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  • 2015-2019  (1,488)
  • 1960-1964
  • World Bank Group  (1,488)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264674523
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Delivering Quality Health Services: A Global Imperative
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: La couverture sanitaire universelle (CSU) vise à assurer la sécurité sanitaire et l'accès universel aux services de soins essentiels sans difficultés financières pour les individus, les familles et les communautés. La CSU permet une transition vers des sociétés et des économies plus productives et équitables et est inscrite dans les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) à l'horizon 2030. Mais la CSU ne devrait pas être mise en œuvre sans prendre en compte la qualité des soins fournis. Qualité signifie des soins efficaces, sûrs, centrés sur la personne, rapides, équitables, intégrés et efficients. Des soins de haute qualité améliorent les résultats pour la santé et réduisent le gaspillage. Cela fait partie intégrante d'un système de santé durable et de grande valeur. L’accès universel à des soins de santé de haute qualité n’est pas un luxe que seuls les pays riches peuvent se permettre. Cela peut être réalisé dans tous les contextes avec un leadership, une planification et une mise en œuvre solides. Les résultats valent l'investissement. Bien que des progrès significatifs aient été accomplis pour améliorer la qualité des soins, des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires, tant dans les pays en développement que dans les pays développés. Ce rapport décrit la situation actuelle en matière de CSU et de qualité globale des soins, et décrit les mesures que les gouvernements, les services de santé et leurs travailleurs, ainsi que les citoyens et les patients, doivent prendre de manière urgente.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: Just energy transition is key to South Africa's inclusive and sustainable growth. It is necessary to unlock large pools of private capital and attract foreign investment to drive low-carbon transition. Despite downside risks, South Africa has strong macroeconomic fundamentals and commitment to improving the overall investment climate. Climate change poses considerable systematic risks, thus needs to be urgently integrated into macroeconomic policy and planning. Harness transition opportunity invest in resilient infrastructure and create market for low-carbon technologies to boost growth and strengthen the macro investment climate. Implement carbon tax effectively and raise policy ambition, supported by a fiscal framework conducive for climate investments, as well as invest tax revenues to support just transition. The current energy crisis presents an opportunity for sector reform, regulatory changes, and use of innovative financial solutions to promote low-carbon private sector investments. The World Bank has developed this discussion paper in response to the government of South Africa's request to analyze ways in which private capital flows can be catalyzed and leveraged for low-carbon investments. The focus of this paper is on electricity generation sector and the industry sector
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Paraguay is a middle-income, landlocked country with a population of about seven million. The nation is highly dependent on its transport and logistics infrastructure to connect to regional markets and international seaports. In road quality and connectivity, on the other hand, Paraguay trails its neighbors and other middle-income countries. According to the Global Competitiveness Indices, Paraguay is in the bottom third of indexed countries for road connectivity and quality. The government has attempted to address perceptions on quality and connectivity through higher budget allocations for the road sector. The higher road sector budget has been directed to expansion and preservation of the paved roads since 2012 and has, on the whole, allocated sufficient funds for their maintenance as estimated by this Public Expenditure Review (PER). Despite this there has been a slight decline in the overall quality of the network due to over and under funding of roads geographically and by functional classification. This PER is structured as follows: Chapter 2 provides some background on the Paraguayan economy, the country's road network (primary, secondary, and tertiary) features and analysis, and an overview of the government institutions responsible for the network; Chapter 3 describes how Paraguay budgets and manages its road sector, what the funding sources are, and how efficiently the expenditures are being spent; Chapter 4 assesses Paraguay's goals for its road sector, the effectiveness of its budget execution and sustainability of its funding, and its sector monitoring practices; and Chapter 5 concludes with the main findings and recommendations
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: In March 2018, the World Bank finalized an agreement with Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) to conduct a demand survey for housing across Egypt. The survey consisted of a sample of 10,300 households across eight governorates. The inclusive housing finance program supports several aspects of the government's social housing program, including financial aid to low-income households to help them access housing. This aid comes in the form of a subsidy that either complements the down payment and the repayments in the first years of a mortgage loan or contributes to the payment of the rent in the public or the private sector. The Government of Egypt asked the World Bank to advise on conducting a housing demand assessment to understand the differential demand for rental and ownership housing by different income and employment groups and for different types of houses, locations, and regions. The main objective of the study is to provide detailed information on the demand for affordable ownership housing with a mortgage loan, a down payment, and a subsidy and for formal rental accommodation
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) 2019 report is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system at the subnational level. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service delivery. A central government PEFA assessment and a subnational assessment at the oblast level were conducted in 2019. The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the government of Ukraine with an objective, up-to-date diagnostic of public financial management performance at the rayon level of subnational government based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. This assessment covers the Iziaslavskyi rayon administration which is composed of sixteen budgetary institutions
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464813887
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 presents indicators that measure the laws, regulations and bureaucratic processes that affect farmers in 101 countries. The study covers eight thematic areas: supplying seed, registering fertilizer, securing water, registering machinery, sustaining livestock, protecting plant health, trading food and accessing finance. The report highlights global best performers and countries that made the most significant regulatory improvements in support of farmers
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: Domestic Violence (DV) is a universal phenomenon that affects millions of women of all social strata worldwide. It is the most pervasive, common, under-recognized, underestimated and under-reported type of violence against women. It reflects discriminatory social norms, stereotypes, impunity and gender inequality. It is all too often considered as a "private, family issue", widely accepted and minimized although it impairs the full enjoyment of life and fundamental rights and freedoms by victims and survivors who are overwhelmingly women. Domestic Violence (DV) is a development challenge and has a high economic and social cost, including health and medical costs, death, suicide, depression, lost productivity, lost income, , psychological consequences and trauma, increased stress, reactive violence, reduced ability to study or find and hold a job, judicial and prison costs, economic insecurity and abuse, debt, housing instability, homelessness, inter alia1. Beyond data and statistics, DV undermines autonomy and represents an enormous loss in terms of wellbeing not only for the women affected but also for the men who share their lives, for their children, their families and their societies. The Compendium on International and National Legal Frameworks on Domestic Violence (the "Compendium") provides a survey of the key international and regional instruments as well as national legislation as they relate to domestic violence
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The World Bank has been supporting a comprehensive program to strengthen cooperative management and development within the Zambezi River Basin. This program provides regional financing and analytical work that brings together the various commitments within a World Bank-financed portfolio of more than USD 2 billion to facilitate dialogue among the riparian states and further drive the development of climate-resilient water resources for sustainable growth. The application of the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol in the Zambezi River Basin represents part of this broader program of support to the riparian states toward enhancing development outcomes through improved cooperation and sustainable development. The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol is a multi-stakeholder tool that evaluates the performance of hydropower projects against globally-applicable sustainability criteria for basic good practice and proven best practice. This Program Report reflects on the project design, objectives, results, and lessons learned from the experience of using the Protocol for guided self-assessment with three hydropower operators in the basin: the Zambezi River Authority, Zesco, and Hidroelectrica Cahora Bassa
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic (PD) in Niger is part of a global initiative to improve evidence on the linkages between WASH and poverty. The Diagnostic provides a detailed analysis of sector status, strengths, and weaknesses to inform the attainment of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim for universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Economic performance in 2018 has been mixed. The data that are available suggest some areas of softening in the economy.1 Foreign direct investment declined to 2 percent of GDP in 2017, down from about 5 percent in 2014. The current account deficit has increased to 3.8 percent of GDP in the year ending September 2018, from 2.2 in the preceding 12 months. Recent Bank of Tanzania data confirm lower cashew exports and 2017 decline in non-traditional exports has continued into 2018, which raises concerns on prospects for longer term growth. The Tanzania Revenue Authority is reporting that many large tax payers are unable to meet their tax obligations on time. Nonperforming loans have declined recently to 9.7 percent in September 2018 from 12.5 percent in September 2017, but remain almost double the 5 percent statutory threshold. Banks have limited lending to businesses and interest rates are high (18 percent for one-year loans in August 2018), though some banks have lowered benchmark lending rates. On a positive note, credit to the private sector has been edging up, reaching 4.9 percent in the 12 months ending September 2018. The fiscal deficit is still low, not counting payment arrears and delayed refunds of value-added tax. The 2017/18 budget deficit after grants of 1.3 percent of GDP suggests effective spending management but does not factor in payment arrears, with an estimated stock of over 3 percent of GDP. Government is paying down roughly TZS 1 trillion of verified arrears per fiscal year. The low deficit is the result of controlled recurrent expenditures and under execution of the development budget by more than 40 percent. Contributing factors include shortfalls in domestic revenue and external financing for large projects. Public debt is currently sustainable, but there is need for the Government to consider cost-effective financing options and manage associated risks to support public investments. The 2018/19 budget targets public investment to consume 45 percent of total spending, equivalent to 9.1 percent of GDP compared to 5.5 a year prior
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The outlook for the global economy has darkened amid elevated trade tensions. International trade and investment are moderating, trade tensions remain elevated, and financing conditions are tightening. Global growth is projected to moderate from a downwardly revised 3 percent in 2018 to 2.9 percent in 2019 and 2.8 percent in 2020-21, as economic slack dissipates, monetary policy tightens in advanced economies, and global trade gradually slows (World Bank Global Economic Prospects, January 2019). Despite external shocks to trade and tourism, growth of the Thai economy is estimated to have accelerated to 4.1 percent in 2018. The economy proved to be resilient in the face of strong global headwinds due to strengthening domestic demand stemming from an upswing in private consumption and private investment. Domestic consumption expanded by 5 percent in 2018Q3, posting the highest growth rate in 22 quarters in a low-inflation environment and record-low unemployment. In addition, private investment grew by 3.9 percent in the third quarter supported by increased spending on construction, machinery and equipment. Strong domestic demand offset partially adverse global factors-the China-US trade dispute-as well as domestic and idiosyncratic factors-such as the Phuket boat tragedy and the high-base effect of gold exports. The Thai economy also owed its resiliency to strong and stable macroeconomic fundamentals
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The PNG economy has become increasingly concentrated in petroleum-and-gas-related activities since 2014, raising its vulnerability to external shocks, including commodity-price shocks and natural disasters. In recent months, however, the authorities have taken decisive action to promote greater diversification of the economy. Ongoing reforms to strengthen the monetary and exchange rate policy and framework are expected to improve business confidence and increase private investment and growth in the non-resource economy. Measures include addressing the FX shortage, managing the liquidity effects of the use of FX to clear the FX orders backlog, working on greater exchange rate flexibility, considering options for strengthening the interest-rate transmission mechanism, and enhancing modeling capacity in the Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG). In this context, the government and the BPNG will need to ensure regular, transparent, and consistent communication with all stakeholders to minimize the risk of confusion and market disruption. Papua New Guinea's medium-term economic outlook is relatively sanguine, underpinned by further large-scale resource projects. Real GDP growth is forecast to rebound to about 5 percent in 2019, primarily driven by a return to full annual production in the extractive sector. In the years after, growth is estimated to ease to its current potential of 3-4 percent a year, until planned investments in LNG and mining projects kick inches Future large-scale investment in the resource sector appears likely, with plans to double LNG production and develop new gold, copper, and silver reserves. With increased FX inflows into the economy, the current pressure on the exchange rate may reverse, adversely affecting the competitiveness of the non-resource economy. To facilitate broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable development, the government will need to focus more on investing in human capital and strengthening the business environment to spur private sector development, as elaborated in the World Bank's Systematic Country Diagnostic and summarized in the special focus section of this report
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: With the Paris Agreement and most of its detailed rulebook now finalized, countries and subnational actors face the challenge of translating climate targets and strategies into action and determining how to finance these actions. Through the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate Change Mitigation (PAF), the World Bank developed an innovative financial mechanism - climate auctions - which stimulates private investment in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate auctions offer price guarantees to companies that can deliver eligible climate results in the future. These price guarantees are allocated through a transparent, efficient auctioning process, which maximizes the climate impact of scarce public funds. In the near-term, countries can utilize climate auctions to spur significant investments in low-carbon activities and mobilize finance at the scale and pace necessary to achieve their national climate targets, laying the groundwork for longer-term carbon pricing and greater climate ambition. This policy brief is intended to inform policymakers and public funders about why climate auctions are an effective tool for achieving climate outcomes, focusing on how policymakers can utilize auctions to accelerate NDC implementation and raise climate ambition. It also outlines how climate auctions work and where they are most effective. The policy brief was produced by staff of the World Bank with external contributions from the Rocky Mountain Institute
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate of entrepreneurship in the world, with approximately 42 percent of the non-agricultural labor force classified as self-employed or employers. Yet most entrepreneurs are unable to grow their businesses beyond small-scale subsistence operations, impeding their contribution to poverty reduction and shared prosperity. This is particularly so for women. This new report, "Profiting from Parity: Unlocking the Potential of Women's Businesses in Africa", produced by the World Bank Group's Africa Gender Innovation Lab and the Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice, seeks to focus attention on the challenges that Africa's women entrepreneurs face and identify practical solutions. The report draws on new, high-quality, household and firm level data to present the clearest evidence to date about the barriers to growth and profitability faced by women entrepreneurs. It goes beyond looking at contextual, endowment and household restrictions in isolation, and, through deep-dive analysis, uncovers new evidence on how social norms, networks and household-level decision making contribute to business performance. It analyzes how they are linked to each other and to women's strategic business decisions. The report offers policy makers evidence based guidance on designing programs to target multiple obstacles and improve the performance of women entrepreneurs
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Improving government capa ...
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Sri Lanka is facing a challenging macroeconomic landscape. The post-conflict high growth momentum has decelerated. A volatile global environment and structurally weak competitiveness continue to weaken growth and external sector performance. High interest costs mask limited fiscal improvement. While outlook remains stable conditional on political stability and reform implementation, the balance of risks is downward tilted. The country is vulnerable to global financial market conditions due to large refinancing requirements. Although some important reforms were carried out, the process has slowed down due to a challenging political environment
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The objectives of a well-designed pension system are poverty reduction in old age and income smoothing throughout an individuals' lifetime. Over the last thirty years, changing demographic trends have caused a shift from 'pay as you go' and occupational defined benefit (DB) schemes - where the obligation for paying for retirement income is with the state and employers - to defined contribution (DC) schemes, where the obligation to save for retirement rests more with individuals. The transition to DC schemes did help establish a strong link between contributions during working life and benefits during retirement, for individuals. However, an increasing challenge has been balancing genuine needs for some pre-retirement liquidity, access to savings and providing adequate income post retirement for individuals. The need to get this balancing act right is being felt increasingly as coverage of national social security systems is expanded to include more of the non-salaried workforce which often has lower levels of income, more periods of unemployment and more irregular earnings. This note surveys recent literature and country experiences to understand if and how countries address the need for pre-retirement liquidity in both mandatory and voluntary DC schemes. The note also uses simple modelling to illustrate the impact of allowing access to pension savings on income adequacy after retirement. The report concludes with recommendations based on emerging best practice
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Cote d'Ivoire has a moderate risk of external debt distress, with limited space to absorb shocks. All liquidity and solvency external debt indicators lie below their thresholds under the baseline scenario. However, the ratios of external debt service to revenue and exports are projected to rise, diminishing room to maneuver, and an export shock would cause breaches of their relevant thresholds under the worst-case stress scenarios. This underscores the substantial downside risks originating from external shocks and the need to boost domestic revenue mobilization. The overall risk of public debt distress is also moderate, with public debt to GDP ratio expected to decrease gradually. A sustained compliance with the WAEMU fiscal deficit convergence criterion and a prudent external borrowing strategy balancing the costs and economic return of new loans will be crucial to preserve debt sustainability
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The research is based on the PEFA framework and methodology for assessing public financial management performance and the data set that is generated from the PEFA assessments. The research quantified PEFA scores and aggregated them into overall scores which required developing assumptions on weighting scores, measures, and assessments. The research acknowledges methodological limitations of using the PEFA data set, including the assumptions. In general, the research follows the approach taken by previous researchers who have used PEFA data for quantitative analysis, but this does not eliminate the challenges that persist in transforming grades to numerical values and aggregating them. The time inconsistency issues and the limited number of observations also influenced the regression analysis using the PEFA data set. The team acknowledges that the PEFA data set was not designed for statistical analysis and that using it in quantitative regressions presents a series of econometric issues that cannot be fully resolved in this book, or in other papers which apply a similar approach. The research report builds on general recognition that PFM is important for development and recognizes that there is limited evidence based on the nontechnical determinants of PFM performance, as well as the outcomes of a good PFM system. The report therefore aims to bridge some of this gap between theory and practice using data on PFM performance from PEFA assessments. The report undertakes a closer examination of the key debates on what constitutes a good PFM system by providing an overview of the PEFA framework, and the data set that is generated through PEFA assessments, including its strengths and weaknesses. This was done to enable the research team to undertake quantitative analysis of the relationship between PFM performance and other governance indicators and outcomes
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: After experiencing exceptional economic growth in the 2000s, Kazakhstan's economy has slowed sharply since the global financial crisis, putting development achievements at risk. The economic slowdown has been caused by sharply lower commodity prices, and structural degradation of the economy. Kazakhstan's productivity growth has steadily fallen over the past two decades. Falling within-sector productivity improvements are the driving force behind Kazakhstan's productivity slowdown. The private sector is significantly constrained and does not exhibit many important features of healthy private sectors worldwide. Empirical evidence suggests that business entry rates are relatively low in Kazakhstan, even controlling for the structure of economy. The evidence shows that new (and small) firms are more productive than older (and larger) firms. The corrosive patterns must be corrected to revive productivity, which is essential for higher economic growth - since higher investment cannot substitute for productivity growth in the long run. The first policy imperative is to level the playing field for all firms - well-connected or otherwise. The second policy is to strengthen the rule of law and to deal more aggressively and comprehensively with corruption. Third, the governments will need to introduce structural changes in the economy to boost private investment and reduce a disproportionately large role of the state in the economy
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Kenyan economy rebounded in 2018 and economic activity in the first quarter of 2019 was healthy, although emerging drought conditions could curtail GDP growth for the remainder of the year. The economy expanded by 6.0 percent in the first three quarters of 2018 compared to 4.7 percent during the same period in 2017 driven by strong private consumption in part due to improved income from agricultural harvests in 2018, remittance inflows, and lower food prices. The Bank's GDP growth estimate for 2018 is about 5.8 percent. A strong pick-up in economic activity in Q1 of 2019 was reflected by real growth in consumer spending and stronger investor sentiment. Nonetheless, a delayed start to the March-May 2019 "long" rainy season could affect the planting season-resulting in poor harvests. In addition, ongoing emergency intervention to address food shortages in several counties could impose fiscal pressure constraining capital spending. These developments have slowed the growth forecast for 2019 and for the medium term relative to our October 2018 Update. Inflation remains within the government's target range of 5 + or - 2.5 percent. Headline inflation averaged 4.7 percent in 2018 compared to 8.0 percent in 2017, primarily due to the slowdown in food inflation, which in turn offset a temporary acceleration in energy prices. Further, core inflation has remained below 5 percent, suggesting benign underlying demand pressures. With low inflation, monetary policy could be more accommodative to support growth if needed, but with interest rate caps tied to the policy rate, further loosening would be constrained. The low inflationary pressure has also been supported by a stable local currency. The shilling has traded within a narrow band of Ksh100/US Dollas-Ksh.103/US Dollars in 2018, thereby serving as a nominal anchor to inflationary expectations
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report is intended to support digital financial services (DFS) policymakers in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) and regulators endeavors, by providing a structured approach for the analysis of DFS and financial inclusion. It provides examples of how countries are progressing in pushing further DFS growth, and the type of challenges they are facing. This report could also be a tool for private sector stakeholders when assessing the institutional and regulatory environment to invest in and develop DFS initiatives and provide valuable inputs for their dialogue with the public sector
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh made a number of laudable development achievements in the early millennium but can and should do more to improve human capital and the wellbeing of its population. Coupled with impressive achievements in poverty reduction and economic growth are meeting many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-such as reaching nearly universal access to primary education, gender parity in primary and secondary education, ensuring food security, lowering infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, improving immunization coverage, and increasing access to improved water sources. Nurturing a child's early years can help nations boost human capital to become more diverse, competitive economies. Improving early childhood development requires multi-sectoral action. Advancements in early childhood development will not be possible without improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This report will discuss several analyses that demonstrate the importance of WASH in nurturing the early years. The report begins with an examination of progress in achieving human development outcomes, many of which are specifically used to measure early childhood development and human capital. The next section will present a poverty risk model used to measure differences in WASH-related disease burden among wealth groups and populations with and without access to basic water and sanitation services. The third section discusses WASH deprivations in community health centers that reduce quality of care, and the fourth section measures the unique environmental exposures from inadequate WASH faced by slum dwellers, an often neglected yet high-risk population for poor health and undernutrition. The proceeding four sections then present original econometric analyses linking various components of WASH to childhood stunting, early childhood skills, infant mortality, and school enrollment. The final section concludes and provides recommendations on how Bangladesh's WASH sector can prioritize the early years in future investments
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The economies of the GCC recovered in 2018 despite signs of weakness in the global economic outlook, reinforcing the perception that GCC economies' fortunes are still inextricably tied to oil. Global growth slowed in 2018, as trade tensions be-tween the U.S. and China escalated, and goods trade slowed markedly. However, the steady increase in oil prices until October 2018 lifted growth in the GCC economies, from an average of -0.2 percent in 2017 to 2.0 percent in 2018. Two of the region's largest economies Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, as well as Oman, emerged from recession in 2018. Growth outturns were driven by higher oil production in the second half of 2018, higher capital investment made possible due to the rise in oil revenues, and higher domestic demand. Fiscal and external balances improved, also tracking oil sector performance. GCC countries' fiscal balances improved in 2018, aided by the average increase in oil prices and progress with non-oil revenue mobilization in some countries. This allowed most countries to reduce fiscal deficits while actually increasing spending in some cases. Saudi Arabia, for example was able to halve its overall fiscal deficit in 2018 while simultaneously increasing total spending by 10.8 percent. Other countries also demonstrated procyclicality in fiscal policy, as spending increased across the GCC. Saudi Arabia and the UAE implemented a 5 percent VAT in early 2018, and Bahrain followed in early 2019. Oman introduced excise taxes on tobacco products, energy drinks and soft drinks in mid-2018 and increased corporate income tax
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The people of the South Caucasus aspire for their countries to become strong middle-class societies, and they are on track to make that aspiration a reality. Two decades of social and economic progress have changed the societies of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The notable improvements that people in the region have experienced are reflected in better living standards that allowed poverty to be reduced by half in the 12 years between 2005 and 2017. Yet, to consolidate middle-class societies, the governments of the South Caucasus need to do more to achieve the stability and resilience enjoyed by their more advanced peers in Europe and Central Asia. Sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and shared prosperity require that the full potential of all geographical and administrative areas, population groups, and economic sectors be realized. This boo analyzes spatial, social, and economic mobility in the South Caucasus. The book argues that Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia have not yet integrated important geographical areas and population segments in full economic participation and social development. Economic gains have not been uniformly and equitably translated into greater welfare and opportunity among all households and individuals. The main conclusion is that sustainable growth, poverty reduction, and the consolidation of the middle class require that the institutional and physical foundations of greater and more equitable economic and social mobility be secured in the South Caucasus. Understanding and removing the constraints to the development of lagging districts; leveraging opportunities for agglomeration; linking geographical areas, peoples, and markets; fostering equality in access to better jobs; and making sure that high-quality education and basic services are available to all individuals and areas are crucial
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The study aims to understand the constraints to women's equal participation in the roads sector inMalawi to inform the development of interventions to promote gender equality in the sector. The study adopts a career cycle approach that allows to identify and describe the barriers to career progression for women in the roads sector at each stage in the career cycle focusing on: attraction, selection, retention, and advancement. The study employs qualitative research methods consisting of focus group discussions with women and girls along the career cycle in the roads sector and key informant interviews. The study has yielded insights into the multiple and overlapping factors embedded in the socialization, learning and hiring processes that result inhigh rates of attrition of women in the engineering and roads-related technical field at different stages of the career cycle, often called the '*leaky pipeline'* in policy discussions about women in STEM. From secondary school through university and vocational schools, female students report less confidence and aspiration in engineering and vocational training in the roads sector. At the selection stage, women face gender bias in hiring and difficult work environment, representing an exodus of talent among women who could otherwise become the next generation of architects, engineers, and roads sector contractors. At the retention and advancement phase women confront a difficult work environment where women are sidelined from career advancement opportunities, face sexual harassment and have difficulty balancing work and family obligations in a sector wheremany of the opportunities are in remote locations. The roads sector in Malawi offers opportunitiesfor women: opportunities in the forms of generating substantial incomes, designing transport infrastructure to foster socio-economic development, and providing role models for the young women of the future. Increasing the gender balance in the roads sector requires a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach and one that needs to address the underlying causes that subtly results in gender stereotypes and gendered occupational cultures and career choices. The table summarizes the key study findings and core set of actions to help women overcome the obstacles at different stages of the career cycle targeting women at all age groups
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) and the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), together with key Development Partners, conducted a Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) and Quality of Service Delivery Survey (QSDS) for the education sector in Cambodia. PETS identify resource use and leakages by examining flows of funds and materials from the central government to local service providers via regional and local governments. QSDS are multi-purpose surveys that examine the efficiency of frontline service delivery and the dissipation of resources by collecting information on service providers and various agents in the system. Several PETS were conducted in Cambodia in the 2005-2013 period. They generally found leakage to be low but the timeliness and consistency of funds delivery to service providers to be poor. This PETS-QSDS will assist the Royal Government of Cambodia in its aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery through several key reforms. The educational structure of schooling in Cambodia is six years of primary, followed by three years of lower secondary then three years of upper secondary. Prior to primary, there is at least one year for pre-school education. Cambodia also has technical and vocational education, which commences after completion of grade 9. Higher education commences after grade 12
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Welcome to the Spring 2019 edition of the World Bank's Madagascar Economic Update, which presents recent economic developments and our medium-term outlook. The economy has continued to perform well, with growth in 2018 estimated at 5.2 percent, above regional and global averages. External demand for Malagasy goods and services remains strong, with exports such as cash crops, metals and business process outsourcing performing well. A small but dynamic private sector is responding to this increased economic activity with banking, logistics and services to support companies all under expansion. This edition of economic update focuses on managing fuel pricing
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This study attempts to explore the impacts of labor influx related to roads construction on poor rural communities in Malawi with particular attention to the impacts on girls and women
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Croatia is a small, open economy and the latest entrant to the European Union. After being severely affected by the global financial crisis, Croatia's economy is recovering, with growth averaging around three percent over the last four years. The over-arching objective of the WBG Country Partnership Framework (CPF) is to play a catalytic role in supporting institutional improvements needed for a sustainable trajectory towards EU convergence and eventual IBRD graduation. This CPF would support interventions to address Croatia's climate vulnerabilities and protect its natural environment. This would be achieved primarily through ongoing and prospective advisory services, but also through potential WBG investments, including from IFC, and potentially from MIGA guarantees. The CPF will cover a five-year period (FY19-24) with one Progress and Learning Review (PLR). This approach includes a relatively narrow results framework that builds primarily on the ongoing portfolio and the nature of RAS-financed engagements. The PLR would provide an update on key areas of institutional weakness, including to measure progress against EU peers where benchmarks are available. While the WBG may contribute only modestly to these outcomes, it expects to play a catalytic role, and monitoring outcome indicators which are comparable across the EU will be particularly important to track progress in the areas on the critical path to accelerate convergence
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The analysis presented in this Public Expenditure Review (PER) is designed to support the efforts of the government of Gabon (GOG) to enhance public expenditure efficiency and improve the quality of public goods and services. The report reviews public expenditure data over an 8-year period, examines trends in the composition and efficiency of spending, and assesses whether spending patterns are consistent with Gabon's development objectives. The report includes in-depth analyses of public investment and the public wage bill, the two largest budget categories. It also reviews the composition and evolution of non-oil revenue which could play a key role in closing the fiscal deficit. Finally, the report reviews education, social protection, and public health expenditures which are crucial for socioeconomic development and poverty reduction
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This report presents a framework for strengthening the effectiveness and efficiency of regulation of forestry and related sectors. It strives to identify and reduce regulatory burdens on private firms active in the forestry sector, while not compromising the objectives of government regulation. Illegal logging and deforestation, especially in developing countries, has significant impact on national and global forestry product markets, leading to increasingly heavy regulation of forestry sectors-including downstream markets and processing industries. Heavy regulation places a disproportionate burden on SMEs and frequently leads to regulatory failures, including corruption and reduced competition. As a result, many small-scale forestry and downstream private firms cannot comply with regulatory requirements, and instead operate informally. Reduced regulatory compliance leads to a failure to achieve intended and important social, economic, and environmental outcomes. The report is the first to assess the forestry sector from a cross-cutting global regulatory governance perspective. It draws upon and synthesizes key thematic issues and lessons from available materials on forestry, and develops practical solutions based on problem-driven adaption and good practices documented in regulatory governance literature. Based on this, it also creates a framework and toolkit using a selected and appropriate regulatory governance reform tools for application and further development
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: In the wake of the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola) crisis, the international development community, including the World Bank Group (WBG), have taken various institutional and operational steps to improve the advice, investments, and financing instruments to support both the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency responses to infectious disease outbreaks. Several World Bank instruments have been developed or adapted to more promptly deliver financial resources. The objective of the study is to inform the design and implementation of financing for rapid response to outbreaks through an analysis of lessons learned from recent outbreaks in West and Central Africa. This report will explain the methodology used to collect and analyze study data. It will then review the background, findings, and observations on mobilizing domestic and external funds for response in light of the evolution of epidemics in West Africa, Nigeria, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report summarizes the recent changes and key remaining challenges globally and in select countries summarized by the four selected themes (governance, effective financing, efficient use of resources, and preparedness). This report then offers conclusions and recommendations from this qualitative study
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Benefiting from successful economic transformation after independence and the start of EU accession negotiations, economic activity in Montenegro has been solid, supporting the rise in incomes their convergence with the ones in the European Union. Inflation has been modest and kept in check. However, the import dependence of the growth model and the excessive reliance on the state to stimulate the economy have contributed to widening of external and internalimbalances as well as indebtedness. There have been recent efforts at fiscal tightening, but more needs to be done to address structural rigidities and boost the commitment to the objectives of economic policies. This is particularly the case with respect to the medium-term budget plans, public sector restructuring, pension and health reforms, improvements of market competition, and the labor market. Montenegro confronts today the need for further fiscal adjustment to turn the deficit into surplus and bring public debt below the Maastricht level. This would help creating the fiscal space for strengthening its convergence prospects with the EU and with the alignment with the rules in the eurozone, given the country's use of euro as the local currency. Fiscal and structural policies in an economy without monetary policy levers are of paramount importance to protect stability and competitiveness. This Public Finance Synthesis Report is a summary of policy discussions over the last few years carried out under the various World Bank activities, including the Policy-Based Guarantee, the analytical work under the topic of Jobs and Growth and on pharmaceutical reform issues). While the Government has already taken major efforts to address some of the critical bottlenecks in the economy, this synthesis report summarizes and outlines pathways to further strengthen the sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness of public finances in Montenegro
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Urbanization in Myanmar is still in an early phase with slightly less than one-third of the population living in cities. This presents an enormous opportunity for the country. Cities are engines of growth and prosperity, which facilitate industries to grow jobs, services and innovations. Cities are also fundamental to lifting people out of poverty through increased employment opportunities and incomes to citizens. No country has reached middle income status without urbanizing. That being said, the way that cities urbanize is important to growth, poverty and livability. If adequate investments are not made in basic infrastructure and services, urban planning, and in ensuring a governance and financing structure that can deliver for residents, cities instead can end up with major problems of congestion, pollution, sprawl, and inequality which can create or worsen social divisions, and potentially contribute to crime and violence. The report, Myanmar's Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All aims to understand urbanization in Myanmar drawing on the growing literature on the topic in Myanmar, especially for Yangon. It uses an inclusive urbanization lens and proposes a set of priority policy areas for urgent attention that will help to ensure the benefits of urbanization are widely realized given the projected growth of cities. An inclusion lens is particularly important in Myanmar as the country transitions from a complex history that has been characterized by decades of economic and political isolation, conflict, and underdevelopment. Inclusive urbanization is reliant on three keydimensions; economic, social and spatial. Economic inclusion refers to equitable access to employment and income-generating activities in a city, and resilience to shocks. Spatial inclusion refers to equitable and affordable access to land, housing, infrastructure and basic public services. Social inclusion relates to individual and group rights, equity, security and dignity. Such aspects of social inclusion and exclusion are relevant to groups who are often marginalized inday-to-day urban life
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: This Country Economic Mem ...
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The Croatia Country Gende ...
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an ov ...
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report is the result of a collaboration between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG). Repatriation or the return of refugees to their country of origin has been rarely studied, and data on their socio-economic outcomes is sparsely available. In such a context, the World Bank and UNHCR teams attempted to make good use of the existing data sources and complemented it with new data collection methods to better understand the patterns and characteristics of recent Afghan refugee returns. More specifically, the team attempted to analytically connect insights between different data sources to explore (albeit imperfectly) questions of selection among Afghans who remained in Pakistan and those documented returnees who returned to Afghanistan
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: On average, Vietnam has achieved remarkable improvements in nutritional status in recent decades, but improvements in national aggregates mask wide disparities and a persistent 'very high' burden among disadvantaged ethnic minority groups. Between 2000 and 2010, national stunting rates dropped from 36.5 percent to 24.2 percent. The decrease from 2010 to 2015 was not as great, but when the 2015 data are disaggregated according to ethnic group, the Kinh majority has a prevalence of 17.7 percent, whereas the prevalence in other ethnic groups is 32.0 percent. This pattern repeats itself for the prevalence of underweight (a significant drop nationally from 33.8 percent in 2000 to 14.1 percent in 2015 but a 9.7 percent prevalence in the Kinh ethnic group in 2015 versus 21.9 percent in other ethnic groups) and wasting (a decrease from 8.6 percent to 5.6 percent in national prevalence from 2000 to 2015 but a 9.1 percent prevalence for Kinh versus 5.5 percent for other ethnic groups (WB Assessment 2012). The gap between the ethnic majority and minority has persisted despite the multiple government programs aimed at reducing it. As the economy has evolved from predominantly agriculture to a mix of agriculture and technology, the requirements of the workforce have changed as well. Manual labor is still necessary but no longer enough. The need is for intelligent, highly educated and skilled workers. All of these attributes are the product of a healthy, well-nourished population. Deficiencies in nutrition and health, lower levels of education, lack of language skills in the national language, and inability to migrate to jobs in urban centers of ethnic minorities have further hindered their ability to narrow the gap in nutrition and economic well-being
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Small area estimates of poverty and inequality statistics, through survey-to-census imputation that lets consumption be estimated for each and every household in a census, are useful for at least three reasons. First, they can help improve the effectiveness of public spending, by targeting to prevent the leakage of benefits to the non-poor (and prevent the under-coverage of the poor). If poor people are concentrated in certain areas, spatial targeting by directing extra development projects and public services to those areas, may be more feasible than trying to individually target the poor. Geographic targeting is highly relevant in countries like Timor Leste, where mountainous topography contributes to high levels of heterogeneity. In similar environments, such as Papua New Guinea, the enclave nature of some modern economic development has created high levels of spatial inequality. The basic details are that household survey data are used to estimate a model of consumption, with explanatory variables restricted to those that have overlapping distributions from a census. The coefficients from this model are then combined with the variables from the census, and consumption is predicted for each household in the census. With these predictions available for all households, inequality and poverty statistics can be estimated for small geographic areas (Elbers et al, 2003).2 In the results below, the poverty statistics that are calculated by using the predicted consumption data for each census household are reported at the suco level (n=442). For the headcount poverty rate, the standard errors at the suco level (relative to the poverty index) average one-quarter and so this is a comparable degree of precision to what the survey offered at the municipality level (n=13) for a variable like the poverty severity index
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Revenue mobilization is a key constraint to economic development in the Republic of Guinea. The government's five-year development plan (2016-2020) aims at fostering higher and more inclusive growth through public investments that require financing beyond current fiscal capacity. In this context, Guinea is seeking to efficiently raise additional domestic revenues and external investment financing. Development partners are supporting Guinea with technical assistance for revenue mobilization. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union are supporting authorities with direct tax policy, non-tax revenue, and administration issues. The objective of this report is to shed light on indirect taxes, particularly value-added tax (VAT) and excise taxes. The report provides an overview of the main features of tax policy and administration in Guinea, followed by a more detailed analysis of VAT and excise taxes. The focus on indirect taxation is a result of both its significant revenue potential and coordination with other development partners. The analysis presented fills an important gap in the understanding of how Guinea can increase its tax revenues. On VAT, the study finds that addressing policy and administrative constraints can mobilize additional revenues while improving the business climate. On excise taxation, the study finds that existing excise rates are unevenly applied, with scope for raising rates in the future. to systematically address its revenue challenges across all tax types, Guinea should also consider development of a medium-term revenue strategy (MTRS). The report is structured as follows: in the first section, an overview of the evolution and composition of domestic revenues in Guinea is presented. In the second section, VAT is analyzed. The final section reviews excise tax policy and its implementation on international goods and domestic goods
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Cambodia's rapid economic growth and poverty reduction have taken place in an environment characterized by macroeconomic stability and prudent fiscal management. Having recently graduated to become a lower middle-income country, Cambodia is beginning to face complex fiscal and public service delivery challenges. The Cambodia public expenditure review (PER) discusses the numerous achievements in fiscal policy to date and presents policy options going forward, based on both analysis and consultations with stakeholders. The PER aims to help the Royal Government of Cambodia in the effort to overcome the challenges and move toward more effective public spending and service delivery, while maintaining macroeconomic stability. to make the most of fiscal policy and available fiscal space, Cambodia needs to continue improving the allocation and execution of public resources, for increased value for money. The Cambodia Public Expenditure Review (PER)discusses the numerous achievements in fiscal policy to date and proposes policy options goingforward, based on both analysis and consultations with stakeholders. The PER aims to help the RoyalGovernment of Cambodia in the effort to overcome the abovementioned challenges and move towardmore effective public spending and service delivery, while maintaining macroeconomic stability. Structured around the key challenges, the six chapters of the PER are based on background papers that incorporate feedback from two rounds of consultations with the PER Committee chaired by the Ministry of Economy and Finance
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The start of a new administration offers a tremendous opportunity for Malawi to build upon recent progress to move beyond a history of low growth and limited poverty reduction. This package of policy notes is addressed to Malawian society and to the beginning of a new administration following the May 2019 elections. It provides the World Bank's diagnosis of Malawi's main economic and social development challenges and charts a possible course to address them. The insights offered draw upon a wealth of analysis carried out in the past few years by the World Bank country team, including a comprehensive Systematic Country Diagnostic and a recent Country Economic Memorandum
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The Bhutan Forest Note articulates opportunities for supporting Bhutan's sustainable development aspirations, including its constitutional commitment to maintain at least 60 percent of the country's land area under forest cover and to better respond or prepare for vulnerabilities such as climate change and natural disasters. The note presents a forward-looking business case for Bhutan to support an increase in forest utilization without jeopardizing the integrity of forest and non-forest ecosystems. The business case is based on an analysis of challenges and opportunities for making the forestry sector a dynamic and effective contributor to Bhutan's gross national happiness. The note is intended to serve as a basis for discussions with the government and other partners to work together on making the identified opportunities a reality. The opportunities are sensitive and responsive to Bhutan's uniqueness with regard to size, geography, and focus on forest conservation. The Note is a deliverable under the World Bank`s Forest Action Plan FY16-20
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Timor-Leste Economic Report provides an up-to-date assessment of key economic developments, presents the World Bank's forecasts and outlook for Timor-Leste and provides an in-depth examination of selected policy issues relevant to Timor-Leste. The TLER is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Timor-Leste's evolving economy
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The Government of Mozambique is seeking to achieve its strategic objectives and targets for socio-economic and political development by intensifying the implementation of its five-year government plan (PQG). It is also taking preparatory steps for the next phase of its PQG, which coincide with the new government period following the national elections taking place in 2019. While the Government has a stated policy of promoting an expanded role for the private sector in all sectors of the economy, it has not yet articulated a comprehensive and integrated private sector strategy for the country overall, nor for any of the major sectors/subsectors. The Government therefore has been looking to bring in international experience and expertise to help formulate, implement and track a coherent private sector strategy that is attuned to the evolving institutional roles and arrangements that are influencing the direction and pace of private sector development, both domestically and abroad. Given the dominant role of the agrarian sector in Mozambique's economy, and in providing work for the majority of its labor force (about 80 percent), any efforts to expand the role of the private sector are likely to have their greatest impact when applied to Mozambique's agrarian sector, which is the focus of this report. It also addresses the challenge of encouraging the private sector to expand its role in transforming Mozambique's agrarian sector into a more productive and competitive sector
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to support evidence-based decision making for refugee education in Ethiopia. This study was designed to inform existing and pipeline projects of the Government of Ethiopia, the World Bank, and key development partners, and to provide help with long-term engagement of the World Bank on education in Ethiopia. The research questions for this study, hence, emerge from the knowledge gaps identified by the project teams and other relevant development partners. Qualitative data was gathered from sample refugee populations in three areas of Ethiopia: Gambella region, Somali region, and Addis Ababa. Participants included refugee parents and children, and teachers serving refugee students in refugee schools as well as host community schools. Key findings of the current qualitative study are summarized in this report, followed by broad areas of recommendations
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Afghanistan has been in protracted conflict for almost four decades, with direct implications on progress towards development objectives. This context of recurring episodes of violence and insecurity, economic and political instability, and the consequent displacement of populations within and outside the nation's borders has important implications on the landscape of data and evidence available for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of interventions and programs, and their timeliness and relevance. Afghans represent the world's largest and most protracted refugee population, with an estimated 3.5 million people currently living abroad as refugees for more than four decades. Given the large disparities in poverty incidence and high levels of inequality within Afghanistan, the knowledge of living standards at more disaggregated geographical levels of districts and nahias could help inform policy design and improve decision making at a sub-province level. Therefore, poverty mapping, which aims at estimating poverty incidence at levels lower than the household survey, was applied in Kabul and Herat provinces. This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce the Kabul and Herat poverty maps and presents the resulting collection of poverty maps, the first of its kind for Afghanistan. The structure of the report is as follows. Section 2 outlines the poverty mapping methodology, specifically the small area estimation approach, applied in Afghanistan. Section 3 discusses the data sources and the various technical challenges faced with the datasets. Section 4 discusses the modeling phase, including model selection, model parameters, and assumptions. Section 5 presents the poverty maps at a district and nahia level, and section 6 concludes. The Annexes contains supporting data and analysis
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: Poland's capital markets can play a crucial supporting role to the ongoing economic development and efficient allocation of credit. Capital markets will become increasingly important to meet the long-term funding needs of strategic sectors, including large, medium and small entities. Expansion and diversification of capital market instruments and hedging tools will also be essential to provide adequate investment and risk management vehicles to much needed long-term savings. While capital market offers different sources of financing, this note focuses primarily on the fixed income markets. This technical note is structured as follows. Section II covers each of the main market segments, including money markets, government and non-government bond markets and derivatives markets. Section III provides an examination of the investor base, the current participation of the different investor segments in the bond markets, and recommendations to reach broader and more effective investor diversification. The Section IV is focusing on the critical reform of the Employee Capital Plan (PPK), as one critical group of institutional investors
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Over half the world's population cooks primarily with wood, charcoal, coal, crop waste, or dung. This share is currently increasing or stagnant in most regions. Dependence on solid fuels is one of the world's major public health challenges, causing more premature deaths than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. The use of solid fuels and stoves also imposes significant economic costs on societies that can least afford them and contributes to adverse environmental and climate change effects. Traditionally the area of improving access to modern energy services has fallen in the realm of energy experts. However, a new study conducted by the World Bank between 2017-2019 asks the question: Does Agriculture have a role to plan in improving access to modern cooking services? The report: "The Power of Dung: Lessons Learned from On-Farm Biodigester Programs in Africa" examines on-farm biodigester programs in selected countries in Africa and examines the success factors of the programs. One of the report's most important findings is that reframing the promotion of biodigesters from one providing clean cooking solutions (energy) to one providing improved fertilizers (agriculture) increases the attractiveness of the solutions among farmers
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note analyzes the evolution of Credit Information Systems, including the emergence of new technologies that use alternative data in credit decisioning and the opportunities and risks associated with these trends. This paper also predicts the potential development effect of these disruptive technologies and proposes a role for the World Bank Group in leveraging these technologies to promote inclusion and stability
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note is developed with the aim to inform the planning and implementation of the policy goals toward parenting support in Bulgaria. First, it summarizes the trends and concepts in parenting policies that influence the evolution of programs across Europe and other countries. Second, it offers a brief review of parenting components under the public policies in Bulgaria to foster discussions on the policy arrangements and implementation programs design needed to strengthen the outcomes of the existing systems and human development policies. Possible entry points across sector services, that can be easily employed to initiate positive and flexible programs are discussed. Finally, possible steps for parenting support development are proposed together with 19 examples for parenting policies from European counties. The examples include national strategies and programs approaches, parenting support delivery and an information campaign, collected in the Annex as a reference and program development support tool
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Pakistan is facing yet another balance of payment crisis. Authorities have taken some corrective measures and negotiated a 39-month stabilization program with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Nonetheless, inflationary pressures increased during FY19. Current account deficit narrowed as imports declined, however, exports performance remained weak. Despite the adjustment measures fiscal pressure persist due to high debt servicing and defense expenditures. Debt level is in breach of Fiscal Responsibility and Debt Limitation Act (FRDLA). The growth is projected to decelerate further in FY20, as the government tightens fiscal and monetary policy. This report highlights the importance of tackling the structural challenges which are hampering growth and investments. The report emphasizes that the failure to address these structural challenges, in parallel to addressing the macroeconomic imbalances, just means that the next crisis is another 4 to 5 years away
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This paper is part of additional efforts supported by the World Bank Global Tobacco Control Program to inform the Government of Vietnam on options for tobacco taxation by providing estimates of the impact of cigarette price increase across five income groups for the period 2020-2022 under two scenarios. Vietnam is an important country for global tobacco control, and currently has about 15 million males who smoke. to support government efforts to strengthen tobacco controlpolicies, most notably through a substantial increase in the excise tax of tobacco, weconducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis to examine the distributional impactof a 32 percent and a 62 percent increase in cigarette prices under Scenario A and Scenario B,respectively. In conclusion, we found that higher cigarette prices would particularly benefit the poorest income quintile of the population, in terms of deaths averted, life-years saved, out of pocket expenditures for treating tobacco-attributable diseases, catastrophic health expenditures, and extreme poverty averted. The additional tax burden is, however, borne mostly by the top income group in the 62 percent price increase scenario. Thus, tobacco taxes are an effective way to improve health and reduce poverty in Vietnam
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Brazil
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Smoking prevalence Tajikistan remains rather moderate. According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in 2016, smokers constitute 6.3 percent of the adult population of Tajikistan. However, 12.5 percent of study participants reported consuming smokeless tobacco (nasway). Tajikistan joined the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in 2013. Tobacco control legislation was adopted in 2010 and amended in 2017 in line with the FCTC guidelines. The new pictorial health warnings should cover at least 75 percent of the surface on both largest sides of the packs. The amended law bans point-of-sale advertising. However, tobacco excise rates in Tajikistan were very low, and tobacco affordability was growing. In July 2018, the cigarette excise rates were increased almost 10-fold, but cigarette prices increased in 2018 only by 19 percent as the excise is still very low in monetary terms (about 0.25 USD per pack of 20 cigarettes). Cigarette taxes and prices in Tajikistan are still lower than in neighboring countries, and cigarette smuggling out of Tajikistan exceeds cigarette smuggling into the country. Special policies aiming to discourage nasway use and related surveillance activities should be implemented in Tajikistan, while the introduction of excise or other taxes for such a home-made product can hardly produce substantial benefits. Tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be developed in the country including publicly available information on sales of tobacco products, as well as their prices, excise revenue, and other economic indicators. Tajikistan has a great potential to increase tobacco excise rates in 2019 and in the following years, as well as to contribute to health objectives related to the reducing tobacco use. The greater the excise tax increase, the larger both the reduction in tobacco consumption and tobacco excise revenue growth will be
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Floating solar photovoltaic installations open new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and competing uses for available land. Advantages of floating solar over land-based systems include higher energy yield, reduced evaporation, and improved water quality, among others. Combining floating solar with hydropower plants is of particular interest. Flexible hydropower output can be used to smooth the variability of the solar generation, while making better use of existing transmission assets, particularly beneficial in countries with weak grids. With a global estimated potential of 400 gigawatts, under conservative assumptions, floating solar could double the current global installed capacity of solar PV. Although the market is still nascent and challenges in deployment remain, the floating solar market is set to accelerate as the technologies mature. Floating Solar Market Report presents an overview of floating solar technologies, current deployment market and future opportunities, challenges related to floating solar deployment, policies and regulatory considerations, and current costs and project structuring. Floating Solar Market Report is the second publication of the series Where Sun Meets Water dedicated to floating and hydro-connected solar deployment
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: Achieving gender equality in Colombia is critical to the country's future economic development and social cohesion; yet it remains an ongoing challenge. The government of Colombia recognizes the importance of closing the country's gender gaps and is working on multiple fronts to realize this objective. However, and although preliminary findings indicate that substantial progress has been made over the last two decades, several challenges remain. Using the framework provided by the 2012 World Development Report, this assessment allows identifying the main existing gender gaps across the areas of agency, endowments and economic opportunity, and the major driving factors with regards to households, institutions and markets (chapters one, two, three, and four). Based on this diagnostic, chapter five provides some policy recommendations that may help to close the existing gender gaps
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: About 80 percent of the poor households in Timor-Leste live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. It is therefore widely acknowledged that growth in the agriculture sector is an important channel through which poverty can be reduced in the country. That notwithstanding, the country's agricultural production system is one of the least developed in the world and all subsectors are dominated by subsistence systems and by farmers who are very risk averse. Agricultural productivity in the country is also well below that of other small island developing states and has fallen below the average for other low-income, food-deficit countries in recent years making the sector underperform in terms of its contribution to food security, sufficient livelihood, and overall economic growth. Using data from the 2007 and 2014 of the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards, the note provides insight into the extent to which increases in agricultural productivity can contribute to poverty reduction, including assessing the drivers of, and identifying the constraints to, increasing agricultural productivity in the country. The note finds that improvements in agricultural productivity reduce the probability of being poor among agricultural households. Yet, improving productivity goes beyond the confines of raising yield or decreasing cost to include enhancing food quality and promoting higher value products. to do so, the following factors ought to be considered: facilitation of mechanization, improvement in the use of chemical (fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides) inputs, enhancement in access to credit and extension, encouragement to farmers to join farmer groups, expansion of the commercialization of farm produce, and reduction in the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Investment in the sector can be improved by allocating the limited public funds more strategically and better correspond with local poverty. The findings from this study contribute to existing evidence pertinent to guide how agricultural policy can effectively help reducing poverty in the country
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The World Bank, with support from authorities in the Western Balkans, has developed a practical guide for capital markets development in small economies. The guide supports the implementation of the Multi-Annual Action Plan for a Regional Economic Area in the Western Balkans Six by helping inform policy discussions around capital markets development, including to what extent capital markets have potential and should be given priority in the region and small economies more broadly. The practical guide aims to provide regulators and policymakers in small economies with an overview of the capital market development agenda and existing challenges. The guide aims to support policymakers and regulators of small economies identify general preconditions, key constraints, and areas of potential for development of local capital markets. A framework for analysis of preconditions and capital markets development has been developed to guide reforms in small economies. A pilot of the methodology in Serbia helped further advance the framework and adapt it to the realities that small economies face. The framework for analysis of the preconditions and capital markets is outlined in Annex two. The practical guide focuses on both necessary preconditions and on relevant specific issues in capital markets development. It includes an assessment of the macro-fundamental preconditions that need to be in place to make capital markets development possible, including macro-political stability, level of savings, the structure of corporate sector, the broader legal and regulatory framework (including insolvency law and tax law), the level of real interest rates, and the soundness of the banking sector
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Kazakhstan. Tobacco taxation policy practiced in Kazakhstan in 2003-2013 resulted in increased tobacco excise revenues, but was not effective in terms of public health, as cigarette consumption did not decrease. Tobacco excise taxes were drastically increased in Kazakhstan from 1 January 2014; and thereafter, the tobacco affordability was substantially reduced resulting in the subsequent decline in tobacco sales and smoking prevalence in the country. Decline in consumption could have an effect on tobacco-related mortality in Kazakhstan. Mortality rates of some tobacco-related causes of death substantially declined in Kazakhstan in 2013-2015 among men and women aged 30 to 79 years: by about 20 percent for acute ischemic heart disease and stroke and by 30-40 percent for respiratory tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Kazakhstan returned to a policy of moderate tax increases in 2015-2019. The reduction in tobacco affordability in 2015 was caused not only by the excise increase but also by the tobacco industry pricing policy and a decline in real incomes. Tobacco consumption in Kazakhstan decreased in 2015, but the revenue increase was smaller than expected. A moderate excise rise in 2016- 2018 could not ensure a substantial reduction in tobacco affordability, and annual tobacco sales did not change much. The country experience shows that a policy of moderate (below 30 percent annually) excise increases cannot ensure either tobacco consumption reductions or substantial revenue increases. The planned annual cigarette excise increase for 2020-2021, however, is only 12-14 percent. In recent years, electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco appeared in the Kazakhstan market. The key consumers of such products are young adults, who follow modern trends, rather than dependent smokers looking for an effective means to quit. Heated tobacco products and liquids for electronic cigarettes will be taxed by excise from 2020, but the excise rates are very low and should be substantially increased. Kazakhstan has great potential to increase its excise rates for all kinds of tobacco products to contribute to health objectives by means of reducing tobacco consumption. The greater the excise tax increase, the larger the reduction in tobacco consumption and the higher tobacco excise revenue growth will be
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The country brief provides and overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation in Ecuador. Ecuador has a strong tobacco control policy. A comprehensive tobacco control law was adopted and implemented. In 2017, Ecuador was awarded the World No Tobacco Day Prize of the World Health Organization (WHO) for its tobacco control efforts and implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Such policy was very beneficial to public health: according to the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), the prevalence of daily smoking among people aged 15 years and older was 9.5 percent in 1998, and in 2014 it reached 2.8 percent. Estimated annual cigarette consumption in Ecuador declined from about three billion cigarettes in 2007-2010 to about one billion cigarettes in 2017. The pricing policy of the tobacco industry also contributed to the reduction in cigarette affordability and cigarette sales in Ecuador. However, due to such pricing policy, the tobacco industry apparently increased its profits despite the sharp decline in cigarette sales in the country. These recommendations could bring both public health and fiscal benefits to Ecuador : specific excise rate for cigarettes should be annually increased by at least 20 percent to ensure the reduction in tobacco affordability and the increase in the excise revenues, tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be further developed in Ecuador, including a regular collection of information on smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption, licit and illicit cigarette sales, prices, and other economic indicators, and effective policies to counteract tobacco smuggling and other kinds of illicit tobacco sales should be implemented in line with the provisions of the FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: As a key pillar of the Ugandan economy, the agriculture sector is a critical driver of economic growth and poverty alleviation. Uganda's agricultural sector is dominated by smallholders with low levels of productivity. The agriculture sector is highly exposed to co-variant risks, which include weather, biological, infrastructure (post-harvest loss), price, and market risks. This plethora of risks suppresses appetite for investment in the sector. Despite the sector's contribution to the economy, farmers' access to finance remains a major constraint. Recognizing agriculture finance's critical role in the agricultural transformation agenda, the government of Uganda (GoU) is supporting several initiatives to unlock agricultural finance. To manage the financial impacts of production shocks, the GoU seeks to use agricultural insurance to derisk rural lending and expand access to rural credit for smallholders. In partnership with private insurance companies, the GoU launched the Uganda Agriculture Insurance Scheme (UAIS) as a five-year pilot in July 2016. The objectives of the scheme are to ensure that Ugandan farmers are protected against the effects of agriculture risks, especially production risks; to increase farmers' access to credit; and to make crops, livestock, and aquaculture insurance affordable to smallholder producers. The UAIS offers a range of crop, livestock, poultry, and aquaculture insurance coverage to Ugandan farmers, and is promoted by the GoU through the provision of premium subsidies. The objective of the review is to provide recommendations for enhancing the scalability and sustainability of the GoU's approach to promoting agriculture insurance in Uganda
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Despite several severe shocks in the past, conflict, unstable governments, earthquakes, and trade disruptions, Nepal has made strong progress in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. With the decade-long peace and constitutional process concluded, the Government of Nepal is keen to accelerate economic growth and become a middle-income country by 2030. Between 1996 and 2011, the proportion of households living in extreme poverty fell from 46 to 15 percent. Nepal's macroeconomic fundamentals have remained sound. This report takes place as Nepal transitions to a federal structure. This poses a unique and unprecedented opportunity to establish clarity of functions, expenditures, and revenue assignments, as well as changing jurisdictions across various levels of governments and agencies, including as they interface with the private sector. The new government is in place and emphasizing the need for stronger cooperation between the public and private sectors. Against this background, this report assesses the energy (electricity generation, transmission, and distribution), transport (roads, airports, and urban transport), and urban (water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management) infrastructure sectors. The report recommends interventions that combine short-term and longer-term structural and policy changes with tailored project implementation approaches. Completing projects will help stress test the framework and system and identify potential bottlenecks that can be corrected. Such a learning-by-doing approach will further help prioritize the implementation of the initiatives proposed in this report and target capacity development initiatives in the areas of greatest need
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: While Vietnam has now reached lower middle-income country status, the gaps between the ethnic minority population and the majority group are evident and widening over time. In addition, ethnic minority groups are different in terms of where they are in these gaps. This study attempts to examine why and how certain ethnic groups have managed to rise to the 'top' as 'best performers' while the other groups seem to stand on the 'bottom' as 'least performers. The key study questions are: (1) What are drivers of the socio-economic development of the different ethnic groups? (2) Why have some ethnic minority groups successfully managed to escape poverty while others have lagged far behind? (3) How have such factors have been addressed in the respective policies and designated programs or projects initiated by the Government of Vietnam, development partners, and other stakeholders? (3) What are the changes needed for future design and implementation of initiatives to support sustainable socio-economic development among ethnic minorities? This study adopts a mixed methodological approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to identify the top- and bottom-performing ethnic minorities, the 2015 Ethnic Minorities Socio-Economic Survey of 53 groups (53EMS) dataset was used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) as two indicators of socio-economic development of the ethnic minorities
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) provides the main elements of the cooperation between the Republic of Tajikistan and the World Bank Group during the five years spanning FY19-23. The CPF builds on the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) of FY15-18, and incorporates the Implementation Note (IN) for the IDA18 Risk Mitigation Regime (RMR). The overarching goal of the CPF is to support Tajikistan in adopting policies geared towards reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. to this end, the CPF is aligned with the National Development Strategy (NDS) and the Medium-Term Development Program (2016-20) of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. CPF priorities have been informed by consultations with key stakeholders.This CPF has been developed at a critical time for Tajikistan, with several external changes having opened a window of opportunity; taking advantage of these would substantially enhance the country's growth trajectory and increase resilience. Changes include the recent opening of borders with China and Uzbekistan during 2016-17 and increased trade with Afghanistan, reversing more than a century of adverse historic developments. These developments have reopened nearby export markets and reduced the costs of trading with new markets. to succeed in this potentially transformative move towards an economy integrated with neighbors and wider markets, Tajikistan will need to address principal structural, macroeconomic, and environmental legacy issues. Going forward, fiscal constraints, persisting inequalities, and a deceleration in poverty reduction call for an urgent upgrade of policies. Adopting policies that ensure opportunity for all, allow for more openness and accountability, protect the poor, and address inequalities will reduce fragility, increase resilience, and improve citizens' standard of living
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic analysis of growth, structural transformation, poverty reduction, and inclusion suggest that Rwanda will need to target the following outcomes to maintain rapid progress toward poverty reduction and shared prosperity: - a shift to a productivity-led growth through structural transformation, supported by increased agricultural productivity, agglomeration, and rural-to-urban transition; - an increase in the growth elasticity of poverty for inclusive growth by investing in human capital, promoting private entrepreneurship, improving accountability for service delivery, and addressing vulnerability; - increased sustainability through addressing environmental degradation, building resilience to climate change, and maintaining debt sustainability
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Greening Pakistan's industry has become an imperative to minimize its adverse impacts on the environment and society, but also to sustain the sector's growth. Despite substantial growth in recent decades, the industrial sector is yet to make its full contribution to Pakistan's development. Limited consideration of the growing resource use, waste, and pollution that have accompanied industrialization has imposed mounting economic, environmental, and social costs. This is particularly true in large urban centers around which industries agglomerate, such as Lahore and Karachi. At the same time, poor environmental management has become a liability for Pakistan's industries, which notably undermines the competitiveness of export-oriented manufacturing sectors. The challenges posed by industries' lack of environmental sustainability jeopardize Pakistan's development and are expected to worsen under a business-as-usual scenario. The Government of Punjab (GoPunjab) should put sustainable industrialization at the center of its growth strategy and should modernize its policy toolkit for this purpose. Punjab's Growth Strategy 2018 envisioned that growth must be private sector-led, investment-driven, export-oriented, environmentally sound, and employment-intensive. Developing an ambitious and integrated policy to green industries would be a strategic way to jointly achieve these objectives, and in so doing, Punjab could become a lighthouse for the rest of Pakistan. This would require both strengthening environmental policy (stick) and developing elements of a green industrial policy looking at investment, innovation, and trade (carrot). Importantly, policy objectives should go beyond the current focus on pollution control and compliance, to include preventive and circular approaches at the firm and industry levels that could yield environmental and productivity/competitiveness gains. The time has come to integrate these approaches in strategies and regulations, and to institutionalize and mainstream them across relevant government agencies
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This activity, Catching-up Regions 3 (CuR3), is designed as a one-year engagement with three selected regions in Poland, based on their regional needs and priorities. The activities of this initiative build on the results of the CuR Initiative delivered by the World Bank and the European Commission over the last two years across Poland. The objective of this task is to propose a service delivery model that will facilitate care for the elderly over the age of 65 years of age in Grudziadz. This effort includes care, services, investments, and new initiatives in a way that strives to prevent the institutionalization of the elderly, as long as possible. The local system of care delivery for seniors does not stand alone, and will be molded with consideration to the broader context of policy and governance arrangements for health and social care already established in Poland, together with the funding, capacity, and systems that are currently in place. All local and national stakeholders from Ministries to non-governmental organizations or local community groups can have a part in the model implementation. The model builds on the national system's focus on the changes and adjustments that need to be made at the local level
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Governments face growing contingent liabilities from disasters as they tend to shoulder a significant share of disaster response and recovery costs. Disaster shocks increase government expenditure and hamper economic activities. An increasing number of countries are developing financial protection strategies - a suite of policies and financial instruments - as part of their macro-fiscal policy to secure access to pre-arranged financing and protect the fiscal balance and budget when disasters strike. Investments in physical and social resilience complement and reinforce financial resilience. Pre-arranged risk financing can help governments reduce the fiscal cost of disasters. Sovereign catastrophe risk pools, established to help especially low-capacity countries better access financial markets, are evolving toward multifunctional platforms to strengthen financial resilience in their region. Governments are moving toward adopting more sophisticated risk financing strategies that better match financial instruments to their liabilities, especially for public assets (including infrastructure), national-subnational cost sharing, and social safety nets. New technology and innovations such as Earth Observation Data, Fintech, and big data have the potential to significantly enhance and boost systems for financial resilience against disaster shocks. Development partners continue to play a critical role in helping developing countries improve their financial protection strategies. Recent experiences of G20 countries and others have led to three new frontiers on innovative crisis and disaster risk finance. Although significant progress has been achieved in disaster risk finance, some limitations and challenges remain. All successful reforms start with concrete first steps and an ongoing focus on enhancing fundamental systems and institutions. Financial resilience requires the leadership of ministries of finance in coordination with other public agencies and the private sector. At the request of G20 Finance Track members, this discussion note was prepared to: (i) take stock of the developments in fiscal management of disaster risks within the broader macro-fiscal framework; (ii) highlight recent progress by individual countries and the international community; and (iii) present new frontiers in disaster risk finance
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Somalia is on the path to political and security stabilization after more than two decades of civil war and conflict. Opportunities to ensure a development trajectory face many challenges since the country remains a fragile state subject to multiple shocks. Widespread poverty and food insecurity is a recurring developmental issue. Displacement is a key feature of modern Somali history linked to multiple drivers, including recurrent exposure to internal conflict and environmental hazards. Somalia is urbanizing rapidly due to large-scale forced displacement and economic migration that have driven large numbers of Somalis toward the urban areas. Remittances are central to the Somali economy and provide a lifeline to some segments of the population but not the most vulnerable. The World Bank implemented the second wave of the Somali high frequency survey (SHFS) in 2017-2018. This report is based on the most recent and first extensive household survey, wave 2 of the SHFS. The report is organized into six chapters. The first chapter presents an updated profile of monetary and nonmonetary dimensions of poverty for the Somali population, including the nomadic population. The second chapter explores in more detail spatial variation, with a focus on urbanization. The third chapter examines the impact of the 2016-2017 drought on livelihoods to identify the populations at risk and the factors that protected households against its negative effects. The fourth chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the internally displaced populations to identify displacement-related needs and to inform durable solutions. As a reaction to the analysis of poverty and vulnerabilities, the fifth chapter focuses on social protection as a means of promoting equity and building resilience against the effect of shocks on livelihoods. Similarly, the sixth chapter examines remittances and their role for livelihoods and resilience
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Hypertension is a major driver of pre-mature death and disability in Tajikistan, a low-income country in Central Asia. The high burden of disease also results in significant health care expenditure and lost labour productivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen service delivery systems through early detection of high blood pressure, prompt diagnosis, sustained treatment maintenance, and the attainment of blood pressure control. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection and the World Bank undertook implementation research to identify effective and context-appropriate solutions for improving hypertension services. The assessment used the cascade framework to describe drop-offs along the continuum of care, collected patient and health care provider perspectives on the causes of discontinuities, used routine data from participating facilities in a Bank-supported operation, and drew on the international literature on chronic care interventions. The report presents feasible and cost-effective recommendations that, if adopted, can strengthen current programs and policies to address the growing burden of hypertension in Tajikistan
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The report has three main chapters. Chapter two examines the financing situation of the Kenyan higher education system, presents the results of a scenario-building exercise to explore the financial impact of various expansion paths, and proposes a strategy to achieve financial sustainability. Chapter three focuses on the quality and relevance of existing institutions and programs. It starts with an assessment of the present state of Kenyan higher education institutions. It continues with a review of options to strengthen the QA system at the national and institutional levels. Finally, it proposes a road map for developing a well-functioning Labor Market Observatory. Chapter four is a technical note focusing on international developments in the use of technology to increase access and improve quality in higher education. It makes concrete recommendations on how the Kenyan government and university leaders could harness technology in innovative ways
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The Ecuador public finance review (PFR) series responded to a request from the Ecuadorian Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending. The PFR series offers a combination of analysis, capacity building, and options for reform in selected areas and sectors of the budget to achieve efficiency gains and fiscal savings, while improving (or at least preserving) equity. The PFR-phase two complements and deepens the analysis and capacity building initiated under phase one. Phase two also includes an analysis of the efficiency of public spending in education. As in phase one, phase two was accompanied by a number of technical assistances related to the areas covered by the study, including: an Ecuador specific forecasting model, BOOST database for Ecuador, public financial management, impacts of tax on capital outflows, public wage bill forecast and simulation, and efficiency of spending
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Irrigated farming is central to meeting the world's food and fodder needs and will be even more important in delivering on food security and water sustainability development priorities in the future. High population growth, climate change, increasing socio-economic growth, and water stress are key drivers of change. Although irrigation covers only 6.5 percent of the total land used for agriculture, it supports production of forty percent of the world's food and fodder output, with a gross value of fifty-five percent of global agricultural produce. Improving irrigation performance is a priority strategy in addressing rural poverty and in mitigating climate -change impacts, especially for the most vulnerable. Investment in irrigation has seen renewed interest in the past decade, and irrigation and drainage (I and D) governance emerging as a key focus for improved performance. Institutional failures and poor irrigation performance have been blamed on low capacity, perverse incentives, misdirected policies, and weak implementation but these are only contributing factors. Investments in institutions of the past have aimed to fix the institutions, with a focus on form and on organizational structure. The central message of this resource book is that functions, processes, and related capabilities must be the priority focus of all irrigation institutional interventions
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The signs of digital technology adoption are evident across Southeast Asia. In big cities, the use of mobile phones for messaging and social media has become ubiquitous. Ride-sharing services and delivery riders using apps to obtain their next booking are changing the face of urban transport and other services. As consumers go online to purchase products, they are recasting the future of brick-and-mortar retail businesses. The impacts of the digital revolution are not limited to a few prominent social networking sites, online businesses, or mobile apps. Digital platforms - a combination of technical innovation, new business models, and value proposition - in the private and in some cases the public sector, offer a range of products and services via digital channels. The use of digital technology is transforming - indeed, disrupting - all sectors, notably services such as logistics and finance, but also industrial production and agriculture. These are all visible manifestations of a growing digital economy. Southeast Asia is primed to embrace this digital revolution. There is a high level of interest from governments, businesses, and individuals in the region to support the growth of the digital economy and maximize its benefits. There is significant excitement about the rise of e-commerce platforms and app-based companies - including the region's own "unicorn" technology companies. Southeast Asia leads the world in some indicators on the use of the Internet, for example in social media and messaging
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Aligned with the message of the World Bank's 2018 World Development Report: Learning to Realize Education's Promise, 'Every Learner Matters' argues that for children with disabilities, the focus needs to shift from school access to prioritizing learning. This paper examines education systems and the importance of measuring learning achievement for children with disabilities to respond appropriately to the needs of students. Assessments are needed to promote learning and equip teachers with appropriate skills to address classroom diversity, and not exclusively as a tool to measure what is taught. Similarly, it is vital to ensure participation for children with disabilities in high-stakes regional and international assessments, which guide education policies and can direct national budgetary allocations in education
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: As Indonesia's economic is growing, the country's eligibility to external financing has become more limited. The sustainability of traditionally donor-funded programs become uncertain, as well as some of the key programs interventions that are delivered by CSOs. While the country remains eligible at least for the next round of the global fund (GF) funding there is a strong push to use domestic resources from the government. The policy note examines existing public mechanisms to channel funds to CSO, as well as challenges to their more widespread use. Common barriers cited by stakeholders can be grouped around three main themes: i) lack of information, ii) limited capacity, and iii) incomplete trust. The note also provides recommendations to facilitate, and to create an enabling environment for improved engagement between the Government of Indonesia and non-state providers
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Lake Toba is a unique natural asset of global significance with a rich cultural heritage located in the North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. Located 904 meters above sea level and with a maximum depth of more than 500 meters, this 87-kilometer-long lake provides a wide range of economic and environmental goods and services for more than half a million people and 400 villages in the seven districts covered by the lake's 3,658 square kilometer catchment. However, sustaining the long-term economic and environmental value of Lake Toba depends on addressing the deterioration of water quality. This technical guidance note reports on the potential benefits of using remote sensing as part of an integrated strategy to improve the monitoring and management of water quality in Lake Toba
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The government of Uganda (GoU) regards agriculture as a key economic sector to support Uganda's vision 2040 and the transition to middle-income status. It recognizes that public spending on agriculture has a pivotal role in equipping the sector to fulfil its potential to drive economic growth, create employment for a rapidly growing and predominantly young population, and ultimately reduce poverty. To improve the quality and effectiveness of public expenditures in agriculture, Uganda has conducted its second agriculture public expenditure review (AgPER) since 2010. Overall, the performance in implementing policy recommendations from the 2010 AgPER has been mixed. This summary presents the key messages emerging from the review and recommends policy and strategic actions for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of spending on agriculture in Uganda
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: This note discusses emerging international approaches for regulating design and distribution of retail banking products. Such products include deposit, credit, and payment products, being the products that new financial consumers typically acquire first. Policy makers are finding that financial consumer protection measures implemented to date, such as disclosure requirements, while still important, are insufficient to protect consumers against all key risks. Anticipating new or changing risks to consumers has also become more difficult for regulators given rapid financial sector innovation. Regulation of providers' product design and distribution processes aims to ensure that products distributed in a market are designed to meet the needs of consumers in that market. This discussion note analyses relevant frameworks in a number of jurisdictions and highlights emerging common approaches, including in relation to requirements for governance arrangements, target market assessments, distribution arrangements and product reviews
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The joint World Bank/IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) has been prepared in the context of the 2019 Article IV Consultation, for the first time based on the revised framework for low-income countries. Results indicate moderate risk of debt distress for both external and overall public debt. However, the debt outlook remains vulnerable, especially to a deceleration in real GDP and exports growth and the depreciation of the KGS. To address these vulnerabilities, the authorities need to remain cautious when contracting and guaranteeing new debt, maintain fiscal discipline, improve public investment management, and continue improving the business environment to maintain the export potential of the country after the main gold mine will close in 2026
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Togo's risk of external debt distress continues to be moderate, while the overall risk of debt distress is high-unchanged from the previous Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) published in December 2018. While the mechanical results point to a low risk of external debt distress, judgment was applied given vulnerabilities arising from high domestic debt, which could, for example, likely lead to a reprofiling operation that would lead to an increase in external debt. Togo's public debt is on a downward trajectory despite an increase in 2018 compared with 2017. Togo's high public debt is the result of, among other factors, high deficits, contingent liabilities, and accumulated arrears. There is very little space to absorb shocks on total public debt. Baseline projections show that Togo's PV of total PPG debt (external plus domestic)-to-GDP ratio will decline below the new debt distress benchmark of 55 percent starting in 2023, down from 72 percent in 2018-with the bulk constituting domestic debt obligations. This analysis highlights the need for sustained fiscal consolidation, improved debt management, and strong macroeconomic policies to reduce the public debt to prudent levels over the medium term
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Philippine economic growth slowed to its lowest level in eight years, driven by a rapid deceleration in investment growth in the first half of 2019. GDP growth slowed from 6.3 percent year-on-year (yoy) in the first half of 2018 to 5.5 percent in thesame period in 2019, below government's growth target of 6-7 percent for 2019. The slowdown was primarily driven by a contraction in nominal public investment due to the delayed passage of the 2019 national government budget and the spending ban on new projects before the May election. Public infrastructure spending shrunk by 15.7 percent yoy in nominal terms, from 5.4 percent of GDP in the first half of 2018 to 4.3 percent of GDP in the same period in 2019. In addition, private investment activities also slowed due to uncertainties around the government's ongoing tax reform program and the external environment. In this context, private consumption, which regained momentum thanks to declining inflation and improving labor market conditions, was the main driver of growth
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Many emerging economies have skills shortages but fail to effectively deploy students andjob seekers towards filling those shortages. In emerging economies, new technologies,digitization, automation, and other trends like Industry 4.0 result in a constantly changing demandfor sophisticated skills. In this environment, there are often students and job seekers who couldpotentially fill skills gaps but face significant challenges in identifying job opportunities andthe skills needed to obtain them. The schools, training centers, and public service providers thatare responsible for preparing the workforce to fill skills gaps often face similar challenges in terms of deploying attention and resources towards filling those gaps. In Malaysia, the Critical Skills Monitoring Committee (CSC) is charged with producing a Critical Occupations List to serve as a platform for coordinating human capital development policies. The CSC is a specialized interagency body that was established as part of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan to monitor skills imbalances in Malaysia. To do so, the CSC created an annual Critical Occupations List (COL) of occupations that are middle- or highskilled, sought-after, and strategic. The COL has evolved during the last several years to become a best-practice tool for monitoring skills. The COL is updated regularly and improved continually, is based on rigorous evidence, and is widely circulated. The production of the list is undertaken by the CSC and incorporates a wide range of input from both the public and private sector
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: The internationalization of the Ecuadorian economy is necessary if the country is to successfully adopt a development model led by the private-sector. The Ecuadorian government is seeking to accelerate growth and sustain social progress by giving greater prominence to the private sector; it does at a time when external conditions are less favorable than at any time in the last decade. This report has three main objectives; to provide a systematic benchmark of Ecuador's connection to the global economy, to identify key bottlenecks, and to make recommendations for enhancing the competitiveness of the private sector. The assessment is broken down into two sections. First, there is a section about international competitiveness outcomes, which assess Ecuador's performance and identifies the challenges associated with connecting to international markets. The analysis looks at outcomes throughout the four competitiveness channels; that is, exports, imports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and global value chains (GVCs). The report's second main section contains a competitiveness diagnostic about the key drivers behind the previously identified challenges and provides actionable policy recommendations to overcome them. The determinants are grouped in four mutually exclusive groups: (i) the macro and fiscal framework; (ii) the institutional and regulatory framework governing trade and investment; (iii) supply-side factors; and (iv) demand-side factors
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Central African Republic (C.A.R.) remains at high risk of external debt distress and overall high risk of debt distress under the revised Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF), unchanged from the 2018 DSA. Solvency indicators (the present values of the external public and publicly guaranteed debt-to-GDP and debt-to-exports ratios) remain below their relevant thresholds in the baseline scenario. However, liquidity indicators (debt service-to-exports and debt service-to-revenue ratios) breach their thresholds in the baseline scenario. Further considerations support the high-risk assessment: the debt indicators are sensitive to standard stress tests; macroeconomic projections are highly uncertain in a volatile security environment; and sizeable contingent liabilities, notably related to the large stock of unaudited potential domestic arrears and the limited financial information available on state-owned enterprises, could materialize. C.A.R.'s debt sustainability is also sensitive to a deterioration of the financing mix. A tailored scenario in which grant financing (of 2 percent of GDP) is replaced by concessional external debt-financing from 2021 onwards would worsen debt sustainability considerably. This shows that the government's investment program requires grant financing, with concessional debt financing to be considered in exceptional cases
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Based on an assessment of external public debt indicators and given the continued buildup of external arrears, the Republic of Congo is classified as "in debt distress". Moreover, despite the recent restructuring agreement with China, public debt remains unsustainable with the net present value of external debt in percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and the external debt service-to-revenue ratios projected to remain above their indicative thresholds in the medium ter
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: According to the updated Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework (LIC DSF), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)'s debt-carrying capacity was assessed as weak. DRC remains at a moderate risk of external and overall debt distress, with limited space to absorb shocks. The debt coverage has been improved since the last DSA, especially on domestic debt. The external nominal debt ratios are lower than at the time of the 2015 debt sustainability analysis (DSA), however the country shows vulnerability in debt repayment capacity, even under the baseline, due to weak revenue mobilization. Most external debt thresholds are breached under the stress tests, highlighting the country's vulnerability to external shocks. Given limited buffers, prudent borrowing policies are essential by prioritizing concessional loans and strengthening debt management policies
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: An updated debt sustainability analysis (DSA) is prepared using the revised Low-income Countries Debt Sustainability Framework (LIC DSF) to assess Zambia's current debt situation. Debt burden indicators have deteriorated considerably since the October 2017 DSA mainly on account of large fiscal deficits as the authorities made use of available financing to boost infrastructure spending, weaker growth and exchange rate, and a worsened external environment (terms of trade and financial conditions). Rising debt service costs (both externally and domestically) and a large pipeline of contracted and to-be-disbursed loans place Zambia's public debt on an unsustainable path under current policies while budget expenditure arrears have risen. Zambia's debt-carrying capacity has also weakened with its FX reserves' import coverage declining from 4.7 months in 2015 to 1.7 months in May 2019. All four external debt burden indicators breach their indicative thresholds, three of them by large margins and throughout the medium-term under the baseline scenario. Total public debt is projected to increase somewhatin the near-term as, under unchanged policies, fiscal deficits remain large, before gradually declining as large debt-financed public projects are completed and forced fiscal adjustment occurs given financing constraints. As a frontier market, Zambia's high gross financing needs (peaking at 19 percent of GDP over the next three years), combined with wide EMBI spreads (1,575 basis points on June 11, 2019) and high domestic borrowing costs, expose it to significant market-financing risks. Despite the challenging fiscal situation, Zambia has remained current on all its debt obligations both domestic and external, and has not experienced a debt distress event. The authorities remain committed to prioritizing debt service payments and have identified resources to continue meeting debt obligations in the near-term. However, staff assess the risk of external and overall public debt distress for Zambia as very high at this juncture, and that a large upfront and sustained fiscal adjustment is essential to begin reducing debt vulnerabilities
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Madagascar is assessed at low risk of external debt distress. This marks a change from moderate risk in the June 2018 DSA, despite a broader definition of external debt, and reflects an upgrade in Madagascar's debt carrying capacity rather than a change in the debt path. Under the baseline, external public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) debt is well below applicable thresholds. Stress tests do not breach the threshold applicable to countries with medium debt-carrying capacity. Total (external plus domestic) PPG debt is below the benchmark under the baseline, but growth shocks drive the present value of the ratio of debt to GDP above the benchmark. Shocks could also introduce liquidity problems, as the debt-service to revenue ratio could exceed 100 percent over the long term. The overall rating, of moderate debt distress, remains consistent with the 2018 DSA. These assessments continue to be supportive of Madagascar's current plans to scale up its borrowing to meet its investment needs, though other factors are also critical
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report aims at assisting Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) to establish an effective oversight framework to monitor the different payment and settlement systems, payment instruments and payment service providers in the Maldives. The framework for oversight is based on the Bank for International Settlement-International Organization of Securities Commissions (BIS-IOSCO) 24 principles and analyzing the payments development in the Maldives, while emphasizing the importance of overseeing several critical aspects of payment systems which are not within the radar of the present oversight unit. The BIS-IOSCO principles that are specifically on oversight function are set out in section one. Section two discusses the background and the present payment landscape, legal status, and critically review the present oversight arrangement by MMA, its mandate and suggest areas of improvement for an improved and effective oversight function. Section three outlines the present and future challenges for payment and settlement oversight unit (PSSOU) and provides guidelines to overcome some of the challenges. Section four sets out recommendations to be adopted by PSSOU and section five articulates the most urgent tasks that should be undertaken by PSSOU and MMA to ensure an effective oversight on the national payments system (NPS) in the Maldives
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: In this note authors explore the many ways that adults in the Maldives are using digital payment services through mobile phones, the internet, and bank accounts. The authors also explore savings habits and outline opportunities to use digital technology to bring financial services to adults who still have no accounts. The Findex Notes series summarizes data compiled by the Global Findex from nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults in over 140 economies in 2017, including more than 1,000 adults in the Maldives. Research is showing that when people embrace digital financial services, a range of development benefits follow. When women in India received personal accounts linked to a jobs guarantee program, they increased their labor force participation and earnings compared to women who received such payments into a join account controlled by their husbands. The improvements in employment and earnings improvements disproportionately benefitted women with previously low labor force participation and those whose husbands were most opposed to their getting a job. Women-headed households in Nepal spent 15 percent more on nutritious foods (meat and fish) and 20 percent more on education after receiving free savings accounts. Another study found that the adoption of mobile money accounts in Kenya helped lift 194,000 people out of poverty, and that the accounts proved especially beneficial for women. Mobile money has also been cited as a fast and efficient method of sending and receiving funds from a network of acquaintances during an emergency, potentially reducing the likelihood that those impacted by a financial crisis will descend into poverty
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: While Thailand's pension system is typically described as a multipillar pension scheme, its design is highly fragmented and offers adequate coverage only to a small segment of the population, including civil servants and high-income individuals. In its 2018 Article IV report, the IMF highlighted the need for a broader pension reform, including parametric changes and ender inclusivepolicies to improve female labor force participation and attenuate the impact of aging on productivity growth. While these reforms are needed, private pensions can also play a role inimproving retirement income for individuals. As agreed with the Thai authorities, this technical note provides an assessment of the private, funded components of the pension system. A key component assessed is the voluntary provident fund scheme (PVD). The PVD scheme is voluntary and operates as a tax-incentivized scheme, which allows both employers and employees to take advantage of generous tax benefits for savings for retirement. This note also addresses the challenges of the private, funded system and proposes policy recommendations for increasing coverage, improving efficiency, and delivering sustainable retirement income in the payout phase. This note is organized as follows. The next section provides a brief description of the current overall pension system, public and private; Section III provides a diagnostic of the main challenges in the private, funded system; and Section IV provides recommendations for optimizing the design of the private, funded pension system. The focus of the note is to improve the incentive structure of the private, funded pension scheme
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report contains the assessments of BAHTNET and TSD based on the PFMI. The assessment was undertaken in the context of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) of Thailand in November 2018. The assessors were Gynedi Srinivas and Dorothee Delort of the World Bank's Payment Systems Development Group. The assessors would like to thank the Thai counterparts for their excellent cooperation and generous hospitality. The objective of the assessment was to identify potential risks related to the FMIs that may affect financial stability. While safe and efficient FMIs contribute to maintaining and promoting financial stability and economic growth, they may also concentrate risk. If not properly managed, FMIs can be sources of financial shocks, such as liquidity dislocations and credit losses, or a major channel through which these shocks are transmitted across domestic and international financial markets. The scope of the assessment includes two main FMIs as well as the authorities in Thailand responsible for regulation, supervision, and oversight of FMIs. BAHTNET and TSD are assessed against all relevant principles of the PFMI. The authorities, the BOT and the SEC, are assessed using the responsibilities for authorities of FMIs
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The successful conclusion of the Presidential election in January 2019 represents a historic window of opportunity for Madagascar to break cycles of political instability that abruptly interrupted its development in the past and to leapfrog its economic and social revitalization. Following a prolonged period of economic stagnation, growth accelerated over the last five years to reach 5.1 percent in 2018, its fastest pace in over a decade. The return to constitutional order in 2014 was instrumental to this economic revival, as it contributed to restore investor confidence, re-open access to key export markets, reinstate flows of concessional financing, and encourage structural reforms. Growth continued apace in 2019, although moderating slightly to an estimated 4.7 percent, amid weakening external demand and a slow execution of public spending following the presidential and parliamentary elections. A post-election rebound in public and private investments is expected to result in growth averaging 5.4 percent in 2020-21. This Economic Update suggests however that the country remains vulnerable to shocks. International risks include the possible intensification of the trade war between main trading partners, or the rise in international oil prices in a context of geopolitical tensions. The risk of natural disasters or of a sharp drop in the price of vanilla also need due consideration. The government must take advantage of the successful political transition to accelerate growth-enhancing reforms and develop the necessary fiscal buffers to support priority investments and be ready to face unexpected circumstances
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The 2015 Constitution ushered in not only a comprehensive transformation of Nepal's government structure, but also a shift from a protection-focused approach to natural resources management to one that aims to harness resources sustainably. Nepal's rich water, forest and biodiversity resources would thus fuel economic growth and prosperity and help achieve the goal becoming a middle-income country by 2030.The objective of this Environment Sector Diagnostic (ESD) is to inform policies, investments and institutional capacity building measures in key areas of natural resources use and environmental management to support sustainable growth and prosperity in Nepal in the context of federalism. Thus, the ESD aims to inform investment projects and government policies and facilitate the implementation of the World Bank's new Environmental and Social Framework in the context of the projects it supports.The key themes of natural resource use addressed in the ESD are forest management, nature-based tourism, hydropower development, agricultural intensification, and river quarrying. For each theme, the ESD highlights the economic gains of more productive use of the associated natural resources, where possible through quantitative modelling, and points to investments and policy and institutional measures to ensure sustainability. In terms of adverse environmental impacts, the ESD focuses on pollution, including air pollution, solid waste including hazardous substances, as well as, road construction. It estimates the cost of pollution to the economy and provides recommendations to lower this cost. These themes were selected based on their current and potential role in the economy and their current and potential impact on the environment
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