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  • World Bank  (1,127)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,127)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COVID-19 Impact Monitoring : Nigeria, Round 9 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and its economic and social effects on households have created an urgent need for timely data to help monitor and mitigate the social and economic impacts of the crisis and protect the welfare of Nigerian society. To monitor how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the economy and people of Nigeria and to inform policy interventions and responses, the National Bureau of Statistics with technical support from the World Bank implemented the Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey (COVID-19 NLPS). This brief presents findings from the seventh and ninth rounds of this survey which was conducted between January 9 and 25, 2021 respectively
    DOI: 10.1596/35320
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International Debt Statistics 2021 (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Debt Statistics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: International Debt Statistics (IDS), a long-standing annual publication of the World Bank, features external debt statistics and analysis for the 120 low- and middle-income countries that report to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. IDS 2021 includes (1) an overview analyzing global trends in debt stocks of and debt flows to low- and middle-income countries within the framework of aggregate capital flows (debt and equity); (2) a feature story on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund Debt Service Suspension Initiative in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) tables and charts detailing debtor and creditor composition of debt stock and flows, terms of new commitments, and maturity structure of future debt service payments and debt burdens, measured in relation to gross national income and export earnings for each country; (4) one-page summaries per country, plus global, regional, and income group aggregates showing debt stocks and flows, relevant debt indicators, and metadata for six years (2009 and 2015+"19); and (5) a user guide describing the tables and content, definitions and rationale for the country and income groupings used in the report, data notes, and information about additional resources and comprehensive data sets available to users online. Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of low- and middle-income countries, IDS 2021 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. For more information on IDS 2021 and related products, please visit the World Bank's Data Catalog at https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/international-debt-statistics
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1610-9
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ghana Poverty Assessment (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: After the return to democracy, Ghana achieved significant economic growth and poverty reduction. However, in recent years, the rate of poverty reduction has slowed, becoming insignificant after 2012. The largest reduction in poverty, 2 percent per year, was reached from 1991-1998. Subsequently, the rate of decline fell to 1.4 percent in 1998-2005, 1.1 percent in 2005-2012, and dropped to 0.2 percent per year between 2012 and 2016. The slowdown in poverty reduction was not due to a reduction in GDP per capita growth, which peaked between 2005 and 2012 and remained high between 2012 and 2016. Rather, it was due to a drop in the rate to which economic growth translated into poverty reduction. The growth elasticity of poverty (percentage reduction in poverty associated for every one percentage change in GDP per capita) was 1.2 between 1991 and 1998 but declined to less than 0.1 between 2012 and 2016, indicating a 1 percent increase in GDP per capita led to less than 0.1 percent reduction in poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/34804
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Promise of Education in Indonesia (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Abstract: This Indonesia Education Flagship Report examines ways to strengthen education reforms and boost the learning outcomes of all Indonesian students. It focuses on how the education system can deliver on the promise of human capital for Indonesia. The recommendations focus on protecting and building human capital by increasing the capacity, equity, and accountability for learning. The report also explores what the central government can do to make changes for the better in areas under its control and how to provide better guidance and support to provinces, districts, and schools
    DOI: 10.1596/34807
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Natural Capital Accounting : Informing Policy Decisions and Management of Uganda's Natural Resources (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The Government of Uganda has been working to establish a new system of NCA. NCA is a standardized approach to measuring and valuing natural resources. It overcomes the limitations of traditional economic measurements, such as gross domestic product (GDP), that look primarily at income and not at wealth. It provides physical and monetary information about natural capital wealth as well as income and other benefit flows. As such,NCA is already helping to inform key policies and plans in Uganda. The development of NCA in Uganda has been supported by various development partners, notably the World Bank's global program, WAVES. This paper offers an independent synthesis of Uganda's work with WAVES from 2018 to 2020. It is based on program documentation and a review of the accounts themselves, supplemented by interviews of key Ugandan officials involved in the process
    DOI: 10.1596/34811
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ghana Tax Gap Analysis (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the tax gap in Ghana, and help the Government of Ghana identify the areas where they can increase tax revenue by improving compliance. Tax gap for corporate income tax, import tax, estimated value added tax, and potential tax revenue from formalization of informal firms were investigated
    DOI: 10.1596/34806
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lebanon Economic Monitor, Fall 2020 : The Deliberate Depression (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development
    DOI: 10.1596/34842
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Belarus Public Expenditure Review : Strengthening the Equity, Efficiency and Effectiveness of Social Expenditures in Belarus (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: After more than a decade of strong growth, interrupted only by the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, Belarus' economy has encountered major headwinds. Since 2012, growth has stalled, macroeconomic imbalances have intensified, and public finances have deteriorated. Unlike regional peers, the country was unable to take advantage of buoyant global demand, ample liquidity and strong risk appetite. This suggests that the causes for this disappointing outcome are domestic and rooted in the current economic model based on an outsized public sector and reliance on Russia for cheap energy and as main export market. The narrow export base has left the economy vulnerable to economic weakness in Russia and, indirectly, to volatility in global oil prices. These shocks have exposed major structural weaknesses, that have dragged down productivity and potential growth and increased Belarus' vulnerability to major shocks such as the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The policy response to the external headwinds has been pro-cyclical. It has focused on avoiding major financial disruptions and resorting to increased foreign borrowing to make it through the financing pressures rather than deeper structural adjustment needed to adjust to the new realities and anchor fiscal sustainability. It has focused on exchange rate adjustment accompanied by ad-hoc fiscal retrenchment. The latter, however, although significant, has been episodic and less than optimal as it has protected consumption at the expense of investment. The scope for fiscal adjustment has been constrained by the structural rigidities of Belarus' public finances. Looking forward, Belarus now faces a perfect storm of a global economic shock caused by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, an unprecedented drop in oil prices, and the phasing out of the energy import price discount by 2024 due to the Russian tax maneuver. All these adverse external developments come against the background of deeply rooted structural rigidities, a heavy debt redemptions schedule and a much-reduced policy space compared with previous episodes of external pressures such as in 2009 and 2015
    DOI: 10.1596/34830
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Creating Disability-Inclusive ID System (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Access to identification is a vital priority. In developing countries, persons with disabilities are among those most likely to face barriers in accessing government services such as health and rehabilitation, public transportation, education, voting, financial services, and economic opportunities. For women and girls with disabilities and other persons with disabilities with intersecting identities, these barriers are multidimensional. Addressing poverty among persons with disabilities and their families requires solutions that address their differentiated and sometimes complex needs, a precondition of which is possessing official proof of identity. This report provides a model of the continuous nature of the ID lifecycle, suggesting some illustrative approaches to designing a disability-inclusive ID process at any stage in the lifecycle. The ID lifecycle comprises five phases, each allowing for disability-inclusive interventions. The five phases are: (1) planning and design; (2) outreach and engagement; (3) enrollment; (4) use of ID; (5) and monitoring and evaluation. The cycle presents examples of continuous activities which should be regularly revisited to ensure that ID systems are accessible to people with disabilities regardless of the stage of implementation of the ID system. While not exhaustive, and recognizing that country contexts differ, this cyclical model can be a useful planning tool, much like that used across the world by electoral commissions for inclusive voter registration
    DOI: 10.1596/34848
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Georgia : Towards Green and Resilient Growth (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: Georgia has made remarkable progress in terms of economic growth and poverty alleviation. In 2019, the country became an upper middle-income country Georgia's endowment of natural resources is a significant source of national wealth and has the potential for accelerating inclusive socio-economic development. Yet, challenges persist as poverty and inequality remain high, especially in rural areas. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) induced global recession has affected important sectors of the economy, including tourism and the travel industry. This report fills knowledge gaps in the upstream importance of environment and natural assets, and highlights areas for aligning national strategies with sustainable recovery from the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In so doing, the report aims to inform national policies by which Georgia has commitments to "greening" sector developments aligned with the provisions of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement. The analysis underlying the report includes updates to the cost of environmental degradation (CoED) published in 2015. It also reflects the new government priorities and options for addressing specific challenges in forest management, land and coastal degradation, and air pollution. The recommendations of this report are designed for a wider audience, including the government of Georgia, as well as development partners and broader society
    DOI: 10.1596/34862
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Business Regulation in South Asia and the Belt and Road Initiative (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the business environment in six South Asian countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, to examine whether business regulatory requirements in these countries hinder them from fully benefiting from BRI project spillovers. The analysis is based on available secondary data sources and responses to a structured questionnaire sent to selected private sector participants in each of these countries, eliciting information on the law, regulation, and practice in a wide range of thematic areas influencing the overall business and regulatory environment. Survey respondents identified nine key themes as the most challenging for the private sector, including from the perspective of potential benefits from BRI-induced opportunities. The thematic areas are: (a) licensing and inspection requirements; (b) regulations and practices governing foreign investment; (c) access to resources such as land, credit, and electricity; (d) regulatory restrictions on the operation of foreign firms, such as local content requirements and currency repatriation; (e) regulatory governance and corruption and state capture; (f) predictability and quality of the regulatory framework, especially corporate taxation; (g) government procurement laws and practice; (h) effective dispute settlement and grievance mechanisms; and (i) trade and customs regulations. The identified thematic areas promote connectivity and regional integration and thus are particularly relevant from the BRI perspective. Improvements along different dimensions of these thematic areas will likely enable countries in the region to gain from BRI-induced opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/34891
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impacts of Climate Change on Georgia's Coastal Zone : Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Options (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: The higher-level purpose of this study is to provide information to be used to raise the ambition of Georgia's nationally determined contribution (NDCs) and to consider adaptation targets for the Black Sea coast of Georgia. The study also aims to highlight how supporting a blue economy can accelerate the implementation of adaptation measures required to reduce climate risks and contribute towards the region's socioeconomic development and environmental conservation. The methodology used in the present study consists of five main steps: define the geographic scope; review available climate change projections; identify key climate risks and vulnerabilities for coastal Georgia; assess the impact of climate change on economic sectors and infrastructure, and possible adaptation options; and prioritize initial recommendations and key climate adaptation actions. The approach used to evaluate the various impacts on coastal Georgia consisted of a qualitative analysis and expert input from international and local teams. This included an assessment of feasible adaptation options. Discussions with local experts and government agencies were also carried out in order to gain further details of vulnerable areas and evaluate both the potential for specific adaptation measures to yield economic benefits as well as the feasibility and acceptability of these options. The report is organized in six chapters. Chapter one introduces the purpose, objectives, methodology, and limitations for the study. Chapter two provides an overview of Georgia's coastal zone economic sectors, while chapter three provides an overview of Georgia's coastal climate and climate change impacts. Chapter four presents the priority risks for coastal Georgia, based on the existing cost of environmental degradation estimates and climate change projections. Chapter five discusses the impacts of climate change on Georgian coastal economic sectors, health and infrastructure, through the prism of the priority risks described in the previous chapter and presents a menu of adaptation options. Chapter six discusses the conclusions of the study and makes initial information, institutional, and investment recommendations, and key actions, including key actions required to implement climate adaptation on the ground
    DOI: 10.1596/34886
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Monitoring Small-Scale Cross Border Trade in Africa : Issues, Approaches, and Lessons (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This report synthesizes the work carried out as part of a World Bank ASA (Advisory Services and Analytics) activity to identify better systems and practical strategies that countries can use for improved monitoring of small-scale cross border trade (SSCBT). Large amounts of goods are known to be traded through cross border channels in Africa, yet SSCBT is poorly counted leading to a misrepresentation of the true state of regional integration and possible misalignment of trade and development policies. The study assesses the strengths and limitations of existing SSCBT data systems in East Africa to understand the feasibility and cost effectiveness of different data collection methods. It also looks at conditions along trade corridors in other regions of Africa where SSCBT data are only starting to be monitored to identify common bottlenecks and potential solutions for improved trade data collection in different environments. The analysis draws on fieldwork carried out during July and August 2019, as well as subsequent consultations with local counterparts, including with respect to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through this work, the study aims to inform policy in countries where SSCBT is important and where the establishment of monitoring systems will be relevant and desirable. The project also contributes to discussions and negotiations on regional integration by raising the profile of SSCBT and drawing attention to the importance of addressing barriers that limit this trade. In addition to this report, findings of the ASA are also being shared with a diverse audience of policymakers, economic analysts, and civil society representatives through short policy notes, working papers, and dissemination events
    DOI: 10.1596/34884
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Philippines Economic Update, December 2020 : Building a Resilient Recovery (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Philippine economy contracted by 10.0 percent, year-on-year, in the first three quarters of 2020, given the triple shock brought by the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 delivered a triple shock of a health crisis, strict containment measures, and a global recession of unprecedented scale. The sharp contraction in the second quarter was driven by the steep dive in private domestic demand, deep contraction in public investment activities, and the collapse of trade due to the impact of strict containment measures domestically and globally. Most of the country entered a more relaxed community quarantine in mid-August with a gradual opening of businesses and government operations. Yet, the economy further contracted in the third quarter, albeit a modest improvement from the peak of the outbreak. Moreover, the country was hit by a series of strong typhoons which may cause delay on the pace of the recovery as economic activities were affected in some areas. This report will feature disaster risk management (DRM) challenges the country faces and policy recommendations to strengthen its fiscal, physical, and social resilience. The severity of the recession can be explained, first and foremost, by the collapse in private consumption, as containment measures led to a fall in employment and incomes. Private consumption contracted by 8.2 percent, its worst performance on record. This was in large part due to a combination of factors that crippled domestic demand, including record-high unemployment, declining incomes (including remittances), movement restrictions that suppressed consumption, and a historic decline in consumer confidence. The deepest contraction was registered in the consumption of non-essential goods and services and those that were affected by the implementation of strict containment measures, while essential goods such as food registered small positive growth. In particular, the combination of travel restrictions and weak consumer confidence which weighed on demand, resulted in a collapse in domestic tourism expenditures, which make up a fifth of private consumption
    DOI: 10.1596/34899
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bulgaria : Country Needs and STI Policy Mix Assessment (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Bulgaria has achieved impressive economic performance over the last two decades. Nevertheless, recent growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and productivity has slowed since the global financial crisis, and the country faces medium- to long-term labor shortages and skills mismatches driven by an aging population and high emigration rates. Maintaining income growth in the face of these challenges will require boosting productivity, and a key step to increase productivity is to strengthen Bulgaria's science, technology and innovation (STI) performance, which ranks among the worst in the European Union (EU) across multiple indicators. A review of STI policies is critical in preparation for the next EU programing period to ensure that the expected increase in resources to support research and innovation is used effectively. This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the country's research and innovation needs and an original analysis of the policies devoted to supporting STI in Bulgaria, including nearly all national-level STI-related policy instruments
    DOI: 10.1596/34790
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  • 16
    Online Resource
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    Fukuoka City : Efficient Water Management (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: This case study showcases examples where the "G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII)" have been operationalized in Japan`s urban infrastructure projects. It highlights Fukuoka City, one of the most prominent cities in Japan today. It reviews the city's efficient water management through Economic Efficiency and Infrastructure Governance, two of the six G20 Principles for QII. A key factor for the city's success was adopting life-cycle costing as an underlying principle; the city upgraded its water distribution pipe network with polyethylene sleeves for life extension and went to great length for leakage reduction. As a recent effort, the city underwent procurement reforms to improve the technical quality of public works. The implications are expected to benefit policymakers and practitioners in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/34815
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  • 17
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    Ethiopia Regional Poverty Report : Promoting Equitable Growth for All Regions (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Ethiopia's economy has grown rapidly over the last two decades, leading to significant national poverty reduction, but there were significant differences in the pace and nature of poverty reduction across Ethiopia's eleven regions. Based on the national poverty line, poverty decreased from 46 percent in 1996 to 24 percent in 2016 nationwide. Poverty decreased in all the regions, particularly after 2005 when growth became more robust. Although regional disparities remained fairly low, regional poverty rates converged until 2011 only to begin diverging again in 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/34805
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  • 18
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    Kenya Economic Update, November 2020 : Navigating the Pandemic (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Kenya's economy has been hit hard by COVID-19, severely affecting incomes and jobs. The economy has been exposed through the dampening effects on domestic activity of the containment measures and behavioral responses, and through trade and travel disruption (affecting key foreign currency earners such as tourism and cut flowers). Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 0.4 percent in H1 2020 year-on-year(y/y), compared to growth of 5.4 percent in H1 of 2019. This reflects a worse-than-anticipated Q2 GDP outturn, mainly due to a sharp reduction of services sector output, especially education. As a result, the economy is projected to contract by 1.0 percent in 2020 in the baseline scenario, and by 1.5 percent in a more adverse scenario. This revision essentially adopts the adverse scenario outlined in the April 2020 update, reflecting the more severe impact of the pandemic to date than had been initially anticipated, including on the measured output of the education sector following the closure of institutions in March. The special focus topic finds that the pandemic increased poverty by 4 percentage points (or an additional 2 million poor) through serious impacts on livelihoods, by sharp decreases in incomes and employment. The unemployment rate increased sharply,approximately doubling to 10.4 percent in the second quarter as measured by the KNBS Quarterly Labor Force Survey. Many wage workers who are still employed face reduced working hours, with average hours decreasing from 50 to 38 hours per week. Almost 1 in 3 household runbusinesses are not currently operating, and between February and June average revenue from household run businesses decreased by almost 50 percent. This has exacerbated food insecurity, and elevated pain and human suffering. In response to the crisis, the government has deployed both fiscal and monetary policies to support the healthcare system, protect the most vulnerable households, and support firms to help preserve jobs,incomes and the economy's productive potential. Tax revenue dropped below target, due to the marked slowdown in economic activity, as well as tax relief as part of the government's fiscal response package. At the same time, expenditures were raised to strengthen the capacity of the healthcare system to manage infections, protect the most vulnerable households, and support businesses
    DOI: 10.1596/34819
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  • 19
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    Thailand Manufacturing Firm Productivity Report (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Thailand is an enduring development success story. Between the late 1960s and mid-1990s, strong and sustained economic growth propelled the country from low-income to upper-middle-income status. To achieve high-income status by 2037, the authorities will need to draw on the experiences of other upper-middle-income countries that have successfully completed the transition, as well as those that continue to struggle. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has severely impacted growth in Thailand, with the economy expected to contract in 2020 amid heightened uncertainty surrounding the path of the pandemic. This report focuses on the manufacturing sector builds on a framework that emphasizes the microeconomic and macroeconomic linkages of the sources of productivity growth. In line with this framework, Chapter 1 begins with an overview of Thailand's productivity dynamics at the macroeconomic level and identifies the causes of its slowing GDP growth rate.7 Chapter 2 analyzes the characteristics of Thai manufacturing firms and sub-sector productivity dynamics, revealing the drivers of firm productivity and distinguishing the relative contributions of within-firm effects, between-firm effects, and market dynamism. Chapter 3 evaluates the impact of competition on firm productivity by comparing market entry and exit indicators with price markups. Chapter 4 concludes with a set of policy recommendations designed to boost firm productivity in Thailand's manufacturing sector
    DOI: 10.1596/34882
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  • 20
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    Papua New Guinea High Frequency Phone Survey on COVID-19 : Results from Round 1 (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the largest country in the Pacific region, and one of the most diverse countries in the world. The key development challenge in this lower-middle income country is how to translate macroeconomic gains from the resource sector into better opportunities and services for PNG's largely poor and rural populations. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has compounded issues for an already weakening economic situation. A strong evidence base is needed to understand the socioeconomic implications of the coronavirus pandemic for Papua New Guinea. Data is needed to inform the policy response to the coronavirus crisis. To monitor and assess the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Papua New Guinea, five rounds of High Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) have been planned and will be conducted quarterly. Data collection began in late June 2020. This report presents the findings from round one and concludes with a policy section to help inform an evidence-based response to Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Papua New Guinea
    DOI: 10.1596/34907
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  • 21
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    Global Experiences from Regulatory Sandboxes (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Regulatory sandboxes have become synonymous with fintech innovation and offer the unique benefit of providing the empirical evidence needed to substantiate decisions. This paper on Global Experiences from Regulatory Sandboxes brings together detailed lessons learned and case studies from sandboxes across the globe. Our research has identified 73 sandboxes in 57 jurisdictions. This is currently the most up-to-date resource for sandboxes available and is supplemented with an interactive database on Key data from Regulatory Sandboxes across the globe
    DOI: 10.1596/34789
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    Toyama City : Compact City Development (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: This case study is showcases examples where the "G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII)" have been operationalized in Japan`s urban infrastructure projects. It highlights Toyama City, which is now a global role model for compact city development and reviews the city's difficult journey towards a compact city through the lens of Economic Efficiency and Infrastructure Governance, which are two of the six G20 Principles for QII. This case study sheds light on the importance of governance aspects such as alignment with the national policy, organizational commitment, and collaboration with the private sector. Furthermore, it illustrates how effective governance can lead to economic efficiency and some evidence of a compact city`s wider benefits. The implications are expected to benefit policymakers and practitioners in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/34816
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    Central African Republic Economic Update, October 2020 : The Central African Republic in Times of COVID-19 - Diversifying the Economy to Build Resilience and Foster Growth (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The economy of the Central African Republic (CAR) grew at a slower pace in 2019 compared to 2018. Still, it grew at 3.1 percent, year-onyear, in 2019, above the average of regional peers (1.6 percent) and countries affected by fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) (2.7 percent). Despite improvements in security following the signing of the peace agreement in February 2019, the economy performed worse than expected due to the collapse by about 30 percent in the production of coffee and cotton, which in turn was the result of persistent structural challenges in the agriculture sector. On the demand side, private consumption remained the main driver of economic growth, while the agriculture and services sectors drove growth on the supply side. Moreover, extreme poverty remains high and projected to affect 71 percent of the population-3.4 million people-in 2019. Inflation increased in 2019, and CEMAC's monetary policy remained on track. The tightening of monetary policy, as well as progress on implementing the new Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa's (Communaute Economique et Monetaire de l'Afrique Centrale, CEMAC) foreign exchange regulation in March 2019, contributed to a strong recovery of gross foreign assets, from 2.7 months' worth of imports in 2018 to 3.3 months in 2019. Inflation was contained at an average of 2.8 percent in 2019 as inflationary pressures from the blockade of the main trade route between Bangui and Cameroon in March abated. Fiscal stance improved, but CAR remains at high risk of debt distress. Public expenditure grew at a slower pace in 2019 than in 2018, mainly due to delays in public investments. Government revenues picked up at 18.4 percent of GDP in 2019 thanks to a significant increase in official grants. As a result, the overall fiscal situation improved in 2019, and the debt-to-GDP ratio continued to decline. However, CAR remains at high risk of debt distress, primarily due to low exports and mobilization of domestic resources
    DOI: 10.1596/34803
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    Ghana : Enhancing Revenue Mobilization Through Improved Tax Compliance and Administrative Systems (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Ghana's tax collection is low compared with other lower middle-income countries. Non-compliance of tax payments is an urgent issue in Ghana, as the government has been suffering from a widening fiscal deficit and a rising debt burden. Learning from experiences in other countries, this report proposes potential interventions that could improve tax compliance
    DOI: 10.1596/34847
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    Monitoring COVID-19 Impacts on Households in Vietnam, Report No. 2 : Round 2 Results Snapshot (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: To monitor the social and economic effects on households during the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Bank is conducting High-Frequency Phone Surveys of Households in Vietnam. These monitoring data help generate insights on household well-being amidst this dynamic period and highlight the effects on the most vulnerable members of Vietnamese society. This note provides a snapshot of results from the 2nd of five rounds of this survey series. Fieldwork for the second round was conducted from July 27 to August 12, 2020. During the first half of 2020, COVID-19 cases in Vietnam were well contained and appeared almost eradicated. However, after 99 days without any new COVID-19 cases, the Da Nang region re-entered lockdown after the emergence of a positive case on July 25th, 2020. While round one of the survey series (in June-July 2020) was conducted after the first lockdown, round two was collected right at the beginning of this second outbreak. The timing of fieldwork should be considered when considering trends
    DOI: 10.1596/34860
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    A Silver Lining : Productive and Inclusive Aging for Malaysia (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: In 2020, Malaysia passes a crucial milestone in its demographic trajectory and becomes an aging society. Driven by a precipitous decline in fertility accompanied by a sustained rise in life expectancy, in recent years Malaysia has seen an uptick in the pace of demographic change. Rapid aging will be one of the most crucial megatrends affecting Malaysia in coming decades, raising policy challenges in areas such as employment, income security, health care, and aged care. The term silver economy has been coined to encompass all sources of opportunities that arise from economic activities that serve the needs and demands of older persons. While rapid aging is crucially important and will become even more so in coming decades, through the right choice of policies, the government of Malaysia can help the country achieve productive and inclusive aging. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented crisis with an enormous health and human toll, as well as exacerbated many of the policy challenges raised by aging both in the short term and more structurally. The report analyzes Malaysia's demographic, socioeconomic and macroeconomic contexts, as well as three select key policy areas where critical knowledge gaps exist-employment, income security, and aged care
    DOI: 10.1596/34887
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    Leading Schools Digitally : Evaluation of the Electronic School Planning and Budgeting System (e-RKAS) in Indonesia (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The education system under the Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) in Indonesia is highly decentralized. Most school costs under MoEC are covered by fiscal transfers from the centre to provincial and district levels, some of which are earmarked for education use. One such type of transfer is school operational grants, known as Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) or school operational assistance. BOS funds are managed directly by schools, which have been delegated the autonomy to receive, plan and budget, spend, administer, and report their use. Experience has shown that many schools lack the capacity to use BOS funds effectively and efficiently to deliver better learning outcomes for students, while there have been no planning systems to manage use of BOS funds towards achieving the National Education Standards (NES) for individual schools. Under the BOS program, each school is required to conduct a School Self-Evaluation (SSE) against the NES and use the results to develop its spending plans accordingly. Every school has also been advised to develop a planning and budgeting system (Rencana Kegiatan dan Anggaran Sekolah or RKAS) to allocate and manage BOS funds. To support implementation of the RKAS, an application called the Rencana Kegiatan dan Anggaran Sekolah Berbasis Elektronik (e-RKAS or electronic school plan) has been developed. To assess the preliminary effects of introducing different e-RKAS applications on the role and behaviour of stakeholders, as well as challenges experienced during implementation, the World Bank conducted an evaluation of the e-RKAS program. This report focuses on the evaluation and impact of e-RKAS
    DOI: 10.1596/34883
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    Public-Private Partnerships for Investment and Delivery of Affordable Housing in Emerging Market Economies (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The role of the public sector in housing delivery in many developed economies evolved from government as builder in the post-War era in the 1950s when the government directly constructed and delivered housing to meet the daunting demand for housing, to government as enabler and regulator in the 1980s and 90s when governments retreated from direct provision but started to focus on facilitating the private sector to deliver housing effectively, and to assist the poorest segment of the population. The point of departure is the belief that housing is essentially a private good that is best provided by the market. Today, the government's role is therefore focused on Should read: (i) establishing the enabling environment for the private sector (including private individuals) to deliver housing; (ii) addressing the market failures; and (iii) avoiding and/or correcting government policy failures. However, challenges persist for low-income households to find affordable accommodation in locations that work for them. Such shortages of affordable housing are most pronounced in developing countries, which in recent decades have seen rapid urbanization and the proliferation of informal settlements, which are increasingly challenging for the public sector to address. As the private sector and public sector fail to provide adequate and affordable housing for the lower-end of the market segment at the pace and scale that is needed, governments have since the later 2000's repositioned themselves as partners, and increasingly as entrepreneurs, to catalyze - and reduce the risk for - the private sector's entry into the affordable housing markets
    DOI: 10.1596/34889
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    Women Endure COVID-19 Unequally to Men (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The adverse impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is being disproportionately borne by women, further exacerbating the wide gender inequities in Myanmar. From food security, shortages in finances and the burden of caretaking responsibilities, women have been disproportionately affected by the secondary impacts of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Women have had to adopt more drastic measures to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic, both reactively and proactively, ranging from reducing food- and non-food consumption and borrowing money from Micro-Finance Institutions and informal money lenders. Not unexpectedly, women's greater disadvantage, limited access to support, subjection to domestic violence and structural inequalities lend themselves to their being less optimistic about the near future. The evidence surveyed is clear that women are enduring Coronavirus (COVID-19) disproportionately worse than men, both in household and firm settings and they take on the bulk of the emotional burden with regard to responsive and proactive coping mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/34888
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    Realizing the Blue Economy Potential in Albania (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The objective of this study is to fill the knowledge gaps to help advance Albania's vision of the Blue Economy, in the context of the country's aim of joining the EU. The two most important sectors with this regard are fisheries and tourism. Both industries are well established and offer the highest potential return on investment when it comes to the Blue Economy and have socio-economic and cultural significance for the coastal communities. The study further extends to cover the challenges of marine plastic pollution and examine possible solutions. For the purpose of cross-sectoral planning and investment coordination, the Blue Economy Development Framework (BEDF) is introduced as a distinct theme. The analysis concludes with a menu of options to develop the marine based economic activities and ultimately accelerate the country's transition towards the Blue Economy. The study reflects Albania's specific circumstances and the opportunities arising from integrated economic development of maritime sectors, including branding a 'Blue Albania' vision that could serve as a blueprint for future innovations in these sectors. Policy and decision makers from multiple institutions representing the GoA, as well as development partners and organizations such as the European Commission, have been consulted in the course of the study preparation
    DOI: 10.1596/34892
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    Uganda Economic Update, 16th Edition, December 2020 : Investing in Uganda's Youth (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Uganda's real GDP grew at 2.9 percent in FY20, less than half the 6.8 percent recorded in FY19, due to the effects of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) crisis, and is expected to grow at a similar level in FY21, but downside risks are high. Economic activity stalled during the latter part of the fiscal year due to a domestic lockdown that lasted over four months, border closures for everything but essential cargo, and the spillover effects of disruption in global demand and global supply chains due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This resulted in a sharp contraction in public investment and deceleration in private consumption, which hit the industrial and service sectors hard, particularly the informal service sector. On a calendar year basis, real GDP growth is expected to contract by up to 1 percent in 2020, compared to 7.5 percent growth in 2019, and, as a result, real per capita GDP growth is expected to contract by about 4.5 percent. Even if GDP growth rebounds strongly by 2022, the level of per capita GDP is likely to remain well below its pre-COVID trajectory. As a result of these impacts, the COVID-19 crisis is threatening to reverse some of the gains made on structural transformation and the declining poverty trend of the past decade. This transformation was characterized by a reduction in the workforce employed in on-farm agriculture and a take-off in industrial production, largely in agro-processing. However, following the COVID shock, there have already been widespread firm closures, permanent layoffs in industry and services, a rapid slowdown of activity particularly in the urban informal sector, and a movement of labor back to farming. At the same time, household incomes have fallen, which is concerning given the high levels of vulnerability to poverty, limited social safety nets, and impacts this might have on human capital development and Uganda's capacity to benefit from its demographic transition
    DOI: 10.1596/34893
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    Spatial Finance : Challenges and Opportunities in a Changing World (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: If financial markets are to realign towards truly sustainable development the financial sector needs to differentiate commercial actors more accurately on their climate and environmental performance. A potential breakthrough to help in this challenge is the emerging field of -'Spatial Finance', the independent assessment of the location of a company's or a country's assets and infrastructure using ground data, remote sensing observations and modelled insights, offers a potentially transformative means to gain improved quantitative ESG insights. Rapid development is required if spatial finance is to deliver in the short term. In this report, authors outline a possible taxonomy and hierarchy for spatial finance, showing how discrete forms of technology, approaches and data can be considered within a single consistent framework. Using this framework, spatial finance could provide insights at differing scales for different applications from the asset-scale for project finance, to company-scale for investment, to country scale for sovereign debt. Throughout the document authors provide insights into current cutting-edge developments within the field, illustrated with case studies from practitioners and data providers, and explore potential future developments
    DOI: 10.1596/34894
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    Perceptions of Gender Disparities in Vietnam's Labor Market (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: In the context of Vietnam's impressive economic growth over the last two decades, several studies have documented gender disparities, but few have studied the underlying constraints that drive the disparities. The Vietnamese government is working to increase its support to job seekers. To help fill the knowledge gaps, this study uses three qualitative methods to understand stakeholders' views on the mechanisms underlying gender disparities in the Vietnamese labor market and related policy: (1) individual biographical interviews; (2) focus group discussions; and (3) expert interviews. This study gives particular emphasis to the context in which the gender dynamic is played out in the sphere of the labor market. It approaches gender not as naturally determined but as socially constructed, with cultural, political, religious, and ethnical concepts all influencing its meaning. The study's qualitative findings confirm that a range of gender disparities exist in Vietnam's labor market. Section one gives introduction. Section two provides information on the institutional and legal environment in Vietnam and summarizes existing findings on gender disparities in the country's labor market. Section three describes the qualitative methodologies that were used in the study, namely individual biographical interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Section four discusses the empirical findings, section five details summary of research results for the provinces of Dien Bien and Quang Nam, and section six presents conclusions and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/34895
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    Solomon Islands High Frequency Phone Survey on COVID-19 : Results from Round 1 (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The Solomon Islands is a lower middle income small island state in the Melanesian region of the Southwest Pacific. Agriculture, including logging, is central to the economy of the Solomon Islands. To protect the country from importation of Coronavirus (COVID-19) and to limit the possible spread of undiagnosed cases, beginning March 27, the government enacted a series of emergency measures under the State of Public Emergency (SoPE). Coronavirus (COVID-19) response measures, both domestically and abroad, are expected to have negative impacts on the economy and on livelihoods. A strong evidence base is needed to understand the socioeconomic implications of the coronavirus pandemic for the Solomon Islands. The objective of this survey was to measure the socioeconomic impacts of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic in the Solomon Islands, including livelihoods, food security, and public safety and security, through a high frequency mobile phone survey
    DOI: 10.1596/34908
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    Egypt Economic Monitor, November 2020 : From Crisis to Economic Transformation - Unlocking Egypt's Productivity and Job-Creation Potential (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic is causing the most severe global health and economic crisis in at least seven decades. In Egypt, the disruptions caused by the pandemic started in March 2020, and has since interrupted a period of macroeconomic stability, characterized by relatively high growth, improved fiscal accounts, and a comfortable level of foreign reserves. Yet, the pandemic also hit as longstanding challenges continued to persist, notably the government's elevated debt-to-GDP ratio (despite its significant reduction in recent years), sluggish revenue-mobilization and the below-potential performance of non-oil merchandise exports and non-oil FDI. The fiscal, monetary and energy sector reforms implemented in recent years, along with the emergency measures undertaken by authorities in response to the COVID-19 crisis are so far helping Egypt weather the shock. Indeed, average real growth has remained positive during FY2019/20 and foreign reserves continue to be rather ample. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic has inevitably caused job and income losses, posing additional strains on Egyptian households' livelihoods, and is thus exacerbating the long-standing challenge of job-creation in Egypt, notably in the formal private sector. The in-focus chapter of this report is therefore dedicated to the topic of jobs and economic transformation. The analysis of this chapter shows that the economic transformation process has been slow-moving in Egypt, with employment shares increasing either in low value-added sectors, or in sectors that have experienced a decline in productivity (value-added per worker). Hence, the Egyptian economy has not been able to generate high-earning jobs, at scale. Going forward, for businesses to expand and create sufficient and high-quality employment opportunities, a three-pronged approach will be necessary: (i) Sustaining macroeconomic stability and overall policy predictability whilst incentivizing domestic savings to finance investments. (ii) Getting the enabling environment right to create attractive opportunities for domestic and foreign investments. (iii) Upgrading human capital and firm capabilities to fast-track the economic transformation process in Egypt and to strengthen the country's resilience against such severe shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/34785
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    Government Financial Reporting in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The economic shock of the coronavirus outbreak has an unprecedented impact on public finances. Governments are implementing massive fiscal packages including both budgetary and nonbudgetary measures to fight the pandemic while receipts are sharply down. Communicating the financial consequences of Coronavirus (COVID-19) to all stakeholders in a timely manner is important to create enduring broad support. Audited financial statements play a key role in building citizen trust in government. This policy note provides reflections on how governments could make use of existing systems of financial reporting during the pandemic as well as opportunities for improved financial reporting systems for the post-crisis environment. It also seeks to share insights into the impact of the pandemic on government financial performance, position, and cash flows
    DOI: 10.1596/34792
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    Global Economic Prospects, June 2020 (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (234 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has, with alarming speed, dealt a heavy blow to an already-weak global economy, which is expected to slide into its deepest recession since the second world war, despite unprecedented policy support. The global recession would be deeper if countries take longer to bring the pandemic under control, if financial stress triggers defaults, or if there are protracted effects on households and firms. Economic disruptions are likely to be more severe and protracted in emerging market and developing economies with larger domestic outbreaks and weaker medical care systems; greater exposure to international spillovers through trade, tourism, and commodity and financial markets; weaker macroeconomic frameworks; and more pervasive informality and poverty. Beyond the current steep economic contraction, the pandemic is likely to leave lasting scars on the global economy by undermining consumer and investor confidence, human capital, and global value chains. Being mostly a reflection of the recent plunge in global energy demand, low oil prices are unlikely to provide much of a boost to global growth in the near term. While policymakers' immediate priorities are to address the health crisis and moderate the short-term economic losses, the likely long-term consequences of the pandemic highlight the need to forcefully undertake comprehensive reform programs to improve the fundamental drivers of economic growth, once the crisis abates. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by these economies, while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1553-9
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    South Africa Economic Update, No. 11 : Jobs and Inequality (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This report reviews South Africa's recent economic and social developments. It underlines that South Africa's current economic rebound may not be sustained if the fundamental factors undermining its growth potential are not boldly addressed. This includes in particular income inequality, which fuels resource contestation, policy uncertainty and scare private investors of seeing their investments overly taxed and expropriated. Nevertheless, inequalities are increasingly driven by labor markets developments, as opposed to race or location of origin. Policy actions could accelerate a projected decline in inequalities resulting from greater access to education. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium, the report simulates a number of policy scenarios until 2030. Simulation results suggests that continuing to address corruption, restoring policy certainty in mining, improving the competitiveness of strategic state-owned enterprises, further exposing South Africa's large conglomerates to foreign competition, and facilitating skilled immigration would raise labor demand and create the fiscal space needed to eventually build labor supply from the poor population through education and spatial integration reforms. By 2030, extreme poverty could be almost eradicated and inequalities significantly reduced. And as inequalities decline, the social contract would strengthen and likely encourage further private investment - a possibility not captured in the simulations
    DOI: 10.1596/29677
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    Bangladesh Development Update, April 2018 : Building on Resilience (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Industrial production and services growth remained resilient. Inflation has accelerated, primarily due to supply shocks. Monetary policy has been accommodative. Financial sector vulnerability is rising. With a tightening of prudential controls, lending rates are back to double digits. Despite significant recovery in both exports and remittances, the current account deficit widened sharply, driven by a surge in imports. The overall balance of payments swung into deficit for the first time since FY11. Consequently, the exchange rate has depreciated. Interventions to smoothen exchange rate adjustments have eroded foreign exchange reserves. The fiscal deficit has been contained as weak revenue growth was counterbalanced by even weaker growth in expenditures. GDP growth is projected in the 6.5-7 percent range in the medium-term, while macro stability will require heightened vigilance. Poverty reduction has continued but slowed. The amount of poverty reduction achieved by each percent of growth fell by a third. Extreme poverty is projected to fall modestly to 11-12 percent in the medium-term. Downside risks center on the solvency of banks and the run-up to elections elevating instability and policy uncertainty. Going forward, investment and innovation enabling reforms will be key to accelerating development progress
    DOI: 10.1596/29678
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    Business Unusual : Accelerating Progress Towards Universal Health Coverage (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: At present rates, the global 2030 Universal Health Coverage (UHC) targets under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals will not be met. Urgent action is needed to speed progress in the two dimensions of UHC, health service coverage and financial protection, and to ensure that no one is left behind. What can be done? First, countries can learn from past experience. This report identifies a set of factors common among countries that made outstanding progress on selected service coverage and financial protection indicators between 2000 and 2015. By adapting proven approaches to their own settings, and by addressing stubborn implementation bottlenecks, countries can accelerate progress towards UHC. Second, even as they benefit from models of success, countries must prepare to manage deeper health system transformation now on the horizon. Spurred by economic, technological, demographic, and epidemiologic forces, these transformations will reshape the landscape in which countries pursue their 2030 UHC goals, creating new risks but also opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/29730
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    Senegal Economic Update, April 2018 : Recent Growth Drivers in Senegal, and the Role of Agriculture in Developing a Resilient and Inclusive Economy (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Economic Update (SEU) evaluates the recent (2016-17) growth performance and macroeconomic policies in Senegal, thus providing a basis for the policy dialog with the Government and other stakeholders. The first section of the Economic Update evaluates the drivers of growth and the macroeconomic framework. Three-year perspectives are also included, underlining risks and challenges. The second section evaluates the agricultural sector in more detail focusing on the recent evolution of the agriculture sector and on the impact of public sector involvement
    DOI: 10.1596/29724
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    Water Scarce Cities : Thriving in a Finite World (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The report is an advocacy piece to raise awareness around the need to shift the typical way urban water has been managed and to share emerging principles and solutions that may improve urban water supply security in water scarce cities. It aims to promote successes, outline challenges and principles, and extract key lessons learned for future efforts. It builds on the experiences of over 20 water scarce cities and territories from five continents, which represent a diversity of situations and development levels. This report argues that WSS service providers, policy makers, and practitioners should look at their mandate and responsibilities in a new light, and seek to embrace integrated water resources management considerations. Drawing from successful experiences from around the world, it extracts several underlying management principles applied by effective utilities. The report then aims to demystify solutions to address urban water scarcity, comparing and contrasting related institutional, technological, economic and social aspects. It then concludes with cross-cutting considerations relevant to planners, water operators and policy makers of water scarce cities
    DOI: 10.1596/29623
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    Climbing the Ladder : Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity in Vietnam (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Vietnam has achieved remarkable success in reducing poverty while controlling inequality. The country's broad-based growth reflects the government's focus on developing labor-intensive export sectors while investing heavily in human capital that saw the country exceed its peers. However, gains have been concentrated among the Kinh and Hoa ethnic majority, while minority groups have not only continued to experience poverty rates far above the national average, but have seen slower progress too. This report analyzes recent trends in poverty and shared prosperity. It presents the findings of the 2016 Vietnam household and living standards survey (VHLSS), highlighting important progress and identifying new challenges. The report is organized into two main sections. The first section reviews Vietnam's progress in reducing poverty and promoting share prosperity. It describes updated poverty and shared prosperity trends, the nature of economic mobility, and the drivers of poverty reduction. The second section - titled leaving no one behind is more forward-looking, starting by identifying major constraints faced by the poor, then proceeding to lay out challenges for moving the poverty and shared prosperity agenda going forward
    DOI: 10.1596/29684
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    Philippines Economic Update, April 2018 : Investing in the Future (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: In 2017, the Philippines was among the top three growth performers in the East Asia region. Only Vietnam and China performed better. The Philippines growth performance slightly weakened in 2017 to 6.7 percent year-on-year from 6.9 percent in 2016. Growth was anchored in strong exports, while investment growth significantly slowed and consumption growth moderated. The Philippines' annual exports rose sharply in 2017 and became the main engine of economic growth, while imports continued to grow by double-digits. Investment growth slowed in 2017, following two consecutive years of rapid expansion, and climbing inflation slowed real wage growth and contributed to a moderation in private consumption growth
    DOI: 10.1596/29725
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    Re-Mapping Opportunity : Making Best Use of the Economic Potential of Russia's Regions (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: In order to understand a country as large and diverse as Russia, it is extremely important to consider spatial patterns of economic development. As Russia looks for new drivers of economic growth, it is important to understand the structural conditions that have defined economic development in Russia's regions. This report uses the Economic Potential Index (EPI) methodology to identify the conditions that drive regional development. Economic potential is the level of productivity that is possible for a region to achieve given its structural endowments, which are characteristics that are hard to alter in the short run. The methodology used in this report combines quantitative analysis of drivers of productivity across regions with in-depth case studies that focus on the role of regional governments and institutions in converting endowments into economic outcomes. This methodology generates insights that are relevant for both national and regional governments. The first chapter of this report provides an overview of regional development in Russia over the last 25 years and identifies "Russia-specific" national structural conditions that may affect regional development. The second chapter discusses the results of an assessment of economic potential at the regional level and the factors that shape it in Russia. The third chapter focuses on the role of national and regional governance, policy, and institutions in promoting economic development of the regions. The final chapter proposes policy priorities for both regional and national authorities
    DOI: 10.1596/29732
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    Bangladesh Skills for Tomorrow's Jobs : Preparing Youth for a Fast-Changing Economy (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The skills for tomorrow's Jobs in Bangladesh attempts to address key skills challenges and identifyopportunities in the backdrop of fast technological and economic changes. It proposes mid to long-term strategic policy options that would contribute to economic growth and job creation in Bangladesh with a focus on post-secondary education and skills development sectors. It aims to inform the Government and the World Bank's jobs agenda. The study draws upon relevant literatures from international and national sources, the government's surveys and education statistics, and analytical works undertaken by the World Bank and other agencies. Moreover, the study was extensively informed and guided by knowledge and insights gathered through the experience from the World Bank funded operations and series of consultations on skills for future jobs with relevant stakeholders in Bangladesh
    DOI: 10.1596/29680
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    Coding Bootcamps for Youth Employment : Evidence from Colombia, Lebanon, and Kenya (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Knowledge Economy Study
    Abstract: Coding bootcamps are intensive short-term programs designed to train participants in programming skills to make them immediately employable. They combine characteristics of traditional vocational training programs with the intensity of military bootcamps for new recruits, intermingling socio emotional and tech skills learning in an intense and experiential manner, in what could be referred to as skills accelerators. The authors refer to coding bootcamps in this report as the ready-to-work model. The initiative aims to collect and share examples and lessons of bootcamps in emerging markets, and measure the impact of bootcamp training on youth employment in selected countries. The program seeks to establish a framework of best practice for future projects in technology upskilling in the developing world. This report highlights the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) carried out in Medellin (Colombia), complemented with qualitative studies in Beirut (Lebanon) and Nairobi (Kenya). This report is arranged as follows: Chapter 1 starts with introduction; Chapter 2 describes the intervention in Medellin,including the experimental allocation of training slots to the bootcamp; Chapters 3 and 4 present the qualitative studies in Beirut and Nairobi; The main findings from the three interventions are presented in Chapter 5; and lessons for future impact evaluations are described in Chapter 6
    DOI: 10.1596/29742
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    Mauritania : Transforming the Jobs Trajectory for Vulnerable Youth (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Poverty reduction and youth employment remain deeply intertwined in Mauritania. Mauritania's job-related challenge is characterized by a low-growth macroeconomic context, high reliance on minerals and extractives, and marked poverty and social exclusion. With youth (15-24 year olds) comprising over 40 percent of the population as of 2014, they are particularly vulnerable to high social exclusion. The main objective of this policy note is to provide an overview of the jobs challenge in Mauritania, with a focus on constraints and opportunities facing youth over the short to long term. To this end, it assesses overarching youth employment trends and gaps and offers recommendations for facilitating their entry into good, productive jobs. The note analyzes policy options, risks, and opportunities for strengthening youth employment prospects over the short to long term, with a focus on active labor market programs within an integrated approach to diversification, job creation, and poverty reduction. Moving forward, stronger public-private coalitions lie at the heart of youth employment and social inclusion in Mauritania
    DOI: 10.1596/29674
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    Niger Service Delivery Indicators : Health 2015 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) program aims to document what results are obtained through public spending in the health and education sector. The focus is on the individual dimensions, whether effort (presence and workload) or knowledge (diagnostic accuracy, adherence to clinical guidelines, and case management). These dimensions are not routinely measured and reported publicly in a comparable fashion, yet are among the factors that influence policy outcomes in health. The remainder of this document is organized into three major sections: methodology and implementation; results; and implications for Niger. Annexes present details of the sampling strategy, definitions of the indicators, and additional results. A final section presents the references consulted or cited
    DOI: 10.1596/28472
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    Zimbabwe Public Expenditure Review 2017 : Volume 4. Primary and Secondary Education (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Zimbabwe is at a critical juncture. After dollarization and favorable economic factors fueled arecovery during 2009-12, Zimbabwe today faces slowing growth, a financial crisis, increasingly erratic weather patterns and rising poverty and inequality. To help respond to these issues, the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) has sought to examine and ultimately better manage its public expenditures, with a view to ensuring public spending is effective, efficient, equitable, and well-targeted to the needs of its changing population, especially the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/27652
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    Vietnam Food Safety Risks Management : Challenges and Opportunities (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of the policy note is to develop options and policy recommendations for the Government of Vietnam on strengthening food safety capacity. The note lays out the available information, analyzes the institutional and policy framework for food safety, discusses possible recommendations and provides an outline for actions for the next steps. It is expected that after being reviewed by development partners, peer reviewers and experts, the policy note would be endorsed by the World Bank Group management as the basis for submitting to the Government of Vietnam. An important framework within which this analysis has been conducted is the toolkit that the WBG's Trade and Competitiveness Practice has published on Food Safety Reform in 2014. Through its eight Fundamental Pillars, the toolkit serves as a comprehensive checklist of where to get started and how to prioritize when undertaking Food safety reform process
    DOI: 10.1596/26411
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    Bulgaria Financial Sector Assessment Program : Nonperforming Loans Reduction Strategy (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Technical Note (TN) examines the current state of NPLs in Bulgaria and makes recommendations for a strategy to substantially reduce NPLs. These strategy recommendations were developed based on an assessment of the relevant regulatory and supervisory framework and bank practices, including relevant standards and practices for accounting treatments, early warning systems, NPL market development, and collateral valuation. The TN sets forth macroprudential approaches and other components of a sound strategy for NPL reduction, including improvements to loan loss provisioning, income recognition on NPLs, loan write-downs, early warning systems, collateral valuation, risk information for investors, and the NPL market. The NPL management process involves many stakeholders, and their mutual cooperation is important for success. The Bulgarian National Bank (BNB), in its capacity as bank supervisor and regulator and as macroprudential authority for banks, will be in the lead position on the implementation of key aspects of the NPL reduction strategy that can achieve progress in the near term. Broader policies to enhance NPL resolution entail other stakeholders, including the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) that would need to engage in the areas of insolvency and collateral enforcement regimes
    DOI: 10.1596/27535
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    Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment : Level 1 - Initial Screening (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Urbanization is simultaneously a major driver of development, wealth creation, and poverty reduction, as well as one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. The building regulatory capacity assessment provides an important contribution to help cities and project managers working with development agencies to implement this last priority by offering a new resource to assess building and land use regulatory systems, and facilitate the collection of critical information about the building regulatory framework in any given city or country. The building regulatory capacity assessment is comprised of the level 1 - initial screening, designed for government officials and project managers undertaking rapid preliminary assessments. It provides an opportunity to initiate conversations with clients and relevant parties on strategies for achieving relevant development objectives. Level 1 is complemented by a level 2 - detailed exploration, which provides a set of guidelines for team members and contractors who are tasked with gathering and analyzing data and information about the building regulatory capacity of the target country, region, or municipality. Overall, the assessment identifies critical gaps, it provides the necessary information to develop a baseline for formulating technical assistance to clients, as well as drawing findings that can be used to determine areas for improvement and investment. As part of the building regulation for resilience program supported by the global facility for disaster reduction and recovery, the authors hope that this assessment tool will offer an effective resource for interventions within a wide range of urban development initiatives in cities of low and middle-income countries
    DOI: 10.1596/27655
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    Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes, Accounting and Auditing : Revision of the Diagnostic Tool Summary Note - Annex. Questions No Longer Inlcuded in the Diagnostic Tool (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents the questions no longer included in the revised diagnostic tool
    DOI: 10.1596/26223
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    Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The main body of the report is organized in two chapters with three supporting annexes. Chapter one focuses on recent economic developments in the real, fiscal and banking sectors, while providing a near term outlook that highlights critical challenges facing the Palestinian economy. Chapter two provides input on a new vision for growth and job creation, with quantification of the potential gains. It contains critical messages for the GoI, the PA and the international donors on steps to create an environment conducive to the needed private sector investment. Annex one assesses the status of the World Bank recommendations to the AHLC meeting over the years, many of which relate to the constraints identified in chapter two. While there are developments, overall progress from the GoI and the PA has been minimal. Annex two provides an update on the disbursement of pledges made at the Cairo conference in October 2014 on reconstructing Gaza. Donor support by mid-July 2017, at 53 percent of Cairo conference pledges, had barely changed from the December 2016 position, and there are limited prospects of further contributions. Most of the gap can be attributed to the larger pledgers at the conference. Finally, annex three provides some methodological notes on the specifications of the CGE model and assumptions used to quantify the external and internal constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/28436
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    Connecting the Dots : Transport, Poverty, and Social Inclusion - Evidence from Armenia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: This report examines the impact of rural connectivity on poverty, access to basic services, and income in Armenia, a country which has found itself in a low-growth, low-investment nexus, with stalled poverty reduction. This study attempts to shed light on the linkages between transport and poverty in Armenia. The rest of the report is structured as follows: Section 1 explains the evolution of selected social, economic, and demographic indicators for Armenia during the analysis period; Section 2 lays out the conceptual framework for operationalizing shared prosperity and poverty in rural transport operations; Section 3 proposes a systematic but non-exhaustive collection of literature on rural road impact studies in low- and middle-income countries; Section 4 examines regional gaps in accessibility to markets and services which were computed with the use of the first geographic information system (GIS) based mapping platform of its kind in Armenia, and introduces the potential association between accessibility and poverty in Armenia; Section 5 characterizes key social and economic indicators in the project's immediate area of influence to then summarize household-level outcomes obtained from a comprehensive qualitative analysis and community-level findings resulting from a nighttime lights analysis; and Section 6 summarizes the lessons learnt and the directions for future research. The report concludes with policy implications from this research and directions for future analytical and operational work on transport and poverty in Armenia
    DOI: 10.1596/29751
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    Madagascar Economic Update, October 2017 : Coping with Shocks (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The World Bank is sharing the seventh edition of the Economic Update of Madagascar, which presents our analysis for the period up to the beginning of October 2017 and provides our medium-term economic outlook. Despite a challenging start due to two climatic shocks, we project growth at 4.1 percent in 2017, a continuation of the positive trend from last year. Key growth drivers in 2017 are expected to remain as services-related activities, construction works to partly support the reconstruction efforts from the natural disasters, and strong demand for Malagasy textiles from abroad. The severe drought in the first few months of the year affected agricultural activities and reduced hydroelectric power supply. Output for key staples such as rice fell, contributing to higher inflation and an increase in food imports. And in March 2017, Madagascar experienced its most severe cyclone in 13 years, where losses were estimated at USD 400 million, equivalent to approximately 4 percent of GDP
    DOI: 10.1596/28825
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    Peru Public Expenditure Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) was prepared at the request of Peru's Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF).The PER offers analysis, options for reform, and measures in selected areas and sectors to achieve efficiency gains and fiscal savings (where possible), while improving (at least not harming) equity. In the context of less favorable external environment, public finance is one of the critical issues that has come to the fore. The gradual fiscal consolidation process initiated offers a unique opportunity to carry out important fiscal and sectoral reforms. Preserve the hard-won gains of sound fiscal policy. This report consists of two parts; Part I focuses on the cross-cutting issues and challenges. The macro-fiscal chapter examines revenue and expenditure trends, provides a fiscal sustainability analysis and an assessment of contingent liabilities. It discusses relevant crosscutting fiscal issues, expenditure rigidities, revenue challenges, and areas to improve the multiannual macroeconomic framework (MMF). The public procurement chapter evaluates procurement practices applied by all government bodies in the budget. It uses the strategic sourcing methodology and data from Peru's procurement platform which for the purposes of this analysis has been merged with the budget accounting system (SEAF). It identifies significant fiscal savings and efficiency gains, many of which are relatively easy to achieve. Part II identifies areas for efficiency gains and potential fiscal savings in five selected sectors. These sectors include water and sanitation, health, education, citizen security, and transport. They account for a significant share of the budget and represent a substantial share of public service delivery. These chapters provide several approaches and perspectives in looking at technical and allocative efficiency. The PER identifies at least 1.4 percent of GDP in fiscal savings that arise from efficiency reforms and measures across the areas examined
    DOI: 10.1596/29705
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    Discrimination Against Sexual Minorities in Education and Housing : Evidence from Two Field Experiments in Serbia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people is widespread and LGBTI exclusion from economic markets, vital services and political spaces is entrenched. This is not just a personal problem, it is a development challenge; not only because discrimination is inherently unjust, but also because "there are substantial costs - social, political, and economic - to not addressing the exclusion of entire groups of people." Understanding the barriers LGBTI people face in accessing markets, services, and spaces is important for designing more inclusive policies and programs
    DOI: 10.1596/29750
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    South Asia Economic Focus, Fall 2017 : Growth Out of the Blue (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: South Asia Economic Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: For eight consecutive quarters South Asia was the fastest-growing region in the world but not anymore. Despite benign global conditions, regional growth has slowed down. This trend is the result of a deceleration in India, the region's powerhouse. Short-term disruptions related to the introduction of the landmark Goods and Services Tax can explain the steep decline observed in the last quarter, but the deceleration has been going on for more than one year. Over this period imports increased sharply while private investment declined. Behind these trends lies a combination of large public sector borrowing (especially by the states), relatively sticky interest rates despite decreasing inflation, and an increasingly stressed financial sector. While growth has slightly accelerated elsewhere in the region, concerns remain. Bangladesh has seen an increase in financial sector risks and in Pakistan macroeconomic discipline has weakened. At 6.7 percent, growth is projected to remain strong in South Asia in 2017, albeit slightly lower than forecast in June. The growth rate is expected to stabilize around 7 percent over the medium term. Consumption should remain strong and private investment should regain momentum thanks to ongoing support from infrastructure development and economic reforms. Measuring GDP is especially challenging in developing countries, where the informal sector is large and institutional constraints can be severe. As a result, GDP growth estimates are often met with skepticism. But new technologies offer an opportunity to improve matters. Luminosity observed from satellites has been shown to be a good proxy for economic activity, and methodologies have been developed in recent years to predict GDP over time and across space based on nightlight intensity. In South Asia's case, GDP predicted using these methodologies closely tracks National Accounts GDP at the aggregate level, and provides a granular picture of GDP at subnational levels. Nightlight intensity also yields new insights on recent economic developments
    DOI: 10.1596/28397
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    Ebbs and Flows : Analyzing Gender and Social Inclusion Issues in India's Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Cities in the developing world are witnessing unprecedented growth rates. It is expected that 70 percent of the global population will live in cities by 2050. In urban areas, as in rural areas, women and girls are often the primary users, providers, and managers of water in their household, and are the guardians of household hygiene and health. In spaces of urban poverty, such as slums, women and girls experience multiple deprivations that arise from insecurity of land tenure, informal access mechanisms, over- crowding, and the various stresses of urban life. The water supply and sanitation sector, is the juncture at which broader goals of poverty alleviation, social development, gender equality, and sustainable urban development converge. How issues of gender and urban poverty can be addressed comprehensively in the design and implementation of urban water supply and sanitation (UWSS) programs is not yet well understood. In order to address these gaps in knowledge, the World Bank commissioned a study to analyze UWSS issues among the urban poor through a gender and social exclusion lens. Using India, with its burgeoning population and growing number of urban poor, as the context, this study assesses how women, girls, and socially excluded groups are impacted by poor access to water supply and sanitation and how they can be engaged in the design and management of water supply and sanitation programs. It is expected that the findings from this study will inform Government of India's policies in this sector and assist in the design of future World Bank-supported UWSS projects
    DOI: 10.1596/28487
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    Comoros Public Expenditure and Fiscal Management Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of the Comoros public expenditure and fiscal management review is to assist the Government of Comoros in strengthening the basis for the management of its public expenditure program. The review takes stock of expenditure trends and the systems governing public spending, with an emphasis on strengthening fiscal sustainability, budget credibility and strengthening fiscal management in the electricity and service delivery sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/28609
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  • 63
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    The Potential Role of Enhanced Bond Structures in Forest Climate Finance (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report develops innovative bond structures that respond to challenges currently limiting the financing of forest-based NDC activities, with the intention to catalyze significant increases in financing flows. The report sets out a detailed shortlist of three potential enhanced bond structures, which have the potential to catalyze funding across the gamut of forest-based nationally determined contribution (NDC) activities. The focus is on bond structures that blend donor-funded performance-based payments (PBP) alongside some upfront grant funding to improve the financial performance of the use of proceeds for issuers, and hence enable larger-scale financing from capital markets
    DOI: 10.1596/28586
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    Philippines Economic Update, October 2017 : Preserving Consistency and Policy Commitment (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Philippines Economic ...
    DOI: 10.1596/28561
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  • 65
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    Egypt Policy Note on Public Land Acquisition and Institutional Reforms : Application of Eminent Domain Principles (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This reports on the cost of doing business in Egypt consistently identify delays in land acquisition as one of the impediments to setting up new businesses as well as attracting foreign direct investments. Despite the provisions of Law 10/1990 (hereafter referred to as Law 10), which lays out a legal framework for the expropriation of real estate for public-interest projects, these delays persist due to overlapping in national and sectoral policies and practices. This Policy note acknowledges the absence of a comprehensive land administration system in Egypt. It focuses instead on the challenges facing land acquisition for public interest projects and theshortcomings of Law 10. It summarizes key challenges based on the findings of key research productsfrom the technical assistance (TA) program offered by the World Bank to the Egyptian government concerning land acquisition and policy reform, including the diagnostic analysis report prepared in June 2016 and the report of the TA Committee Members' visit to India prepared in May 2016. The key challenges discussed in this policy note fall under two broad kinds: limitations in law, and policy coherence. To help develop a more coherent and transparent approach to land acquisition, this note also lays out recommendations and a road map. The Annex to this note highlights the broader issues of land administration, with a special focus on the weak institutionalization of deeds and title registration systems
    DOI: 10.1596/28537
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  • 66
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    Mexico Financial Sector Assessment (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This financial sector assessment (FSA) summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the 2016 FSAP update report for Mexico. Mexico's economic growth has been steady and inflation remained low despite a significant depreciation of the exchange rate in the last 18 months.The medium term outlook for the Mexican economy foresees stable growth and inflation. After several years of contained growth, commercial bank credit grew by 14 percent in 2015, albeit from a very low base.Nonfinancial sector balance sheets show little sign of stress.Key risks to the macroeconomic outlook are mostly external in nature and stem from the close connection to US markets, the dependency on oil revenues, and potential resurgence of market volatility. A comprehensive financial reform was approved in November 2013 with the objective of increasing the financial sector's contribution to economic growth. The financial reform encompassed revisions to the banking law and other legislation to encourage credit expansion. This entailed a more active role of development banks in extending credit and measures to ensure that private financial institutions would channel credit to productive activities
    DOI: 10.1596/28536
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  • 67
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    Tech Start-up Ecosystem in Beirut : Findings and Recommendations (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Technology is one of the main drivers of productivity and economic growth. Developing countries have traditionally had difficulties in both developing technology and absorbing foreign technology. However, the recent emergence of tech startups present an opportunity. Tech start-ups are an effective a mechanism to both create local technology and absorb foreign technology. The objective of this report is to provide a better understanding of the status of Beirut's start-up ecosystem and provide policy recommendations for policy makers and other stakeholders who are interested in supporting the growth and sustainability of the ecosystem. The report is based on an in-depth survey of startups and supportive stakeholders of the ecosystem. The findings point out to an early-to middle stage start-up ecosystem that has passed its nascent growth phase but is still far from maturity. Skills, supportive infrastructure, finance pipeline, and community and networks are examined and gaps are identified. Policy recommendations to tackle these gaps are presented based on international practices
    DOI: 10.1596/28458
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  • 68
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    Somali Poverty Profile 2016 : Findings from Wave 1 of the Somali High Frequency Survey (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Somalia is emerging from 25 years of political instability and economic difficulty but hard data islacking for evidence-based planning. The civil war and ongoing conflict that started in 1991 fragmented the country, undermined political institutions, and created widespread vulnerability. The conflict has eroded the statistical infrastructure and capacity, leaving policy makers and donors to operate in a statistical vacuum due to the lack of reliable data. In the absence of representative household surveys not much was known about poverty. The lack of information poses a threat to the design and implementation of policies and programs needed to support economic resilience and development as well as assistance in the event of shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/28470
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  • 69
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    South Africa Economic Update, September 2017 : Innovation for Productivity and Inclusiveness (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This 10th South Africa Economic Update offers a review of the country's recent economic and social developments and outlook in the context of global economic prospects. It focuses on the role of innovation in fostering economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction in an environment in which more South Africans are getting poorer. Main conclusions emerging from this analysis suggest that policies to spur innovation can go a long way in addressing unemployment, poverty and inequality in South Africa. It is our hope that South Africa will continue, and possibly expand, using the World Bank vast body of knowledge, global experience and its convening power as a platform for exchange and peer-to-peer learning in the identification of pragmatic solutions to reach the country's National Development Plan's goals
    DOI: 10.1596/28439
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  • 70
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    Nepal Development Update, September 2017 : Fiscal Architecture for Federal Nepal (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Global growth is picking up and the growth in the South Asia region continues to remain strong. A recovery in industrial activity has coincided with a pickup in global trade, after two years of marked weakness. Growth in South Asia remains strong, with regional output projected to grow by 6.8 percent in 2017 and an average of 7.2 percent in 2018-19. Economic activity in Nepal, which rebounded strongly in FY2017, reaching 7.5 percent (year-over-year [y/y]) following two challenging years, has again been impacted by severe flood affecting more than one-third of the country. High inflation in the last two years induced by disruptions moderated sharply by early 2017 and further slowed, reaching decade-low inflation by the end of FY2017, due to moderating inflation in India
    DOI: 10.1596/28338
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    Coding Bootcamps : Building Future-Proof Skills through Rapid Skills Training (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Knowledge Economy Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report studies coding bootcamps. A new kind of rapid skills training program for the digital age. Coding bootcamps are typically short-term (three to six months), intensive and applied training courses provided by a third party that crowdsources the demand for low-skills tech talent. Coding bootcamps aim at low-entry level tech employability (for example, junior developer), providing a new tool for entry into the new world of digital jobs. This report studies the characteristics, methodologies, business models and impact of five coding bootcamps operating directly or through partners in developing countries. High employability and employment rates in low-entry tech positions (for example, junior developer, freelancer, and so on) reported by coding bootcamps suggest an untapped potential of this form of rapid tech skills training. From the case studies, there are two factors that seem to exert a major influence over employment outcomes: 1. selection criteria, and 2. extent of links with the local tech ecosystem. However, there is also criticism around bootcamp programs, which have been grounded in three key arguments: quality of programming skills, employability, and "short termism." Early evidence, which is based on a limited number of sources and mostly based on the data from bootcamp providers themselves, calls for additional, more representative, and holistic research
    DOI: 10.1596/28218
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    Ukraine Public Finance Review (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Despite bold efforts to consolidate public finances, Ukraine's growth potential remains undermined by a large public sector, high public debt levels and inefficient provision of critical public services. The Ukraine government faces new public spending pressures which, if realized, would reverse recent fiscal consolidation gains. In this context, the objective of this Public Finance Review (PFR) is to inform the government of Ukraine about fiscal reform options to restore sustainability of public finances while improving critical public services and improving medium-term growth prospects. The PFR offers reform options for a gradual and sustainable fiscal deficit reduction and mitigation of risks to debt sustainability through broadening the tax base, improved tax administration, and more efficient public spending. Chapter 1 provides an overview of Ukraine's fiscal situation and key pressures to fiscal sustainability. Chapter 2 focuses on options to broaden the tax base and improve tax administration following the recent tax reform measures. Although Ukraine already collects a high share of Gross domestic product as taxes, it can improve tax compliance, broaden the tax base, and reduce the tax burden. Improving tax administration and broadening the tax base are critical to improve fiscal sustainability in the short term and to create a foundation for sustainable economic growth in the medium term. Chapter 3 focuses on options to improve the fiscal sustainability of the pensions system, which is the largest public finance expenditure item and a source of fiscal vulnerability on the expenditure side. Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 look at opportunities for delivering public services, specifically, education, health, social assistance and decentralization, that are more efficient, equitable and higher quality. Reforms in these areas are anchors of Ukraine's long-term fiscal sustainability and core elements of the strategy to reduce the fiscal deficit. Analyses of expenditures in this review are structured according to functions rather than economic categories
    DOI: 10.1596/28301
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    Republic of Armenia : Reducing Poverty and Improving Shared Prosperity through Better Jobs, Skills, and Education (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This education report is a compliment to the 2017 World Bank led Armenia Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD), which focuses on how to improve shared prosperity and reduce poverty in Armenia. This report collates information from recent education studies addressing issues with skills development and gender and spatial differences in educational level and quality. Concurrently, this study will try to link key macroeconomic and demographic issues to issues related to the education sector. Thus, this study will provide an overview of the external and internal issues related to improving education and be central with regards to the direction set out in the SCD linking these to poverty and shared prosperity. This study is organized into four main sections intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of Armenia's education landscape. It will begin with an overview of Armenia's current social and economic context and the factors that have contributed to it. Next, it will dive deeper into the relationship between education and the economy and unique spatial aspects associated with income and education inequalities. It will then assess the key challenges within the education system that are contributing to Armenia's current state of affairs. Finally, the study will present policy recommendations based on the information analyzed. In doing so, the aim will be to equip the Republic of Armenia with a strong set of evidence-based education policies and strategies that will promote broad-based prosperity and poverty reduction and move Armenia forward in the next stage of development
    DOI: 10.1596/28328
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    Guide to Promote the Participation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Public Procurement Market in Montenegro (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Procurement Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The sector of small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter SMEs) represent an increasingly important segment of Montenegrin economy and have been key drivers of its economic growth and employment for the past several years. With foreign direct investment, this sector could be an important lever of economic development and the main creator of new jobs in the future. In order to survive and develop in the market, these enterprises have to constantly build new competitive benefits. The same can be built within the enterprises themselves through their strengthening and development, but also through mutual cooperation and linking. Because SMEs have an important role in the economic development of each country, it is necessary to encourage and facilitate their participation in public procurement procedures. Taking into account the fact that procurements merge at all levels (national and local), special attention should be paid to get SMEs more closely involved in the procurement procedures with contracting authorities, subject to the application of the LPP. Montenegro has recognized in its agenda through the strategy for the development of the public procurement system for the period 2016-2020 the necessity of active relationship between the state and local self-government on the development and encouragement of SMEs. Based on research carried out in direct communication with the representatives of these entities and their associations, with the aim to assess the readiness of SMEs to adapt to future activities in the field of public procurement, it is evident that they are planning new investments and expansion of business. They are ready to invest in human resources, technical, technological and other facilities necessary for successful business, in order to be competitive in the market. To that end, they expect more support from the state of Montenegro and the local community. In accordance with the orientation and expectations of SMEs this guide is intended to encourage the participation of SMEs at all levels in the area of public procurement
    DOI: 10.1596/28314
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    Afghanistan Unlocking the Potential of Horticulture : Discussion Note and Input to Agribusiness Jobs Charter (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Afghanistan possesses a rich horticultural history, with a number of unique products, such as dried fruit, that are still renowned in various parts of the world. The period of conflict that has plagued Afghanistan for the past 40 years has, however, severely disrupted supply chains and markets for horticultural products and, in particular, hindered the ability of traders and producers to export products to high-value markets. The following sections provide an overview of the horticultural sector in Afghanistan and its various components. Section 1.1 describes the history and economic importance of horticulture in Afghanistan; section 1.2 describes the endowments and infrastructure that support the production and trade of horticultural crops in Afghanistan; section 1.3 presents an overview of the nature of horticultural inputs in Afghanistan and details methods for producing horticultural crops; section 1.4 describes the structure of post-harvest activities; section 1.5 reviews the processing and marketing of horticultural products in Afghanistan; section 1.6 presents and overview of the recent performance of the horticulture sector in Afghanistan; and section 1.7 describes recent and current policies and programs focusing on the horticulture sector in Afghanistan. The report is organized as follows: chapter one summarizes the recent literature on the horticulture sector; chapter two presents the results of the Survey undertaken for this report; and chapter three lists recommendations and next steps
    DOI: 10.1596/28326
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    WASH Poor in a Water-Rich Country : A Diagnostic of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is among the five poorest countries in the world, whether measured by poverty rate or number of poor. Political instability and rapid demographic growth "the second highest in Africa" have driven an increase in the total number of poor that puts extreme pressure on the country's derelict infrastructure. Access to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is low, with particularly dramatic shortfalls among the poorest and rural dwellers, but a pervasive lack of truly safe services even among wealthier and urban households. Water contamination is common even among households with access to piped water in major urban areas, and nearly universal in the rural areas surveyed by this diagnostic. This contamination is making WASH a key contributing factor to a silent emergency that is placing DRC's poor and rapidly growing population at risk of permanent disconnect: widespread malnutrition. Malnutrition is especially common among DRC's children (43 percent in 2014) and has been shown to have irreversible negative effects on physical and cognitive development. This diagnostic analyses these trends and links them to institutional weaknesses in the WASH sector, in particular institutional fragmentation, weak capacity, and a bias toward specific institutions and services. Opportunities for improvement are analyzed and condensed into six clear messages that provide guidance on the way forward for the WASH sector in the DRC
    DOI: 10.1596/27320
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    Do Labor Markets Limit the Inclusiveness of Growth in the Dominican Republic? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The strong economic growth enjoyed by the Dominican Republic following its 2003 domestic crisis was not matched by similarly substantial progress in poverty reduction. While labor productivity grew by an estimated 39 percent between 2000 and 2013, real wages fell with the crisis in 2003/04, and, in 2013, remained below their pre-crisis level. This report presents an assessment of factors related to the functioning of the labor markets that constrained more inclusive growth in the Dominican Republic. It explores several hypotheses related to labor supply factors, job creation, and global trends in returns to labor, as well as issues with statistical measurements that contribute to explain the weak relationship observed between growth and poverty reduction. The analysis finds that growth appears to have been driven by productivity increases rather than by increases in labor inputs. At the same time, low-skilled workers became increasingly concentrated in low-quality jobs and in sectors that saw low productivity growth, a trend enhanced by the loss of manufacturing jobs since 2000. Low rates of labor force participation, particularly among the poor, further limited the ability of households to benefit from growth
    DOI: 10.1596/27681
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    Looking for Skills in the Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents new insights on the availability and demand for skills, drawing on two innovative surveys: a household level survey to measure the supply of skills in the adult population, and an employer survey to measure demand for skills. The key message coming from these two surveys is that there is indeed a significant skills gap in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and that closing this gap will be beneficial to workers, firms, and the economy. Skills development systems in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are not equitable, and especially those of non-Macedonian ethnicity lack access to skills development and higher skilled jobs. Access to education still differs significantly across ethnic groups, and the gap does not appear to fall over time. Some more vulnerable groups in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia consequently accumulate fewer skills - even elementary skills such as basic literacy - and have less access to skilled jobs. The skills development system of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia will be strengthened by stronger coordination and collaboration between these different actors. Tax exemptions and other forms of financial incentives could be used to encourage firms to train their work force. However, policy could also focus on connecting employers and educational institutions better, by establishing coordination mechanisms and supporting industrial associations. As part of this agenda, it would be useful to explore ways of introducing apprentice- and internships systems, that expose students with the world of work and increases the practical content of training, while lowering the cost to firms. Efforts to establish labor market information systems in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, that could help students, workers, employers and educational systems exchange relevant and timely information, are ongoing. A more comprehensive system for monitoring and evaluation would help policy makers identify bottlenecks and quality problems
    DOI: 10.1596/27745
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    Firm Dynamics and Job Creation in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Good jobs are in short supply in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Sustainable, better employment opportunities must come from higher labor demand from a dynamic and internationally competitive private sector, the result of an advanced economic transition from a state controlled to a market led economy. This note focuses on job creation from the perspective of enterprise sector dynamics in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The purpose is to understand, better, the dynamics of job creation, where and how firms and jobs are created, and the most important constraints to job creation from the firm perspective. Drawing on several sources of data, including firm registry, data on entrepreneurship, labor force surveys, and policy indicators, the note contributes to the job diagnostics necessary to devise relevant policy to increase job opportunities in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and is intended to provide guidance to researchers and policymakers in other countries wishing to understand better the role of the private sector in employment. Despite some significant business climate reforms, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has not seen private sector dynamics or 'entrepreneurship' improve sufficiently. In sum, the transition of workers and jobs from low productivity sectors to higher productivity sectors has stalled in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Prior to the economic crisis, countries which had advanced more in the transition process saw higher productivity growth than the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, more inflows of workers into the services sector, and substantive net job creation. In the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, in contrast, labor reallocation is still incomplete. One fifth of the population remains in low productivity agriculture and one third is informally employed. Between 2007 and 2011 the formal private sector created only 12 percent of all new jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/27744
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    India Development Update, May 2017 : Unlocking Women's Potential (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: India has among the lowest female labor force participation rates (LFPRs) in the world. In particular, low female LFPR is a drag on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and an obstacle towards reaching a higher growth path. Women are also an untapped source of managerial and entrepreneurial skills. By excluding women, the pool of such talent becomes shallower and growth suffers. If the overall lack of jobs, especially regular salaried jobs, plays a large role in India's female LFPR, only a combination of gender-targeted and broader policies towards formal job creation can sustainably raise female LFPR and accelerate India's GDP growth and broader social development. Policies that promote job creation in women-friendly sectors such as apparel, or that help fast-growing modern service sectors absorb more educated women workers would be particularly helpful
    DOI: 10.1596/27545
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Federative Republic of Brazil for the Period FY18-FY23 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The country partnership framework (CPF) for Brazil covers the six-year period from FY18 to FY23.1 The CPF is aligned with the objectives of the country's development strategy as outlined in the Brazil growth strategy presented by the authorities and is rooted in the findings and recommendations of the World Bank Group (WBG) systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Brazil, which contains an analysis of key constraints for inclusive and sustainable growth. The CPF supports the country in making further progress on the WBG twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity through a program that focuses on creating the conditions for faster job growth. The CPF reflects the priorities of the Brazilian authorities and the resources and capacity of the WBG to deliver against these priorities. The CPF is built around three focus areas: (i) fiscal consolidation and government effectiveness; (ii) private sector investment and productivity; and (iii) equitable and sustainable development. The CPF continues the strong focus on improved service delivery that was at the center of the previous strategy, including through the implementation of the large existing portfolio, but with a growing emphasis on new management models that promise to increase the efficiency and efficacy of the public sector in addition to safeguarding access for the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/27564
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  • 82
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    Country Partnership Framework for Republic of Guinea Bissau for the Period FY18-FY21 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This World Bank Group (WBG) Guinea-Bissau country partnership framework (CPF) will be the first full country strategy since 1997. The development of the CPF has benefited from the findings of the 2016 systematic country diagnostic (SCD) and the 2015 fragility assessment, and addresses the main lessons learned from the completion and learning review (CLR) at annex 2. It also reflects feedback from consultations with the government, private sector, civil society, and development partners. This CPF supports the national development plan, Terra Ranka (fresh start), which was developed by the government elected in 2014. The CPF presents a selective and flexible WBG program. The focus areas of the CPF program will be on increased access to quality basic services and expanded economic opportunities and enhanced resilience to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/27567
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  • 83
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    Country Partnership Framework for Ukraine for the Period FY17-21 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Ukraine covers the 5 years from FY17 to FY21. The CPF is aligned with the objectives of the country's development strategy as outlined in the Government Program and Action Plan adopted in April 2017 and is based on the findings and recommendations of the World Bank Group (WBG) Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Ukraine. The objective of the WBG CPF in Ukraine during FY17-FY21 is to promote sustained and inclusive economic recovery after nearly a decade of stagnation and two years of economic crisis. The focus areas of the CPF broadly parallel the pathways identified in the SCD, but are further prioritized. The engagement will be highly selective and based on the intersection of the Government's development agenda, the development challenges and approaches outlined in the SCD, and the comparative advantage and capacity of WBG to deliver. The resulting CPF focus areas are : (i) Better Governance, Anticorruption, and Citizen Engagement; (ii) Making Markets Work; (iii) Fiscal and Financial Sustainability; and (iv) Efficient, Effective, and Inclusive Service Delivery
    DOI: 10.1596/27563
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  • 84
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    Country Partnership Framework for Mauritius for the Period of FY17-FY21 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Mauritius covers FY17-21. The previous Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) was originally intended to cover FY07-13 but was extended through FY15 at the time of the CPS Progress Report. The CPF is informed by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) that was circulated to the Board in July 2015. Elections in December 2014 led to the formation of a new Government and this CPF is aligned strategically with the Government Programme 2015-2019, Achieving Meaningful Change, that was presented to Parliament on January 27, 2015. The CPF seeks to maximize over a five-year period the comparative advantages of the World Bank Group (WBG), through packages of innovative public and private financing options based on cutting edge global knowledge and experience. The CPS provided strategic support around the Government of Mauritius' (GoM) four pillars of reform : (i) fiscal consolidation and improving public sector efficiency; (ii) improving trade competitiveness; (iii) improving the business climate; and (iv) democratizing the economy through participation, inclusion and sustainability. The report evaluates the achievements of CPS program outcomes as laid out in the results matrix; assesses the WBG's performance in designing and implementing the CPS program, and draws lessons for the preparation of the forthcoming Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPS pillars were relevant and well aligned in addressing Government priorities and country needs. Flexibility in the design of the strategy facilitated rapid response to changing needs and the Bank was able to respond promptly and effectively to unexpected events such as the triple trade shocks, global financial crisis and political transition
    DOI: 10.1596/27566
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  • 85
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    The Republic of Seychelles Systematic Country Diagnostic (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Seychelles Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) aims to identify the most pressing constraints to inclusive, sustained growth in Seychelles, based on a comprehensive search for, and analysis of, evidence. The SCD is presented using a slide deck which lays out the analysis and results. This document provides a brief overview of the approach taken, and sets the stage for the SCD. It also provides additional information: six selected supplementary topical notes, and annexes (data diagnostic, summary of consultations, and sources). The framework adopted by the SCD takes as its starting point that Seychelles is a successful, high-income, small island state. The country now seeks to secure the sustainability of its development progress to date, to accelerate this progress, and to address a high level of public concern being reflected in political discourse over disparities in incomes and opportunities. The SCD examines Seychelles' economic growth characteristics, the characteristics of poverty and income distribution (inclusion), and the risks to environmental, social and macroeconomic sustainability. The approach is systematic in that it attempts to be as comprehensive as possible, within the constraints of the available data, by harnessing the existing evidence and conducting new analysis where feasible, informed by consultations. Finally, the SCD sorts the 13 constraints identified into five top priorities, five additional priorities, and a further three areas which should be considered for priority action, subject to confirmation from additional analysis ('likely priorities'). This prioritization was based on an assessment of how important each constraint was, directly, to meeting the relevant challenge, indirectly, through its potential impact in helping to loosen other constraints (complementarity), the strength of the evidence base on the importance of the constraint, and, finally, the attainability of addressing the constraint (reflecting factors such as cost, technical difficulty and timeframe)
    DOI: 10.1596/27559
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  • 86
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    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, May 2017 : Trade in Transition in Europe and Central Asia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Trade played a pivotal role during the transition of many. countries in Europe and Central Asia to market economies. It forced a more efficient use of resourced and supported adoption of new technologies. Going forward, trade will again be crucial as countries adjust to new specialization patterns in the world. The adjustment requires not merely tweaking of trade policies, but rather a rethinking of how labor markets and capital markets are organized
    DOI: 10.1596/26497
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  • 87
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    Zimbabwe Economic Update, June 2017 : The State in the Economy (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Zimbabwe's economy grew by 0.7 percent in 2016 despite the combined effect of the El Nino drought and domestic financial turmoil. The drought reduced agricultural output and increased food prices towards the end of the year, despite the government's efforts to boost production and stabilize prices. The public provision of agricultural inputs, the creation of food-for-work programs, and the establishment of price supports for staple foods accentuated the government's expansionary fiscal-policy stance. Meanwhile, the government also increased spending on a cash basis to clear domestic arrears. The authorities financed much of the widening fiscal deficit by issuing Treasury bills purchased by commercial banks and a US
    DOI: 10.1596/27474
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  • 88
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    Myanmar Report on Observance of Standards and Codes : Accounting and Auditing Module (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Since launching fundamental political and economic reforms in 2011, Myanmar has been undergoing a major transformation aimed at increasing openness, empowerment and inclusion. The economic transition has witnessed an acceleration in growth, buoyed by improved macroeconomic management, increased gas production and exports, and stronger performance in the non-gas sectors as the economy opened up. Medium-term economic growth is projected to average 7.1 percent per year. The new Government's economic objectives envisage Myanmar's economy becoming more competitive and with the ability to attract increased foreign direct investment. The objectives include the development of an integrated capital market and a modern financial sector. A fundamental foundation for any market-based economy is high quality financial reporting and auditing practices. This plays a vital role in promoting improved transparency and accountability thereby ensuring a level playing field and promoting investor confidence. The Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) are a joint World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) initiative that helps member countries strengthen their financial systems by improving compliance with internationally recognized standards and codes. The ROSC was developed in the wake of the financial crisis of the late 1990s as part of a series of measures to strengthen the international financial architecture. The global financial community believed the implementation of internationally recognized standards and codes will provide a framework to strengthen domestic institutions, identify potential vulnerabilities, and improve transparency
    DOI: 10.1596/27144
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  • 89
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    The Republic of Chile Systematic Country Diagnostic : Transitioning to a Prosperous Society (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Three key characteristics help shed light on Chile's development performance. First, strong institutions and sound macroeconomic policies have contributed to long-term economic growth. Second, market-oriented policies have boosted growth through productivity-enhancing reforms and helped improve the design of public services and social policy. Third, as the world's biggest copper producer and exporter, Chile is characterized by commodity dependence. These characteristics have helped the government achieve an average annual growth rate of almost 5 percent over the last 30 years, while reducing the poverty rate to less than 8 percent. Chile's middle class is one of the largest in Latin America; yet, inequality remains substantial. Economic development has led to a steep increase in life expectancy and a decline in fertility rates. Indeed, though relatively less than other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Chile is advanced in the demographic transition, which pose important challenges to economic growth and labor productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/27150
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  • 90
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    Drug-Resistant Infections : A Threat to Our Economic Future (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report examines the economic and development consequences of antimicrobial resistance(AMR)-the capacity that disease-causing microorganisms acquire to resist the drugs we've createdto fight them. The report uses World Bank Group economic simulation tools to put a price tag onAMR's destructive impacts on the global economy from 2017 through 2050, if adequate measuresaren't taken to contain the AMR threat. The report highlights actions low- and middle-income countries and their development partners can take to counter AMR, and estimates the investment required. It shows that putting resources into AMR containment now is one of the highest-yield investments countries can make. Antimicrobials are drugs that destroy disease-causing microbes, also called pathogens, such as certain bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The most familiar and important antimicrobials are antibiotics, which treat bacterial infections. Other antimicrobials combat viral and parasitic diseases, such as AIDS and malaria. Since their use began some 70 years ago, antimicrobials have saved hundreds of millions of lives
    DOI: 10.1596/26707
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  • 91
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    Turning the Tide in Turbulent Times : Leveraging Trade for Kazakhstan's Development (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Kazakhstan is facing its greatest economic challenge since the global crisis. With oil prices at US
    DOI: 10.1596/26673
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  • 92
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    Sanitation and Water for All : Priority Actions for Sector Financing (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The global commitment to bring universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation by 2030 set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) poses an unprecedented challenge. Strong political leadership will be required to bring about sector-wide changes in governance and building technical and administrative capacity at scale. This will pave the way for building, operating, and maintaining cost-effective infrastructure to supply improved and sustained services. The current model of sector finance is insufficient for reaching thee goals. Four interlinked priority actions should be taken to tackle this challenge: (1) make more efficient use of existing resources; (2) use public funds in a more targeted manner; (3) attract domestic commercial finance; and (4) focus on de-risking the sector. Through these steps, countries will be able to leverage each dollar of public funds to crowd in commercial finance, which will have significant and long-term benefits for the sector. Countries should aim to slowly and incrementally introduce commercial finance to the sector, and can ease the transition through a range of available tools
    DOI: 10.1596/26385
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  • 93
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    Securing Irrigation in Rainfed Areas : Strategies and Experiences of the West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Project (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank supported West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Project assumes a centre stage position in the current context of bringing water to every farm (Har Khet ko Pani) under the recently launched Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMSKY). With an objective to "enhance agricultural production of small and marginal farmers of the project area in West Bengal through development of minor irrigation infrastructure and agriculture support system", the Project was launched in 2012, partnering the Department of Water Resources Investigation and Development, Government of West Bengal. To achieve its outcomes, the Project focuses on strengthening community-based organizations, especially water users' association with a strong focus on gender aspects, irrigation systems development and improvement, agriculture, horticulture and fisheries development
    DOI: 10.1596/26404
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  • 94
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    Operationalizing a Multi-Sectoral Approach for the Reduction of Stunting in Indonesia : An Application Using the 2007 and 2013 Riskesdas (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Stunting is a widespread and persistent condition in Indonesia with more than one-third of young children being stunted. The national stunting rate for under five-year-olds increased slightly from 3.8 percent in 2007 to 37.2 percent in 2013, based on official stunting rates reported by the Ministry of Health of the Government of Indonesia. During the same time period, the percentage of population in poverty reduced from 16. Percent to 11.4 percent (World Bank), suggesting that the increased purchasing power did not translate to better nutritional outcomes for children
    DOI: 10.1596/26409
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  • 95
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    Philippines Economic Update, April 2017 (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Philippine economy remained resilient to global headwinds in 2016. While a slower-than-expected global recovery weakened net exports, surging domestic demands pushed the annual GDP growth rate to 6.8 percent, year-on-year. Investment drove economy-wide growth for the first time since 2013, as the government's expansionary fiscal-policy stance helped capital formation to expand by 20.8 percent year-on-year led by the construction sector. Consumption growth remained strong at a rate of 6.9 percent year-on-year, as accommodative monetary policies kept interest rates low, supporting a double-digit expansion in consumer lending. Meanwhile, low inflation at 1.8 percent boosted households' purchasing power, while a steady increase in remittance inflows accelerated the growth of household consumption. Overall, 2016 saw a marked rise in consumer confidence, reflecting a healthy job market and effective social protection programs
    DOI: 10.1596/26399
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  • 96
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    Impact of the Libya Crisis on the Tunisian Economy (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This study assesses the main spillover effects of the Libyan crisis on the Tunisian economy and estimates the crisis' overall social welfare and fiscal impacts on Tunisia. The authors consider four main effects on Tunisia: (i) the increased presence of Libyans in Tunisia (both short- and long-term), and the return of Tunisian workers from Libya; (ii) the level and dynamics of illicit informal trade and informal cash flows between the two countries; (iii) the deterioration of civil security in the region and its effects on private investment and tourism; and (iv) the increase in the Tunisian government's security spending. The chapter is organized as follows. Section one describes the objectives of the investigation and methodology. Section two estimates the number of Libyans living in Tunisia (temporary and permanent) and their demographic characteristics. Section three analyzes the living conditions of Libyan households in Tunisia and provides an estimate of their poverty level. Section four analyzes the shocks to Libyan households, and those households' adaptations and resilience in response to shocks. Section five discusses the migratory decisions of Libyan households, in particular their preference to either return to Libya or remain permanently in Tunisia
    DOI: 10.1596/26407
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  • 97
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    The Costs of Irrigation Inefficiency in Tajikistan (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Aral Sea Basin consists of the drainage area of two major rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. The rivers originate in the Tien Shan Mountains and the Pamirs, and run through Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. An estimated 116 k
    DOI: 10.1596/26031
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  • 98
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    Uganda Economic Update, January 2017 : Step by Step - Let's Solve the Finance Puzzle to Accelerate Growth and Shared Prosperity (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The negative GDP growth r ...
    DOI: 10.1596/26038
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  • 99
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    Financial Sector Assessment : Morocco (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: A joint International Monetary Fund (IMF)-World Bank mission visited Rabat and Casablanca in 2015, to assess the soundness and resilience of the banking system, the state of play in financial inclusion and infrastructure, the oversight frameworks for banking, capital markets and financial market infrastructures, crisis preparedness, and update the findings of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) conducted in 2007. This report summarizes the main findings of the mission, identifies key financial sector vulnerabilities, and provides policy recommendations. This report should be read in conjunction with the Financial Sector Stability Assessment of the IMF available at https://www.imf.org/external/country/mar/index.htm
    DOI: 10.1596/26016
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  • 100
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, January 2017 : Sustaining Reform Momentum (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: 2017 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: This Indonesia Economic Quarterly (IEQ) reports on the key developments over the past three months in Indonesia's economy as on January 2017. The return of global policy uncertainty and financial market volatility represent risks to Indonesia's growth outlook. However, Indonesia's recent economic performance and policy reforms can help weather these risks. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth eased in third quarter as government consumption fell. The current account deficit narrowed and direct investment was strong in third quarter. Domestic financial conditions remain robust despite recent global headwinds. Fiscal policy credibility was enhanced through expenditure cuts in 2016 and more realistic revenue targets in the approved 2017 Budget. Baseline projections for real GDP growth remain at 5.1 percent for 2016 and 5.3 percent in 2017. Improving the quality of public spending is critical for Indonesia to achieve its development goals in the short to medium term. Student-centered teaching practices result in better student learning outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/25970
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