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  • European Investment Bank  (136)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Group activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021 : A bigger, bolder and more focused approach to cohesion (2022)
    [s.l.] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286153693
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance
    Abstract: As part of the EIB Group's bigger, bolder and more focused approach to cohesion, this report, the first in a new series, presents the EIB Group's activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021. The results are presented in terms of policy objectives, activity sectors, countries, contribution to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sector-specific project results. It features a number of case studies and also takes a look at the economic and social challenges facing cohesion regions and the macroeconomic impact of the EIB Group's support for this fundamental EU policy priority
    DOI: 10.2867/773
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The rise of Africa’s digital economy : The European Investment Bank’s activities to support Africa’s transition to a digital economy (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The rise of an African digital economy is improving millions of lives and rapidly transforming societies. Africa has a unique opportunity to become more sustainable and create economic growth through the better use of data, instead of using old technologies that consume fossil fuels. Digitalisation has many benefits: It speeds up the spread of information, brings people closer together, creates jobs and makes societies more efficient. Digitalisation is a key part of the European Union’s work in Africa. The European Commission and the African Union say digital technology is a priority for economic and social development in Africa. The European Investment Bank will keep playing a central role in Africa's future by providing targeted digital expertise and finance to the public and private sectors
    Note: English
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The 15 circular steps for cities – Second edition (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The transition to a circular economy not only conserves resources, but also reduces environmental and climate impacts. It fosters innovation and thereby increases competitiveness and creates new jobs. Cities can be cradles and catalysts for a circular transition. This guide provides concrete guidance on how a linear city can start the circular journey
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Finance in Africa : for green, smart and inclusive private sector development (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Africa’s recovery from the COVID-19 crisis will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs. But even previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the crisis. This report outlines the consequences of the health crisis in Africa, the potential cost of the recovery and the willingness of banks to support green investments as they look to the future
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The European Fund for Strategic Investments : The Legacy : The European Fund for Strategic Investments as a game-changer for future economic stimulus programmes backed by EU public financing and for the European Investment Bank (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The inside story of the European Fund for Strategic Investments from 2015 to 2020 told through interviews with the Managing Director, Deputy Managing Director, members of the Investment Committee and final beneficiaries across Europe.The architects of this €500 billion-plus programme, the head of the EU bank and the president of the European Commission, describe the genesis of this financial pillar of the Investment Plan for Europe. Then the people who ran one of the biggest economic stimulus programmes in history detail how they did it—and what the lessons are for policymakers responding to new crises, including the economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.The European Fund for Strategic Investments has been one of the good news stories to emerge in a decade of economic uncertainty. It has gone well beyond its highly ambitious target of €500 billion in mobilised investments. The Juncker Plan has made a strong contribution to the 14 million jobs created in the EU between 2015 and 2020. It has become a success in co-financing projects that otherwise might not have been carried through. It has also charted the path towards new ways of financing. This is not only the case in relatively conventional areas, such as infrastructure, but also in sectors like research and innovation or the contribution to climate change mitigation. This is exactly what makes EFSI so ground-breaking: responding to the needs of the market through continuous financial innovation.The principle of the European Fund for Strategic Investments is here to stay. It has paved the way for its successor, the InvestEU programme, which is to be deployed under the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework. This publication details why the programme was such a success
    Note: English
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Solutions, International Partnerships : The European Investment Bank Development Report 2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic remind us that we cannot face down our challenges alone—our solutions must be global. The European Investment Bank is at the heart of the push to turn EU policy initiatives into real development solutions on the ground. This report provides insights into our vital projects and initiatives outside the European Union, data on their impact and ideas for the future of development through a series of expert essays
    Note: English
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Complaints Mechanism Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Any concerns about an EIB Group activity or project? The Complaints Mechanism listens to citizens and ensures their voice can be heard. Have a look at its Activity Report for 2020. 2020 was a particularly challenging year amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The EIB Group Complaints Mechanism (EIB-CM) had to find innovative ways to not only handle complaints but also interact with its key stakeholders. In 2020, the EIB-CM registered 77 new cases, handled 137 cases and closed 94 of them. The number of outstanding complaints at year-end has continued to decrease, from 89 in 2018 to 60 in 2019 and to 43 in 2020. The EIB-CM managed to close most long-overdue cases during the year. A number of highly complex cases were closed in 2020, including Nenskra HPP (Georgia), Réseau Ferroviaire Rapide (Tunisia) and Cairo Metro Line (Egypt). The key achievements are reflected in the annually published Complaints Mechanism Activity Report, which gives an overview of how through its actions the EIB Group remains accountable to the public
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Carbon Footprint Report 2020 : Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from EIB Group internal operations (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Climate change
    Abstract: This report provides a comprehensive breakdown of EIB Group greenhouse gas emissions arising from internal operations at head office locations in 2020. It also analyses comparatively against performance in previous years dating back to the 2007 baseline. As a result of the teleworking arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic, the EIB Group’s net emissions in 2020 were more than 70% below 2019 levels
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Partnership with Africa : How the European Investment Bank delivers on EU policies in Africa and our future plans for development and partnership across the continent (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Africa is embarking upon a period in which its political, economic and social outlook will transform. The European Investment Bank is a key part of the EU toolbox that for decades has helped make the partnership between Africa and Europe stronger. We aim to maximise our potential as the EU bank, so that we can join our African partners in addressing today’s critical challenges together and embrace our opportunities. This publication lays out our track record in Africa and our vision for our future partnership with the continent
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Report 2020/2021 : Building a smart and green Europe in the Covid-19 era (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Union's massive efforts to rebuild after the coronavirus pandemic present a unique opportunity to transform its economy, making it more green and digital – and ultimately more competitive. The Investment Report 2020-2021 looks at the toll the pandemic took on European firms’ investment and future plans, as well as their efforts to meet the demands of climate change and the digital revolution. The report’s analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While providing a snapshot of the heavy toll the pandemic took on some forms of investment, the report also offers hope by pointing out the economic areas in which Europe remains strong, such as technologies that combine green and digital innovation
    Note: English
    URL: OAPEN Library: download the publication
    URL: OAPEN Library: description of the publication
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/03 - Assessing climate change risks at the country level : the EIB scoring model (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Climate Change Risk Country Scoring Model provides a way to comprehensively assess the climate change risks faced by more than 180 countries. The two sets of scores for physical and transition risks aggregate exposures to various risk factors, taking into account the adaptation and mitigation capacity of each country. The scores confirm that climate risk is a relevant challenge for all countries. However, low-income economies are more vulnerable to physical risk — in particular to acute events, rising sea levels and excessive heat — and in parallel have lower ability to mitigate the challenges posed by the energy transition. High-income economies generally face higher risks from the transition to a low-carbon future. Countries more dependent on fossil fuel revenues are also among the most exposed to transition risk. This paper provides insights into the model as it is currently being developed. Understanding the relative climate risks faced by countries support the management of climate risks at the country level, as well as helping to understand the environmental and policy conditions faced by firms in each country. It can also help to identify mitigation and adaptation priorities and related financing needs. Taken together, a better understanding of the risks and the consequent adaptation and mitigation needs will help to ensure that opportunities to enhance climate resilience are not missed
    Note: English
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Group Sustainability Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Supporting sustainable and inclusive growth is at the heart of the EIB Group’s lending. The EIB Group 2020 Sustainability Report looks at the impact of our global activities and our own corporate responsibility efforts. The Sustainability report should be read in conjunction with its two annexes: the GRI and SASB disclosures
    Note: English
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world : calls for a green recovery (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The third edition of the EIB Climate Survey shows that COVID-19 has changed people’s perception of the climate emergency. Most Europeans now consider the pandemic to be the greatest challenge facing their countries, but climate change remains a crucial issue. Europeans say: the economic recovery from the crisis must address climate change governments should promote growth that emits less CO2 and makes societies more resilient to climate change modifying personal habits to address climate change is important technological innovation should be used to fix climate problems climate action and the transition to green economies must take into account social inequalities These findings are particularly important today because the climate and a green recovery are top priorities in the European Union and many other regions of the world. Read the latest survey to find out what people see as the most effective way to address the climate emergency, what people are willing to give up, what they expect from government policies, and how COVID-19 influences our views
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/05 - The impact of bank loan terms on intangible investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using EIBIS data, this paper investigates the effects of different loan conditions on firms’ propensity to invest in intangible assets. When firms face restriction in how much they can borrow, this has a strong effect on how much they invest in intangible assets. Using European firm-level data from the EIB Investment Survey, this paper shows that, by contrast, unfavourable interest rates, maturity and collateral requirements have no significant effects on the probability to invest in intangible assets, provided firms are satisfied with their loan size. These terms however, do have a negative impact on the probability to invest in multiple intangible assets, undermining the ability of firms to benefit from the complementarities of these assets. The paper documents the effect of loan conditions on investment intensity, as well. The effect of quantity rationing on the amount invested in intangible assets is found to be limited. Other loan conditions however, like cost, maturity and collateral requirements, have significant effect on investment intensity
    Note: English
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digitalisation in Europe 2020-2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Taking an early lead on digitalisation is crucial to Europe’s lasting competitiveness. Our newest digitalisation report sheds light on the state of digitalisation in European countries: The adoption of digital technologies by firms in the European Union is improving, but it has not yet closed the gap with the United States; While some EU countries are at the global forefront of digital transformation, others risk being left behind. Digitalisation provides a unique opportunity to improve European firms’ global competitiveness. To close the digital divide, Europe needs to increase investment and to create ecosystems that support innovation
    Note: English
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On Inequality (Big Ideas) (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Does Europe have an inequality problem? Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, many Europeans are certainly struggling. The rise of populist movements is another signal that something is awry. Many Europeans no longer see their economy as fair. But is this a problem of too much inequality, or just a problem of ideology? Is inequality even a bad thing? We need to consider the statistics on economic inequality, but also look beyond towards the lived experience of trying to make ends meet. We need to consider different ideas on the impact and significance of the inequality we see. Does inequality drive entrepreneurship, and thus innovation, through the struggle for upward social mobility? Or does inequality affect life chances, becoming entrenched, blocking social mobility and innovation? And does anyone really need a billion euros? If we have a euro to spare, do we create more happiness by giving it to the rich or to the poor? An old, once infamous, now oft-forgotten question in economics. Tessa Bending conducts research on social inclusion, social development and impact measurement at the Economics Department of the European Investment Bank (EIB). The department provides indepth analysis on critical investment issues to support international policy debates. This is the sixteenth essay in the Big Ideas series created by the European Investment Bank. The EIB has invited international thought leaders and experts to write about the most important issues of the day. These essays are a reminder that we need new thinking to protect the environment, promote equality and improve people’s lives around the globe
    Note: English
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  • 17
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/01 - Towards a new growth model in CESEE : Convergence and competitiveness through smart, green and inclusive investment (Volume 2021/01) (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The factors behind the pre-crisis growth model of the Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European EU countries (CESEE) region – skilled yet affordable labour force, foreign direct investment, imports of productivity-enhancing technology – are having less effect, but are yet to be substituted. This paper proposes a new growth model centred around a shift towards more home-grown innovation, digitalisation, climate change mitigation and a strong focus on skills, labour and social inclusion, to leave the middle-income trap behind for good and to boost economies’ growth prospects in a post-COVID world. Based on analysis of firm-level data, it highlights the prerequisites of making this transition happen
    Note: English
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  • 18
    Online Resource
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/10 - The simpler, the better : Measuring financial conditions for monetary policy and financial stability (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In this paper we assess the merits of financial condition indices constructed using simple averages versus a more sophisticated alternative that uses factor models with time varying parameters. Our analysis is based on data for 18 advanced and emerging economies at a monthly frequency covering about 70% of the world’s GDP. We assess the performance of these indicators based on their ability to capture tail risk for economic activity and to predict banking and currency crises. We find that averaging across the indicators of interest, using judgmental but intuitive weights, produces financial condition indices that are not inferior to, and actually perform better than, those constructed with more sophisticated statistical methods
    Note: English
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Annual Report 2020 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank is helping African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in parts of society that are sometimes forgotten — young people, women and girls, small companies, rural villages. We are creating opportunities for everyone. In this report, you can meet the people who are making a difference for themselves and for others. There are stories on the COVID-19 pandemic as well as a wider range of healthcare challenges. We speak to the head of the United Nations Development Programme about the Sustainable Development Goals. There are stories about female entrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic and the financing of farmers in Malawi. What all the people and places have in common is the need for good advice and investment. Please read this annual report in conjunction with the financial statements
    Note: English
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Survey 2021 - EU overview (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Corporate finance
    Abstract: This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2021 edition delves into the massive shock produced by the COVID-19 crisis, and the response and recovery programmes put in place by the European Union and by national governments. The report assesses the extent to which European firms are addressing the need make their businesses more green and digital. The survey is based on interviews with 12 000 companies across the 27 European Union countries, and it includes a benchmark sample from the United Kingdom and United States. This overview provides the aggregated results for the European Union. Results for individual countries will be published in January 2022
    Note: English
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  • 21
    Online Resource
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    European firms and climate change 2020/2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Union’s COVID-19 recovery plan could be the impetus businesses need to invest in climate measures and prepare for the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Our newest climate report looks at how firms’ view these twin challenges and their preparedness to meet them. Firms are more aware of the physical risks posed by climate change, but less aware of the risks caused by the transition to clean energy. Almost half of EU firms surveyed are investing in climate change measures, compared with roughly one-third of US firms. Uncertainty over regulation and taxation continues to hamper climate investments. To green its economy, Europe needs a comprehensive strategy that will provide businesses with the guidance they need to invest in climate preparedness and the energy transition
    Note: English
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  • 22
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    Regional Cohesion in Europe 2020-2021 : Insights from the EIB Investment Survey (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: International relations
    Abstract: EU Cohesion Policy aims to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion across the European Union and to correct imbalances between countries and regions. The green and digital transition are key priorities of Cohesion Policy for the next years. Cohesion support 2021-2027 is focused on five key policy objectives to support growth: A more competitive and smarter Europe A greener, low-carbon transition towards a net zero carbon economy A more connected Europe by enhancing mobility A more social and inclusive Europe A Europe closer to citizens by fostering the sustainable and integrated development of all types of territories. EU funds will support investment across these policy objectives with a particular focus on a smart and green Europe. However, the COVID-19 pandemic risks deepening divergences between citizens, territories and firms. Firms across the EU will need to adapt to the post-pandemic environment and megatrends, notably digitalization and climate change, to stay competitive looking ahead. The EU has committed to a joint recovery centered on fostering the transition towards a greener and smarter economy across the EU. The extent to which this will mitigate the risks of rising inequalities and divergences across firms depends not least on support for cohesion. Data coming from the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) provides a unique tool to gain insights on how non-financial corporates in cohesion and non-cohesion regions are behaving. EIBIS information sheds new light on investment needs and gaps, financing requirements as well as firm activity on innovation, digitalization and climate change
    Note: English
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  • 23
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/08 - Do capacity constraints trigger high growth for enterprises? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: High-Growth Enterprises have a large economic impact, but it is notoriously hard to predict when firms will experience episodes of high growth. This paper proposes that firms reaching critically high capacity utilisation levels reach a ‘trigger point’ involving either broad-based investment in further growth, or shrinking back to previous levels. It analyses EIBIS survey data (matched to the ORBIS database) which features a question on time-varying capacity utilisation. Overcapacity is a transitory state. Firms enter into overcapacity after a period of rapid growth of sales and profits, and the years surrounding overcapacity have higher employment growth rates. Firms operating at overcapacity make incremental investments (e.g. capacity expansion, process improvements, and modern machinery) rather than investing in R&D and new product development. The analysis finds support for the ‘fork in the road’ hypothesis: for some firms, overcapacity is associated with launching into massive investments and subsequent sales growth, while for other firms, overcapacity is negatively related to both investments and sales growth
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  • 24
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    EIB Financial Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In 2020, the Bank’s lending signatures amounted to EUR 66.1 bn. This report includes the 2020 financial statements and audit report both for the EIB and the EIB Group
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  • 25
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/07 - Can European businesses achieve productivity gains from investments in energy efficiency? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: When they consider investing in energy efficiency measures many firms focus only on direct energy savings and do not consider non-energy benefits that include increased labour productivity. To date, due to lack of high-quality data, few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of energy efficiency investments on firm-level outcomes other than reductions in energy consumption. This paper overcomes this barrier by using novel data from the EIB Investment survey of firms in the EU and the United Kingdom for the years 2018-2019. It studies the relationship between the energy efficiency investment and the labour productivity of European firms, utilising an instrumental variables methodology to account for potential endogeneity. The results show a positive and causal relationship between energy efficiency investment and labour productivity. The findings of the paper suggest that firms can benefit much more from the energy efficiency investment than what is often assumed, and highlight a need for government policies that would increase firms' awareness of these non-energy benefits
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  • 26
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    Default statistics : Private and sub-sovereign lending 2001-2019 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: To address the need for greater volumes of private investment tackling sustainable development goals in the most isolated regions, the Global Emerging Markets Risk Database Consortium (GEMs) issued its first public report on credit default statistics for private and sub-sovereign lending. Established by the European Investment Bank and the International Finance Corporation, GEMs is a network of 25 multilateral development banks and development finance institutions. GEMs pools anonymised credit information with a focus on emerging markets and developing countries where data are scarce and finance is most needed. Since 2009, the GEMs members have collected and shared credit risk data internally. Members have now decided to make this knowledge public. More information on the GEMs consortium can be found at www.gemsriskdatabase.org
    Note: English
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/02 - The birth of new high growth enterprises : internationalisation through new digital technologies (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Internationalisation and the adoption of new digital technologies play an important role in the formation of new high growth enterprises. This paper examines this relationship for high growth enterprises in Europe and the UK, using data from the EIB Investment Survey and ORBIS. Its results highlight the complex influence of exporting and foreign direct investment on the capacity to become a high growth enterprise and the role of new digital technologies in this process
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Fraud Investigations Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This Fraud Investigations Activity Report describes the activities of the Inspectorate General’s Fraud Investigations Division (IG/IN) in 2020, giving an overview of IG/IN’s work to prevent, detect, investigate and remedy Prohibited Conduct affecting EIB Group activities. In particular, the report provides: A chapter dedicated to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on IG/IN’s investigations; Relevant statistics and analysis on the number of allegations received and investigations conducted; A number of internal and external case studies reflecting the range of allegations handled by investigators as well as the findings and lessons learned; An overview of the fraud detection tools and methodology developed by IG/IN as well as relevant case studies showcasing how on-the-ground Proactive Integrity Reviews are performed; An overview on deterrence and rehabilitation activities; and Information on the policy work undertaken by IG/IN, such as fraud and corruption training and awareness initiatives for EIB Group staff members, and continued efforts in outreach and global partnerships
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    European Investment Bank Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Our flagship report highlights the European Investment Bank’s key contribution to combatting the COVID-19, climate change and development challenges that dominated 2020. It tells the stories of our crisis solutions. Built around 20 stories profiling 30 of our projects or programmes, the report’s “Solutions” sections explain how the EU bank responded swiftly and decisively to a year of crises and laid the foundations for future innovation and growth. The stories take you through the Bank’s work in innovation, infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprises, and climate and environment inside the European Union and beyond the EU’s borders. Figures are expected outcomes of financed new operations signed in 2020 for the first time based on available data at this stage. All figures are unaudited and provisional
    Note: English
    URL: OAPEN Library: download the publication
    URL: OAPEN Library: description of the publication
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/04 - Aggregate productivity slowdown in Europe : New evidence from corporate balance sheets (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using firm balance sheet data, this paper shows the impact of credit constraints on allocative efficiency and productivity growth. Allocative efficiency is the extent to which resources, including labour, are distributed to firms with the highest growth prospects, or “stuck” in less productive firms. This paper uses firm balance sheet data to analyse the role of financial constraints in the relatively muted post-crisis rebound in productivity in 2014-17, compared to previous upturns in Europe. It shows that the level of financial leverage played an important role in explaining the change in aggregate productivity growth in Europe between 2004 and 2017. Focusing on Northern and Western Europe, it also shows that the productivity potential could not be fully exploited due to constraints on access to credit. It estimates that reducing collateral bottlenecks could more than double the effectiveness of financial leverage in spurring productivity growth in this region between 2014-17
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The state of local infrastructure investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Europe’s COVID-19 recovery strategy calls for large-scale public investment to “building back better.” Municipalities account for 45% of all public investment – which makes them a key partner in recovery efforts. As poles of social and economic activities, municipalities will also be critical to addressing climate change and to improving digitalisation. Our municipality report analysis the findings of a survey of 685 municipalities conducted in the summer of 2020. We look at the types of projects municipalities are prioritising and which areas they think need more investment. We also analyse their ability to secure funding for key projects. In addition, the report provides important insights into regional investment gaps and the effect the pandemic had on investment priorities
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB financing and borrowing activities 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In 2020, the European Investment Bank lent a total of EUR 66bn and the European Investment Fund committed close to EUR 13bn. To fund its activities, the EIB raised EUR equivalent of 70bn on the international capital markets. This report – previously called the EIB statistical report – provides in list form the projects financed and borrowings undertaken by the EIB, together with a list of the EIF's projects. It also includes summary tables for the year and over the last five years
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/09 - Market finance as a spare tyre? Corporate investment and access to bank credit in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Investment & securities
    Abstract: We estimate a FAVAR with Bayesian techniques in order to investigate the impact of loan supply conditions on euro area corporate investment and its financing structure. We identify shocks to overall demand and loan supply with sign and impact restrictions. Although tightened financial conditions have adversely impacted corporate investment during and after the sovereign debt crisis, the resulting impediments in loan supply, illustrated by lower loan volumes and higher spreads, have been partly alleviated by strengthened corporate debt issuance. We show that (1) part of the protracted increase in debt to loan ratio since the crisis reflects bottlenecks in the provision of bank credit and (2) the tightened loan supply has been more adverse for small corporations with limited market access. Overall, our analysis of macro-financial developments suggests the need for policy actions to deepen the European corporate debt market and enhance market access for smaller corporates
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/06 - Efficiency and effectiveness of the COVID-19 government support : Evidence from firm-level data (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: We utilize several unique firm-level datasets in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the government support aiming to curb the economic consequences of the coronavirus (COVID- 19) pandemic. The results, drawing on the experience of a small open European country (Slovakia), suggest the distributed COVID-19 subsidies save non-negligible number of jobs and sustain economic activity during the first wave of the pandemic. General distribution rules designed on the fly may bring close to optimal results, as relatively more productive, privately owned, foreign-demand oriented firms are prioritized and firms with a higher environmental footprint or zombie firms record a relatively lower chance of obtaining government funding. By assuming constant cost elasticities to sales, we show that the pandemic deteriorates strongly firm profits and increases significantly the share of illiquid and insolvent firms. Government wage subsidies somewhat mitigate firm losses and have statistically significant effect, but relatively mild compared to the size of the economic shock. Our estimates also confirm that larger firms, receiving smaller relative size of the support, have more space to cover their additional liquidity needs by increasing trade liabilities or liabilities to affiliated entities, while SMEs face higher risk of insolvencies
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Finance in Africa : for green, smart and inclusive private sector development (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150630
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Africa’s recovery from the COVID-19 crisis will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs. But even previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the crisis. This report outlines the consequences of the health crisis in Africa, the potential cost of the recovery and the willingness of banks to support green investments as they look to the future
    Note: English
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Cohesion in Europe 2020-2021 : Insights from the EIB Investment Survey (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150807
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: International relations
    Abstract: EU Cohesion Policy aims to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion across the European Union and to correct imbalances between countries and regions. The green and digital transition are key priorities of Cohesion Policy for the next years. Cohesion support 2021-2027 is focused on five key policy objectives to support growth: A more competitive and smarter Europe A greener, low-carbon transition towards a net zero carbon economy A more connected Europe by enhancing mobility A more social and inclusive Europe A Europe closer to citizens by fostering the sustainable and integrated development of all types of territories. EU funds will support investment across these policy objectives with a particular focus on a smart and green Europe. However, the COVID-19 pandemic risks deepening divergences between citizens, territories and firms. Firms across the EU will need to adapt to the post-pandemic environment and megatrends, notably digitalization and climate change, to stay competitive looking ahead. The EU has committed to a joint recovery centered on fostering the transition towards a greener and smarter economy across the EU. The extent to which this will mitigate the risks of rising inequalities and divergences across firms depends not least on support for cohesion. Data coming from the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) provides a unique tool to gain insights on how non-financial corporates in cohesion and non-cohesion regions are behaving. EIBIS information sheds new light on investment needs and gaps, financing requirements as well as firm activity on innovation, digitalization and climate change
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Survey 2021 - EU overview (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150944
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Corporate finance
    Abstract: This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2021 edition delves into the massive shock produced by the COVID-19 crisis, and the response and recovery programmes put in place by the European Union and by national governments. The report assesses the extent to which European firms are addressing the need make their businesses more green and digital. The survey is based on interviews with 12 000 companies across the 27 European Union countries, and it includes a benchmark sample from the United Kingdom and United States. This overview provides the aggregated results for the European Union. Results for individual countries will be published in January 2022
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Partnership with Africa : How the European Investment Bank delivers on EU policies in Africa and our future plans for development and partnership across the continent (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Africa is embarking upon a period in which its political, economic and social outlook will transform. The European Investment Bank is a key part of the EU toolbox that for decades has helped make the partnership between Africa and Europe stronger. We aim to maximise our potential as the EU bank, so that we can join our African partners in addressing today’s critical challenges together and embrace our opportunities. This publication lays out our track record in Africa and our vision for our future partnership with the continent
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/10 - The simpler, the better : Measuring financial conditions for monetary policy and financial stability (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150883
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In this paper we assess the merits of financial condition indices constructed using simple averages versus a more sophisticated alternative that uses factor models with time varying parameters. Our analysis is based on data for 18 advanced and emerging economies at a monthly frequency covering about 70% of the world’s GDP. We assess the performance of these indicators based on their ability to capture tail risk for economic activity and to predict banking and currency crises. We find that averaging across the indicators of interest, using judgmental but intuitive weights, produces financial condition indices that are not inferior to, and actually perform better than, those constructed with more sophisticated statistical methods
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Complaints Mechanism Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149252
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Any concerns about an EIB Group activity or project? The Complaints Mechanism listens to citizens and ensures their voice can be heard. Have a look at its Activity Report for 2020. 2020 was a particularly challenging year amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. The EIB Group Complaints Mechanism (EIB-CM) had to find innovative ways to not only handle complaints but also interact with its key stakeholders. In 2020, the EIB-CM registered 77 new cases, handled 137 cases and closed 94 of them. The number of outstanding complaints at year-end has continued to decrease, from 89 in 2018 to 60 in 2019 and to 43 in 2020. The EIB-CM managed to close most long-overdue cases during the year. A number of highly complex cases were closed in 2020, including Nenskra HPP (Georgia), Réseau Ferroviaire Rapide (Tunisia) and Cairo Metro Line (Egypt). The key achievements are reflected in the annually published Complaints Mechanism Activity Report, which gives an overview of how through its actions the EIB Group remains accountable to the public
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Annual Report 2020 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149511
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank is helping African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in parts of society that are sometimes forgotten — young people, women and girls, small companies, rural villages. We are creating opportunities for everyone. In this report, you can meet the people who are making a difference for themselves and for others. There are stories on the COVID-19 pandemic as well as a wider range of healthcare challenges. We speak to the head of the United Nations Development Programme about the Sustainable Development Goals. There are stories about female entrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic and the financing of farmers in Malawi. What all the people and places have in common is the need for good advice and investment. Please read this annual report in conjunction with the financial statements
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Fraud Investigations Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150326
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This Fraud Investigations Activity Report describes the activities of the Inspectorate General’s Fraud Investigations Division (IG/IN) in 2020, giving an overview of IG/IN’s work to prevent, detect, investigate and remedy Prohibited Conduct affecting EIB Group activities. In particular, the report provides: A chapter dedicated to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on IG/IN’s investigations; Relevant statistics and analysis on the number of allegations received and investigations conducted; A number of internal and external case studies reflecting the range of allegations handled by investigators as well as the findings and lessons learned; An overview of the fraud detection tools and methodology developed by IG/IN as well as relevant case studies showcasing how on-the-ground Proactive Integrity Reviews are performed; An overview on deterrence and rehabilitation activities; and Information on the policy work undertaken by IG/IN, such as fraud and corruption training and awareness initiatives for EIB Group staff members, and continued efforts in outreach and global partnerships
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/09 - Market finance as a spare tyre? Corporate investment and access to bank credit in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150777
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Investment & securities
    Abstract: We estimate a FAVAR with Bayesian techniques in order to investigate the impact of loan supply conditions on euro area corporate investment and its financing structure. We identify shocks to overall demand and loan supply with sign and impact restrictions. Although tightened financial conditions have adversely impacted corporate investment during and after the sovereign debt crisis, the resulting impediments in loan supply, illustrated by lower loan volumes and higher spreads, have been partly alleviated by strengthened corporate debt issuance. We show that (1) part of the protracted increase in debt to loan ratio since the crisis reflects bottlenecks in the provision of bank credit and (2) the tightened loan supply has been more adverse for small corporations with limited market access. Overall, our analysis of macro-financial developments suggests the need for policy actions to deepen the European corporate debt market and enhance market access for smaller corporates
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Carbon Footprint Report 2020 : Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from EIB Group internal operations (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149290
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Climate change
    Abstract: This report provides a comprehensive breakdown of EIB Group greenhouse gas emissions arising from internal operations at head office locations in 2020. It also analyses comparatively against performance in previous years dating back to the 2007 baseline. As a result of the teleworking arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic, the EIB Group’s net emissions in 2020 were more than 70% below 2019 levels
    Note: English
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Group Sustainability Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149221
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: Supporting sustainable and inclusive growth is at the heart of the EIB Group’s lending. The EIB Group 2020 Sustainability Report looks at the impact of our global activities and our own corporate responsibility efforts. The Sustainability report should be read in conjunction with its two annexes: the GRI and SASB disclosures
    Note: English
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/06 - Efficiency and effectiveness of the COVID-19 government support : Evidence from firm-level data (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150401
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: We utilize several unique firm-level datasets in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the government support aiming to curb the economic consequences of the coronavirus (COVID- 19) pandemic. The results, drawing on the experience of a small open European country (Slovakia), suggest the distributed COVID-19 subsidies save non-negligible number of jobs and sustain economic activity during the first wave of the pandemic. General distribution rules designed on the fly may bring close to optimal results, as relatively more productive, privately owned, foreign-demand oriented firms are prioritized and firms with a higher environmental footprint or zombie firms record a relatively lower chance of obtaining government funding. By assuming constant cost elasticities to sales, we show that the pandemic deteriorates strongly firm profits and increases significantly the share of illiquid and insolvent firms. Government wage subsidies somewhat mitigate firm losses and have statistically significant effect, but relatively mild compared to the size of the economic shock. Our estimates also confirm that larger firms, receiving smaller relative size of the support, have more space to cover their additional liquidity needs by increasing trade liabilities or liabilities to affiliated entities, while SMEs face higher risk of insolvencies
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Investment Report 2020/2021 : Building a smart and green Europe in the Covid-19 era (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286148118
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Union's massive efforts to rebuild after the coronavirus pandemic present a unique opportunity to transform its economy, making it more green and digital – and ultimately more competitive. The Investment Report 2020-2021 looks at the toll the pandemic took on European firms’ investment and future plans, as well as their efforts to meet the demands of climate change and the digital revolution. The report’s analysis is based on a unique set of databases and data from a survey of 12 500 firms conducted in the summer of 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While providing a snapshot of the heavy toll the pandemic took on some forms of investment, the report also offers hope by pointing out the economic areas in which Europe remains strong, such as technologies that combine green and digital innovation
    Note: English
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The EIB Climate Survey 2020-2021 - The climate crisis in a COVID-19 world : calls for a green recovery (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150210
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The third edition of the EIB Climate Survey shows that COVID-19 has changed people’s perception of the climate emergency. Most Europeans now consider the pandemic to be the greatest challenge facing their countries, but climate change remains a crucial issue. Europeans say: the economic recovery from the crisis must address climate change governments should promote growth that emits less CO2 and makes societies more resilient to climate change modifying personal habits to address climate change is important technological innovation should be used to fix climate problems climate action and the transition to green economies must take into account social inequalities These findings are particularly important today because the climate and a green recovery are top priorities in the European Union and many other regions of the world. Read the latest survey to find out what people see as the most effective way to address the climate emergency, what people are willing to give up, what they expect from government policies, and how COVID-19 influences our views
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    EIB Working Paper 2021/04 - Aggregate productivity slowdown in Europe : New evidence from corporate balance sheets (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150357
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using firm balance sheet data, this paper shows the impact of credit constraints on allocative efficiency and productivity growth. Allocative efficiency is the extent to which resources, including labour, are distributed to firms with the highest growth prospects, or “stuck” in less productive firms. This paper uses firm balance sheet data to analyse the role of financial constraints in the relatively muted post-crisis rebound in productivity in 2014-17, compared to previous upturns in Europe. It shows that the level of financial leverage played an important role in explaining the change in aggregate productivity growth in Europe between 2004 and 2017. Focusing on Northern and Western Europe, it also shows that the productivity potential could not be fully exploited due to constraints on access to credit. It estimates that reducing collateral bottlenecks could more than double the effectiveness of financial leverage in spurring productivity growth in this region between 2014-17
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    European Investment Bank Activity Report 2020 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286148750
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Our flagship report highlights the European Investment Bank’s key contribution to combatting the COVID-19, climate change and development challenges that dominated 2020. It tells the stories of our crisis solutions. Built around 20 stories profiling 30 of our projects or programmes, the report’s “Solutions” sections explain how the EU bank responded swiftly and decisively to a year of crises and laid the foundations for future innovation and growth. The stories take you through the Bank’s work in innovation, infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprises, and climate and environment inside the European Union and beyond the EU’s borders. Figures are expected outcomes of financed new operations signed in 2020 for the first time based on available data at this stage. All figures are unaudited and provisional
    Note: English
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  • 51
    Online Resource
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/07 - Can European businesses achieve productivity gains from investments in energy efficiency? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150487
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: When they consider investing in energy efficiency measures many firms focus only on direct energy savings and do not consider non-energy benefits that include increased labour productivity. To date, due to lack of high-quality data, few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of energy efficiency investments on firm-level outcomes other than reductions in energy consumption. This paper overcomes this barrier by using novel data from the EIB Investment survey of firms in the EU and the United Kingdom for the years 2018-2019. It studies the relationship between the energy efficiency investment and the labour productivity of European firms, utilising an instrumental variables methodology to account for potential endogeneity. The results show a positive and causal relationship between energy efficiency investment and labour productivity. The findings of the paper suggest that firms can benefit much more from the energy efficiency investment than what is often assumed, and highlight a need for government policies that would increase firms' awareness of these non-energy benefits
    Note: English
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/02 - The birth of new high growth enterprises : internationalisation through new digital technologies (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149931
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Internationalisation and the adoption of new digital technologies play an important role in the formation of new high growth enterprises. This paper examines this relationship for high growth enterprises in Europe and the UK, using data from the EIB Investment Survey and ORBIS. Its results highlight the complex influence of exporting and foreign direct investment on the capacity to become a high growth enterprise and the role of new digital technologies in this process
    Note: English
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  • 53
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/05 - The impact of bank loan terms on intangible investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150364
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using EIBIS data, this paper investigates the effects of different loan conditions on firms’ propensity to invest in intangible assets. When firms face restriction in how much they can borrow, this has a strong effect on how much they invest in intangible assets. Using European firm-level data from the EIB Investment Survey, this paper shows that, by contrast, unfavourable interest rates, maturity and collateral requirements have no significant effects on the probability to invest in intangible assets, provided firms are satisfied with their loan size. These terms however, do have a negative impact on the probability to invest in multiple intangible assets, undermining the ability of firms to benefit from the complementarities of these assets. The paper documents the effect of loan conditions on investment intensity, as well. The effect of quantity rationing on the amount invested in intangible assets is found to be limited. Other loan conditions however, like cost, maturity and collateral requirements, have significant effect on investment intensity
    Note: English
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  • 54
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/03 - Assessing climate change risks at the country level : the EIB scoring model (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150340
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Climate Change Risk Country Scoring Model provides a way to comprehensively assess the climate change risks faced by more than 180 countries. The two sets of scores for physical and transition risks aggregate exposures to various risk factors, taking into account the adaptation and mitigation capacity of each country. The scores confirm that climate risk is a relevant challenge for all countries. However, low-income economies are more vulnerable to physical risk — in particular to acute events, rising sea levels and excessive heat — and in parallel have lower ability to mitigate the challenges posed by the energy transition. High-income economies generally face higher risks from the transition to a low-carbon future. Countries more dependent on fossil fuel revenues are also among the most exposed to transition risk. This paper provides insights into the model as it is currently being developed. Understanding the relative climate risks faced by countries support the management of climate risks at the country level, as well as helping to understand the environmental and policy conditions faced by firms in each country. It can also help to identify mitigation and adaptation priorities and related financing needs. Taken together, a better understanding of the risks and the consequent adaptation and mitigation needs will help to ensure that opportunities to enhance climate resilience are not missed
    Note: English
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  • 55
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/01 - Towards a new growth model in CESEE : Convergence and competitiveness through smart, green and inclusive investment (Volume 2021/01) (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149368
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The factors behind the pre-crisis growth model of the Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European EU countries (CESEE) region – skilled yet affordable labour force, foreign direct investment, imports of productivity-enhancing technology – are having less effect, but are yet to be substituted. This paper proposes a new growth model centred around a shift towards more home-grown innovation, digitalisation, climate change mitigation and a strong focus on skills, labour and social inclusion, to leave the middle-income trap behind for good and to boost economies’ growth prospects in a post-COVID world. Based on analysis of firm-level data, it highlights the prerequisites of making this transition happen
    Note: English
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  • 56
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    The European Fund for Strategic Investments : The Legacy : The European Fund for Strategic Investments as a game-changer for future economic stimulus programmes backed by EU public financing and for the European Investment Bank (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286148200
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The inside story of the European Fund for Strategic Investments from 2015 to 2020 told through interviews with the Managing Director, Deputy Managing Director, members of the Investment Committee and final beneficiaries across Europe.The architects of this €500 billion-plus programme, the head of the EU bank and the president of the European Commission, describe the genesis of this financial pillar of the Investment Plan for Europe. Then the people who ran one of the biggest economic stimulus programmes in history detail how they did it—and what the lessons are for policymakers responding to new crises, including the economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.The European Fund for Strategic Investments has been one of the good news stories to emerge in a decade of economic uncertainty. It has gone well beyond its highly ambitious target of €500 billion in mobilised investments. The Juncker Plan has made a strong contribution to the 14 million jobs created in the EU between 2015 and 2020. It has become a success in co-financing projects that otherwise might not have been carried through. It has also charted the path towards new ways of financing. This is not only the case in relatively conventional areas, such as infrastructure, but also in sectors like research and innovation or the contribution to climate change mitigation. This is exactly what makes EFSI so ground-breaking: responding to the needs of the market through continuous financial innovation.The principle of the European Fund for Strategic Investments is here to stay. It has paved the way for its successor, the InvestEU programme, which is to be deployed under the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework. This publication details why the programme was such a success
    Note: English
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  • 57
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    European firms and climate change 2020/2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150616
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance and the finance industry ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: The European Union’s COVID-19 recovery plan could be the impetus businesses need to invest in climate measures and prepare for the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Our newest climate report looks at how firms’ view these twin challenges and their preparedness to meet them. Firms are more aware of the physical risks posed by climate change, but less aware of the risks caused by the transition to clean energy. Almost half of EU firms surveyed are investing in climate change measures, compared with roughly one-third of US firms. Uncertainty over regulation and taxation continues to hamper climate investments. To green its economy, Europe needs a comprehensive strategy that will provide businesses with the guidance they need to invest in climate preparedness and the energy transition
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 58
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    The state of local infrastructure investment in Europe (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286149542
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance and the finance industry ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: Europe’s COVID-19 recovery strategy calls for large-scale public investment to “building back better.” Municipalities account for 45% of all public investment – which makes them a key partner in recovery efforts. As poles of social and economic activities, municipalities will also be critical to addressing climate change and to improving digitalisation. Our municipality report analysis the findings of a survey of 685 municipalities conducted in the summer of 2020. We look at the types of projects municipalities are prioritising and which areas they think need more investment. We also analyse their ability to secure funding for key projects. In addition, the report provides important insights into regional investment gaps and the effect the pandemic had on investment priorities
    Note: English
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  • 59
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    EIB Working Paper 2021/08 - Do capacity constraints trigger high growth for enterprises? (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics ; Free Enterprise & Capitalism
    Abstract: High-Growth Enterprises have a large economic impact, but it is notoriously hard to predict when firms will experience episodes of high growth. This paper proposes that firms reaching critically high capacity utilisation levels reach a ‘trigger point’ involving either broad-based investment in further growth, or shrinking back to previous levels. It analyses EIBIS survey data (matched to the ORBIS database) which features a question on time-varying capacity utilisation. Overcapacity is a transitory state. Firms enter into overcapacity after a period of rapid growth of sales and profits, and the years surrounding overcapacity have higher employment growth rates. Firms operating at overcapacity make incremental investments (e.g. capacity expansion, process improvements, and modern machinery) rather than investing in R&D and new product development. The analysis finds support for the ‘fork in the road’ hypothesis: for some firms, overcapacity is associated with launching into massive investments and subsequent sales growth, while for other firms, overcapacity is negatively related to both investments and sales growth
    Note: English
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  • 60
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    Digitalisation in Europe 2020-2021 (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286150418
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Finance and the finance industry ; Business & Economics
    Abstract: Taking an early lead on digitalisation is crucial to Europe’s lasting competitiveness. Our newest digitalisation report sheds light on the state of digitalisation in European countries: The adoption of digital technologies by firms in the European Union is improving, but it has not yet closed the gap with the United States; While some EU countries are at the global forefront of digital transformation, others risk being left behind. Digitalisation provides a unique opportunity to improve European firms’ global competitiveness. To close the digital divide, Europe needs to increase investment and to create ecosystems that support innovation
    Note: English
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    EIB Statistical Report 2019 (2020)
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286145803 , 9286145802
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p)
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The Statistical Report presents in list form the projects financed and borrowings undertaken by the EIB in 2019, together with a list of the EIF's projects. It also includes summary tables for the year and over the last five years
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  • 62
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    Why are women entrepreneurs missing out on funding? : reflections and considerations : executive summary (2020)
    Luxembourg : EIB
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146466 , 9286146469
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online resource)
    Keywords: financial risk ; capital market ; female work ; entrepreneur ; entrepreneurship ; economic growth ; innovation
    Abstract: The executive summary provides a short overview of access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-led and women-founded companies in Europe, the US and Israel and summarises the findings and recommendations of the study. The study assesses the access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-driven companies in Europe in comparison to the US and Israel to contextualise emergent cross-country and regional barriers and gaps. The study finds that while women-led companies still account for a small portion of deal flow and overall volume invested the rate of growth has increased across all the examined regions. Nevertheless, structural inequalities and persistent biases both on the supply of and demand for finance for women-driven companies still hinder the transition to a more balanced, more accessible and ultimately better functioning funding environment. For this reason the study puts forth and analyses a number of options and considerations - both financial and policy related - that could help accelerate this transition. As multiple evidence-based studies and data points show, women's economic empowerment makes not only ethical but also economic and business sense. InnovFin Advisory carried out the study with support of PitchBook, complementing market data with interviews of market practitioners of the European Venture community and other stakeholders
    DOI: 10.2867/884404
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  • 63
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    EIB Group Carbon Footprint Report 2019 (2020)
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146879 , 9286146876
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The EIB Group has been measuring and managing the environmental impact of its operations since 2007. In that time we have grown to meet the needs of European citizens (and beyond) by providing sustainable finance to tackle Climate change across the globe. In 2019 the EIB Group has improved its Carbon footprint and reduced emissions resulting from its internal operations. In 2019, the relative carbon footprint per employee fell by 6.0% to 5.41 tCO2e per employee. At the same time, the Group's total net carbon footprint decreased by 4.4% to 21,434 tCO2e. This reduction is mostly driven by a decrease in business travel, commuting and data centres (Green IT)
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  • 64
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    European Investment Bank Financial Report 2019 (2020)
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office of the European Union]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286145759 , 9286145756
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial report 2019
    Keywords: audit ; European Investment Bank ; financial statistics ; public finance ; activity report
    Abstract: In 2019, the Bank's lending signatures amounted to EUR 63.3 billion. This report includes the 2019 financial statements and audit report both for the EIB and the EIB Group
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  • 65
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    The EIB Climate Survey 2019-2020 (2020)
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146442 , 9286146442
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p)
    Keywords: Economics ; Business & Economics / Finance ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank has launched a large scale survey across Europe, China and the US. Goal of the survey was to find out about: Citizens' perception about the extent of climate change Citizens' individual commitments to fight climate change Citizens' solutions for climate change Responsibility for fighting climate change The findings are particularly relevant at a time when climate is one of the top priorities in the EU's agenda, and following the EIB's adoption of a new, fossil-fuel free energy lending policy and a new climate roadmap. Conducted in partnership with market research firm BVA, the survey aims to inform the broader debate on citizens' attitudes and expectations in terms of climate action in the European Union, the United States and China. "Listening to citizens' attitudes is key for us to make sure we address their concerns, while leaving no one behind", Vice-President Emma Navarro
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    The genome e-volution$Ivan Đikić ; European Investment Bank (2020)
    [Luxembourg] : [Publications Office of the European Union]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146732 , 9286146736
    Language: English
    Pages: (1 Online-Ressource 46 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Big ideas
    Keywords: public health ; nanotechnology ; medical diagnosis ; therapeutics ; health service ; epidemic ; health risk ; AIDS ; disease prevention
    Abstract: "We have made great progress, but we are still vulnerable and our common commitment to fight global health challenges is not yet strong enough. Despite our knowledge, despite new technologies, without concentrated and global efforts we are limited in our success. Today we see it clearly." The sequencing of the human genome at the beginning of this millennium marked a new era in biomedicine. Nanotechnology and robotics have created innovative tools and powerful diagnostic techniques. Major therapeutic advances have enabled us to control HIV, and more tailor-made therapies are being implemented to treat cancer. Nonetheless huge challenges remain, not only in the field of cancer, but also with respect to neurodegenerative and other diseases. At the same time, international travel and mobility, as well as globalised trade, are affecting our living conditions and promoting the spread of infectious diseases and new viruses, like the COVID-19 coronavirus, all over the world. The Croatian physician and scientist Ivan Đikić analyses the challenges of contemporary medical research, the emerging threats, like pandemics, and the role played by health systems. This is the twelfth essay in the Big Ideas series created by the European Investment Bank
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  • 67
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    EIB Statistical Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The Statistical Report presents in list form the projects financed and borrowings undertaken by the EIB in 2019, together with a list of the EIF's projects. It also includes summary tables for the year and over the last five years
    Note: English
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  • 68
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    European Investment Bank Group Fraud Investigations Activity Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146909
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This Fraud Investigations Activity Report covers the activities of the Inspectorate General’s Fraud Investigations Division (IG/IN) in 2019. It provides an overview of the work undertaken by IG/IN to prevent, detect, investigate and remedy Prohibited Conduct affecting EIB Group activities.The report provides in particular:Relevant statistics and their analysis on the number of allegations received and investigations conducted;A variety of internal and external case studies highlighting the different types of allegations handled by the EIB Group investigators as well as the findings and lessons learned;An overview of 10 years of Proactive Integrity Reviews at EIB and of the fraud detection tool developed by IG/IN;Information on the policy work done by IG/IN, such as fraud and corruption awareness initiatives for EIB Group staff members, and its increased efforts in outreach and global partnerships
    Note: English
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  • 69
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    Who is prepared for the new digital age? : Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In the fight against the Coronavirus, digital technology is playing an unprecedented role in the maintenance of daily life and economic and social activities, as well as the recovery of industries and business activities. The Coronovirus-pandemic could become a tipping point for digitalisation - a dawn of a new era - by accelerating the maturity of digital technology: What was once a ‘nice to have’ could now become a ‘crucial to have’. This report analyses investment in and adoption of digital technologies by firms in the EU and the USA and provides evidence on better performance of digital firms compared to non-digital ones. The report draws from two unique sets of data, including the European Investment Bank Survey (EIBIS) 2019, and the EIBIS Start-up and Scale-up Survey 2019
    Note: English
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  • 70
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    EIB Operations Inside the European Union 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Every year, the EIB takes a hard look at the work we do across Europe. We want to see if we are meeting goals for innovation, small businesses and the climate. We want to be sure that our projects are making a big difference in people's lives. One day our work might involve investments in better trains that encourage people to use fewer cars or new rockets that help Europe stay competitive in space. Another day, we might help the expansion of high-speed internet in people’s homes or improve scientific research in a university. Take a peek inside this report to see more examples of how we improve lives
    Note: English
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  • 71
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    Annual Report 2019 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Let us introduce you to some of the people who are helping to make a difference and improve lives across sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Overseas Countries and Territories. We speak to a greengrocer in Burkina Faso, look at new climate-resilient social housing in the Dominican Republic and find out how a bank changes things for women who own businesses in Uganda. In 2019, the EIB invested almost €1.4 billion in projects in these regions. In this report, we give a breakdown of where our funding is going and take a close look at the impact of our investments. The Annual Report 2019 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories should be read in conjunction with the financial statements
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 72
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    Why are women entrepreneurs missing out on funding? : Reflections and considerations - Executive summary (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The study assesses the access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-driven companies in Europe in comparison to the US and Israel to contextualise emergent cross-country and regional barriers and gaps. The study finds that while women-led companies still account for a small portion of deal flow and overall volume invested the rate of growth has increased across all the examined regions. Nevertheless, structural inequalities and persistent biases both on the supply of and demand for finance for women-driven companies still hinder the transition to a more balanced, more accessible and ultimately better functioning funding environment. For this reason the study puts forth and analyses a number of options and considerations – both financial and policy related – that could help accelerate this transition. As multiple evidence-based studies and data points show, women’s economic empowerment makes not only ethical but also economic and business sense. InnovFin Advisory carried out the study with support of PitchBook, complementing market data with interviews of market practitioners of the European Venture community and other stakeholders
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 73
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    The genome e-volution (Volume 12) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: “We have made great progress, but we are still vulnerable and our common commitment to fight global health challenges is not yet strong enough. Despite our knowledge, despite new technologies, without concentrated and global efforts we are limited in our success. Today we see it clearly.” The sequencing of the human genome at the beginning of this millennium marked a new era in biomedicine. Nanotechnology and robotics have created innovative tools and powerful diagnostic techniques. Major therapeutic advances have enabled us to control HIV, and more tailor-made therapies are being implemented to treat cancer. Nonetheless huge challenges remain, not only in the field of cancer, but also with respect to neurodegenerative and other diseases. At the same time, international travel and mobility, as well as globalised trade, are affecting our living conditions and promoting the spread of infectious diseases and new viruses, like the COVID-19 coronavirus, all over the world. The Croatian physician and scientist Ivan Đikić analyses the challenges of contemporary medical research, the emerging threats, like pandemics, and the role played by health systems. This is the twelfth essay in the Big Ideas series created by the European Investment Bank
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 74
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    Africa’s digital solutions to tackle COVID-19 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286147173
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: African countries are using technology in many new ways to fight the coronavirus pandemic. This report highlights some of the best digital solutions and estimates the investments required to implement the technology on a wider scale. The European Investment Bank prepared this report with the support of the United Nations Development Programme and the consulting firm BearingPoint
    Note: English
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  • 75
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    EIB Working Paper 2020/08 - EIB Group Survey on Investment and Investment Finance : A technical note on data quality (Volume 2020/8) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286147180
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Providing a technical analysis of the data quality of the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS), this paper finds that the chosen sampling framework captures the business population of interest well and that there is little evidence of selection bias during fieldwork. This suggests that EIBIS is a reliable data source to study the corporate investment situation in the EU
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  • 76
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    EIB Working Papers 2020/04 - Making a difference : Assessing the impact of the EIB's funding to SMEs (Volume 2020/4) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of intermediated funding provided by the EIB on the performance of SMEs in the EU between 2008 and 2014. Using statistical analysis of firm-level data, it finds that EIB lending had a positive effect on employment, firm size, investment and innovation capacity, and also increased firms' leverage. The impact of EIB funding was higher in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and also in Southern Europe, while somewhat smaller, yet still significant, in West and North Europe
    Note: English
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  • 77
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    The EIB Climate Survey 2019-2020 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The European Investment Bank has launched a large scale survey across Europe, China and the US.Goal of the survey was to find out about:Citizens’ perception about the extent of climate changeCitizens’ individual commitments to fight climate changeCitizens’ solutions for climate changeResponsibility for fighting climate changeThe findings are particularly relevant at a time when climate is one of the top priorities in the EU’s agenda, and following the EIB’s adoption of a new, fossil-fuel free energy lending policy and a new climate roadmap.Conducted in partnership with market research firm BVA, the survey aims to inform the broader debate on citizens’ attitudes and expectations in terms of climate action in the European Union, the United States and China.“Listening to citizens’ attitudes is key for us to make sure we address their concerns, while leaving no one behind”, Vice-President Emma Navarro
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  • 78
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    EIB Working Paper 2020/06 - Digital technologies and firm performance : Evidence from Europe (Volume 2020/6) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286146763
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: As the productivity of the European economy shows signs of slowing down, many hopes are pinned on digital technologies to reverse this trend. This study uses data from the EIBIS 2019 survey to examine whether the adoption of different digital technologies (such as advanced robotics, 3D printing, or Internet of Things) by firms in the EU have different impacts on productivity. It also examines whether these different technologies have different implications for employment growth, and whether there are complementarities between technologies when it comes to firm performance
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  • 79
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    EIB Working Papers 2019/10 - Structural and cyclical determinants of access to finance : Evidence from Egypt (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Egyptian firms face significant access to finance constraints. Using panel data, this paper examines the reasons why many Egyptian firms do not use formal banking services. Using data on the location of firms and bank branches, it also investigates whether access to finance constraints are linked to the crowding-out effect of bank investments in government debt
    Note: English
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  • 80
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    EIBIS 2020 - EU overview (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Investment Survey gathers unique insights on the corporate investment landscape in the European Union. It is an essential tool that outlines companies' needs for finance and the constraints that prevent them from making investments. The 2020 edition shows the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on companies’ investment plans and highlights how European firms are investing in digital technology. Another focus is dedicated to how businesses will handle climate change and the transition to a low-carbon future. The survey is based on 12 000 companies across the 27 European Union countries, and it includes a benchmark sample in the United Kingdom and United States. This overview provides the 2020 results for EU
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  • 81
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    Banking in Africa : Financing transformation amid uncertainty (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In its fifth edition, this report focuses on recent developments in Africa’s banking sectors and the policy options for all stakeholders. The study of banking sectors across all African sub-regions includes the results of the EIB survey of banking groups operating in Africa. Three thematic chapters address challenges and opportunities for financing investment in Africa: Investing sustainably in Africa’s cities; Mobilising agricultural value chain financing in Africa: why and how; Remittances and financial sector development in Africa
    Note: English
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  • 82
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    Going green : Who is investing in energy efficiency, and why it matters (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Investments in energy efficiency improvements are vital to ensure Europe’s future as a sustainable, yet prosperous economy. Amid the COVID-19 crisis, however, there is a great risk of losing sight of the benefits of energy efficiency investments by European firms. The EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) provides a unique source of data that highlights how more investment in energy efficiency is needed. This report examines the quality of firms’ building stock, their spending on energy efficiency measures and the factors that influence their decisions regarding that investment. It highlights that both high-quality information and advanced management practices make a crucial difference in the likelihood of investment in energy efficiency. The regulatory framework needs to be supportive, yet also push for higher energy building performance standards, while financing conditions should facilitate timely investment by firms to realise the enormous gains that can be achieved through energy efficiency improvements
    Note: English
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  • 83
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    Funding women entrepreneurs : How to empower growth (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Intervention is needed to improve women-led companies’ access to finance. In a recent study, EIB’s InnovFin Advisory assessed the availability of finance for women-owned and managed companies in Europe as compared to the United States. While women-led companies account for only a small portion of financing deals and investment flows, their share is growing. Nevertheless, structural inequalities and persistent biases continue to distort the funding environment. The study puts forth a number of innovative finance and policy recommendations. Restarting the EU economy after the coronavirus pandemic provides a unique opportunity to tackle gender barriers to finance
    Note: English
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  • 84
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    EIB Financial Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: In 2019, the Bank’s lending signatures amounted to EUR 63.3 billion.This report includes the 2019 financial statements and audit report both for the EIB and the EIB Group
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  • 85
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    EIB Working Papers 2020/02 - Impact of FDI on economic growth : The role of country income levels and institutional strength (Volume 2020/2) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286145735
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth is affected by incomes levels and the quality of the institutional environment. This paper examines these relationships based on data for 111 countries, stretching back to 1980. It finds that FDI benefits do not accrue mechanically and evenly across countries. Instead, there is inverted-U shaped relationship between countries’ income levels and the size of FDI’s impact on growth. Moving from low to middle-income countries the effect gets larger. On the other hand, it diminishes again transitioning to high income countries. It also finds that absorptive capacity matters in channelling FDI effects. Within country income groups, countries with better-developed institutions relative to their peers benefit more from FDI in terms of growth
    Note: English
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  • 86
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    EIB Working Papers 2020/01 - How can favourable financing improve energy efficiency investments? : Evidence from new experimental data (Volume 2020/1) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Financial instruments and technical assistance are effective in increasing investments in energy efficiency.When these favourable conditions are combined, the probability that firms invest in energy efficiency increases by more than a third. These results provide important insights into measures to increase energy efficiency investments, and how to optimally design them, which is key for EU policy-makers and lending institutions
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  • 87
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    EIB Complaints Mechanism Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The Complaints Mechanism report offers an overview of its actions in 2019. The main role of the Complaints Mechanism (EIB-CM) is to listen to citizens’ concerns about an EIB Group project or activity, which can be about a wide range of issues. A large proportion of the complaints are about environmental and social impacts of EIB financed projects.In 2019, the EIB-CM registered 84 new cases, handled 173 cases and closed 113 of them. A number of highly complex cases were closed, including the Panama Canal Extension, Marišćina County Waste Management, Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant, and Reventazon Hydropower.This Activity Report describes these cases and other closed and ongoing cases. The report also covers the cases lodged with the European Ombudsman against the EIB Group. The report aims at giving a good idea of how the EIB-CM activities ensure the EIB Group remains accountable to the public
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  • 88
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    EIB Working Paper 2020/05 - Financing constraints and employers’ investment in training (Volume 2020/5) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using a representative sample of European firms, this paper studies whether and to what extent financing constraints affect employers’ decisions to invest in employee training. It combines survey data on investment activities with administrative data on financial statements to develop an index of financing constraints. It estimates that a 10 percent increase in this index reduces investment in training as a share of fixed assets by 2.9 to 4.5 percent and investment in training per employee by 1.8 to 2.5 percent. The paper documents that lower investment in training reduces productivity, and show that firms facing tighter financing constraints cut back the investment in training and tangible assets less than investment in R&D and software and data
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  • 89
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    EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund Annual Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EU-AITF promotes infrastructure investment in sub-Saharan Africa and thereby helps eradicate poverty and stimulate sustainable economic growth. The Fund works by blending grants, provided by donors, and long-term financing, provided by participating financiers. This report gives an overview of its achievements from 2007 to 2019
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  • 90
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    The EIB Circular Economy Guide : Supporting the circular transition (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Circular Economy Guide aims to promote a common understanding of circular economy, and raise awareness about and promote circular solutions. The Guide provides information about EIB’s lending and advisory activities in this field, and communicates our vision of how the EIB can further support the transition to a circular economy. The Guide is a living document that will be updated in response to our evolving understanding of circular economy needs, opportunities and risks, and growing experience with the appraisal and financing of circular economy projects
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  • 91
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    The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025 : November 2020 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025 outlines our goals for climate finance that supports the European Green Deal and helps make Europe carbon-neutral by 2050. It maps the next stages in the journey to a sustainable planet and provides a framework to counter climate change
    Note: English
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  • 92
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    EIB Group Sustainability Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The EIB Group 2019 Sustainability Report provides an overview of the European Investment Bank Group’s operations and impact as they relate to our objective to support smart, sustainable and inclusive growth in a challenging European and global context. The Sustainability report should be read in conjunction with the 2019 Sustainability Reporting Disclosures
    Note: English
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  • 93
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    EIB Working Papers 2020/03 - Employer provided training in Europe : Determinants and obstacles (Volume 2020/3) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286143793
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This report looks at employer–provided training in Europe. Starting with a brief outline of the economic theory of training, it turns to recent developments by combining data from two employer surveys, the European Investment Bank’s Investment Survey (EIBIS) and Eurostat’s Continuous Vocational Training Survey (CVTS). It reviews the recent empirical literature on the relationship between economic institutions and training and between training and productivity and considers whether financing constraints hamper the provision of training by firms. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications
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  • 94
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    EIB Working Papers 2019/11 - Macro-based asset allocation : An empirical analysis (Volume 2019/11) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286144899
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Macro-based asset allocation is based on the identification of turning points in macro-financial cycles. This paper suggests that macro-based asset allocation informed by trends in continuous business and financial cycle indicators could be a promising alternative for medium- and long-term investment strategies. Despite changes during the last three decades, the most promising specifications of this approach did roughly anticipate turning points in asset price cycles, implying favourable returns and low portfolio volatility
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  • 95
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    EIB Working Paper 2020/07 - The growing digital divide in Europe and the United States (Volume 2020/7) (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Using the EIBIS Digital and Skills Survey on digitalisation activities of firms in the EU and the US, this study confirms the trend toward a growing digital divide in the corporate landscape with, on one side, many firms that are not digitally active, and on the other side, a substantial number of digitally active firms forging ahead. Old small firms, with less than 50 employees and more than 10 years old, are significantly more likely to be persistently digitally non-active. We show that these persistently non-digital firms are less likely to be innovative, increase employment or command higher mark-ups. These trends are likely to exacerbate the digital divide across firms in the EU and the US
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  • 96
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    EIB Working Paper 2020/09 - Investment vs debt trade-offs in the post-COVID-19 European economy (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This paper estimates the revenues lost by European firms during the COVID-19 crisis, taking into account different scenarios regarding policy support and the length of the crisis. It examines the likely effect of such revenue losses on firms’ internal financing capacity and on investment, suggesting that the COVID-19 crisis may trigger an fall in corporate investment greater that that experienced during the Great Financial Crisis, with firms facing a trade-off between reduced investment and greater indebtedness. A macro-model based on historical data also suggests that the decline in corporate investment would likely be within the computed ranges, should the estimated gap in firm revenues materialise as the result of the crisis
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  • 97
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    Global reach : The impact of the EIB beyond the European Union 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: The greatest challenges we face to today are global. This is true for climate change and the need to build new models of sustainable and resilient development. It is equally true for the coronavirus pandemic that threatens to erode some of the progress made on poverty reduction around the world.As the world’s largest multilateral development bank, the European Investment Bank (EIB) has the means, and the experience, to help nations outside of Europe meet these challenges. Our report, Global Reach: The Impact of the EIB beyond the European Union, looks at our projects outside of Europe that bring clean water, green energy, new infrastructure and funds for small and female-owned businesses.Our projects provide the kind of support societies need to advance, and to advance in a way that will last well into the future
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  • 98
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    EIB Group Activity Report 2019 (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : European Investment Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: This report tracks the green thread that runs through the European Investment Bank Group’s work in 2019, specifically action to fight climate change. Climate action has long been a significant factor in the Bank’s work. In 2019, we responded to an unprecedented emergency with new ambitions for climate investment over the coming decade and a new energy lending policy. This report tells stories of ingenuity and commitment, job creation and prosperity. Woven together with the green thread of sustainable EIB climate investment, it illustrates the opportunity climate action presents for all of us to safeguard our world for future generations and to build a prosperous, clean economy
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  • 99
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    From starting to scaling : How to foster startup growth in Europe (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: High growth startups are widely recognized as key sources of employment, productivity growth and innovation. However, while the long-term impact of the COVID-19 crisis on startups remains to be seen, many now face greater constraints than before. Continued policy support for startups therefore remains vital.In order to guide European policymakers, it is important to understand the key characteristics of high growth startups and gain insights into what sets them apart from other startups. In addition, this report examines the persistent gap between Europe and the United States (US) in terms of startup activity. The findings underscore the role of high growth startups for innovation ecosystems in Europe. The report also highlights some ways governments can continue to support startups by encouraging collaborations with startups as an active innovation partner. The report draws from unique sets of data, including the general module of the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) survey 2019 and the EIBIS Start-up and Scale-up Survey 2019
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  • 100
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    The EIB COVID-19 Economic Vulnerability Index - An analysis of countries outside the European Union (2020)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789286147135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance
    Abstract: Which countries are most vulnerable to a virus such as COVID-19? Which countries should take the most stringent precautions to prevent the spread of such a virus? The EIB COVID-19 Economic Vulnerability Index covers countries outside the European Union and helps give us an idea of regions that need the most help. The comprehensive index takes into account risk factors such as the quality of healthcare, age of the population, structure of the economy – including reliance on tourism, remittances, commodity exports, global value chains, the capacity of the countries to implement countercyclical financial policy, strength of the banking sector, and more
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