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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (15)
  • Squicciarini, Mariagrazia  (15)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (15)
  • Science and Technology  (15)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identifying artificial intelligence actors using online data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper uses information collected and provided by GlassAI to analyse the characteristics and activities of companies and universities in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States that mention keywords related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) on their websites. The analysis finds that those companies tend to be young and small, mainly operate in the information and communication sector, have AI at the core of their business, and aim to provide customer solutions. It is noteworthy that the types of AI-related activities reported by them vary across sectors. Additionally, although universities are concentrated in and around large cities, this is not necessarily reflected in the intensity of AI-related activities. Taken together, this novel and timely evidence informs the debate on the most recent stages of digital transformation of the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f5307e7-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labour-saving technologies and employment levels : Are robots really making workers redundant? (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.124
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper exploits natural language processing techniques to detect explicit labour-saving goals in inventive efforts in robotics and assess their relevance for different occupational profiles and the impact on employment levels. The analysis relies on patents published by the European Patent Office between 1978 and 2019 and firm-level data from ORBIS® IP. It investigates innovative actors engaged in labour-saving technologies and their economic environment (identity, location, industry), and identifies technological fields and associated occupations which are particularly exposed to them. Labour-saving patents are concentrated in Japan, the United States, and Italy, and seem to affect low-skilled and blue-collar jobs, along with highly cognitive and specialised professions. A preliminary analysis does not find an appreciable negative effect on employment shares in OECD countries over the past decade, but further research to econometrically investigate the relationship between labour-saving technological developments and employment would be helpful.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ce86ca5-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identifying and characterising AI adopters : A novel approach based on big data (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2022/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This work employs a novel approach to identify and characterise firms adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI), using different sources of large microdata. Focusing on the United Kingdom, the analysis combines data on Intellectual Property Rights, website information, online job postings, and firm-level financials for the first time. It shows that a significant share of AI adopters is active in Information and Communication Technologies and professional services, and is located in the South of the United Kingdom, particularly around London. Adopters tend to be highly productive and larger than other firms, while young adopters tend to hire AI workers more intensively. Human capital appears to play an important role, not only for AI adoption but also for firms’ productivity returns. Significant differences in the characteristics of AI adopters emerge when distinguishing between firms carrying out AI innovation, those with an AI core business, and those searching for AI talent.
    DOI: 10.1787/154981d7-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The role of innovation and human capital for the productivity of industries (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.103
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the relationship between innovation, human capital endowment and upgrading, organisational capital (OC) and labour productivity. In addition to assessing correlations, it uses a Heckman selection model to address causal links and to account for the ways in which skills and investment in R&D affect the probability of innovating. The analysis finds that innovative output, the proportion of OC-related workers, investment in training (especially in informal training) and physical capital intensity are positively and significantly related to productivity. In most estimates ICT skills, cognitive skills and the presence of highly skilled workers in an industry also emerge as having a significant and positive relationship with productivity. ICT skills further appear to indirectly shape productivity, through a positive relationship with innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/197c6ae9-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Burning Glass Technologies’ data use in policy-relevant analysis : An occupation-level assessment (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2021/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This work proposes an analysis of the statistical properties and distributional characteristics of Burning Glass Technologies’ (BGT) data on online job openings from platforms and companies, at the occupation level. BGT data are compared to official data on employment by occupation to assess their occupation-specific representativeness. This work further proposes weighting schemes aimed at making BGT-based analysis fully representative at the occupation and country levels, where appropriate. The analysis encompasses six economies – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States – for the period 2010-19. Overall, it finds that BGT data exhibit good statistical properties and are a useful source of timely information about labour market demand, especially for high-skill occupations and recruitment processes that are more likely to happen online.
    DOI: 10.1787/cd75c3e7-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Demand for AI skills in jobs : Evidence from online job postings (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2021/03
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report presents new evidence about occupations requiring artificial intelligence (AI)-related competencies, based on online job posting data and previous work on identifying and measuring developments in AI. It finds that the total number of AI-related jobs increased over time in the four countries considered – Canada, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States – and that a growing number of jobs require multiple AI-related skills. Skills related to communication, problem solving, creativity and teamwork gained relative importance over time, as did complementary software-related and AI-specific competencies. As expected, many AI-related jobs are posted in categories such as “professionals” and “technicians and associated professionals”, though AI-related skills are in demand, to varying degrees, across almost all sectors of the economy. In all countries considered, the sectors “Information and Communication”, “Financial and Insurance Activities” and “Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities” are the most AI job-intensive.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ed32d94-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Management, skills and productivity (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.101
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper studies how industries’ investment in organisational capital (OC) and workforce skills relate to productivity, building on OECD estimates of OC, output data from the OECD Structural Analysis (STAN) database, and both cognitive and task-based skill indicators from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The paper finds that at the industry level, workers’ numeracy and endowment of skills related to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) correlate positively with productivity, and that the positive correlation of STEM skills with productivity is generally larger for OC workers. The paper also finds evidence that skills dispersion harms industry performance. A gap between the ICT skills of OC and non-OC workers seems to trigger a “lost in translation” type of mechanism, whereby communication and information flows become less fluid and impinge upon the economic performance of sectors, correlating negatively with productivity.
    DOI: 10.1787/007f399e-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Artificial intelligence companies, goods and services : A trademark-based analysis (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2021/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This work proposes an experimental methodology to identify and measure artificial intelligence (AI)-related trademarks. It aims to shed light on the extent to which (new) companies and products appearing on the market rely on, exploit or propose AI-related goods and services, and to help identify the companies and organisations that are active in the AI space. The paper finds evidence that AI-related goods and services have expanded in consumer markets in recent years. Companies and other economic agents appear to register AI-related trademarks primarily to protect computer-related products and/or services, especially software, audio-visual devices and for analytical purposes. Important trademark activities related to AI also emerge in the education space, with AI-related keywords being frequently associated with educational services as well as classes, publications, workshops and online material.
    DOI: 10.1787/2db2d7f4-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The human capital behind AI : Jobs and skills demand from online job postings (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (99 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.120
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Building on recent OECD work, this paper analyses the skills sets (“skills bundles”) demanded in artificial intelligence (AI)-related online job postings. The analysis uses Burning Glass Technologies’ data for the United States and the United Kingdom and finds that skills related to the open source programming software Python and to machine learning represent “must-haves” for working with AI. Employers additionally value specialised skills related to robotics, AI development and applying AI. A comparison of the periods 2013-15 and 2017-19 shows that the latter two have become more interrelated over time, with “neural network” skills connecting both groups. Network analysis relating AI skills to general skills highlights the growing role of socio-emotional skills; and of skill bundles related to programming, management of big data and data analysis. Key results hold for both countries and time periods, though differences emerge across occupations and industries.
    DOI: 10.1787/2e278150-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Who develops AI-related innovations, goods and services? : A firm-level analysis (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.121
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This study proposes an exploratory analysis of the characteristics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) “actors”. It focuses on entities that deploy AI-related technologies or introduce AI-related goods and services on large international markets. It builds on the OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Micro-data Lab infrastructure, and, in particular, on Intellectual Property (IP) rights data (patents and trademarks) combined with company-level data. Statistics on AI-related patents and trademarks show that AI-related activities are strongly concentrated in some countries, sectors, and actors. Development of AI technologies and/or goods and services is mainly due to start-ups or large incumbents, located in the United States, Japan, Korea, or the People’s Republic of China, and, to a lesser extent, in Europe. A majority of these actors operate in ICT-related sectors. The composition of the IP portfolio of the AI actors indicates that AI is frequently combined with a variety of sector-specific technologies, goods, or services.
    DOI: 10.1787/3e4aedd4-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 14
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Vereinte Nationen ; 2001 - 2015 ; Industrie ; Klassifikation ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study proposes a taxonomy of sectors according to the extent to which they have gone digital. The taxonomy accounts for some of the key facets of the digital transformation, and recognises that sectors differ in their development and adoption of the most advanced “digital” technologies, in the human capital needed to embed them in production and in the extent to which digital tools are used to deal with clients and suppliers. The indicators used to classify 36 ISIC revision 4 sectors over the period 2001-15 are: share of ICT tangible and intangible (i.e. software) investment; share of purchases of intermediate ICT goods and services; stock of robots per hundreds of employees; share of ICT specialists in total employment; and the share of turnover from online sales. The study further proposes an overall summary indicator of the digital transformation in sectors which encompasses all the considered dimensions.
    DOI: 10.1787/f404736a-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Which skills for the digital era? : returns to skills analysis (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 09
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Computerunterstützung ; Informationstechnik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Fachkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the extent to which different types of skills are rewarded as industries go digital. It relies on information from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills on labour market participation and workers’ skills for 31 countries as well as on a novel OECD index on the digital penetration of industries. It investigates how cognitive and non-cognitive skills are rewarded in digital vs. less digital intensive industries and assesses the extent to which skills bundles matter. The results indicate that digital intensive industries especially reward workers having relatively higher levels of self-organisation and advanced numeracy skills. Moreover, for workers in digital intensive industries, bundles of skills are particularly important: workers endowed with a high level of numeracy skills receive an additional wage premium, if they also show high levels of self-organisation or managing and communication skills.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a9479b5-en
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Skills and global value chains : a characterisation (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Qualifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study follows a job task-based approach to measure the skills of individuals. It exploits information contained in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and conducts an exploratory state-of-the-art factor analysis to obtain six task-based skills indicators that are comparable across 31 countries. By combining the PIAAC-based skills indicators with OECD Trade in Value Added (TiVA) data, light is shed on the way skills and their distributions (at the country-industry level) relate to industry performance and to integration into global value chains (GVCs). The results underline the importance of cognitive skills such as literacy, numeracy and problem solving for any industry to thrive in the global economy. Also, a persistent and positive association with labour productivity and participation in GVCs is observed, at the industry level, for non-cognitive skills such as managing and communication skills, ICT skills and workers’ readiness to learn and to think creatively.
    DOI: 10.1787/cdb5de9b-en
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    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ICT : a new taxonomy based on the international patent classification (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: IKT-Sektor ; Informationstechnik ; Klassifikation ; Patentrecht ; Japan ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work proposes a definition of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) based on the technology classes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) in which patents are classified. This new taxonomy, called the “J tag”, aligns with the definitions of the ICT sector (2007) and of ICT products (2008) put forward by the OECD, and stems from the in-depth knowledge of Japan Patent Office experts, as well of experts from the Intellectual Property (IP) Offices participating in the OECD-led IP Task Force. Expert judgment of patent class content, relevance for ICT-related products, completeness and accuracy are the principles guiding the inclusion of IPC classes in the “J tag” taxonomy. ICT technologies are subdivided into 13 areas defined with respect to the specific technical features and functions they are supposed to accomplish (e.g. mobile communication), and details provided about the ways in which technologies relate to ICT products.
    DOI: 10.1787/ab16c396-en
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    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Having the right mix : the role of skill bundles for comparative advantage and industry performance in GVCs (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2017, 03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Humankapital ; Komparativer Vorteil ; Industrie ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Welt ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study investigates the role of countries’ skills endowment for comparative advantage. It tests the theoretical model of Ohnsorge and Trefler (2007) who argue that it is the bundling of various skills at the worker level and their joint distribution that matter for trade specialisation. This departs from the literature assuming that workers are endowed with only one type of skills, generally measured by educational attainment. The model’s predictions are tested using information on cognitive skills from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) and Trade in Value Added (TiVA) data. Results show that workers' skills bundles and their distribution have larger effects on specialisation than countries’ endowment of capital per employee, or the relative endowment of workers possessing different levels of education. Furthermore, this study tests the model of Bombardini et al. (2012) and finds evidence that the within-country dispersion of skills significantly affects specialisation patterns.
    DOI: 10.1787/892a4787-en
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    URL: Volltext
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