléaires des pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries; Czech Republic
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries: Czech Republic
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063921-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 33
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    Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards : Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Adverse Effects ; Advocacy ; Collective Action ; Coping Strategies ; Discrimination ; Employment ; Food Safety ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Marketing ; Migration ; Pesticides ; Private Sector ; Productivity ; Public Health ; Public Sector ; Quality Control ; Risk Management ; Rural Development ; Transaction Costs ; World Health Organization
    Abstract: This report summarizes a program of research coordinated by the World Bank and carried out from October 2002 to May 2004. The objectives of the program have been to: 1) Highlight the major dynamics in the evolution of important sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) in selected industrialized countries. 2) Explore the room for maneuver of suppliers of agri-food products in developing countries in the context of evolving regulatory (and commercial) changes and consider the range, appropriateness, and effectiveness of various strategic responses to those changes. 3) Develop a better understanding of the nature and level of the costs of achieving and maintaining compliance (or non-compliance) with international and country-specific SPS standards. The research also identifies and quantifies direct and indirect benefits that may flow from the adoption of the rules, systems, skills, and facilities required to comply with standards. 4) Develop a better understanding of the implications of emerging standards for market and industry structure and wider socio-economic effects. Evidence is sought on how compliance strategies (or the failure to comply with standards) have affected participation by smaller enterprises and farmers in export-oriented supply chains and their impact on employment patterns. 5) Review the scope and nature of ongoing programs of international development agencies to provide technical assistance and other support for capacity-building in trade-related SPS management in low- and middle-income countries, and draw operational lessons from that experience. 6) Draw out the operational implications of these research findings and identify entry points for the World Bank and other development agencies working in this field
    DOI: 10.1596/8491
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  • 34
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    Les échanges et l'ajustement structurel (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064607
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade and Structural Adjustment
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Sur la base d’une proposition formulée par la Suède à la réunion du Conseil de l’OCDE au niveau des ministres de 2003, l’OCDE a entrepris une étude sur les échanges et l’ajustement structurel, qui a été lancée en tant que projet horizontal par le Conseil après délibérations dans les comités de substance concernés. Le Conseil souhaitait que soit réalisée une analyse sectorielle et prospective des échanges et de l’ajustement structurel, étayée par des monographies par pays. L’objectif était d’achever le projet à temps pour la réunion ministérielle de 2005. L’objectif de cette étude a été de mettre en évidence, pour les pays développés et les pays en développement, les conditions nécessaires à la réussite de l’ajustement structurel induit par les échanges, en redéployant le travail et le capital vers des utilisations plus efficaces, tout en limitant les coûts de l’ajustement pour les individus, les communautés et la société dans son ensemble. Huit secteurs ont été plus particulièrement retenus : l’agriculture, les pêcheries, les textiles et les vêtements, l’acier, la construction navale, les véhicules à moteur, les services de santé et la soustraitance internationale des TI et des services aux entreprises.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064607-fr
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  • 35
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    Les Services et la croissance économique : Emploi, productivité et innovation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064584
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth in Services; Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth in Services: Fostering Employment, Productivity and Innovation
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Lors de sa réunion de mai 2003, le Conseil au niveau des ministres avait demandé à l’OCDE d’analyser la contribution du secteur des services à la croissance de l’emploi, à la productivité et à l’innovation et de mettre en évidence les facteurs, institutions et politiques susceptibles de renforcer les perspectives de croissance de ce secteur. En conséquence, l’OCDE a lancé une étude associant plusieurs Directions. Le présent rapport tire les principales conclusions de fond de ce projet. Il complète le rapport de l’OCDE sur les échanges et l’ajustement structurel, et propose des orientations stratégiques sur la manière dont les pays de l’OCDE peuvent s’ajuster à l’évolution des échanges internationaux. Pris ensemble, ces rapports présentent un programme concret en vue de renforcer la croissance et de réagir à la mondialisation, au changement structurel et à la montée en puissance des services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064584-fr
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  • 36
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    Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies : Luxembourg 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264106130
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies
    Series Statement: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Pour faire face au vieillissement rapide de la population, il est nécessaire de promouvoir de meilleures opportunités d'emploi pour les travailleurs âgés. On a déjà beaucoup fait état du besoin de réformer les régimes de pension de retraite et de préretraite. Pourtant, cela ne sera sans doute pas suffisant en soi pour relever significativement les taux d'emploi des plus âgés ni pour réduire le risque futur de pénurie de travailleurs. Les autorités publiques et les entreprises doivent sans tarder prendre des mesures pour adapter la fixation des salaires à une main-d'œuvre plus âgée, pour s'attaquer aux discriminations du fait de l'âge et pour améliorer les qualifications et les conditions de travail des travailleurs âgés. En outre, les travailleurs âgés devront changer d’attitude quant à la poursuite de leur activité et à l'acquisition de nouvelles compétences. On sait relativement peu de choses sur ce que les différents pays de l'OCDE sont en train de faire ou devraient faire dans ces domaines. Afin d'y remédier, l'OCDE a lancé une série de rapports dans une vingtaine de pays. Le rapport sur le Luxembourg est le cinquième de cette série, après ceux consacrés à la Suède, à la Belgique, à la Suisse et à l'Espagne. Chaque rapport national fait le tour des principales barrières qui restreignent l'emploi des travailleurs âgés et évalue la pertinence et l'efficacité des mesures existantes pour contrer ces barrières. Enfin, chaque ouvrage présente une série de recommandations sur les politiques que les autorités publiques et les partenaires sociaux devraient mener. Ce rapport, basé sur les actes d'un séminaire, est publié uniquement en français. Cependant, on trouvera dans ce volume la version anglaise du résumé et des principales recommandations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264106130-fr
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  • 37
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    Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies : Suisse 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264102583
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies
    Series Statement: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Pour faire face au vieilllissement rapide de la population, il est nécessaire de promouvoir de meilleures opportunités d'emploi pour les travailleurs âgés. On a déjà beaucoup fait état du besoin de réformer les régimes de pension de retraite et de préretraite. Pourtant, cela ne sera sans doute pas suffisant en soi pour relever significativement les taux d'emploi des plus âgés ni pour réduire le risque futur de pénurie de travailleurs. Les autorités publiques et les entreprises doivent sans tarder prendre des mesures pour adapter la fixation des salaires à une main-d'œuvre plus âgée, pour s'attaquer aux discriminations du fait de l'âge et pour améliorer les qualifications et les conditions de travail des travailleurs âgés. Un changement d'attitude s'impose aussi de la part des travailleurs âgés quant au travail à un âge plus tardif et à l'acquisition de nouvelles compétences. On sait relativement peu de choses sur ce que les différents pays de l'OCDE sont en train de faire ou devraient faire dans ces domaines. Afin d'y remédier, l'OCDE a lancé une série de rapports dans une vingtaine de pays. Le rapport sur la Suisse est le troisième de cette série. Chaque rapport national fait le tour des principales barrières qui existent concernant l'emploi des travailleurs âgés, évalue la pertinence et l'efficacité des mesures existantes pour contrer ces barrières et présente une série de recommandations sur les politiques que les autorités publiques et les partenaires sociaux devraient mener.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264102583-fr
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  • 38
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, République Tchèque 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264275997
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264275997-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 39
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    République tchèque (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Czech Republic
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: La période de transition vers la démocratie a commencé en novembre 1989 et s’est principalement caractérisée par les événements suivants : fin du pouvoir totalitaire du Parti communiste le 17 novembre 1989 ; début de la reconstruction de l’administration d’État et du système économique centralisé en janvier 1990 ; premières élections législatives démocratiques à l’Assemblée fédérale, au Conseil national tchèque et au Conseil national slovaque en juin 1990 ; dissolution de la Fédération le 1er janvier 1993 ; puis mise en place d’un nouveau système de gestion publique pour la nouvelle République tchèque indépendante.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1823zjwh-fr
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  • 40
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    L' investissement dans le capital humain : Une comparaison internationale (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262898
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital Investment; An international Comparison
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital Investment: An international Comparison
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: L'investissement dans le capital humain se situe au coeur du débat et de l'analyse, en cours dans les pays de l'OCDE, sur les moyens de promouvoir prospérité économique, plein emploi et cohésion sociale. Les individus, les organisations et les pays prennent progressivement conscience que les connaissances, les qualifications et les compétences acquises constituent un atout essentiel pour leur sécurité et leur réussite à venir. L'investissement dans les qualifications et les compétences s'inscrit dans un ensemble diversifié de paramètres allant de l'éducation préscolaire à l'apprentissage informel en entreprise, et fait intervenir une multitude d'acteurs, au nombre desquels les individus, les entreprises et les pouvoirs publics. L'objectif de ce rapport est de mettre en lumière ce que l'on sait aujourd'hui sur le capital humain et sur les moyens de le mesurer. Il répond à la demande des gouvernements représentés au Conseil de l'OCDE de « mettre au point une première série d'indicateurs de l'investissement en capital humain sur la base des données existantes, d'analyser les domaines dans lesquels on manque encore largement de données comparables au niveau international, de déterminer le coût des travaux et de la collecte des données nécessaires à de nouveaux indicateurs de performance et autres mesures et de faire rapport aux ministres en 1998 » .
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262898-fr
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  • 41
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    Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263130
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le vieillissement des populations menace-t-il la prospérité de nos sociétés ? Comment les ressources devraient-elles être réparties entre la génération des actifs et les personnes âgées qui en dépendent ? Comment réformer au mieux les systèmes de retraite, de santé et de soins de longue durée ? Comment mettre en valeur la contribution des personnes âgées à la société et à la prospérité économique ? D'ici dix ans, le nombre des retraités commencera de croître beaucoup plus vite que celui des personnes d'âge actif dans les pays de l'OCDE. Si des changements fondamentaux n'interviennent pas dans les systèmes de retraite et dans la répartition du temps entre formation, travail et temps libre, des tensions budgétaires et sociales risquent de se faire jour. Certains groupes pourraient être injustement soumis à une lourde fiscalité alors que d'autres constateraient une dégradation inattendue de leur niveau de vie. Pour qu'elle soit pertinente, la réponse des pouvoirs publics doit être diversifiée, et faire intervenir les politiques budgétaires et sociales, mais aussi les politiques du marché du travail, de la santé et de l'éducation. Encourager les gens à travailler plus longtemps, en rendant financièrement plus intéressante la poursuite d'une activité, est au coeur de la stratégie à mettre en oeuvre pour préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante. Sans doute faudra-t-il aussi réformer les systèmes publics de retraite traditionnels et les autres politiques sociales et encourager le développement de formules destinées à remplacer les systèmes de retraite publics et donnant aux individus plus de souplesse pour planifier leur départ en retraite. L'infrastructure des marchés financiers devra par conséquent être renforcée pour absorber la forte augmentation des avoirs détenus par les fonds de pension privés. A travers cette étude pluridisciplinaire, l'OCDE souligne la nécessité d'agir dès à présent en mettant en place un train de politiques cohérent et complet.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263130-fr
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  • 42
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    Mesurer le capital humain : Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065499
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring What People Know; Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring What People Know: Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Une étude des politiques novatrices menées dans les pays de l'OCDE montre les progrès déjà accomplis par rapport aux maigres informations que constituent les titres ou les diplômes obtenus. Avec l'apparition de l'économie de la connaissance, les dirigeants, les responsables de la gestion des ressources humaines et des comptes financiers s'efforcent de mettre au point des méthodes permettant d'évaluer et de consigner les connaissances acquises par l'expérience, l'éducation et la formation. Cet ouvrage explique pourquoi il est possible, en termes de théorie économique, et faisable du point de vue des pratiques comptables, de mettre en place de nouveaux systèmes d'information et de décision en matière de capital humain.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065499-fr
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