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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Bhutan Development Update, April 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Although Bhutan has made progress in recent years, notably by initiating the development of a domestic e-commerce ecosystem, gaps still remain. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) has prioritized information and communications technology (ICT) development to promote the vision of 'an ICT-enabled, knowledge society as a foundation for Gross National Happiness.' Initiatives, such as the Digital DrukYul flagship program, the guidelines on e-commerce and the e-commerce Policy Framework, aim to increase Bhutan's digitalization and participation in e-commerce. Yet, constraints in the e-trade environment, such as limited Internet connectivity, high costs of payment transactions, an incomplete regulatory infrastructure, and high trade facilitation and logistics costs, still hold Bhutan back, resulting in low levels of e-trade participation at present. The special focus section assesses the main regulatory and trade facilitation priorities for digital trade in Bhutan and makes concrete proposals to develop the country's e-trade framework. The development of Bhutan's digital economy and e-trade is contingent on a number of complementary factors including reliable Internet connectivity, mobile and computer penetration, digital literacy, availability of efficient logistical and payment systems, and relevant infrastructure to facilitate those factors. E-trade in goods and services also requires supporting policies in areas such as data protection, cyber security, consumer protection, competition law and the recognition of e-signatures and electronic transactions, which are the basic building blocks of all business online
    DOI: 10.1596/35510
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dominican Republic Public Expenditure Review (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Expenditure Review
    Kurzfassung: This public expenditure review (PER) for the Dominican Republic (DR) is designed to inform the government's fiscal expenditure policies and advance its economic and social development priorities. The PER was requested by the government in December 2019, but its scope has been extensively revised to reflect the rapid evolution of the Coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) crisis. This PER finds that institutional fragmentation poses a critical challenge to economic policymaking in the DR. Inadequate coordination between public agencies undermines the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery and reinforces the monopolistic structure of key economic sectors. These findings are consistent with the analysis presented in the previous PER, completed in 2019, which emphasized the importance of efficiency gains in a context of constrained revenue mobilization and limited borrowing space. Institutional fragmentation aggravates the three most pressing economic policy issues facing the DR: (i) an unsustainable debt trajectory, (ii) slow rates of job creation in the formal sector, and (iii) gaps in both the social protection system and the delivery of basic services
    DOI: 10.1596/35856
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    GovTech for Georgia : A Whole of Government Approach as a Key Foundation for the Digital Economy in Georgia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Public Sector Study
    Kurzfassung: This note presents main findings of the GovTech Snapshot Assessment for Georgia, forming part of a larger World Bank global engagement on GovTech and Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) in the South Caucasus on Transforming Government Services through Digital Innovations. The objective of the note is to conduct an initial GovTech stock-taking, using the GovTech conceptual framework within the broader Digital Economy context. Starting with a first analytical phase in 2021 and to be continued through a second phase of implementation support in 2022, the assessment focuses on key thematic areas in line with client interest to help identify entry-points and reform options. It applies a simplified and customized version of the Digital Government Readiness Assessment Methodology (DGRA), assessing key thematic dimensions and developing a menu of reform options in line with client priorities
    DOI: 10.1596/35851
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Eswatini Education Sector Analysis 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Education Sector Review
    Kurzfassung: The current Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP) for 2010-2022 and the first and second National Education and Training Improvement Programs that operationalize the plan, were based on the comprehensive 2010 Education Sector Review (Marope, 2010, MoET, 2010, 2016, 2018b). As the current plan and program come to their end, this education sector analysis (ESA) was undertaken. In addition, complementary studies for the ECDE and TVET sub-sectors will be conducted separately to collect primary data to further help inform the development of the next ESSP. The ESA report examines the recent status of the education system to provide an evidence-based foundation for the Government's preparation of its next ESSP and help guide the country more generally on the priority issues for the education sector looking forward. This executive summary begins with a brief description of the general context for education followed by an overview of recent achievements in education. The main part of the summary sets out the priority issues identified by the ESA report. The final section concludes with a discussion of selected policy options that may be considered looking ahead
    DOI: 10.1596/35787
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cambodia Economic Update, June 2021 : Road to Recovery (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: After contracting by 3.1 percent in 2020, Cambodia's economy has gradually recovered. The recovery is, however, uneven, partial, and volatile in part due to the re-introduction of a domestic lockdown, triggered by recent flare-ups of coronavirus infections. Like many countries in the region, Cambodia has been hit hard by global demand shock and coronavirus-related shutdowns which have had predictably uneven economic impacts across sectors. The agriculture sector has been relatively resilient in the face of the coronavirus shock. In addition, it has been boosted by increased investment, thanks to good prospects of the newly signed Cambodia-China Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).The manufacturing sector sharply contracted last year, but appears to have gradually recovered since, as it has adapted to changing external conditions. The easing of the traditional manufacturing industries, namely garment, footwear, and travel (GFT) goods has been partly offset by the expansion of the newly emerging manufacturing (electrical, electronic and vehicle parts including bicycles) and agroprocessing industries. Parts of the services sector such as accommodation, restaurants and transport continue to be hit hard by slowdown in domestic and international tourism, while wholesale and retail trade has managed to slowly recover, supported by a gradual revival in domestic economic activity
    DOI: 10.1596/35783
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Timor-Leste Economic Report, May 2021 : Charting a New Path (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: COVID-19 is spreading quickly throughout the country, despite early successes in containing the virus. Meanwhile, flooding and landslides have caused considerable human loss and economic damage. These compounding health and humanitarian emergencies are undermining the economic recovery in 2021, but the recent approval of a revised budget can alleviate the negative impacts. Economic activity has been weakened by the recent COVID-19 outbreak and the impact of Cyclone Seroja. GDP is forecast to grow by 1.8 percent in 2021, which is lower than the 3.1 projected in October 2020. The economy is expected to recover in the medium-term, but structural constraints will remain an impediment to faster growth. Reforms to boost productivity and competitiveness are critical. COVID-19 and recent floods have highlighted and exacerbated underlying weaknesses in Timor-Leste's health system. Disruptions to health and nutrition services arising from these crises may have a multiplier effect on access to care for routine and essential care, setting back the country's progress on health outcomes and human capital development
    DOI: 10.1596/35720
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Bridging the Gap in Solid Waste Management : Governance Requirements for Results (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Kurzfassung: The primary responsibility for providing on-the-ground services and for ensuring the controlled management of solid waste, on the other hand, lies with the local authorities. Often fiscally constrained with many competing priorities beyond waste, local authorities may have limited ability to deliver adequate services. Their technical and operational capacities may be stretched, resulting in sub-optimal arrangements for service delivery, or in poor engagement with stakeholders that are crucial to implementation of local services, including the general population and other waste generators, the private sector, and the informal sector. This paper discusses good practices for the governance of the solid waste management sector in a context of pressing need. The document is organized along seven chapters. Together, these chapters aim to give practical guidance on waste management governance to national and local authorities as well as practitioners
    DOI: 10.1596/35703
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Croatia Integrated State-Owned Enterprises Framework Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Corporate Governance Assessment
    Kurzfassung: The report provides one of the first comprehensive applications of the World Bank's new integrated SOE framework (iSOEF) in Europe. Based on firm-level data, it provides analytical arguments indicating underperformance of the Croatian SOE sector, which ultimately stems from corporate governance deficiencies. As the report points to areas where reforms are of utmost importance and gives actionable policy recommendations, it is intended to be used for deepening the policy dialogue in the area of SOEs with Croatian authorities. The analysis covers non-financial companies with central government ownership of at least 50 percent. Short analysis of local government SOEs is given in Annex one. Long-term state asset management reform efforts intensified after 2013 with the intention to improve the SOEs management and reduce their fiscal burden. Also, two reforms were introduced in 2017, pertaining to the restructuring of the Central State Office for State Asset Management into the Ministry of State Assets, intended to foster a more coordinated approach and give impetus to the restructuring and privatization of SOEs; and the adoption of a new Corporate Governance Code. As of 2020, the Ministry of State Assets was merged with the Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, and these reforms are yet to yield desired effects in terms of SOEs' efficiency and return
    DOI: 10.1596/35706
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    GovTech Maturity Index : The State of Public Sector Digital Transformation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Kurzfassung: The GovTech maturity index (GTMI) presented in this report has been developed as part of the GovTech initiative. The rationale for the GTMI is to introduce a measure of GovTech maturity in four focus areas - core government systems, service delivery, citizen engagement, and GovTech enablers. This index is the most comprehensive measure of digital transformation in the public sector and has been constructed for 198 economies using consistent data sources. The key findings are delineated in several categories to highlight: the important characteristics of the GovTech focal areas; the existence or lack thereof of an enabling environment to foster the implementation of GovTech solutions; the relationship between the GTMI and existing GovTech indices; and best practices from around the world
    DOI: 10.1596/35745
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Social Protection Response to the COVID-19 Crisis in the Dominican Republic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Kurzfassung: The Government of the Dominican Republic (DR) adopted a series of economic and social measures to protect households and businesses and prevent employment losses as a response to the Coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) health and economic crisis. Social protection policies and programs have been used globally as effective mechanisms to respond to the economic crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This policy note aims to document and analyze the design and implementation of the three main cash-transfer programs that the government used to protect households and workers affected by the COVID-19 crisis. The programs that are part of the scope of the note are: (1) stay at home (quedate en casa, QEC), (2) the employee solidarity assistance fund (fondo de asistencia solidaria del empleado, FASE), and (3) the independent worker assistance program (programa de asistencia al trabajador independiente, PA' TI). The analysis of these programs is based on a desk review of administrative and legal documents, media information, program reports, and operational rules. The policy note is organized as follows: first, it provides an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and identifies the potentially affected population. Second, it provides a description of the design and implementation of the three social protection programs and their expenditures. Finally, it discusses lessons learned, including challenges and opportunities to improve social protection policies, based on an adaptative social protection framework
    DOI: 10.1596/35861
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Nigeria Development Update, June 2021 : Resilience through Reforms (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: In 2020, Nigeria experienced its deepest recession in four decades, but growth resumed in the fourth quarter as pandemic restrictions were eased, oil prices recovered, and the authorities implemented policies to counter the economic shock. As a result, in 2020 the Nigerian economy experienced a smaller contraction (-1.8 percent) than had been projected when the pandemic began (-3.2 percent). As part of its response, the government carried out several long-delayed policy reforms, often against vocal opposition. Notably, the government (1) began to harmonize exchange rates; (2) began to eliminate gasoline subsidies; (3) started adjusting electricity tariffs to more cost-reflective levels; (4) cut nonessential spending and redirected resources to COVID-19 (coronavirus) responses at both the federal and the state levels; and (5) enhanced debt management and increased public-sector transparency, especially for oil and gas operations. By creating additional fiscal space and maximizing the impact of the government's limited resources, these measures were critical in protecting the economy against a much deeper recession and in laying the foundation for earlier recovery. However, several critical reforms are as yet incomplete, which threatens Nigeria's nascent recovery. In the baseline scenario, Nigeria's economy is expected to grow by 1.8 percent in 2021. Despite the current favorable external environment, with oil prices recovering and growth in advanced economies, reform slippages would hinder the renewed economic expansion and undermine progress toward Nigeria's development goals. In a risk scenario, in which the government fails to sustain recent macroeconomic and structural reforms, the pace of economic recovery would slow, and GDP growth couldbe just 1.1 percent in 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/35786
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Assessment of Innovative Technologies and Their Readiness for Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Forest Carbon Stocks and Dynamics (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Kurzfassung: In 2005, the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) began to formally set up a framework for financially incentivizing emissions reduction due to deforestation and forest degradation through conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon (C) stocks in developing countries. Forest-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, emission reductions, and enhanced removals (carbon sequestration) are estimated by measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems, usually based on a combination of remote sensing data, field or in situ measurements, and modeling approaches. Under the UNFCCC, the lack of consistency limits the comparability between countries and makes the reconciliation of national reports and global estimates that are needed for the 2023 Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreements difficult. Moreover, the ongoing costs of MRV systems can be high, while the accuracy of the estimates is often low, and thus not able to unlock the full potential of climate finance. In this context, the World Bank launched a study to assess the readiness of various innovative technologies. The study began with a review of the current and potential innovative technologies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the readiness of these technologies, and the challenges to rolling out their implementation. As a result, a set of the main technological challenges, and recommendations for overcoming them, were identified
    DOI: 10.1596/35806
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Federalism and Public Expenditure for Human Development in Nepal : An Emerging Agenda (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Expenditure Review
    Kurzfassung: Nepal has made significant progress across many human capital dimensions in the past twenty years, though shocks remain a threat to achievements. The current Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has adversely affected the economy and the delivery of essential services, which can have significant long-term impact on human capital. This public expenditure review is structured as follows. After the introduction, Chapter 1 presents briefly the few stylized facts about progress in human capital indicators, key persisting challenges, and important disparities along geographic and socio-economic lines. Chapter 2 then reviews briefly national level spending in social sectors, as well as broad issues in service delivery. Turning to federalism, Chapter 3 presents the allocation of functions across levels and highlights the issues. Chapter 4 then discusses the allocation of resources across three levels and identifies potential limitations. Chapter 5 focuses on actual service delivery at the local level, identifying challenges in implementation. Chapter 6 concludes this report by proposing ten recommendations which will be critical for Nepal to address the structural issues in human development, which have recently been highlighted by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. Addressing these chronic issues will be essential to put Nepal on a path towards green, resilient, and inclusive development (GRID)
    DOI: 10.1596/35977
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Consumer Risks in Fintech : New Manifestations of Consumer Risks and Emerging Regulatory Approaches (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Kurzfassung: Fintech is increasingly recognized as a key enabler for financial sectors worldwide, enabling more efficient and competitive financial markets while expanding access to finance for traditionally underserved consumers. A critical challenge for policy makers is to harness the benefits and opportunities of fintech while managing its risks, including for consumers. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the widespread transition of consumers to fintech and digital financial services, highlighting their significant benefits while also demonstrating how risks to consumers can increase in times of crisis and economic stress. This paper (1) identifies a range of consumer risks posed by fintech, focusing on four key fintech products (digital microcredit, peer-to-peer lending, investment-based crowdfunding, and e-money) and (2) discusses consumer protection regulatory approaches emerging internationally for policy makers to consider when developing regulatory policy to target such risks. Examples of regulatory approaches are drawn from country examples and international literature. The paper also discusses a range of implementation considerations
    DOI: 10.1596/35699
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Central African Republic Economic Update, July 2021 : Investing in Human Capital to Protect the Future (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The economy of the Central African Republic (CAR) decelerated in 2020 compared to 2019. Despite a relatively contained health impact, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the country's economy, with the disruption in global value chains, low external demand, and domestic containment measures that significantly affected trade, transport, and tourism. Nevertheless, CAR's GDP growth of 0.8 percent has outpaced the average of regional peers (-2.9 percent) and countries affected by fragility, conflict and violence (FCV) (-1.7 percent). On the supply side, the positive dynamic of the agriculture sector prevented the economy from entering a recession, and the forestry and telecommunications sectors were more resilient than expected. On the demand side, private consumption contracted in 2020, reflecting a decline in household income owing to the pandemic. As a result, the extreme poverty rate increased from 70.7 percent in 2019 to 71.4 percent, affecting a total of more than 3.4 million people, in 2020. CAR's current account balance (CAD) deteriorated in 2020. The current account deficit widened from 4.8 percent of GDP in 2019 to 8.7 percent of GDP in 2020, driven by weak external demand and private transfers as well as an increased deficit of the balance on goods. With the COVID-19 pandemic, goods exports declined while non-oil imports were boosted by donor-funded investments. CAR's current account deficit is not expected to be as severe as that of comparator FCV, CEMAC, and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The capital account balance improved significantly in 2020 due to the rise in external grants, while the financial account surplus shifted into a deficit. The improvement in the capital account has helped narrow the balance of payments deficit and increasing foreign reserves, which reached a level equivalent to about 3.5 months imports at end-2020
    DOI: 10.1596/35900
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Angola Agriculture Support Policy Review : Realigning Agriculture Support Policies and Programs (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Agricultural Study
    Kurzfassung: This report assesses agriculture policy support estimates in Angola. These estimates represent the monetary value assigned to different agriculture support policies and programs using the OECD methodology for the years 2018-2019. The advantages of using the OECD methodology are that: (a) it provides a systematic and integrated view of agriculture support policies and programs (not limited to the more traditional public expenditure reviews or rate of protection); (b) given the large number of countries using this same methodology to measure support estimates, an immediate benchmarking is possible across a large set of comparators; and (c) the methodology is simple and can be integrated into the agriculture public policy analysis conducted by the Government and other stakeholders. The methodology also has some disadvantages and limitations, mainly: (a) while it quantifies the level of support provided to producers and consumers, it does not further disaggregate support received by type of agricultural producers (small-scale, large-scale; family farm, commercial) or consumers; (b) since the estimates are based on the monetary value of budget and price support, non-monetary support, like the quality of policies, is not captured (e.g., the methodology is able to identify how much policy/program support is invested in land administration efforts, but unable to qualify the impact (quality) of those policies/programs). This assessment aims to support the Angolan Government in reviewing its agriculture policies and programs, in particular to: (a) provide new estimates and a new approach to assess sector support for policy decision-making; (b) allow for benchmarking agriculture support policies with a large global database of countries using the same estimate methodology; and (c) help kickstart a policy dialogue on realigning agriculture policies and programs in Angola towards greater sector competitiveness and fast economic recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, increased food security and nutrition outcomes, and climate sustainability through a build back better approach
    DOI: 10.1596/35907
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Argentina Valuing Water : Brief for Policy Makers (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Water Papers
    Kurzfassung: This brief for policy makers is a summary of the main conclusions derived from the "Argentina: Valuing Water" report, a detailed and technical water security diagnostic, and is designed for decision makers beyond the water sector. Its main purpose is to make visible the importance of water, and the cost of existing water security gaps on Argentina's economy, society and environment. The report further highlights the causes behind those water security gaps and identifies opportunities to close them and make the country more resilient to climate change or to other shocks such as the COVID-19, through a more sustainable, inclusive and efficient water management. The document assesses the water security situation today, evaluating the impacts of these water security gaps in the country's GDP, and then proposes two future scenarios up to 2030: the first one is a "business as usual" scenario, where there are no changes in the way water is managed today, and where water security gaps perpetuate or amplify due to climate change and growing demands. The second "active scenario" is that one where a series of investments are proposed to close the existing gaps, and where, most importantly, a number of water governance reforms are recommended to complement such investments and to make them more sustainable. These reforms are also necessary to use public funds more efficiently, a priority measure in times of crisis
    DOI: 10.1596/35906
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Flood-Resilient Mass Transit Planning in Ouagadougou (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Infrastructure Study
    Kurzfassung: Ouagadougou, the largest city in Burkina Faso, is growing rapidly, with the annual rate reaching 9 percent by some estimates, and with commensurate challenges for ensuring efficient mobility for its residents. Like many urban areas in Sahelian West Africa, Ouagadougou is also highly vulnerable to extreme hydro-meteorological events. In the context of the plans to develop an efficient, bus-based mass transit system in Ouagadougou in the medium term, the study aimed to characterize the spatial distribution and severity of flood risk affecting the planned system; and to identify, evaluate, and prioritize interventions that will increase its resilience. The study focuses on a pilot sector of 67 km, covering a large part of central Ouagadougou and its strategic infrastructures, at the intersection of the future planned mass transit system and the areas of the city a priori considered more flood prone (for example, near the major dams). By working with a local drone operator and an international flood modelling firm, the study constructed high spatial resolution digital elevation and digital terrain models for the area of interest (AOI), which served as inputs for developing a hydrological model. To further classify the road and future mass transit sections in order to prioritize interventions, the analysis applied the criteria of an area priority score and a flood criticality score, which together combine into an overall impact score. The importance of good planning and policy and regulatory actions vis-a-vis more structural engineering solutions is underlined by the fact that the top two measures singled out by the multicriteria analysis are so-called soft solutions - related to the maintenance and cleaning of the flood-related structures and the reinforcement of the waste collection system
    DOI: 10.1596/35983
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Socio-Economic Costs and Human Impacts of Road Accidents in Azerbaijan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Infrastructure Study
    Kurzfassung: Road accidents represent a growing worldwide problem. According to the official statistics, 696 people died and 1,410 were seriously injured in road crashes in Azerbaijan in 2020. The launch of the state road safety program for 2019 - 2023 is an important step towards improving road safety in Azerbaijan. By adopting the program in 2018 the Government of Azerbaijan committed itself to substantially improving road safety. The strategic program aims to improve Azerbaijan's road safety performance and to reduce the number of road crashes and casualties. The state road safety program explicitly states that in addition to reducing the number of accidents and casualties, decreasing the socio-economic costs that result from road crashes is one of its aims. The lack of information on the socio-economic costs of road crashes is an important knowledge and capacity gap for handling road safety problems in Azerbaijan. The aim of the study is to assess the national socio-economic costs and the impact of road accidents on poverty, shared prosperity, and vulnerable groups. Concerning the socio-economic costs, all relevant cost items are included and quantified to the extent possible, following international standards and best practices. The report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two presents the methodology for the assessment of the socio-economic costs and poverty impacts of road crashes in Azerbaijan, as well as the data collection methods, including a survey among road casualties. Chapter three presents the assessment of the socio-economic costs of road crashes and chapter four - of the human and poverty impacts. Chapter five discusses policy implications of study results for policy making and presents key recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/35986
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  • 20
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    Online-Ressource
    Tajikistan Agrifood Sector and Public Expenditure Review (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Expenditure Review
    Kurzfassung: Tajikistan's agrifood system has had a steady and growing presence domestically and in the Central Asia region, but still faces many constraints. Agriculture is significantly affected by climate change due to the high vulnerability of its natural environment and the low adaptive capacity of both farmers and the public sector. Coronavirus (COVID-19) disruptions amplified the latter and highlighted the need for more constructive relationships between public policy and the private sector, not only to respond to imminent challenges brought by the current crisis, but also to implement longer-term solutions for resilient development. This report reviews key issues characterizing the agrifood sector in Tajikistan (Chapter 1), assesses how the agrifood sector fared in the face of COVID-19 (Chapter 2), and discusses key findings regarding agricultural public expenditure policies (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 presents recommendations for building a better future
    DOI: 10.1596/35972
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  • 21
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    Kazakhstan Economic Update, Summer 2021 : Turning the Tide on the COVID-19 Crisis (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Kazakhstan's economy started to recover in the second half of 2020, although real GDP is still lower than pre-COVID-19. After suffering the worst contraction in the past two decades, Kazakhstan's real GDP rebounded in the third quarter of 2020, and growth has extended to the first quarter of 2021. Real GDP in Q1 2021 grew moderately at 1.9 percent in seasonally adjusted terms relative to the Q4 last year. The external environment has generally improved and lifted the value of Kazakhstan's exports by about 5.8 percent in Q1 2021 compared with Q4 2020 in seasonally adjusted terms. In Q1 2021, China experienced a faster-than-expected economic rebound, while the euro area suffered another dip due to the COVID-19 resurgence. This update features findings on factors affecting the slow productivity growth among Kazakh firms, one of the critical development challenges. Productivity matters to sustain long-term growth and improve the standard of living. Findings from firm-level data analysis suggest a muted contribution of firms' upgrading capability (innovation, managerial), poor allocative efficiency, and limited contribution from entry and exit dynamics. The authorities should consider coordinating policies to improve productivity growth by ensuring competition in the product market, reducing barriers for firms to entry in sectors dominated by state-owned enterprises, improving the effectiveness of investment policy and promotion, and boosting firms' capability to innovate. Also, revisiting distortive support programs for firms should be reconsidered to avoid perpetuating inefficiencies in firms
    DOI: 10.1596/35903
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  • 22
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    Online-Ressource
    South Africa Economic Update, Edition 13 : Building Back Better from COVID-19 with a Special Focus on Jobs (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: South Africa is set to emerge from the crisis weaker than it had been going into it. However, this Economic Update argues that the reasons for low growth and high unemployment do not lie in the government's crisis response, which has generally been sound. Growth is expected to reach 4 percent in 2021, slowing to 2.1 percent in 2022 and 1.5 by 2023. The global recovery is helping South Africa, especially given strong performance by China and the United States, two of its main trading partners. With deeper economic reforms, South Africa could benefit even more from the high growth in its trading partners. Low-wage workers suffered almost four times more job losses than did high-wage ones. Although a modest job recovery has started, it is at risk from the severe third wave of the pandemic. Self-employment represents only 10 percent of all jobs, as against 30 percent in most upper-middle-income economies, such as Turkey, Mexico, and Brazil. The emerging start-up sector in South Africa could help close this gap
    DOI: 10.1596/35987
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  • 23
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    Gaza Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment, June 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Kurzfassung: On May 20, 2021, after 11 days of the worst conflict since 2014, Israel and militants in Gaza agreed to a cessation of hostilities. Casualties were recorded on both sides, including more than 260 dead in Gaza according to the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), along with considerable destruction of residential and commercial buildings. While in Israel, 9 Israelis and 3 foreign workers were killed according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In Gaza, the conflict damaged various core physical and digital infrastructure assets, particularly buildings, hospitals and health centers, water and sanitation facilities, and transport, energy and communications networks. Exacerbated by previous trauma, this renewed round of violence having a particularly serious impact on children's mental health as they are more susceptible to the effects of high levels of stress. Beyond the human tragedy and the subsequent immediate humanitarian relief that was channeled to Gaza, the economic impact of these 11 days of conflict has severely weakened an economy already reduced to a fraction of its potential. Gaza is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with around 2.1 million individuals living in a total area of 365 square kilometers. For nearly 15 years, the movement of people and goods into and out of Gaza has been under restrictions imposed by the Government of Israel (GoI) due to security concerns. This isolation, in addition to multiple episodes of conflict and a damaging internal political divide, has created a severe humanitarian situation in Gaza that was exacerbated by the recent hostilities
    DOI: 10.1596/35968
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  • 24
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    Kenya Economic Update, June 2021 : Rising Above the Waves (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The pandemic has dealt a major blow to the economy, but the government's quick policy responses have helped to cushion the impact, and a partial recovery is underway. In response to the improving conditions, many of the tax and regulatory relief measures extended at the onset of the crisis have been discontinued. The economy is expected to continue to recover and gradually return to growth of above 5 percent. The near-term economic outlook for Kenya, as elsewhere, remains unusually uncertain and contingent on the course of the pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/35946
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  • 25
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    Online-Ressource
    The State of Cities Climate Finance : Part 2. The Enabling Conditions for Mobilizing Urban Climate Finance (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: City Development Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Enabling Conditions for Urban Climate Finance Part 2 is a contribution of the World Bank to the State of Cities Climate Finance Report 2021. Part 2 analyzes enabling frameworks and presents solutions for mobilizing urban climate finance at scale to transition cities to low-carbon, climate-resilient development pathways. It seeks to provide a common level of understanding of the terminologies, knowledge, and themes used by climate policy and climate finance practitioners, city-level urban planners, and municipal finance officials. It presents innovative and critical concepts on the roles and agency of city governments in climate action; the enabling conditions at the country, city, and climate transaction level; concrete practical examples, solutions and approaches and key recommendations for local, national, and international officials to mobilize urban climate finance at scale. The entire State of Cities Climate Finance Report, including the Executive Summary, is available here: https://www.citiesclimatefinance.org/2021/06/2021-state-of-cities-climate-finance
    DOI: 10.1596/35929
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  • 26
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Iraq for the Period FY2022-FY2026 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Governance ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Governmental Organizations ; National Governance ; Partnerships ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform
    Kurzfassung: Iraq is at a crossroads. The Iraqi government struggles to navigate internal as well as regional security challenges. Despite the current uncertain circumstances, the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) provides a suitable country engagement instrument to support Iraq's progress and builds off of longstanding World Bank Group (WBG) engagement and partnership with Iraq, including in the period since the last CPF and Performance Learning Review (PLR). This CPF is organized under two pillars and supported by foundational elements - (i) improved governance, public service delivery, and private sector participation, and (ii) strengthened human capital
    DOI: 10.1596/36107
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  • 27
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    Village Public Expenditure Management in Indonesia : Towards Better Budgeting and Spending (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Expenditure Review
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Local Government ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: This report represents the largest assessment of village spending since the enactment of the Village Law. The findings presented here are based on a public expenditure analysis of financial data from 45,625 rural villages across 248 districts and 33 provinces. This represents over 58 percent of all villages, although coverage of villages by province varies between 5 percent in Papua Barat to 100 percent in Bali. The objective of this report is to provide an initial assessment of Indonesia's village spending and budget credibility, which will in turn strengthen the ability of the Government of Indonesia and village administrations to solve the pressing problems facing rural communities. The report is structured into four parts: analysis of village reporting, expenditures, revenues, and performance
    DOI: 10.1596/36128
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  • 28
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    Toward a Holistic Approach to Sustainable Development : A Guide to Integrated Land-Use Initiatives (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Sustainable Land Management
    Kurzfassung: Through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the international community has recognized the need for an approach to development that considers the interdependence of human and natural systems. Single-sector approaches to development challenges are insufficient to produce sustainable landscapes that promote resilience and help communities mitigate and adapt to climate change. Achieving sustainable development requires stakeholders to work together to minimize trade-offs and increase synergies between different, and often competing, sector-focused goals. Integrated land use initiatives offer a holistic approach to addressing complex environmental and development challenges. This approach seeks to sustainably manage multiple land uses across landscapes, considering both the natural and human systems that depend on them. The objective of this report is to take stock of lessons learned, document best practices from a range of integrated land use initiatives, facilitate knowledge sharing, and provide a guide for practitioners who are looking to implement this approach. This report provides a basic toolkit for practitioners and raises awareness of the cutting-edge work happening in this space
    DOI: 10.1596/36139
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  • 29
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    Reforming and Rebuilding Lebanon's Port Sector Part II : Policies and Solutions for Digitalizing the Port of Beirut (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Infrastructure Study
    Schlagwort(e): Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Trade Facilitation ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: The resilience of the Lebanese port sector has proven to be low. The impact of the ongoing economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Port of Beirut (PoB) explosion has traumatized the sector and exposed its weaknesses and inabilities to predict, identify, and respond to external risks. Anticipated slow recovery is expected to intensify the burden on the economy while opportunity costs are high given the recent port developments in the Eastern Mediterranean region and globally. Digitalization is one of key foundational stones for reconstruction. The "Reforming and RebuildingLebanon's Port Sector " note that the World Bank published in January 2020 highlights that there is a unique opportunity for rebuilding better the PoB and recommends a roadmap around four key building blocks: i) a new governance structure based on the landlord port model; ii) efficient and modern trade compliance procedures; iii) open and transparent bidding processes for selecting investors, operators, or concessionaires; and iv) quality infrastructure contingent on a national port strategy and a revised PoB masterplan
    DOI: 10.1596/36136
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  • 30
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    Tanzania Economic Update, July 2021 : Transforming Tourism - Toward a Sustainable, Resilient, and Inclusive Sector (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Kurzfassung: The pandemic severely disrupted economic activity in Tanzania, and the World Bank's latest firm-level data suggest that the situation had only modestly improved by the end of 2020. New data sources show that COVID-19 continues to weigh heavily on employment and income. Data for the first quarter of 2021 suggest that recovery remains fragile and uneven across sectors, but economic activity could accelerate in the second half of 2021. The tourism-dependent economy of Zanzibar has been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. Tanzania's macroeconomic framework remains sound, with low inflation and moderate external and fiscal vulnerabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/36048
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  • 31
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    Gulf Economic Update, August 2021 : COVID-19 Pandemic and the Road to Diversification (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Commodities ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Gulf Cooperation Council ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 pandemic and the decline in global oil demand and prices dealt the GCC countries a health crisis and a commodity market shock. The GCC's aggregate GDP contracted by 4.8 percent in 2020 from 2019, with the growth outturns ranging from -3.7 in Qatar to an estimated -6.3 percent in Oman. The authorities responded to the pandemic with stringent health measures which helped contain the spread of the disease and saved lives but hurt economic activity. Following a year of economic distress, the GCC economies are expected to return to growth in 2021, buoyed by the global economic recovery, projected at 5.6 percent (upgraded by 1.5 percentage points from the projection in January 2021), the revival of global oil demand, expected at 96.5 billion barrels per day (from 91 billion barrels per day in 2020), and the rebound in international oil prices to an annual forecast average USD 56 per barrel (now outpaced by an actual average USD 61.45 in January-May 2021). The forecast is for an aggregate GCC GDP growth of 2.2 percent in 2021, roughly tracking the turnaround in high-income countries, with the outcomes ranging from 1.2 percent for the UAE to 2.4 percent for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Thereafter, economic growth in the GCC is expected to firm up to an annual average 3.3 percent for 2022-23. With rising oil prices in the first half of 2021, a potential upside scenario for the second half of the year sees improved current account balances being channeled directly to public sector savings. Because of the exposure to global oil demand and personal service industries and the continuing effects of the pandemic, downside risks to the outlook are also high. In this issue of the Gulf Economic Update, the focus is on fiscal revenues and structural reforms including strategic investments in digitalization and telecommunications. Strategic investment in advanced telecommunications technologies, including 5G, is underway in the GCC. But beyond capital spending on infrastructure, the telecommunications sector would benefit greatly from improvements in the legal, regulatory, and competition frameworks under which service providers operate
    DOI: 10.1596/36041
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  • 32
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    Sierra Leone Public Expenditure Review 2021 : Fiscal Policy for a Sustainable Recovery (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Expenditure Review
    Kurzfassung: This Fiscal and Debt Sustainability Note, the first module of a programmatic multisectoral Public Expenditure Review (PER), reviews the recent macro-fiscal challenges, analyzes their causes and consequences and provide policy options for enhancing the conduct of fiscal and PFM policies in the country. The first part of this module draws on the Boost database to provide a comprehensive overview of the budget covering both revenues and expenditures. It analyzes the composition of the budget (based on economic and functional classifications) and discusses the most critical PFM issues the country faces. It also assesses budget execution and the efficiency of public expenditure. The second part of the module focuses on fiscal risks and their implications for medium-term fiscal and debt sustainability. It examines the recent evolution of public debt, its main drivers and relationship to economic growth. It describes recent reforms to address fiscal and debt vulnerabilities and how these reforms have been affected by the global pandemic. It also analyzes the main fiscal risks with a focus on those stemming from State-Own Enterprises (SOEs), local councils, litigations, natural disasters, and health crises. This part uses simulations to analyze the most likely evolution of the public debt path over the next 20 years under alternative risk scenarios. Finally, the module proposes practical and actionable policy options to help improve the macro-fiscal environment over the short term and preserve debt sustainability over the medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/35857
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  • 33
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    Investment in Disaster Risk Management in Europe Makes Economic Sense : Background Report (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Kurzfassung: This report forms part of the World Bank's technical assistance project undertaken with the European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) and financed under the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) Annual Work Program 2020. This report is the output produced under Component 1, 'Retrospective analysis of the costs and benefits of selected disaster risk management (DRM) investments', with the aim to showcase the benefits of investing in the prevention of disaster risks. The objective of this report is to provide EU Member States/Participating States (MS/PS) and UCPM members with consolidated analysis and information on the economic value of investing in disaster and climate preparedness and prevention. The analysis can serve as a basis for (i) demonstrating the net benefits of investing in prevention and preparedness for various hazards, (ii) showcasing best practices in investing in prevention for various MS/PS and UCPM members as well as at a regional scale, and (iii) providing guidance on methodological approaches to estimate the net benefits of interventions, including soft investments, with a focus on the application of the Triple Dividend of Resilience framework for economic analysis (Tanner, and others, 2015), though other methodologies are also described in this report. Although the report mainly focuses on Europe, international examples are presented throughout
    DOI: 10.1596/35686
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  • 34
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    Water in Circular Economy and Resilience : The Case of Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Water Papers
    Kurzfassung: This case study is part of a series prepared by the World Bank's Water Global Practice to highlight existing experiences in the water sector. The purpose of the series is to showcase one or more Two of the main pillars of a circular economy are resource efficiency and zero (or minimum) waste. By significantly reducing water losses and improving operational efficiency, the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) is embracing circular economy principles toward a more sustainable future.of the elements that can contribute toward a Water in Circular Economy and Resilience (WICER) system. This case focuses on the experience of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
    DOI: 10.1596/35820
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  • 35
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    Feasibility Study to Connect All African Higher Education Institutions to High-Speed Internet : Cote d'Ivoire Case Study (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Education Study
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Tertiary Education
    Kurzfassung: The Government of Cote d'Ivoire considers information and communications technology (ICTs) as a key instrument for national development. Youth education and training are high priorities for Cote d'Ivoire. Through its national development plan Cote d'Ivoire aspires to become an ICT leader in the region. Access to quality higher education is considered a primary vehicle to equip the population with the necessary skills to promote the social and economic development of Cote d'Ivoire. As part of the digital economy for Africa (DE4A) initiative, the World Bank commissioned a feasibility study to develop an operational roadmap to connect all African higher education institutions (HEIs) to high-speed Internet. The initiative, in support of the African union digital transformation strategy for Africa (2020-2030), aims to digitally enable every African individual, business, and government by 2030. This report provides a detailed country-level assessment to connect all HEIs in Cote d'Ivoire to high-speed Internet as part of the feasibility study. Chapter one gives introduction. The report provides a country overview in chapter two to provide the national context. The connectivity gap has both a supply-side and a demand-side: chapter three explores the demand-side, focusing on ICT in the education sector and the challenges impacting the use of information and communication technologies for teaching, learning, and research - creating the pull factors; and chapter four examines the supply-side, the ICT sector's key components and the challenges affecting high-speed connectivity. Chapter five presents a high-level summary of the Reseau Ivoirien de Telecommunication pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche (RITER), the Ivorian research and education network. Drawing on findings from the earlier chapters, chapter six discusses the cost of connecting all HEIs in Cote d'Ivoire to high-speed Internet. The conclusion is given in chapter seven, followed by the appendices
    DOI: 10.1596/36044
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  • 36
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    Albania Country Economic Memorandum : Background Note on Supporting an Adaptive and Resilient Labor Force (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Economic Memorandum
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This background note is one of several analytical contributions to the 2021 Albania country economic memorandum (CEM). The CEM is a World Bank flagship report that aims to help Albania identify next steps in its structural reform agenda. As set out in the CEM, Albania needs to refocus attention on the pre-crisis reform agenda and accelerate its long-term economic growth rate, including by spurring productivity growth, building human capital, and supporting investment. On the labor supply side, this means investing in people and supporting workers in their transitions towards better employment. On the labor demand side, this means supporting firm productivity growth and the creation of better job opportunities. Beyond higher economic growth rates per se, however, the quality of the development model needs to strengthen. Through more green, resilient and inclusive development (GRID), Albania can ensure that growth gains will be more sustainable. Finally, the CEM highlights the need for Albania to rebuild its public finances. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has driven public debt to new heights. Upgrading Albania's growth model - including implementing many of the reforms presented in the CEM - will require further spending. In this context, increasing the fiscal space available to Albania needs to be a priority
    DOI: 10.1596/36926
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  • 37
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    Kosovo Country Economic Memorandum, November 2021 : Boosting Foreign Direct Investment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Economic Memorandum
    Schlagwort(e): Foreign Direct Investment ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Settlement of Investment Disputes
    Kurzfassung: Foreign direct investment (FDI) can bring many benefits to Kosovo's economy, creating more and better jobs and spurring greater and more resilient economic growth. Many transition economies have used FDI as a pillar of their structural transformation and modernization efforts. The small number of firms in Kosovo that include FDI are more productive than other firms, and they were more resilient in the wake of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) economic recession. In Kosovo, FDI inflows have been concentrated in sectors that provide limited potential for productivity spillovers and benefits to the domestic economy. Kosovo needs to adopt proactive policies to strengthen its investment competitiveness and investor outreach in order to unlock more and higher-quality FDI. This note presents an ambitious reform agenda that can help improve Kosovo's investment competitiveness and investor outreach. It presents a step-by-step reform program for unlocking the full potential of FDI for economic growth and job creation in Kosovo that the government can implement in the short to medium term. The note is structured in three sections. The first section looks at Kosovo's FDI performance and assesses the quantity and quality of the FDI attracted so far. The second section benchmarks Kosovo's locational FDI determinants, considering a set of macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators for its overall FDI competitiveness. The third section combines the findings from the first two sections with an in-depth assessment of Kosovo's policy, legal, and institutional framework for investment to present a targeted reform agenda and policy action plan to help attract more and higher-quality investments to Kosovo
    DOI: 10.1596/36900
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 38
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    Debt Management Performance Assessment Methodology : 2021 Edition (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Public Debt ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) is the World Bank's diagnostic tool for assessing performance using a comprehensive set of indicators that span the full range of government debt management (DM) functions. Launched in 2007, revised in 2015, the indicators have become an internationally recognized standard in the government DM field and can be applied in all developing countries. The DeMPA offers a sound diagnostic framework that allows a country's DM processes and institutions to be evaluated against sound international practice, identifying core strengths and weaknesses, and thereby helping strengthen capacity and institutions so that countries can manage their government debt effectively and sustainably. It will assist countries that want to undertake debt management reforms, helping to monitor progress with achieving government DM objectives consistent with international sound practice. The DeMPA is modeled on the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) indicators, however, it uses a more comprehensive set of indicators, spanning the full range of government debt management (DM) functions, to provide a detailed assessment of government DM. The DeMPA methodology consists of two parts: i) a description of the methodology and ii) an evaluation tool that summarizes key questions that should be assessed in the context of a DeMPA evaluation
    DOI: 10.1596/36130
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
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    FDI Watch : Quarterly Report, Issue 2, March 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Investment Climate Assessment
    Kurzfassung: The FDI Watch presents the latest data on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and intentions, investor perceptions, and policy developments. It also highlights recent FDI publications by the World Bank and other organizations. This quarterly report focuses on the FDI watch activities as of March 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/35364
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 40
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    Online-Ressource
    Emergency Preparedness and Response Assessment : North Macedonia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Kurzfassung: This report includes the assessment of the EP and R capacities of North Macedonia based on the R2R diagnostic methodology, as designed by the World Bank and executed by PPI. Data from a desk review1 and from key informant interviews conducted as part of an online field missio
    DOI: 10.1596/35583
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Bulgaria : Efficiency Analysis of STI Programs (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Innovation ; Research and Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Science Policies ; Technology Innovation
    Kurzfassung: Transitioning to a more knowledge- and technology-based economy will be critical if Bulgaria is to achieve convergence with its European peers in terms of economic productivity and living standards. The coming year presents an important opportunity for Bulgaria to improve its support for science, technology, and innovation (STI). This report assesses the efficiency of selected Bulgarian STI support programs, tracks progress on outcomes, and reports on beneficiaries' perceptions of program quality. This report is the third and final major component of the World Bank's Bulgaria public expenditure review for STI (PER STI) project. This efficiency analysis addresses an identified gap in Bulgaria's STI system: the monitoring and evaluation (M and E) of STI support programs. This report aims to address those gaps by identifying benchmarks for assessing the results of STI support programs in Bulgaria and providing a methodology and tools for carrying out such evaluations in the future. The report is structured in nine sections. Section one presents the methodology, section two provides a comparison of key results across the six programs included in the analysis, sections three through eight provide program-specific analysis and findings, and section nine provides recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37063
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 42
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    Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Refugees in Uganda : Results from the High-Frequency Phone Survey - Second Round (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Kurzfassung: The High-Frequency Phone Survey for refugees in Uganda (URHFPS) tracks the socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on refugees. The World Bank (WB) in collaboration with the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) launched and conducted the URHFPS. The URHFPS tracks the impacts of the pandemic on a monthly basis for a period of three months. Data collection for the first round of the URHFPS took place between October 22- November 25, 2020. Data collection for the second round of the URHFPS took place between December 5-24, 2020. This brief discusses results from the second round of the URHFPS. Where possible and appropriate, results are compared across the two rounds. Detailed results from the first round are available in Atamanov and others (2021)
    DOI: 10.1596/35382
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 43
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    Online-Ressource
    COVID-19 Impact Monitoring : Malawi, Round 5 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Kurzfassung: In May 2020, the National Statistical Office (NSO), with support from the World Bank, launched the High-Frequency Phone Survey on COVID-19, (coronavirus) which tracks the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic on a monthly basis for a period of 12 months. The survey aimed to recontact the entire sample of households that had been interviewed during the Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) 2019 round and that had a phone number for at least one household member or a reference individual. This report presents the findings from the fifth round of the survey that was conducted during the period of October 29 - November 16, 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/35092
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 44
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    South Africa : Social Assistance Programs and Systems Review (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Grants ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Despite being an upper middle income country, South Africa's high inequality and the long-lasting legacies of apartheid mean that the country is faced with numerous development challenges, many of which are characteristic of countries with much lower incomes. This paper focuses on social assistance and, specifically, the system of social grants in South Africa. This report aims to review the social assistance system in South Africa to first understand how it functions and what kinds of benefits it provides through which programs, and what tools and systems it uses to do so. Second, it reviews the performance of the system in terms of coverage, targeting, benefit incidence, adequacy, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes. Third, it assesses the extent to which the system is aligned and equipped to address the so called "triple challenge" of poverty, inequality, and unemployment as shown by data. It also reviews the limitations in the design, delivery systems, and institutional coordination at different administrative levels. Based on the analysis, this paper provides some recommendation for what adjustments and improvement the South African social assistance system could undertake in the next fi ve years in order to better align the system address the structural causes of poverty and inequality in addition to providing relief and income support. The report concludes and provides some policy and programme recommendations for the future
    DOI: 10.1596/36514
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
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    Central Bank Digital Currency : Background Technical Note (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Anti-Money Laundering ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Distributed Ledger Technology ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Stability ; Financial Structures ; Monetary Policy
    Kurzfassung: In recent years, due to innovations in technology, the concept of digital currency has emerged out of the desire of some private entities to replicate specific properties of cash in the digital space. Digital currencies have been issued in various electronic formats and value propositions, and in an uncountable number of platforms, which allow for real-time, peer-to-peer and not-in-person transactions. Digital currencies, especially those that have an embedded decentralized payment mechanism based on the use of distributed ledger technology (DLT), can have a range of impacts on various aspects of financial markets and the wider economy. Central banks, too, are considering issuing their own digital currencies. A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a central bank liability that is digitally created and recorded on centralized or decentralized ledgers, denominated in an existing unit of account, and convertible in physical cash, commercial bank money and other forms of money on demand by the holder at authorized entities. This report discusses the main technical features of domestic retail CBDC and its potential implications. The report is organized as follows. Section 2 will provide a general description of CBDC as they have evolved in the literature. Section 3 will discuss the economics of CBDCs, in particular it will explore the implications of CBDC for monetary policy, financial stability, financial intermediation, payments and settlements, financial integrity, and financial inclusion in general, and in the context of a developing economy as well as the potential efficiency gains from the use of CBDCs. Section 4 will evaluate the legal and regulatory aspects. The last section will conclude, raising issues for further analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/36766
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 46
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    Cambodia : Intergovernmental Fiscal Architecture Study (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Reform ; Public Service Delivery
    Kurzfassung: The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has made a strong commitment to strengthening public service delivery through three interrelated public sector reform initiatives: Public Financial Management Reform Program (PFMRP), National Program for Public Administration Reform (NPAR), and Decentralization and Deconcentration (D and D) reforms. D and D reforms began at the commune and sangkat (CS) level, the lowest tier of sub-national administrations (SNAs), with the direct election of CS councils in 2002. This study reviews the recent changes in Cambodia's intergovernmental fiscal architecture. It starts with the description of the overall sub-national system, then delves into the challenges of managing different aspects of the reform, such as assigning expenditure responsibilities and financing sources. It also assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the public financial management systems at the sub-national levels. The emphasis is at the district and municipality (DM) level, where more service delivery functions and resources are expected to be transferred. The research is based on an extensive review of government documents and regulatory framework, quantitative data analysis, and fieldwork conducted in March 2020. Drawing on its findings, the study offers policy recommendations on how the country's inter-governmental fiscal architecture can be improved over the short and long-term horizons
    DOI: 10.1596/37134
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 47
    Online-Ressource
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    Climate Risk Country Profile : Azerbaijan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Natural Disasters
    Kurzfassung: This document aims to succinctly summarize the climate risks faced by Azerbaijan. This includes rapid onset and long-term changes in key climate parameters, as well as impacts of these changes on communities, livelihoods, and economies, many of which are already underway. This is a high-level synthesis of existing research and analyses, focusing on the geographic domain of Azerbaijan, therefore potentially excluding some international influences and localized impacts. The core data presented is sourced from the database sitting behind the World Bank Group's Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP), incorporating climate projections from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). This document is primarily meant for WBG and ADB staff to inform their climate actions and to direct them to many useful sources of secondary data and research
    DOI: 10.1596/36383
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 48
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    Bangladesh Systematic Country Diagnostic, 2021 Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This World Bank Group Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) 2021 Update presents a diagnostic of Bangladesh's growth and poverty reduction since the previous diagnostic in 2015. It identifies emerging opportunities and challenges for the next decade as the country recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, graduates from least-developed-country (LDC) status, and aspires to become an upper middle-income country (UMIC) by 2031. This SCD Update identifies four frontier challenges that, if tackled properly, can enable the country to accelerate its transition. This SCD Update identifies eight priorities to tackle these four frontier challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/36563
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 49
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    Assessment of Long-term Finance Providers for Small and Medium Agribusinesses : Stocktaking, Lessons, and Case Studies (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Kurzfassung: Agricultural transformation that involves the production of high-value food products and post-harvest processing is high on the policy agenda in many developing countries. A surge in the demand for high value and processed food products observed in Asia and Latin America is also happening in Africa (Reardon and others 2003, 2013). This profound change is attributable to the growth of the middle-income population spurred by economic development, urbanization, and corresponding dietary changes. Agribusinesses involved in production, processing, and trading have profitable growth opportunities in many regions, especially along with the high-value crops. Governments are eager to promote such businesses that can generate employment opportunities for the rural poor and youth. These businesses also promote exports and increase tax revenues. The study is structured as follows: The introduction contains a brief discussion of the importance of LT agribusiness SME finance. The second section provides a stocktaking analysis covering commercial and development banks, investment funds, and agribusiness companies. It then concludes with a comparative analysis. The concluding section offers overall observations, policy recommendations and suggestions for future research. In the final section, there are five in-depth case studies of distinct types of LT finance providers along with lessons learned
    DOI: 10.1596/35539
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 50
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    China Economic Update, June 2021 : Beyond the Recovery - Charting a Green and Inclusive Growth Path (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: China's recovery has broadened as economic activity has continued to normalize. Economic growth in China is projected to reach 8.5 percent this year before slowing to 5.4 percent in 2022, as low base effects dissipate and the economy returns to trend growth. As China's recovery firms up, macroeconomic policies are expected to shift from accommodative to more neutral settings. The pace of policy normalization, however, should continue to be data-dependent and calibrated to the strength of the recovery in China and the rest of the world. Rising financial vulnerabilities, together with subdued productivity growth and persistent imbalances in the structure of aggregate demand, pose medium-term challenges that require attention. Macroeconomic policies and structural reforms should aim at reinvigorating the shift to more balanced high-quality growth
    DOI: 10.1596/35897
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, June 2021 : Investing in Digital Transformation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Malawi was affected by a severe second wave of COVID-19 (coronavirus) cases starting in the last weeks of 2020. As a result, the Government declared a second 'State of National Disaster' and announced increased social distancing measures. Case numbers peaked in January and gradually subsided through April, when restrictions were relaxed. Malawi received its first consignment of vaccination doses from COVAX in March, but uptake has been low, with around 400,000 doses administered to about 2 percent of the population as of mid-June. Growth in 2020 was strongly affected by the pandemic, falling to an estimated 0.8 percent, down from pre-pandemic projections of 4.8 percent. The pandemic's impact on the services and industry sectors was partially offset by a strong agricultural harvest. Services and industry slumped amid the ongoing disruptions caused by the pandemic to global value chains and trade and logistics, decreases in tourism and remittances, and dampened demand due to social distancing measures. The accommodation and food services subsectors were the most affected, while information and communication services, and utilities performed well. Agricultural production estimates for 2021 are strong, but the pandemic will still weigh on economic activity. Maize production is expected to increase to 4.5 million tons, a 17 percent increase over 2020's bumper harvest. Business sentiment is showing some improvement in early 2021 but is still below pre-pandemic levels. Some 46 percent of firms surveyed in February 2021 by the Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (MCCCI) expect a positive performance for the year. This is an improvement from 31 percent in 2020 but remains short of pre-pandemic levels
    DOI: 10.1596/35880
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 52
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    Dominican Republic : Leveraging Competition in the Telecom Sector to Accelerate Economic Growth (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Kurzfassung: Limited competition hinders the optimal use of telecommunication services in the Dominican Republic, which lags peer countries in mobile subscriptions and internet penetration. Despite recent reforms designed to enhance competition, the telecommunications sector remains dominated by a small number of companies. In addition, the antimonopoly policy is perceived to be weak compared to regional peers. High infrastructure costs limit the economic viability of replicating key facilities, creating bottlenecks. Fixed telecom prices have remained largely unresponsive to changes in demand over the last eight years. Moreover, prices for both mobile communications and fixed broadband are higher in the DR than in peer countries. Following the World Bank Group's Markets and Competition Policy Assessment Toolkit (MCPAT), this policy note provides a brief overview of key bottlenecks affecting the telecommunications sector, as well as key pro-competition reforms that could improve the regulatory landscape. Due to its inherent characteristics, the telecommunications markets, fixed, mobile and internet, in DR are concentrated. Currently, there are three main operators in the fixed, mobile and internet markets, with few smaller operators having a residual market share in the fixed and internet markets. While market concentration is common in the telecommunication sector in many countries, the interaction between market characteristics and the regulatory framework for telecommunications is key to yield efficient market outcomes in terms of prices, quality and access to services
    DOI: 10.1596/35859
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 53
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    Ukraine Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Note : Toward Improved, Inclusive, and Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Services (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Kurzfassung: This policy note outlines key challenges and identifies specific recommendations for improved, inclusive, and sustainable development of Ukraine's water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector, which is important for the health and well-being of the country's people, the economy, and the environment. Water touches every aspect of development and is linked with nearly every Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). The issues facing the water sector, if not addressed, will affect other development agendas in Ukraine, such as food and energy security, jobs, equal access to services, and social inclusion, as well as adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. Like many other countries, the ongoing Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected Ukraine by exacerbating problems in poor performing sectors and increasing inequalities by driving people into poverty. The situation calls for integrated solutions to reverse that impact through greener, more resilient, and inclusive sustainable development. This WSS Policy Note aims to outline key challenges in the Ukrainian WSS sector and to recommend needed reforms toward sustainable WSS service provision to policy makers
    DOI: 10.1596/35854
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 54
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    Jobs and Distributive Effects of Infrastructure Investment : The Case of Argentina (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Infrastructure Study
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the short-term job generation potential of infrastructure investments in Argentina. The analysis is based on a 2017 Input-Output model with a breakdown of the construction sector into multiple infrastructure subsectors. The disaggregation was possible with a novel database with cost structures for about 70 infrastructure projects. The analysis reveals significant heterogeneity across subsectors of infrastructure investment, with job generation potential ranging between 15,000 and 49,000 annualized direct, indirect and induced jobs in the short-term per US1 billion dollars invested, depending on the type of infrastructure project considered. The results show that public housing and rural road maintenance, followed by railway construction, water and sanitation and urban infrastructure have the highest potential to generate jobs in the short-term. On the other hand, road construction and energy distribution are activities with lower short-term generation potential, but with higher long-term impact on GDP growth according to their elasticities estimates in the literature. The analysis reveals the characteristics of the projects that are determinants of the degree of job generation potential, these include: labor intensity, split between skilled and unskilled labor, ratio of imports to total investment, technology, among others. Infrastructure investment in sectors with high potential for employment generation compares favorably with pure demand stimulus check programs in terms of the effects on income growth for the poor and across all quintiles. However, infrastructure investment in sectors with low employment potential tend to have relatively more limited distributive effects. It is argued that to optimize job generation potential of infrastructure investment in the short-term as a fiscal stimulus, and in the long-term as a foundation for future growth, interventions must be ready for implementation, with low risk of delays, and selected based on sound economic analysis. Also, policymakers must pursue projects with high economic returns to enable a more productive and competitive economy and look for opportunities in which public sector investment can crowd in rather than crowd out private sector investment
    DOI: 10.1596/35850
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 55
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    The Croatian Livestock Sector in the Perspective of the New Cap : Pig and Cattle Production Systems, Competitiveness, and Public Expenditure (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Agricultural Study
    Kurzfassung: The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has evolved since its inception in 1962 and since the expansion of the EU to 28 member countries (EU28 - EU27, since the departure of the United Kingdom on 31 January 2020). In its latest iteration published in June 2018, the 2021-2027 CAP, now due for implementation in 2023, increases environmental sustainability requirements, while offering more flexibility to member state governments. Based on a detailed modelling exercise, consultations with both the Croatian authorities and agricultural stakeholders, this report supports the Croatian authorities in their efforts to comply with new CAP requirements in the livestock subsectors of pigs, beef and dairy production. Specifically, the report addresses two knowledge gaps: production systems, profitability and economic sustainability of production systems; and the effectiveness and equity of public support. The authors examine the main trends in productivity, output, prices, costs, and production technology on which to base their findings. The report also provides a detailed analysis of all types of public support available to livestock farmers, including rural development support, direct coupled and decoupled support, and subsidized diesel fuel, general expenditure on administration, knowledge and education expenditure, subsidized loans. Sections 2-4 include results from the Gap 1 analysis for each of the three subsectors, while section 5 provides a detailed analysis of public expenditure on the livestock sector in Croatia. Section 6 provides an overview of the revised CAP and some potential consequences it may have for the Croatian livestock sector. Policy suggestions are listed in section 7. Section 8 concludes
    DOI: 10.1596/35839
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    Malaysia Economic Monitor, June 2021 : Weathering the Surge (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: In recent months, there has been a steep increase in the number of daily new cases and, more disturbingly, in the number of deaths. While it took almost one year for Malaysia to record its first 100,000 cases, the increase in the number of new cases between April to May 2021 alone amounted to more than 100,000. Similarly, while it took about one year for cumulative deaths to reach 500, the cumulative number of deaths in the first two weeks of June alone was more than 500. Even more worryingly, the number of brought-in dead (BID) cases also rose sharply; in May 2021, BID cases accounted for nearly one-third of total deaths. The severity of the current wave has raised concerns regarding the overall capacity of the health system. With the number of new cases and death rates continuing to climb at a rapid rate, the health system has been operating at close to its maximum capacity, with most intensive care units (ICUs) running at nearly 100 percent capacity. At the same time, key containment measures, including mass testing and contact tracing, have not been fully or effectively implemented. In addition, the rollout of the country's vaccination program is being affected by delayed vaccine supply and high vaccine hesitancy, although there are some signs that the pace has picked up recently. To curb the spread of the pandemic and to ease the burden on the health system, the government has reimposed the movement control order (MCO). Initially, the terms of the MCO allowed for most economic sectors to continue to operate. However, with the number of cases remaining high and with no signs of abatement, the government subsequently announced a full lockdown, with only key essential services allowed to operate. The Ministry of Health has indicated that it may take between 3-4 months to flatten the curve of the pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/35812
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 57
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    A Roadmap for Countries Measuring Multidimensional Poverty (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Kurzfassung: Traditional measures of poverty have focused on income or expenditure based on a minimum threshold required to purchase a basket of essential goods and services. However, important aspects of well-being might not be fully captured through monetary measures alone. Multidimensional poverty measures seek to address this shortfall and have been adopted as an official indicator for the United Nations 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as "SDG 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions." A particular feature of SDG Indicator 1.2.2, as opposed to others in the Global SDG Indicator Framework, is that a global methodology is not mandated, and each country is therefore expected to define its own national measure of multidimensional poverty. As custodians for SDG Indicator 1.2.2, governments are responsible for reporting their measure of national multidimensional poverty into the Global SDG Indicator database. As partner agencies working together to support member states in their custodianship of SDG 1.2.2., UNDP, UNICEF and World Bank have jointly produced this document to offer a roadmap for governments seeking to design and adopt a measure of multidimensional poverty. The roadmap presents the rationale for developing such measures, an overview of the main approaches, and a general guideline for the steps to follow. Through real country examples, the document highlights many possible outcomes of the decision-making process required to adopt a successful measure of multidimensional poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/35808
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  • 58
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    South Sudan Economic Update, June 2021 : Pathways to Sustainable Food Security (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The South Sudan economy is projected to contract by 4.1 percent in FY2020/21, with growth negatively affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, lower oil production, floods, and increased conflict intensity in parts of the country. With the economic decline in FY2020/21, living conditions have deteriorated, with some 8.3 million estimated to need humanitarian assistance in 2021, reflecting an increase of 800,000 in the absolute number of people in need from 2020. At the same time, crisis-level food insecurity persists despite increased agricultural production, with exceptionally high food prices constraining access to food for large segments of population. Consequently, it is estimated that more than half of the population (7.2 million people) are facing severe food insecurity (IPC Phase 3 and above) in the period from April to July 2021. However, the fiscal deficit is expected to narrow to about 2.7 percent of GDP, reflecting higher than projected oil and non-oil revenue and the impact of fiscal consolidation efforts. In addition, the current account deficit is expected to narrow to 7.1 percent of GDP in FY2020/21, from 7.9 percent in FY2019/20, reflecting lower financial transfers to Sudan and lower net outflows of oil-related investments. Beyond FY2020/21, the economy may benefit from higher investments in the oil sector, as well as recovery in the nonoil sectors. Consequently, the economy is expected to recover faster than earlier estimated, with projected growth rates of 2.6 percent in FY2021/22 and 3.0 in FY2022/23. However, this outlook is uncertain and is conditional on peace and stability, commitment to economic and public finance management reforms, improved budgeting and allocation of resources, and stabilization of smallholder agriculture
    DOI: 10.1596/35788
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  • 59
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    Sierra Leone 2021 Economic Update : Welfare and Poverty Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The global economy is pro ...
    DOI: 10.1596/35784
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 60
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    Burkina Faso, 2021 April Economic Update : Protecting the Poor During the Recovery and Beyond (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: According to latest estimates, the economy grew by 2.0 percent in 2020, 4 percentage points less than projected before the onset of COVID-19 (coronavirus). The primary sector grew by 5.2 percent, supported by strong performances of subsistence crops and cotton. The tertiary sector, the largest component of the economy, contracted by 4.9 percent on account of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Inflation returned to positive territory in 2020 and closed the year above 4 percent. The pandemic had a positive impact on the external sector and a negative impact on the fiscal accounts. In 2020, the trade balance improved by 1.0 percentage point of GDP supported by historically high gold prices and low oil prices. The structurally negative services balance improved by 0.3 percentage points of GDP on account of cheaper electricity imports from neighboring countries. The fiscal deficit as a share of GDP reached 5.2 percent in 2020, an increase from 3.2 percent in 2019. Public debt stood at 47.6 percent of GDP by end-2020. Although many impacts of the COVID-19 shock persist, the economy is projected to continue its recovery in 2021. On the demand side, the recovery is supported by consumption and private investment. With security, humanitarian, health, and social challenges persistingthroughout the year, the fiscal deficit is projected to remain elevated at 5.2 percent of GDP. As concessional funding is finite and no other funding options are available, the Government will have to resort to more expensive borrowing in the regional market, which will shift the composition of the public debt stock towards a majority share of domestic debt
    DOI: 10.1596/35735
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  • 61
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    PEFA Assessment of Gender Responsive Public Financial Management : Ukraine (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Kurzfassung: This assessment of gender responsive public financial management (GRPFM) for 2020 of the government of Ukraine (GoU) has been conducted using the draft Supplementary Framework for Assessing Gender Responsive Public Financial Management and is one of the first pilots using this framework. The purpose of the PEFA supplementary assessment on gender responsive budgeting (GRB) is to collect information on the extent to which gender is mainstreamed in Ukraine's public financial management (PFM) system and to establish a baseline for future assessments. The government of Ukraine has been at the forefront of introducing and mainstreaming gender, so the assessment results are expected to facilitate the measurement of progress on an initiative that is already underway
    DOI: 10.1596/35698
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 62
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    Toolkits for Policymakers to Green the Financial System (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Kurzfassung: The World Bank works with government policy makers, regulators, central banks, and supervisors in implementing reforms to build a sustainable financial system. Such reforms must align the financial system with the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the range of approaches that public authorities could take to promote green finance and manage climate-related and environmental risks. The toolkits presented in this report aim to help countries set clear and predictable strategies, increase the attractiveness of green investments, and better understand and manage climate-related and environmental risks. Targeted financial public authorities may include Ministries of Finance or related government agencies, as well as central banks and financial supervisors/regulators. The report is not designed to provide an in-depth analysis of each toolkit. Rather, it summarizes the key characteristics of each approach, provides key actions to drive implementation, and references other publications that provide more detailed guidance
    DOI: 10.1596/35705
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  • 63
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    Country Partnership Framework for Mongolia for the Period FY21-FY25 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Kurzfassung: The year 2021 marks the 30th anniversary of the partnership between the World Bank Group (WBG) and Mongolia (1991-2021). This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) covers the period of FY21-25 and is timed to align with the mandate and development program of the government after the June 2020 parliamentary elections. The CPF is anchored in Mongolia's long-term development strategy, Mongolia Vision 2050, and aligned with the Guidelines on Economic and Social Development (2020-2025) and the Government Action Plan (2020-2024), adopted by the newly elected parliament. The CPF has been informed by the 2018 Mongolia Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) and other key analytical work including a 2020 Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), the CPS Completion and Learning Review (CLR), and two rounds of consultations and a client survey with stakeholders in Mongolia
    DOI: 10.1596/35652
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  • 64
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    Electrification of Public Transport : A Case Study of the Shenzhen Bus Group (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Transport Papers
    Kurzfassung: The City of Shenzhen has China's, and the world's, first and largest fully electric bus and taxi fleets. Shenzhen. Electrification of public transport provides an opportunity to achieve multiple objectives of low-carbon urban development, reduction of local air pollution, creation of jobs, and higher acceptance of public transport by residents. However, owing to higher capital costs versus diesel or gas alternatives, the rapid evolution of product technologies, limited operational experience, and lack of trained personnel, the adoption of electric buses has been slow worldwide. To be successful, electric urban buses must be approached as a coherent system that embraces the vehicle, the infrastructure, the operation, the users, and the financial sustainability. The Shenzhen case study provides references and recommendations to cities for the deployment of electric buses based on the comprehensive analysis of the journey of the The Shenzhen Bus Group Company Limited (SZBG). This case study on the electrification of buses and taxis is part of a larger effort by the World Bank Transport Global Practice to share China's experience in rolling out electric mobility to the international community so that other governments can make more informed decisions, avoid potential risks, save resources, and connect to experts in the field and build capacity. The case study is organized into four main parts: Part I: The Policy and Enabling Environment of Electrification of Buses in Shenzhen; Part II: The Business Model and Implementation of SZBG's Transition to Electric Mobility; and Part III: Assessing the Costs and Benefits of SZBG's Transition to Electric Mobility. A Separate Brochure: Key Steps of Bus Fleet Electrification for Cities References
    DOI: 10.1596/35935
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  • 65
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    Montenegro Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Kurzfassung: Strong boom and bust cycles and Montenegro's vulnerability to these fluctuations are a critical obstacle to greater prosperity and opportunities for its citizens. Montenegro's vulnerability to boom-bust cycles was already emphasized as a key development challenge in the previous Systematic Country Diagnostic. Several social and economic indicators improved during the period of high economic growth from 2015 to 2019 supported by a construction boom based on large public and private investments in transport, energy, and tourism. But the temporary construction boom based on few prestigious megaprojects also bolstered Montenegro's vulnerabilities-it elevated macro-financial imbalances, did not create enough good jobs, discouraged the enforcement of environmental standards when competing with strategic investment, and created a narrow group of primary beneficiaries reinforcing vested interests. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated these vulnerabilities. As a result of this unsustainable growth strategy, many of the constraints causing Montenegro's vulnerabilities and hindering sustained progress in shared prosperity remain relevant today and threaten its social contract, as well as its pristine natural assets. Improving economic resilience is key to a sustainable recovery and a virtuous cycle of inclusive growth and poverty reduction in Montenegro
    DOI: 10.1596/35944
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  • 66
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    Inclusive Growth at a Crossroads : Part One of Strengthening Inclusion and Facilitating the Green Transition (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The period of the COVID-19 pandemic will be marked and remembered. It will certainly be known for the ongoing health crisis that has reverberated across the world, leading to significant social impacts, rising inequality and poverty rates, and the steepest recession in Europe since World War II. It could, however, also be known as the trigger for a shift towards policies that will enhance developmental and environmental outcomes. With economies at a crossroads, it is up to governments to make this shift happen. Countries in Europe will need to ensure a green, resilient and inclusive recovery. This report explores the impacts of COVID-19 on inclusive growth and considers the policies that are needed to strengthen resilience and to ensure that inclusivity is woven into the fabric of societies
    DOI: 10.1596/36023
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    Algeria Economic Monitor, Spring 2021 : Accelerating Reforms to Protect the Algerian Economy (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: This Algeria Economic Monitor provides an update on key recent economic developments and policies. It places them in a longer-term and global context and assesses the implications these developments and changes in policies have on the outlook for Algeria. This Monitor's coverageranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Algeria. The report is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 presents the country's macroeconomic developments in 2020 and early 2021. Chapter 2 presents the short- to medium-term outlook for the Algerian economy. Chapter 3 details the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on inequality in Algeria based on evidence across the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Finally, Chapter 4 looks at the key challenges in the country's health sector as the COVID-19 pandemic eases. The cut-off date for data and forecasting is June 11, 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/36014
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    Using New Data to Support Tax Treaty Negotiation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Public Sector Study
    Kurzfassung: This paper introduces the new Tax Treaties Explorer dataset, developed with support from the World Bank and the G-24, and illustrates its use for research by tax treaty negotiators, policy makers, and researchers. The new dataset provides a rich source of data to reexamine existing tax treaty policy, inform negotiation positions, and assess treaty networks. For the first time, it provides a tool to analyze trends in the content of tax treaties, across individual agreements, over time, and between countries. To illustrate the value of such an approach, we replicate a study by Barthel, Busse, and Neumayer (2009), which found a positive association between the presence of a tax treaty and the bilateral stock of FDI. We show that this effect is mainly driven by the withholding tax rates in the treaty rather than by other provisions affecting taxing rights such as permanent establishment. If the outcomes of this proof-of-concept replication are borne out in future research, this would suggest that negotiators can seek the maximum protection of source taxing rights in other parts of the treaty, knowing that this is unlikely to dilute investment-promoting impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/35992
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  • 69
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    The Labor Market and the COVID-19 Outbreak in Vietnam : Impacts and Lessons Learned for Social Protection (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Kurzfassung: This note summarizes the impacts of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on Vietnam's labor market in 2020 and evaluates the social protection response to identify lessons learned for future crises. Vietnam's labor market was shaken by the outbreak in 2020. But an effective containment strategy and a resilient economy mitigated the impact on Vietnam's labor market, allowing for recovery in the second half of 2020. Vietnam deployed social protection measures to mitigate the impacts on households and firms from disruptions to the labor market that included a package of income support and wage subsidies for households and firms. Fairly strict targeting and eligibility requirements and implementation challenges meant that policy measures were not as effective as hoped. The policy response likely overlooked some impacted groups, and policy makers will likely have struggled to scale up the response in case of a deeper or longer crisis. By revealing these challenges, the COVID-19 policy response has made clear the urgency of reforms to strengthen Vietnam's social protection system for both normal and crisis times
    DOI: 10.1596/35990
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    Fixing Markets, Not Prices : Policy Options to Tackle Economic Cartels in Latin America and the Caribbean (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Corporate Governance Assessment
    Kurzfassung: Collusive agreements among competitors create unmitigated harm. When competitors agree to limit competition, id est to form economic cartels, the poor pay up to 50 percent more for essential goods, growth is stymied as competitiveness and productivity declines, and public policies become less effective. Such collusion undermines citizens' trust in market economies and in the role of the private sector as an engine of growth. And yet, cartels are common across many markets, mostly undetected and likely on the rise in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cartels affect hundreds of markets from milk and poultry to oxygen and cement. Only a fraction of such secretive agreements is detected each year. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, the corporate sector is consolidating, and governments are intervening more in markets. Increasing corporate market power is associated with lower business dynamism.1 More concentrated and less dynamic markets create fertile ground for even more cartels. All the while, cartel detection has come to a virtual halt since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the post-COVID recovery strategy, LAC countries can take concrete action to ensure that market economies yield benefits to all citizens, rather than to a few colluding firms. One pillar of the fragile social contract in many LAC countries is a market economy that delivers on its promise of affordable quality goods and services, opportunities for entrepreneurial efforts and productivity-based growth of income-levels. Cartels corrupt all three of these channels. Committing to preventing and deterring cartels is a concrete non-partisan agenda to set the social contract on a stronger footing
    DOI: 10.1596/35985
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  • 71
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    Tanzania Education Sector Institutional and Governance Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Institutional and Governance Review
    Kurzfassung: The Tanzania Education Sector Institutional and Governance Assessment (hereafter referred to as the report) identifies the drivers of efficient and effective basic education service delivery in Tanzania by exploring the sector's institutional and governance context. The assessment has four main components: i) the policy and institutional setting; ii) the public financial management (PFM) context; iii) decentralization and its impact on basic education; and iv) school autonomy and accountability in the delivery of education services. Viewing these through a 'service delivery lens', the report presents the key findings and recommendations for medium-term as well as immediate future programming aimed at improved learning outcomes in Tanzania. The report takes an overall systems approach where each component is viewed as part of the whole, to create a picture where interconnected systemic constraints underpin an uncertain accountability chain. This is presented as a synthesis of learnings across all four components. The picture that emerges informs the recommendations of the Report, enabling the identification of synergistic critical pathways and entry-points for effective, efficient, and accountable education service delivery and, in the longer term, improved learning outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/35973
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, July 2021 : The Road to Recovery (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Successive waves of COVID-19 disrupted the Thai economy in the first half of 2021, but their impact was mitigated by recovering global demand and substantial fiscal support. After a second wave of COVID-19 infections began in late 2020, the government strengthened public health and social distancing measures to contain the renewed spread of the virus. The shock of the second wave caused the economy to contract by -2.6 percent, year-on-year (yoy), in Q1 2021, following a 6.1 percent drop in GDP in 2020 which was one of the steepest contractions among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states. While private investment and manufacturing production recovered to near pre-COVID levels in the first quarter of 2021, weakness in the services and agricultural sector persisted. A third wave of infections that emerged in April 2021 has proven especially severe, and the number of cases surged to over 3,000 per day in May-June 2021. Strict containment measures have reduced mobility and negatively affected consumption and business sentiment. Activity in the tourism sector has remained negligible, and the outlook is clouded by the ongoing impact of COVID-19 across the region, the emergence of new variants, and slow progress on vaccination. However, rebounding goods exports have provided substantial support to the Thai economy, driven by recovering global demand for automotive parts, electronics, machinery, and agricultural products. Cash transfers, public health initiatives, economic recovery programs and other forms of fiscal support have helped shore up private demand while supporting consumption among vulnerable households and attenuating the impact of the crisis on poverty. Going forward, government will need to invest in strengthening the social protection system. Prior to the pandemic social assistance benefits were not very generous and often inadequate to protect the poor. The largest social assistance programs were categorically targeted, and only recently is poverty targeting becoming more prominent. In the years to come it should be a priority to ensure that vulnerable beneficiaries receive adequate support and given the limited fiscal space would also require significant investments in effective targeting. The crisis also further underscores the need to ensure that the social protection system covers the large informal sector in Thailand at all times, not only during crises
    DOI: 10.1596/35945
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    Somalia Country Economic Memorandum : Towards an Inclusive Jobs Agenda (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Economic Memorandum
    Kurzfassung: Somalia has a triple challenge of low levels of labor force participation, low productivity, and high levels of poverty. Economic growth in Somalia has been low, subject to shocks; and thus, insufficient for job creation. Shocks to the economy have contributed to forced displacement, a dominance of jobs outside of agriculture, and rapid urbanization. The Somali economy is largely driven by consumption and supported by external financial flows. In Somalia's state-building context, enhancing political stability and developing a social contract is fundamental for growth. The objective of the Somalia Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) is to inform the economic policy dialogue and broader debate in Somalia regarding the types of reforms required to stimulate growth and job creation. The Somalia CEM applies and adapts the Jobs and Economic Transformation (JET) Framework. The JET framework has two pillars, one which considers job-creating private investments, and the second that concerns building the capabilities of workers. In the Somali context, efforts have been made to incorporate a gender and inclusion lens, given the particularly low levels of female labor force participation. The report has two special focus chapters on trade and integration and entrepreneurship, due to their importance to growth and jobs in the Somali economy. However, a detailed value chain analysis goes beyond the scope of this report. The report utilizes available quantitative data, primary research conducted for the study, and builds on earlier work. The report considers both the structure of today's economy and the source of jobs, as well as potential future drivers of growth
    DOI: 10.1596/35943
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 74
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    Online-Ressource
    Niger Spring 2021 Economic Update : Maximizing Public Expenditure Efficiency for Rebuilding Better (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The ongoing health and security crisis have partly undermined the benefits from past years of strengthening economic growth. Sustaining an upward trend over the recent years, real growth stood at 5.9 percent in 2019. However, it fell to 3.6 percent in 2020, because of the pandemic and increasingly violent terrorist attacks. Inflation increased to 3.4 percent in 2020, triggered by supply disruptions and speculative behaviors, combined with food shortages. The economy is projected to rebound in 2021, growing at 5.5 percent, with the reopening of the border with Nigeria and the resumption of large investment projects and a normalization of other supply chains. The large import content of these projects will cause the current account deficit to widen further while completion of the main oil pipeline by 2023 should boost revenue and exports over the medium term. However, GDP per capita in 2021 will be only 1 percent higher than in 2019. Addressing inefficient management of a universal fertilizer subsidy program could generate fiscal savings of 0.15 percent of GDP. Until September 2020 fertilizers were sold by Central Agricultural Input and Equipment Supply Agency (CAIMA) and were on average half universally subsidized without targeting specific farmers or crops. The system was characterized by large inefficiencies, including inefficient fertilizer acquisition cost, incapacity to meet the demand and rising operating expenses. After having removed the management of fertilizers from Caima's mandate, it is important that the Government finalize the ongoing work with development partners for a fertilizers reform that allows a better targeting the subsidies and gives a greater role for the private sector in the fertilizers supply and distribution
    DOI: 10.1596/35901
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 75
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    Transforming Tanzania's Cities : Harnessing Urbanization for Competitiveness, Resilience, and Livability (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: City Development Strategy
    Kurzfassung: Tanzania's growth and poverty reduction aspirations hinge on shifting from a reliance on agriculture toward greater productivity. Cities' key role in generating a more competitive economy is already apparent: in 2012, just four Tanzanian cities produced more than half of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), and they are expected to represent almost 60 percent of the country's GDP in 2030. Urban areas also account for the majority of the country's physical, financial, human, academic, and technological capital. Cities are integral for shaping Tanzania's development, but what shape are cities in now and where are they heading based on current trends? This report analyses the state of Tanzania's urbanization process and the condition of its cities and institutions through the lens of three main challenges that constrain the contribution of Tanzania's towns and cities to economic diversification and growth, reduce their resilience to shocks, and limit their livability and inclusivity. The report then offers a set of recommendations to guide policies and investments that will promote urban planning for inclusive and resilient urban development, stronger connections between cities and neighborhoods, and institutions and financing mechanisms that are well placed to scale up sustainable urban development
    DOI: 10.1596/35930
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 76
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    Online-Ressource
    Strengthening Hospitals for a Post-COVID-19 Future in Poland (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Kurzfassung: The outbreak of the coronavirus disease Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has delivered an enormous shock to the global economy, exacting a large human toll, shutting down major economic sectors, and deeply upending labor markets. The objective of this analysis is to identify pragmatic steps to improve hospital performance in Poland and propose actionable short- and medium-term roadmaps for reforming hospitals post Coronavirus (COVID-19). The World Bank health team has a long history of engagement in the health sector in Poland and has built on various pieces of analysis to meet the objectives of this study. In addition to studying the hospital sector and the reform experience to date, the study team has held focused discussions with senior executives at Polish hospitals and other key stakeholders within the Polish health care system. Drawing upon expertise in hospital evaluation and management, health economics, and health services research, the study team identifies and assesses the critical challenges facing Polish hospitals in the areas of efficiency and effectiveness and proposes recommendations that key stakeholders can launch in the short or medium term to begin to address those challenges. While the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had an enormous impact on the Polish hospital system over the last fourteen months, this analysis focuses on the anticipated post-pandemic environment for hospitals
    DOI: 10.1596/35931
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 77
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    Online-Ressource
    Soil Organic Carbon MRV Sourcebook for Agricultural Landscapes (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Kurzfassung: Despite the significant potential of soil to sequester organic carbon, there are challenges to implementing carbon sequestration projects. For example, changes in soil carbon can be relatively small in magnitude per unit area and slow to be fully achieved, while its measurement and monitoring can be difficult and costly depending on the focus of the assessment. This sourcebook is designed to provide a conceptual foundation for soil organic carbon measurement and monitoring in croplands and grazing lands or rangelands. It provides methods and simple step-by-step guidance to produce reliable soil carbon measurements across a variety of settings and contexts, with comparisons on what frameworks, approaches, or methods to choose relative to the goal of the assessment, costs, feasibility, and uncertainty. Although greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (methane, CH4, or nitrous oxide, N2O) associated to agricultural land management can be significant and must be assessed to calculate total net GHG reductions of a project, this sourcebook focuses on soil carbon and specifically changes in soil carbon in agricultural lands that are a direct consequence of land management. Chapter one introduces soil carbon and the agricultural practices that enhance carbon stocks, chapter two presents an overview of how users should select a soil carbon assessment methodology. Chapter three is split into modules providing detailed guidance on the decision points related to designing and implementing a soil carbon assessment system based on the needs of the user and the focus of the project
    DOI: 10.1596/35923
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 78
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    Online-Ressource
    The Economics of Winning Hearts and Minds : Programming Recovery in Eastern Ukraine (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Kurzfassung: Since 2014, the armed conflict in Ukraine's eastern provinces (oblasts) of Donetsk and Luhansk has dealt a heavy blow to people's lives. The conflict has magnified the long-standing problems and created new ones. This study shows that scaling up efforts in the government-controlled areas (GCAs) of Donbas is desirable despite the subdued productivity in the region. This study recommends a decision tree approach to programming recovery in Donbas. Given the looming uncertainties and scenario-sensitivity of optimal policies, the recovery strategy should distinguish contingent policies from no-regret policies. Contingent policies change between the status quo and the reintegration scenarios, and they include interventions to mitigate conflict-related risks, risk-related transfers to address skill-shortages in GCAs, and investments for a contingent infrastructure strategy. By comparison, no-regret policies are desirable regardless of the conflict dynamics. They include the reforms to eliminate regulatory burdens and corruption; policies to open up the housing market; investments to modernize education for jobs and target low-hanging fruits in infrastructure; and efforts to produce better data to address knowledge gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/35908
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 79
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    Online-Ressource
    Building a Financial Education Approach : A Starting Point for Financial Sector Authorities (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Accountability ; Consumer Protection ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Public Sector Development ; Transparency
    Kurzfassung: While the importance of financial capability has been studied empirically, questions remain about program effectiveness, whether and how effectively these skills can be taught to consumers, and if financial education programs lead to sustained behavioral changes that improve one's financial wellness and inclusion. When studied analytically, the results of financial education have been mixed. The objective of this report is to help guide financial sector authorities to build a more effective approach to financial education. The report synthesizes available resources and complements existing knowledge about financial education. It also explores the appropriate role for financial sector authorities within financial education and outlines a practical approach for financial sector authorities who choose to develop financial education agendas or strategies. Lastly, the report provides an overview of the best tools and practices to improve the effectiveness of financial education initiatives
    DOI: 10.1596/36212
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Governance of Retail Payment Systems : Keeping Pace with Changing Markets (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Corporate Governance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Transparency
    Kurzfassung: As innovation in retail payments continues and the systems evolve, effective governance of them becomes more complicated and increases in importance. Retail payment systems are essential for the economy to function efficiently, and more and more, they are something on which all individuals rely on in order to participate in economic life. Effective governance arrangements of retail payment systems are critical not just for the stability, reliability, and efficiency of the financial system but also for its capacity to manage and respond to the changing policy and market environment. Governance calls for focused attention, and retail payment systems deserve and require distinct and specific guidance regarding governance. This is because issues related to retail payment system governance go beyond the typical corporate issues, precisely because of the underlying public interest and the broader public policy objectives of safety and efficiency. This paper provides context and considerations regarding the governance of retail payment systems within this changing environment. It provides examples of approaches specific to the governance of retail payment systems and the different factors that influence and guide them. It refers to related legal frameworks, principles, and reference materials that may be useful in conducting reviews. And it draws on and shares examples of the challenges, frameworks, and arrangements of specific countries and systems. The paper provides specific guidance for practical matters, such as the regular assessment and revision of governance arrangements, the importance of acknowledging public interest, maintaining access rules that are in line with market needs and developments, achieving and maintaining a high degree of transparency regarding governance, and in ensuring that the board and management have the right skills and knowledge. The paper concludes with several themes for consideration that will help authorities and other relevant stakeholders navigate the topic of governance for retail payment systems
    DOI: 10.1596/36210
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 81
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    Digital Vietnam : The Path to Tomorrow (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Digital Divide ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The report reviews the recent developments in the Vietnamese economy and discusses the economy's short- to medium-term prospects, highlighting domestic and external risks associated to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic. A special emphasis is on what Vietnam needs to do to realize its objective of becoming one of the most advanced digital economies in the world while maximizing the benefits from this transformation
    DOI: 10.1596/36190
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 82
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    Online-Ressource
    Tajikistan Country Economic Update, Summer 2021 : Rebounding Economy, Challenges Remain (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: After the economic slowdown in 2020, Tajikistan's GDP grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent in the first half of 2021. According to the Listening-to-Tajikistan (L2T) survey, the social and economic wellbeing of the population severely deteriorated following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), and the country remained far from full recovery at the end of 2020. The strong economic rebound was mainly supported by a continued sharp increase in the export of precious metals, and a pickup in private investment and consumption. The cautious and incremental resumption of air traffic with regional countries allowed migrants to resume traveling abroad and restore the inflow of remittances. Domestic economic activity strengthened as the government gradually relaxed lockdown measures. In the beginning of 2021, Tajikistan adopted a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan (NDVP) and launched it on March 23, 2021, after receiving the first 192,000 doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine from COVAX
    DOI: 10.1596/36126
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 83
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    Online-Ressource
    A Trade-Based Analysis of the Economic Impact of Non-Compliance with Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing : The Case of Vietnam (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Agricultural Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a threat to the sustainable use of fishing resources. To eliminate the destructive fishing practices, the whole value chain of fish trade needs to be well regulated. Trade-related policy measures show potential for contributing towards the elimination of unsustainable fishing practices. The EU's launch of the IUU-combating fishing program and the introduction of measures to deal with countries that exploit, produce and export fishery products with illegal fishing origin, is indispensable in addressing harmful trends and a concern of the whole world, especially the fishing community. The EU is a very important trading partner for Vietnam and major importer of Vietnam's fish products, of which seafood plays an important role. The EU market helps pave the way for Vietnamese seafood to enter the world market. Vietnam's seafood export to the EU has increased sharply over the past twenty years. The year of 2017 marked a critical turning point for Vietnam's fisheries when the EU issued a yellow card warning to Vietnam for not cooperating and making enough efforts to combat IUU fishing. There will be many other consequences from the IUU yellow card warning and the impact will be more serious if Vietnam does not remove the yellow card soon or receives a red card warning. The main objective of this study is to assess the economic impact of the IUU yellow card, and a possible red card, on Vietnam's fisheries sector in the short term and medium term. The report also reviews the new challenges faced by the seafood sector as a result of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/36132
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 84
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    Online-Ressource
    Republic of the Marshall Islands Country Economic Memorandum and Public Expenditure Review : Maximizing Opportunities, Enhancing Sustainability (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Economic Memorandum
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Education ; Education Finance ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Market ; Labor Mobility ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: This joint Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) and Public Expenditure Review (PER) aims to support the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (GoRMI) to identify a prioritized and sequenced set of reforms to drive increased economic growth, resilience, and fiscal sustainability. The study has two objectives. First, to improve understanding of the challenges, opportunities, and risks to achieving sustainable economic growth and job creation in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Second, to improve the management of public resources to support long-term economic development, fiscal sustainability, and service delivery. The assessment aims to balance the need for reform to drive higher prosperity and resilience with GoRMI's limited capacity to design and implement reforms and provide public goods and services. The reform priorities identified are also consistent with the RMI's National Strategic Plan 2020-30, which articulates the nation's vision to build a resilient, productive, and self-supportive RMI. This Executive Summary is structured in three sections. The first section provides a brief background to RMI and the structure of the economy. The second section summarizes the key issues and challenges to achieving GoRMI's long-term development objectives under five themes: (i) the management of public finances; (ii) public service delivery; (iii) the fisheries sector; (iv) the labor market and labor mobility; and (v) disaster resilience and climate change. The final section outlines key recommendations under the same five themes
    DOI: 10.1596/36124
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 85
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    Carbon Pricing for Climate Action (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies
    Kurzfassung: Carbon prices are needed to incorporate climate change costs into economic decision making. Carbon pricing should be included as part of a broader arsenal of tools to achieve domestic climate targets, but it is not a silver bullet: other policy instruments and investments (for example, public transport, power transmission infrastructure) are needed to complement carbon pricing and to enable consumers to respond to higher prices by switching to lower emission alternatives. A carbon tax can be effective in smaller economies with human capacity constraints and in jurisdictions with well-established and transparent tax frameworks. Emission trading systems may be chosen by larger, more established, and market-linked economies with political economy barriers to tax reform. Successful carbon pricing reforms require integrating many stakeholders' considerations and increasing the capacity of governments and domestic businesses. The World Bank Group, through its climate change action plan, is well positioned to leverage its convening power, knowledge and research, and country program support to help countries make informed decisions on carbon pricing policies, their design, and implementation
    DOI: 10.1596/36080
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  • 86
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    Building Forward Better to Ensure Learning for All Children in Iraq : An Education Reform Path (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Education Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Education ; Education Reform ; Educational Institutions and Facilities ; Labor Market ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Human capital development is imperative to achieve sustainable economic growth in Iraq. At the heart of Iraq's human capital crisis is a learning crisis, which is exacerbated by effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis on education service delivery. The low levels of human capital development, coupled with limited opportunities to gain job-relevant skills, have translated into worsening economic and social outcomes. To overcome these sources of fragility and spur sustainable human capital driven economic growth, change can only be brought about through a comprehensive reform agenda that addresses the inefficiencies in the education sector and promotes a renewed focus on learning. This Iraq education reform note proposes actionable reforms for key education sector inputs to lead to better learning and skills development
    DOI: 10.1596/36060
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 87
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    Unlocking Nature-Smart Development : An Approach Paper on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Sustainable Land Management ; Water Resources Management
    Kurzfassung: Unlocking Nature-Smart Development: An Approach Paper on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is part of a series of papers by the World Bank Group that outlines the development challenges and opportunities associated with blue and green biodiversity and ecosystem services. The paper makes the case that the rapid global decline in nature is a development issue and proposes six global response areas intended to guide governments and inform broader discussions on how to integrate nature into development agendas. As countries formulate a set of new global biodiversity targets, this paper also offers insights that could inform the design and implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, as well as the World Bank Group's ongoing support to this agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/36047
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 88
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    Online-Ressource
    Jordan Economic Monitor, Spring 2021 : Uncertain and Long Trail Ahead (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Despite recent progress on vaccine developments to combat the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, the global economic recovery remains surrounded by high uncertainty. During the first half of 2020, global economic output declined by an unprecedented level, resulting in a sharp fall in global trade. The latest estimates from the IMF WEO in April 2021 indicate that the global economy contracted by 3.3 percent in 2020. This contraction is substantially deeper than one observed during the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 08. However, recent trends are pointing toward a strong recovery for global economic activity in the second half of 2021 supported by substantial fiscal and monetary stimuli. Nevertheless, the extent of the protraction is closely linked to vaccine rollout, which is gaining critical mass in some developed economies, but remains uneven across the world. Indeed, the World Bank is projecting global economy to grow by 4 percent in 2021. Nevertheless, this global outlook retains an important country-specific component which depends on the adjustment capacity of each economy as well as the effectiveness of its policy to minimize permanent scarring to the economy as well as pace and scale of domestic vaccine rollout
    DOI: 10.1596/35849
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  • 89
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    Online-Ressource
    Sri Lanka Development Update 2021 : Economic and Poverty Impact of COVID-19 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Amid the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Sri Lanka's economy contracted by 3.6 percent in 2020, the worst growth performance on record, as is the case in many countries fighting the pandemic. Swift measures enacted by the government in the second quarter helped contain the first wave of Coronavirus (COVID-19) successfully, but these measures hit sectors like tourism, construction, and transport especially hard, while collapsing global demand impacted the textile industry. Job and earning losses disrupted private consumption and uncertainty impeded investment. As a result, the economy contracted by 16.4 percent (y-o-y) in the second quarter. The economy began to recover in the third quarter as the first wave was brought under control and containment measures were relaxed. The momentum continued in the fourth quarter as the economy was broadly kept open despite a second wave of Coronavirus (COVID-19) infections. The special focus section of this edition discusses the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on poverty in Sri Lanka as of 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/35833
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 90
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    Online-Ressource
    The Role of Strategic Grain Reserves in Enhancing Food Security in Zambia and Zimbabwe (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Agricultural Study
    Kurzfassung: Zambia and Zimbabwe have experienced food security emergencies of varying severity, mainly caused by drought and floods in some areas. Like several countries in Africa and elsewhere, the two countries have developed and used Strategic Grain Reserves (SGR) to cope with food emergencies and other functions to ensure the availability of food. Both countries have years of experience with SGR as a key component of their respective food security policies. At the center of this strategy is the availability and sufficient supply of white maize, as the single most important strategic crop. The study is organized into four parts as follows: Part 1 presents the introduction laying out the background, objectives, methodology and structure of the report; Parts 2 and 3 present separate country analysis for Zambia and Zimbabwe covering the overview of the food security situation, strategic grain reserve operations and management in relation to food emergencies, and recommendations to enhance the strategic grain management; and Part 4 presents the conclusion
    DOI: 10.1596/35811
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  • 91
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    Foundations for Building Forward Better : An Education Reform Path for Lebanon (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Education Study
    Kurzfassung: Human capital development is a critical determinant of economic growth, equity, and prosperity, but outcomes in this domain are worryingly low inLebanon, risking the future of generations of children. Lebanese children lag behind their peers in human capital development-measured accordingto the World Bank (2020c) Human Capital Index-suggesting that the future productivity of the labor force and the country's trajectory for equitablegrowth is at risk (World Bank 2020b). The Human Capital Index indicates that children born in Lebanon today will reach, on average, only 52 percentof their potential productivity when they grow up. This is lower than the average estimates for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region(57 percent) and upper-middle-income countries (56 percent). Lebanon's poor performance on the Human Capital Index is largely attributed to theeducation outcomes calculated for the index. If actual years of schooling, which average approximately 10.2 years in Lebanon, are adjusted for actual learning, effective years of schooling are 40 percent less-on average, only 6.3 years of actual learning (World Bank 2020b). The most recent school closures were due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with schools being closed over 75 percent of the school year between January 2020 and February 2021.1 This will likely lead to a further and significant decrease in learning: effectively, students are facing a lost year of learning (Azevedo and others 2021)
    DOI: 10.1596/35802
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Regulatory Framework and Policy Support for Certification, Timber Legality and Sustainability in Lao PDR (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Kurzfassung: Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is in the early stages of a transition to a greener, more resilient economy. The country has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda for the forestry sector including with respect to progressing sustainable forest management (SFM). To support the reform process and raise complementary public and credible private investment in forestry, the Government of Lao PDR (GoL) and the World Bank Group (WBG) have together engaged in the Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) on Sustainability of Lao PDR's Forests to enhance understanding and implementation of SFM. This policy note summarises the results of one of the six technical background reports under the ASA which focused on the policies and supporting regulatory framework for timber legality assurance, certification and partnerships in the forest sector
    DOI: 10.1596/35650
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Addressing Persistent Forest and Land Fires in Indonesia : Institutional and Expenditure Review of Fire Management (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Environmental Expenditure Review
    Kurzfassung: Indonesia has experienced two major forest and land fire events in the past five years. According to government data, the 2015 and 2019 fire episodes led to the burning of around 2.6 million hectares and 1.6 million hectares,1 respectively. The fires and the resulting haze in 2019 led to significant negative economic impacts and direct damage to assets and losses to Indonesia's infrastructure, and to its agriculture, industry, trade, tourism, transportation, health, and environmental sectors. Unlike the wildfires in boreal forests of North America, land-based fires in Indonesia are man-made. Fire episodes recur annually because fire is considered as the cheapest method to prepare lands for cultivation, or to claim lands in areas with conflict, where landownership is uncertain, and where enforcement is weak. Without measures to control land burning, fires can spread uncontrollably, especially during extended dry seasons induced by climate patterns. When fires burned drained carbon-rich peatlands, they release greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change. This report discusses elements critical to developing an IFM strategy in Indonesia, including the identification and analysis of: (1) fire-prone locations, (2) major drivers of fires, (3) central government institutions with mandates linked to drivers of fires, (4) program framework and related spending on fire management, and (5) the role of local institutions and an ('cluster-based') integrated approach at the landscape level
    DOI: 10.1596/35757
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dominican Republic Tax System Review (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Kurzfassung: Despite decades of impressive economic growth, tax revenues in the Dominican Republic (DR) remain well below the regional average. The DR's tax base is extremely narrow, with extensive exemptions, deductions, zero-ratings, and allowances across all major tax categories. Tax expenditures amounted to an estimated 4.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, of which value-added tax (VAT) exemptions alone accounted for 2.5 percentage points. High levels of tax noncompliance and low tax morale further diminish revenue collection. An excessively complex and overly generous array of tax incentives weakens the performance of corporate income tax (CIT) while doing little to advance the government's economic development objectives. A high eligibility threshold and various exemptions narrow the personal income tax (PIT) tax base. Tax reforms should be phased in over time with broad public support. In the current macroeconomic climate, the sudden withdrawal of the debt-financed fiscal stimulus will have deeply negative repercussions. Tax reform is subject to a variety of political, economic, and administrative challenges that must be addressed as part of a broader fiscal strategy that provides predictability to the private sector and enjoys substantial public support. In parallel, the government must ensure that it has adequate administrative capacity to offset the impact of measures that may adversely affect poor and vulnerable households. The government's fiscal strategy should reflect the lessons of the international experience, and it should be informed by a thorough and detailed analysis of the economic and distributional implications of tax reform
    DOI: 10.1596/35858
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    GovTech for Azerbaijan : A Whole of Government Approach as a Key Foundation for the Digital Economy in Azerbaijan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Public Sector Study
    Kurzfassung: This note presents main findings of the GovTech Snapshot Assessment for Azerbaijan, forming part of a larger World Bank global engagement on GovTech and Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) in the South Caucasus focusing on transforming government services through digital innovations. The objective of the note is to conduct an initial GovTech stock-taking, using the GovTech conceptual framework within the broader Digital Economy context. Starting with a first analytical phase in 2021 and to be continued through a second phase of implementation support in 2022, the assessment focuses on key thematic areas in line with client interest to help identify entry-points and reform options. It applies a simplified and customized version of the Digital Government Readiness Assessment Methodology (DGRA), assessing key thematic dimensions and developing a menu of reform options in line with client priorities. The note is structured in four sections. The first section presents the GovTech and Digital Economy conceptual framework. Section two includes key findings of the snapshot assessment for all nine dimensions of the DGRA. Section three propose potential reform opportunities, based on entry-points identified in the assessment and customized to client priorities. Finally, Section 4 presents different engagement options to deepen collaboration between the government of Azerbaijan and the World Bank on GovTech
    DOI: 10.1596/35853
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Gradual Rise and Rapid Decline of the Middle Class in Latin America and the Caribbean (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Kurzfassung: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) reported over 30 million Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases and around 960,000 deaths as of May 2021. Official tracking data shows that Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina have the highest number of reported cases throughout LAC, which in turn is the region with among the highest numbers across all developing regions. Moreover, Brazil is the third-worst affected country worldwide, after the United States and India, with approximately 15.4 million infections. Dramatic declines in economic activity are expected throughout the LAC region due to the global pandemic. Unfortunately, many LAC countries entered the crisis with low potential economic growth and high levels of inequality, following the region's recent period of stagnant growth. The 2020 COVID-19 crisis will likely reverse in a short time frame many of the social gains that took decades to materialize in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the past two decades, the region has seen a reduction in the number of people living in poverty by nearly half and an increase in the size of its middle class. Income inequality also decreased, as income growth has been primarily pro-poor in recent years. Despite variations across countries, most have experienced positive welfare gains since the early 2000s. However, the growth deceleration of 2014-2019 coupled with the dramatic fall in activity caused by the COVID-19 crisis will negatively impact living standards and well-being across the region. Poverty projections for 2020 suggest that the number of the poor increased in most LAC countries. Brazil, however, implemented a generous emergency transfer program that benefited almost 67 million people and lifted millions out of poverty. As a result, poverty in the LAC region is expected to decline marginally from 22 percent in 2019 to 21.8 percent in 2020. Had no mitigation measures been implemented, the region may instead have seen 28 million new poor in 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/35834
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Electric Mobility in India : Accelerating Implementation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Kurzfassung: Governments, automotive manufacturers, energy companies, charging infrastructure operators, mobility service providers, technology providers and aggregators across the globe are preparing themselves for a rapid transition from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric mobility. Increasing from the current global sales of 2.1 million units in 2019, electric vehicles are expected to account for nearly 57 percent of all vehicle sales and over 30 percent of all vehicle fleet by 2040. International experience indicates that the key factors responsible for driving this transition are a) conducive policy and regulatory support across the electric mobility value chain, b) technological advancements (new and improved battery chemistries, automation in retail electricity business) and c) increased customer preference for green mobility options (influenced by rising fuel prices and concerns regarding local air pollution, climate change). An analysis was undertaken by the World Bank to review the development of e-mobility in India, identify remaining challenges and mitigation measures to support India's electric mobility vision. This report presents the findings of the analysis and lays out a set of recommendations for consideration by different stakeholders
    DOI: 10.1596/35655
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Morocco Economic Monitor, June 2021 : Building Momentum for Reform (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Kurzfassung: Morocco stands out as a country that has seized the COVID-19 (coronavirus) crisis as an opportunity to launch an ambitious program of transformative reforms. After its initial efforts to mitigate the immediate effects of the pandemic on households and firms, the authorities have launched various policies to correct longstanding inequities and overcome some of the structural bottlenecks that have constrained the performance of the Moroccan economy in the recent past. This reform program has the following pillars: (i) the creation of a Strategic Investment Fund (the Mohammed VI Fund) to support the private sector; (ii) the overhaul of the social protection framework to boost human capital; (iii) the restructuring of Morocco's large network of State Owned Enterprises. In addition, the government has recently unveiled the terms of a new development model that places significant emphasis on human development and gender equity, and on the need to reinvigorate recent efforts to incentivize private entrepreneurship and boost competitiveness. If successfully implemented, these reforms could lead to a stronger and more equitablegrowth path. There are various channels through which the reform impetus described above could increase the growth potential of the Moroccan economy: (i) by increasing market contestability, levelling the playing field, and streamlining the role of the SOE sector in the economy, more firms would be enabled to enter markets, grow and create jobs; (ii) a more dynamic private sector could make a better use of the large stock of physical capital accumulated over past decades, thus increasing the growth dividend of existing infrastructure, which so far has disappointed; (iii) accelerating the pace of human capital formation could enable more Moroccan citizens to realize their productivity potential, which would contribute to raise living standards and accelerate the growth of aggregate output
    DOI: 10.1596/35763
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Pakistan Blue Carbon Rapid Assessment : Policy Recommendations for the Revision of Nationally Determined Contribution (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Kurzfassung: The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has initiated a preliminary analysis of Pakistan's blue carbon exposure, relevant carbon stock trends, and the sector's potential for climate action in the context of Pakistan's upcoming submission of revision of its nationally determined contribution (NDC). Blue carbon refers to coastal wetlands, namely mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrass meadows, and the multitude of ecosystem services they provide, including climate change mitigation and adaptation. Through its national process, the GoP requested rapid assessment support by the World Bank to be concluded in a few months. The objective of the rapid assessment is to support the GoP to enhance its commitments in the revised NDC through blue carbon ecosystems. In line with commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement, the GoP is committed to a strategic transition towards low carbon development while strengthening national resilience to climate change. Pakistan's vulnerability to adverse impacts of climate change is established and well-recognized, and there is a need to build strong adaptation capacity across the country contributing to emissions reductions. In preparation for Pakistan's second NDC submission, there is an opportunity to consider the combined adaptation and mitigation benefits of coastal ecosystems management as part of a wider initiative on agriculture, forestry, and other land uses. The report is composed of seven chapters. Chapter one discusses the background and objectives, followed by chapter two, focusing on blue carbon-related global trends. Chapter three reviews blue carbon coastal ecosystems in Pakistan and chapter four takes stock of the blue carbon-related policies. Chapter five presents the first-pass estimation of the blue carbon inventory in the country. Chapter six summarizes recommendations to this year's NDC revision. Chapter seven provides recommendations for Pakistan to strengthen the foundations of research and outreach on blue carbon and proceed towards the blue carbon action and financing roadmap
    DOI: 10.1596/35663
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Public-Private-People Partnerships in Lao PDR Forestry Sector (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Kurzfassung: Successive national socio-economic development plans have identified the private sector as the main engine of growth and the government of Lao PDR (GoL) is committed to fostering a transition to a private-sector-led market economy. In line with that approach, the GoL has pursued an increased role of public-private-people partnerships (PPPPs). However, the GoL's ambitions are challenged by: no approved PPPP policy; there are still gaps in legal and institutional frameworks; there is a lack of a dedicated funding mechanisms to fund project development costs; there is no formalized mechanism to provide GoL technical and financial support; the institutional capacity is weak; and protracted approval processes are required to the highest levels of Government. As a result, few PPPP projects have been developed and implemented by GoL agencies. This policy note therefore lays out a path to achieve the long-term objectives of the GoL and the detailed policy actions required to realize its vision for PPPPs
    DOI: 10.1596/35651
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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