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  • World Bank Group  (138)
  • World Bank  (135)
  • Poverty  (175)
  • Health, Nutrition and Population  (107)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PHC ; Primary Health Care Performance ; Vital Signs Profile
    Kurzfassung: This report presents the findings of the Vital Signs Profile (VSP) assessment conducted by the World Bank and the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI) in collaboration with Fiji's Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MHMS). The VSP provides an opportunity to assess the state of the primary health care (PHC) system in Fiji, highlighting areas of strength and challenges through the lens of the PHCPI framework. The framework organizes various domains and subdomains of primary health care using a logic model approach that encompasses the traditional inputs and outputs of PHC systems and emphasizes the capacity and processes of PHC service delivery and performance. Notably, while PHCPI recognizes the role of social determinants of health and intersectoral health promotion and prevention efforts as important factors influencing population health, the VSP is primarily focused on aspects of health service delivery. Fiji is one of four Pacific countries - alongside Kiribati, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Solomon Islands that have, with support of the World Bank, used PHCPI tools to take stock of current performance, safeguard what works well, and lay out a vision for areas requiring improvement
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Coverage ; Equity ; Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PHCPI Framework ; PHP ; Quality
    Kurzfassung: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), an assessment that the World Bank conducted in consultation with the Ministry of Health and Human Services (MHHS) of the government of RMI. The assessment provides an opportunity to understand the performance of RMI's PHC system, highlighting important areas of strengths and opportunities to address ongoing challenges. The assessment uses the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI) framework, which organizes various domains and subdomains of primary care using a logic model approach that encompasses the traditional inputs and outputs of a system, emphasizing service delivery and performance
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; KIRIBATI ; PHP ; PHPCPI ; Vital Signs Profile
    Kurzfassung: The assessment of Kiribati's primary health care (PHC) system, carried out by the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Kiribati under the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI), marks a unique opportunity to identify the system's strengths and gaps and to catalyze further improvements. The PHCPI tools, including the Vital Signs Profile (VSP) methodology, provide important insights into the country's PHC system and generate actionable policy recommendations for improvement
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Social Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impact ; Covid-19 Impact ; Education ; Food Security ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital Accumulation and Utilization ; Inclusive Development ; Long-Term Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This report is undertaken as a part of the Human Capital Project (HCP), a globalinitiative of the World Bank Group that aims to increase governments' awarenessof the importance of investing in people (World Bank date of publication not identifiedb). One of the maincomponents of the HCP is a cross-country metric--the Human Capital Index (HCI). The HCI estimates the amount of human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate by the age of 18, thus highlighting how current health and education outcomes shape the work productivity of the next generation. Moreover, given the cumulative nature of human capital, the HCI has clear milestones across the entire human life cycle: at birth, children need to survive; during childhood, they need to be well-nourished; at school age, they must complete all schooling and active adequate learning levels; and in adulthood, they need to stay in good health. Finally, the HCI includes a result: a score that ranges from 0 to 1. A country where an average child has virtually no risk of being stunted or dying before age five, receives high-quality education, and becomes a healthy adult, would have an HCI close to 1. Conversely, when the risk of being ill-nourished or prematurely dying is high, access to education is limited, and the quality of learning is low, the HCI would approach zero
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Health Economics and Finance ; Health Sector ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Financing ; Investments ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine has immense local impact and global consequences. Ukraine is experiencing huge human and economic suffering, which will have long-lasting effects. This war has been particularly devastating for the Ukrainian health sector, tremendously increasing the urgent need for specific services and simultaneously obstructing health outcomes and access to health care due to hostilities, disruption of service delivery, and damage and destruction of health facilities. Moreover, the recovery of Ukraine is shrouded in uncertainty as the duration of the ongoing war and the frequency and localization of the attacks are unknown, all occurring against the backdrop of economic challenges within the country and at a global scale. Despite an expected international effort to finance the recovery of Ukraine akin to the Marshall Plan, financial resources may not be easily available or may become more scarce and more expensive. Investments will receive more scrutiny, and competition for funds will increase due to monetary tightening, rising interest rates, and possibly sustained high inflation (International Monetary Fund 2022). However, in the short to medium term, Ukraine is expected to have favorable access to international financing on concessional terms. While Ukraine is struggling with the gruesome immediate impact of the war and a fight for survival, the shared understanding emerges that going back to business as usual will neither be possible nor desirable. This moment may also serve as a window of opportunity for rapid reform and innovation of health service delivery in Ukraine. Improving and reconstructing services while restoring and stabilizing them is critical to aiding a suffering population and to laying strong foundations of governance that will have lasting impacts into the country's future. This document provides a proposal for stakeholdersin the Ukrainian health sector on how service delivery may need to change, how to deal with this change, and how the health sector may come out stronger in the longer term. It focuses on the organization of health care service delivery and shares considerations of how it may develop using a long-term (10+ years) perspective
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Financial Protection ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; SDI ; Service Quality ; Systems and Tools ; Workforce
    Kurzfassung: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) health survey in Moldova serves as a vital tool for assessing and benchmarking the performance of health service delivery. Its primary aim is to evaluate the quality of basic health services. This comprehensive evaluation enables both governments and service providers to pinpoint deficiencies and bottlenecks in health service delivery, monitor progress over time, and make cross-country comparisons. The widespread availability of and public awareness about SDI indicators foster engagement among policy makers, citizens, service providers, donors, and stakeholders, in turn driving efforts to enhance service quality and ultimately development outcomes
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): CHVA ; Climate and Health ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health Risks ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment (CHVA) is to assist decision-makers in Colombia with planning effective adaptation measures to deal with climate-related health risks. This assessment includes sub-national considerations for health-related climate action (see Annex A for the methodology). Sub-national considerations are given for Colombia's 32 departments (see Figure 1). It also incorporates data from a Climate and Health Economic Valuation conducted by the World Bank to estimate of the potential economic costs of health impacts arising from projected changes in temperature and precipitation (see Annex B for the methodology). The findings from this CHVA are organized under four sections. Section I characterizes the climatology in Colombia, highlighting observed and projected climate exposures relevant to health. Section II describes key climate-related risks to health, including nutrition and food security, vector-borne diseases (VDBs), water-borne diseases, increasing temperatures, air quality, and zoonotic diseases. Section III analyzes the adaptive capacity and readiness of Colombia's health system to prevent and manage climate-related health risks. Recommendations are discussed in Section IV
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Demographics ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Fetal and Maternal Health ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Government Financing ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Nutrition Services ; Pregnancy ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This Human Capital Review (HCR) report presents an in-depth analysis of human capital indicators throughout a person's lifetime, from in utero to productive aging. By examining the various stages of human capital accumulation, the report aims to provide accurate recommendations for specific groups in Sierra Leone. Thus, the report disaggregates data whenever possible. It relies on an extensive consultative process involving various stakeholders such as Government counterparts, development partners, teachers, adolescent girls, students, private sector representatives, and local representatives. The consultation process followed a Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) approach, which facilitates the identification and resolution of problems by local leadership. In addition, this report aims to inform the design and implementation of human capital reforms that will respond to specific challenges identified in the report
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Demographics ; Family Planning Research ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Fertility Rates ; High Population Growth ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Women's Agency
    Kurzfassung: Tanzania has managed to sustain its growth momentum despite the intensifying effects of climate change. While Tanzania's economy continues to expand, recent growth has been concentrated in sectors that employ few workers from poor households, limiting its impact on poverty. The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) has implemented an effective monetary policy designed to curb inflation and alleviate mounting short-term demand pressure on foreign exchange. While Tanzania's recovery continues to accelerate, several serious threats cloud its economic outlook. Key risks include the slow or incomplete implementation of structural reforms, the damaging effects of climate change on the agriculture and tourism sectors, and the possibility of a global recession caused by fiscal and monetary policy tightening in advanced economies and major EMDEs. To mitigate these risks, policymakers must accelerate structural reforms as part of a sustained effort to attract greater private investment and spur resilient and inclusive private-sector-led growth. Over the longer term, one of the country's key challenges will be to complete its structural economic transformation, which will require creating a more favorable business climate to support the growth of the industrial and services sectors while boosting agricultural productivity. Another key long-term growth challenge will be achieving more balanced and inclusive growth
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Kurzfassung: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; NCDS ; Noncommunicable Diseases
    Kurzfassung: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) hamper the development of human capital for current and future generations. NCDs are chronic conditions that are often untreatable and require close monitoring to control the progression of the disease. They account for 70 percent of all deaths worldwide and directly affect countries' economies, as every 10 percent increase in mortality due to NCDs reduces economic growth by 0.5 percent. NCDs have a direct and indirect impact that threatens the human capital of current and future generations
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; GCC ; Gulf Cooperation Council ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; NCDS ; Non-Communicable Diseases
    Kurzfassung: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies performed strongly in 2022. Amidst a year of economic uncertainty marked by inflation, geopolitical crises, and supply chain insecurity, the GCC region registered remarkable GDP growth of 7.3 percent in 2022. Progress made on structural reforms are bearing fruits on the economy. Despite the uptick, inflation remains relatively muted in comparison to other high-income countries. Looking ahead, the GCC region is projected to grow at a slower pace. The main contributors to this growth are private consumption, fixed investments, and government expenditures through looser fiscal policy in response to high oil revenues. However, downside risks to the outlook are numerous. Special Focus: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) pose a major health burden to the population and governments of the GCC. NCDs are also a growing concern from an economic perspective. To mitigate the health and economic burden of NCDs, the region needs to scale up efforts to target the behavioral and environmental risk factors of NCDs. Effectively addressing NCDs requires a whole-of-government approach, and the effective implementation and monitoring of targeted, evidence-based solutions. Addressing the risk factors of NCDs requires an increased strategic focus on prevention over treatment, targeting of the young and adolescents, and the development and implementation of evidence-informed, cost effective, high impact interventions. Governance structures that can effectively mobilize, incentivize, and hold accountable the many non-health sectors in the implementation and monitoring of cost-effective interventions are critical
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2203
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; NCDs ; Non-Communicable Diseases ; Prevention and Control ; Primary Health Care
    Kurzfassung: This report aims to assess the current role and scope of private health care provision for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of BiH). Over the last decade, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in the Republika Srpska and the Federal Ministry of Health have implemented municipal initiatives to reduce NCD risk factor exposure and formulate an action plan for NCD control. These efforts have been supported by development partners, including the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The assessment recommends actions that the health authorities in Republika Srpska and the Federation of BiH can take to better engage private providers in tackling NCDs. In mixed health systems, improving NCD prevention and control requires effective partnerships between the public and private sector and establishing an effective regulatory and financialcontext to contribute to progress towards Universal Health Coverage
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2193
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Atlas Region ; Earthquake ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Female Labor Force ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Women's Economic Empowerment
    Kurzfassung: The Moroccan economy is recovering. Following a sharp deceleration in 2022 caused by various overlapping commodity and climatic shocks, economic growth increased to 2.9 percent in the first semester of 2023, driven primarily by services and net exports. Inflation has halved between February and August 2023, but food inflation remains high. Lower commodity prices havealso contributed to a temporary narrowing of the current account deficit. The response to recent crises and the unfolding reform of the health and social protection systems are exerting pressures on public spending. However, the government is managing to gradually reduce the budget deficit
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2193
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Food Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Stability ; Value Chains
    Kurzfassung: Sierra Leone's economy experienced overlapping setbacks during 2022, as external spillovers from the Russian invasion of Ukraine aggravated domestic macroeconomic vulnerabilities. This led to high levels of inflation, a substantially weaker currency, greater imbalances in public finances, and lower foreign exchange reserves. GDP growth slowed in 2022 (from 4.1 percent in 2021 to 3.5 percent) bringing the average GDP growth since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to only around half of the pre-pandemic trend. High global energy and fertilizer prices coupled with a weaker currency translated into accelerating inflation which rose from 12percent in 2021 to 27 percent in 2022, and further to over 50 percent by August 2023, threatening the welfare of households and worsening food insecurity and poverty
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2203
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; Threat Mitigation
    Kurzfassung: Climate change has been called the most important threat to human health in the 21st century. It is estimated that if thetemperature rises and its impact on the other climatic variablescontinues unchanged, it will kill more than 83 million people (1 percent of the world's population) in the next 80 years (Wattset al. 2020)-13 times the toll of the COVID-19 pandemic (WorldHealth Organization 2023). Historically, only pandemics or worldwars have posed such threats to human health. As a result, the issue has aroused unprecedented attention. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared climate changethe greatest health threat facing humanity (WHO 2021). Now, more than 195 governments have included climate change mitigation and adaptation as pillars in their multi-year plans, and government health sectors have been developing plans tomeasure and respond to the impact of climate change on health. However, recognition of the links between climate change and health remains nascent, so these efforts have not yet been accompanied by strategic and actionable approaches to measure the impacts and ground the responses. This report contributes to addressing that gap by providing a framework for understandingthe impact of climate change on human health in Colombia and by outlining the most effective actions to mitigate the threat
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Capacity ; Effective Response ; Health Emergencies ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preparedness
    Kurzfassung: La reciente crisis ha evidenciado la necesidad que tienen los paises de identificar capacidades y brechas existentes para asegurar que sus sistemas de salud esten preparados para soportar el estres causado por una emergencia sanitaria, que pueden ser extensas y de gravedad, y que ademas amenazan la prestacion rutinaria de servicios esenciales de salud. En ese sentido, el fortalecimiento de muchas de las areas del sistema de salud tambien contribuye a fortalecer la seguridad sanitaria y viceversa, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de preparacion y respuesta ante emergencias en muchos sentidos fortalece el sistema de salud en general. Existe una superposicion entre esfuerzos para fortalecer los sistemas de salud para que sean confiables y sostenibles y fortalecer la seguridad sanitaria. Por ello, es importante identificar y promover aquellas inversiones que fortalecen las capacidades de preparacion y respuesta ante emergencias sanitarias y que a su vez contribuyan a fortalecer el desempeno del sistema de salud y lo haga mas resiliente
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2203
    Schlagwort(e): Climate ; Health Taxes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Budget ; Infectious Diseases ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Kurzfassung: Leaving no one behind is a central promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which recognizes health as a fundamental human right. Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is key to delivering on this promise. UHC ensures that everyone receives good quality health services, when and where needed, without incurring financial hardship arising from payments made for those services. The 2023 Universal Health Coverage Global Monitoring Report presents an alarming picture of stagnating access to essential health services and increased financial hardship from out-of-pocket health payments affecting especially the poorest and most vulnerable people. Globally, about 4.5 billion people, more than half of the world population, lack full access to essential health services. Since 2015, health service coverage has stagnated after a dynamic increase in previous years, indicating that urgent action is required by governments to ensure people can access health services. Past progress in service coverage was largely driven by improved access to infectious disease services, but since 2015 there has been minimal to no expansion of health service coverage related to infectious and noncommunicable diseases or for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health services. Financial hardship due to out-of-pocket health spending continues to worsen and undermine efforts to eradicate poverty globally. The number of people incurring catastrophic out-of-pocket health spending (more than 10% of their household budget) increased to more than 1 billion people in 2019, or almost 14% of the global population. About 1.3 billion people (almost 17% of the global population) were pushed or further pushed into poverty by out-of-pocket health spending. This includes 344 million people living in extreme poverty. Out-of-pocket health payments reduce the ability of households to afford other essential goods and services and negatively affect a family's consumption levels. Health costs also cause individuals to forgo essential care, which can lead to more severe illnesses or even death. Reaching the goal of UHC by 2030 requires substantial public sector investment and accelerated action by governments and development partners, building on solid evidence. This includes strengthening health systems based on a primary health care approach and advancing equity in both the delivery of essential health services and financial protection. Achieving UHC also requires modern, fit-for-purpose health information systems that provide timely and reliable data to inform policy design. Such shifts are essential following the pandemic's impact on health systems and health workers and in view of deepening macroeconomic, climate, demographic, and political trends which threaten to reverse hard-won health gains around the world
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Deficit ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Public and Municipal Finance ; SOE ; Unemployment
    Kurzfassung: Eswatini's economy has been characterized by persistent low growth, high fiscal deficits, and unprofitable state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Without significant reform, the country is unlikely to achieve its socioeconomic aspirations, and poverty and unemployment are likely to remain high. These problems are exacerbated by the difficult external environment, with subdued global demand and volatile international prices. In this context, the government of Eswatini recognizes that the country needs a series of policy reforms to unleash the potential of the private sector. It also needs to improve the efficiency of SOEs in strategic sectors, which deliver services to many businesses and households. This report is divided into two parts. Part 1 discusses recent economic developments in the global and domestic economy and assesses Eswatini's short and medium-term prospects. Part 2 reviews the role that SOEs can play in the government's efforts to enhance economic performance. It assesses both their contribution to the economy and their limitations to suggest directions for reform
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  • 20
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2209
    Schlagwort(e): Adolescent Well-Beng ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Drop-Out Rate Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Energy and Environment ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gendered Adolescent Health Trends ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Secondary Education ; Water Resources Management ; Youth Health ; Youth Well-Being
    Kurzfassung: This report focuses on the trends of adolescent and youth well-being in Tanzania, identifying how and why well-being has or has not changed over time. The report conceptualizes well-being holistically. Well-being can be defined as one's ability and opportunity to learn, make decisions, live a healthy life (physically and mentally), be well-nourished, express agency, have peace of mind, and ultimately be economically empowered. Well-being can be accumulated over time and is a composite of multiple aspects that affect the life one lives and the quality of that life. In many ways, how to live a good life and whether one is living this good life has been a key question asked across countries, and there are multiple frameworks that have been used to measure well-being. For the purposes of this study, six domains of well-being are recognized: (1) education and learning, (2) bodily integrity, (3) health, (4) psychological well-being (peace), (5) voice and agency, and (6) economic empowerment and skills. These domains are interconnected, and, also considered is the idea of peace of mind, without which, there is no wellness
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  • 21
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2196
    Schlagwort(e): Employment and Unemployment ; Governance ; Health Insurance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; RIPSS ; Service Delivery ; T2D ; Universal Health Insurance
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this report is to document the fidelity of the implementation of the RIPSS in the Huetar-Atlantica Region in Costa Rica. Implementation fidelity seeks to assess the extent to which an intervention is implemented as planned and, for this, the PIPs were contrasted with what was implemented in practice. The assessment identified the following: (i) gaps in the implementation that require subsequent actions, and (ii) the core elements for the sustainability and scale-up of the RIPSS
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2199
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) ; Central Asia ; Covid-19 ; Ecosystem Transformations ; Education Reform and Management ; Food Safety ; Food Systems Resilience ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Applications ; International Economics and Trade ; Livestock ; One Health Approach ; Regional Cooperation
    Kurzfassung: Central Asia has made much progress in public health and animal health in the last 20 years but was as unprepared as other regions in the world to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The region also faces challenges from other emerging diseases, re-emerging diseases, and climate change. Since 2020, the Central Asian regional economies, as the rest of the world, have faced two shocks - the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Animal diseases do not respect borders and remain a public health concern because of the possible transmission of pathogens to humans. They can spread quickly from one country to another, with impact on animal health, trade, food security, food safety and possibly creating public health emergencies. One Health is an approach that allows for addressing human, animal, and ecosystem health issues through intersectoral action, to prevent, detect, respond to, and recover from infectious diseases, with an endpoint of improving global health security and achieving gains in development. The World Bank has been actively engaged in Central Asia for over two decades and is well-placed to act as a convener able to provide regional program-design expertise and implementation support for a One Health program. The findings of this report will support the preparation of the Central Asia One Health Framework for Action by providing recommendations for activities which can be further supported through public spending, private investments, and other financial resources
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Labor Market ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Funds ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: A period of economic growth over the past decade led to a reduction in poverty and improvements in labor market outcomes in Montenegro. Substantial challenges remain, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing attention to the role that social protection plays in reducing poverty and promoting human capital. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system in Montenegro. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system in Montenegro fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short, medium, and long term. To this end, this note seeks to assess each category of social protection, namely: social assistance, social services, social insurance (specifically pensions) and labor market programs, in terms of program coverage, equity, sustainability and effectiveness
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2209
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Children and Education ; Civil War ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Displacement ; Food Security ; Food Unaffordability ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Humanitarian Response ; Limited Health Care ; Living Costs ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Reduced Food Intake ; Repeated Shocks
    Kurzfassung: This report highlights respondents' lived experiences during Yemen's conflict as experts of their own experiences. This report aims to present the voices of Yemenis who have now spent eight years living through a civil war, economic crisis, and close to famine. This report is among the few authentically capturing Yemeni voices on a range of day-to-day issues from different governorates across the country. But arguably the small sample size limits ability to generalize findings. However, generalizing findings was not the intention of the report. For each theme, 'Voices from Yemen' presents a multi-stakeholder perspective to mitigate bias towards a single stakeholder group or geographical area. Moreover, the report's findings are in line with those in quantitative reports, such as 'Surviving in the Times of War' or the 'World Bank Phone Survey' report on food security. 'Voices from Yemen' presents a comprehensive picture of suffering derived from human stories behind the statistics. The conflict has made Yemeni lives unaffordable, uncertain, vulnerable, and often unbearable. The power of people's speech and the intensity of their stories narrate their grave vulnerabilities and the sense of helplessness and suffering the conflict has caused
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  • 25
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Country Population Profiles ; Demographics ; Evaluation ; Financing ; Health Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthy Aging ; Innovation ; Older Adult Care ; Older Adults ; Regulation
    Kurzfassung: Bangladesh is home to one of the largest populations of older adults in the world. Driven by increasing life expectancy at birth, this population is increasing. By 2040,one in five Bangladeshis will be 60 years old or older. The increase in lifespan isaccompanied by a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), whichaccount for 70 percent of all deaths in the country. These chronic conditions tend toaffect older adults, leading to an increased demand for health care services by thisgroup. NCDs are also expensive to treat, placing financial hardship on families in low resource settings. While the Government of Bangladesh has committed to providing many of the basic rights of older adults, the health care needs of older adults remain unmet. A lack of adequate funding and services point to a need for a health care system that caters to the specific needs of older adults, such as long-term care and consolidation of care. Other supportive structures also appear to be missing, such as a health insurance fund that covers common chronic conditions faced by older adults, which would remove barriers to accessing health care. A bill proposing a pension scheme is currently undergoing approval in Bangladesh's legislative system. The primary health care (PHC) system, too, is geared toward the treatment of acuteillnesses rather than providing older Bangladeshis with integrated, long-term, people centered care. This study aimed to better understand the current capacity of PHC inBangladesh to provide care oriented towards older persons. The authors carried outa desk review of global and Bangladeshi literature on aging populations, followed bystakeholder consultations and key informant interviews with government officials, health professionals, and developmental organizations. Field visits to PHC facilitieswere also carried out to assess whether they met the internationally accepted criteriafor age-friendly infrastructure. The data were compiled and analyzed according to the FIRE framework (Financing, Innovation, Regulation, Evaluation) for older adult care. Despite the large burden of NCDs, only USD0.82 is spent per capita on NCD control, much lower than the USD1.50 recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO). Increasing spending on NCD management can help alleviate the financial pressure on households to care for older adults
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2193
    Schlagwort(e): Adolescent Health ; Agriculture ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Fiscal Consolidation ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender Gaps ; Greening Agriculture ; Inflation ; Labor Markets ; Low Labor Force ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Western Balkans
    Kurzfassung: In the context of weakening global demand, growth in the Western Balkans decelerated over the course of 2022 and into 2023. Against the background of the lasting effects of shocks from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, sticky inflation, and tighter financial conditions, global demand has been weakening, and this has a divergent impact across the Western Balkans (WB6). On the one hand, the slowdown in global demand contributed to weaker-than expected performance of industrial production in the whole European Union (EU) region and in the WB6. On the other hand, global demand has proved more resilient in services and, for travel, with twice as many people traveling globally during Q1 2023 as in the same period in 2022 (UNWTO). This has particularly benefited Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro, where services exports have reached new record highs. In contrast, weakening global demand for goods has weighed on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), North Macedonia and Serbia. On the demand side, private consumption remained in general an important growth driver, despite rising price pressures. Reforms are needed to consolidate the recovery toward sustainable growth, while negotiations with the EU hold the potential to bolster prospects in the Western Balkans. As the WB6 agriculture sector is undergoing a major structural transformation, efforts to green agriculture are also important to ensure access to the EU market and for the competitiveness of agriculture, rural development, and food and nutrition security. Most WB6 countries have recently included agriculture greening in their development strategies. Historically, the environmental footprint of the WB6 agriculture sector has been relatively low. But this has been more an unintended outcome of still high rurality and low farming intensity rather than a result of public policy and expenditure choices. Agricultural public expenditures, while substantial in terms of amounts and adequate to influence agricultural production, have not yet prioritized financing of greening and climate-smart agriculture. It is important for the WB6 countries to accelerate greening of their agriculture by learning from the EU's green transition and better utilization of the existing public funds available for agricultural development
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2196
    Schlagwort(e): Capacity ; Equity ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information Technology ; Performance ; PHC ; PHCPI Framework
    Kurzfassung: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system assessment in the Republic of Moldova undertaken by the World Bank in collaboration with the Moldovan government and under the leadership of the Ministry of Health (MoH). It highlights existing strengths, identifies areas in need of improvement, and suggests strategies for system strengthening
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2196
    Schlagwort(e): Covid-19 ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Primary Health Care ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: While the incidence of COVID-19 in Belize has subsided, the lasting health and economic impacts caused by the pandemic have demonstrated the need to build a resilient health system. The most recent figures from the Statistical institute of Belize confirm that there have been over 60,000 cases and 678 deaths due to COVID-19. Additionally, a rapid phone survey of over 2,000 households, conducted between December 2021 and January 2023, found that 20.6 percent and 26.8 percent of respondents reported losing their job permanently or temporarily, respectively, and an additional 64 percent of respondents reported a reduction in their income during pandemic. Ensuring the health system remains resilient to shocks is critical, especially given the pandemic's impacts on heath and the economy
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  • 29
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Financing ; Global Activity ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PPR ; Preparedness ; Prevention
    Kurzfassung: This paper has outlined an ambitious agenda for the WBG to support PPR enhancement at country, regional, and global levels as part of a broader approach to strengthen health systems. It is an agenda that not only seeks to deliver on the Bank's IDA commitments related to disease outbreaks and crisis response but also to respond to demands from all our shareholders, clients, and other stakeholders for the Bank to play a key role in strengthening PPR capacities at country and regional levels through a wider health system strengthening agenda. Policy commitments from IDA's Human capital special themes support the building of resilient health systems that can provide core essential health services and have the capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and other health emergencies an approach that will ensure sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness. The paper has highlighted that PPR is an inherently multisectoral agenda. Further, the paper has argued that there are large financing gaps to fill, particularly in LICs and MICs. Looking forward, the WBG will support strengthening of PPR through actions in three interconnected domains: 1) financing; 2) global engagements and partnerships; and 3) analytics, evidence, and dialogue
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Health Economics and Finance ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; National Health Systems ; Resilience ; South Caucasus
    Kurzfassung: This report looks at resilience through national health system lenses and provides lessons to strengthen health systems for future shocks. The findings are based on case studies from five countries in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine), as well as focus group discussions with the population and health care workers in Georgia, Armenia, and Moldova. The following section provides the definition and examples of health system resilience. This is followed by descriptions of the baseline characteristics of the five Eastern European and South Caucasus countries' health systems pre-pandemic performance, which determined most of their capacity and decisions to deal with the shock. The rest of this report reviews key baseline characteristics of the health systems in the countries, which are followed by lessons from the countries' responses to the pandemic (a summary of each country case study is provided in Annex A). The report concludes with recommendations for building the strong and resilient health systems needed to protect human capital through shocks and crises
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  • 31
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    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Financial Viability ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Investments ; Vaccine Security ; Value Chain
    Kurzfassung: This regional analytical activity will contribute to knowledge on the technical, operational, and financial viability and strategic partnership required among ASEAN countries to strengthen coordinated investments on the vaccine value chain. The ASA has three major activities: i) A deep-dive public sector technical assessment of country and regional level vaccine security, including gaps and opportunities across the value chain from RandD to last mile distribution; ii) A private sector value chain analysis covering upstream and downstream aspects of vaccine manufacturing; and iii) An economic analysis examining the feasibility of coordinated investments across countries to leverage comparative advantage in specific aspects of the vaccine value chain
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Consistency ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Health Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impartiality ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Kurzfassung: The report offers decision support on fair processes for policy choices relating to health financing for universal health coverage (UHC). It opens by making the case for why fair processes matter for health financing. It argues that procedural fairness contributes to fairer outcomes, strengthens the legitimacy of decision processes, builds trust in authorities, and promotes the sustainability of reforms on the path to UHC. The report then describes key health financing decisions with an impact on equity in service coverage and financial protection, where issues of procedural fairness are particularly important. Next, it offers principles and criteria for designing and assessing the processes around these health financing decisions and provides suggestions for how to make them fairer. Finally, the report examines country experiences with diverse instruments that can be used to operationalize principles and criteria for fair processes in health financing decision-making
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2190
    Schlagwort(e): Education and Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Gender Norms ; Human Rights ; Informal Trading ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teenage Pregnancies ; Women and Girls
    Kurzfassung: Gender equality is a key foundation of inclusive and sustainable economic development that can translate into long-term and effective poverty reduction. While gender equality matters on its own as a human right, it also offers instrumental value for individuals, households, and societies at large. Global evidence consistently shows that empowering women and girls reduces poverty incidence and food insecurity, boosts economic growth and productivity, and enhances investments in children's human capital. Angola, a country where a third of the population lives in poverty and economic output is heavily dependent on its oil sector, stands out in Sub-Saharan Africa for its particularly large gender disparities, especially when compared to countries of same income levels. Family formation, education, and labor market decisions are intrinsically interwoven and connected, which in the case of Angola leads to extreme demographic pressure on an already weak public service system. To begin tackling these significant gender disparities, well-designed and targeted policies are needed. But there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to understanding the key barriers facing Angolan girls and young women in accessing education and transitioning to the labor market. This report presents insights gained from the voices of young women and girls, their parents, and key informants through a series of interviews carried out in Luanda, home to a quarter of the country's population, in 2022. Based on these in-depth interviews with low-income young women in Luanda, this report points to the multiple challenges they face across their life cycle - challenges relating to the dimensions of education, family formation, and work. It also shows how those dimensions in a woman's life are deeply interconnected - and how they are determined by structural constraints including poverty and vulnerability, gender norms, corruption and lack of transparency in access to services and opportunities, and violence in public and private spheres
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2109
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Education Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HRM ; Human Development ; Macro Fiscal Context ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Expenditure ; Sustainability
    Kurzfassung: This is an overview of the CAR Human Development (HD) Public Expenditure Review (PER). This overview provides an analytical basis to decision-makers and stakeholders for the formulation of ambitious yet fiscally responsible interventions to improve human capital outcomes in CAR. The PER examines public expenditure trends of the education, health, and social protection (SP) sectors with a focus on adequacy, efficiency, and equity of expenditures as well as human resource management (HRM). The primary objective is to provide analytical insights for government policy development and prioritization strategy as it seeks to achieve a resilient recovery and rebuild its education and health sectors and establish a strong SP system which will help the poorest households invest and protect their own human capital. The PER can also serve as a useful source of knowledge and information to development partners seeking to deepen the impact of their support to the human capital development sectors. The recommendations put forth by the PER are those identified as fiscally sustainable and most important for rebuilding and strengthening human capital development sectors, including a focus on future human resource (HR) recruitment needed in the education and health sectors
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  • 35
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other ESW Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Education ; Education Finance ; Energy Resources Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inclusion ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; NEDI ; Off-Grid Solar Access ; Transport and Trade ; Water and Sanitation
    Kurzfassung: Kenya's north and northeastern region is a host to 11 percent of the total population scattered across 63 percent of the country's landmass. The arid and semi-arid region experiences recurrent droughts that create vulnerabilities for the nomadic pastoralist communities, pervasive insecurity, suffers fragility, and has been a host to the largest population of refugees in sub-Saharan Africa over the last three decades. These policy choices contributed to the significant lag in most of the development indicators for this region compared to the rest of the country. The region has huge infrastructure deficits, low literacy rates, and contributes only a modest 4.7 percent to the national gross domestic product. To address the socio-economic disparities and inequality challenges, the Government of Kenya with support from World Bank (WB) launched the North and Northeastern Development Initiative (NEDI) in 2018. The NEDI, the region's first significant, integrated, and transformative investment, cuts across foundational sectors including energy, water, transport, social protection, displacement, and agriculture
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2163
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Resilience ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment
    Kurzfassung: Cote d'Ivoire is at a crossroads. Despite good progress over the last decade, recent global economic and health shocks have aggravated existing problems including lack of fiscal space, limited access to concessional and cheap financing, and a fragile political neighborhood. But Cote d'Ivoire now has an opportunity to put its growth on a more sustainable path, both realizing the aspirations of a growing population and better adapting to the growing impacts of climate change. Climate change impacts are already affecting Cote d'Ivoire, as temperatures increase, rainfall and other weather events become more extreme and less predictable, and sea levels rise. This World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) shows negative impacts from climate change will reduce economic performance and over proportionally impact the poor. The report examines specific opportunities in energy, agriculture, and land use as well as urban development and interconnectivity that could render the country's development more sustainable and inclusive, raising standards of living while increasing resilience in face of climate change. Dealing with a changing climate is a national imperative, where choices need to be made for the structural transformation of the economy, transitioning from outdoor low-earning sectors such as agriculture to more value-added industrial and service activities
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2209
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Labor Market ; Accessibility ; Climate Change ; Disability Inclusion ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Stabilization ; Environment ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inclusive Disaster Management ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The impacts of climate change will be unevenly felt within and across countries partly due to social and economic inequalities. Persons with disabilities represent 16 percent of the global population and face widespread forms of social and economic marginalization yet have received little attention in prior studies of climate change and social inequality. The mortality rate of persons with disabilities in natural disasters is "up to four times higher than people without disabilities" (Stein and Stein 2021). How do the fast-moving shocks, flooding, drought, heatwaves and slower-moving social and economic effects of climate change impact persons with disabilities How can climate change adaptation efforts be disability inclusive This study examines these questions through original fieldwork and qualitative interviews conducted in Uzbekistan. In November 2022, the authors interviewed persons with disabilities in three regions of the country. The resulting qualitative data afford key insights into how climate change and disability status interact to generate distinct vulnerabilities. Within the nascent field of climate change and disability studies, this report represents one of the first fieldwork-based accounts of how climate change presents heightened risks to persons with disabilities in a developing country context
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2196
    Schlagwort(e): Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Medicines and Supplies ; NCD ; PHC ; Quality Of Care
    Kurzfassung: The results of the assessment point to four policy recommendations to address challenges related to governance, availability of medicines and supplies, comprehensiveness of services, and ability to deliver adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) services and promote universal and effective PHC coverage in The Gambia: 1. Establish a PHC-specific policy focused on improving coordination across governmental and non-governmental actors, quality of care, and monitoring and evaluation. 2. Increase the availability of medicines and supplies by leveraging. existing purchasing mechanisms and strengthening supply chain management.3. Implement a people-centered model of PHC focused on delivering comprehensive infectious and NCD services. 4. Increase capacity for adolescent sexual and reproductive health service delivery
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  • 39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2209
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Healthcare ; Adolescent Health ; Climate Change and Health ; Female Sexual Health ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender-Based Violence ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Maternal and Girls Health ; Reproductive Health ; Violence Against Women and Girls ; Vulnerable Populations
    Kurzfassung: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth insights into the status of women's and girls' maternal, sexual and reproductive health in Madagascar and proposes several strategic lines of action to improve access to professional health care by Malagasy women and girls and prevent teenage pregnancy. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, economic opportunities, and agency
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2193
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Racing against time
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Kreditmarkt ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; CBRs ; Economic Development ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Palestinian Economy ; West Bank and Gaza
    Kurzfassung: Operating in environments marked by fragility, conflict, and violence poses complex and distinct challenges, and the Palestinian case is no different. A significant body of literature has emphasized the specific bottlenecks that exist, ranging from - in the first place - the movement, access, trade, and investment restrictions imposed by the Government of Israel (GoI) on the West Bank, and the near-blockade of Gaza, the noncontiguous geography of the territories, to the program advanced by the Palestinian Authority on structural reforms lacking momentum, and increasing penury of foreign aid. Numerous analytical and policy papers - spanning at least three decades, since the establishment of the AHLC forum - have emphasized the severity of the challenges at hand and the imperative of fostering cooperation among all parties. Despite relative clarity on the objectives, progress on the implementation of priorities has been modest, resulting in increased complexity and urgency at the present day. At the behest of the AHLC, this report aims to guide the renewed efforts of the PA and the GoI, the global community, and - more broadly - all relevant policymakers and stakeholders, as they lay the groundwork for sustainable growth and shared prosperity in the Palestinian territories and the wider region. In line with the above, the findings of this report are unsurprising. Unlocking the economic potential of the West Bank and Gaza requires urgent action, in order to spur per capita growth beyond near-stagnation levels, as well as to put the fiscal situation on a sounder footing. The removal, or at least a significant reduction, of restrictions by Israel is a vital prerequisite. Simultaneously, steadfast commitment by the PA to the implementation of a comprehensive reform agenda will be paramount to bolster both recovery and resilience, along with reinforcing institutional governance. In addition, as this report indicates, addressing shortfalls in the health sector will be pivotal to improve the efficiency of public spending, safeguarding human capital, improving service delivery, and revitalizing economic opportunities in a context marked by decades of fragility. While underscoring the burning pressure of these challenges, the World Bank remains fully committed to continuing its close technical collaboration with the PA, the GoI, and all relevant development partners, to help forging a path towards stability, security, economic progress and prosperity, and to contribute to the collective aspiration for a brighter future
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Disability ; Health Indicators ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this Technical Note is to provide task teams and task team leaders (TTLs) with tools for designing and delivering health care services that are inclusive of disability. More specifically, the ambition of this Technical Note is to improve awareness and skills of TTLs and other World Bank employees toward recognizing the rights of persons with disabilities to receive equitable health care from the outset, to help drive demand from governments, and to identify concrete actions to promote disability-inclusion in health service delivery. The guide provides the rationale for disability inclusion, tips for engaging in dialogue, information and examples on disability-inclusive practices and operations, and specific guidance on integrating disability into health service programming and delivery supported by the World Bank
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): DBT ; Direct Benefit Transfer ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Private Providers ; Public Health Concern ; TB ; Treatment of Patients ; Tuberculosis
    Kurzfassung: Eliminating tuberculosis (TB) as a public health concern is not only about saving lives, but also equally an important economic investment. In line with this, the Government of India (GOI) has a target of elimination of TB by 2025, through innovative measures, including providing multiple direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes for patients and providers and using technology to strengthen service delivery. The GOI has implemented DBT for more than 300 social protection schemes, including eleven in the health sector. This policy brief explicitly focuses on the DBT scheme for TB patients. The four supporting DBT schemes for TB include: (i) under the Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY), monetary incentives are provided for each notified TB patient until the completion of the treatment; (ii) Ni-Kshay monetary incentives are provided for the private providers and informants for the notification and until completion of the treatment of patients treated by private providers; (iii) transport monetary incentive for TB patients in notified tribal areas; and (iv) honorarium to treatment supporters who may be individual volunteers or non-profit organizations providing support to TB patients. This policy brief documents and distills lessons from NPY's early implementation of DBT in three states and six districts in India
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The Poverty and Gender Assessment examines the structural challenges to securing a robust and inclusive recovery from the pandemic and sustained progress in poverty reduction and gender equality in The Gambia. It leverages a diverse set of data sources to understand the nature of poverty and household welfare, and highlights constraints to and opportunities for poverty reduction. The report discusses the recent increase in poverty in The Gambia due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the important progress registered prior to the pandemic in improving key non-monetary indicators of welfare such as school attendance, maternal and child health, and access to water and electricity. Finally, it presents evidence on the link between education and jobs for men and women, gender disparities in labor market outcomes, and the challenges faced by the agricultural sector during a period of increased climate volatility
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Coverage ; Equitable ; Financing ; Health System ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Resilient
    Kurzfassung: Ukraine provides an illuminating example of a health system that has responded to a health shock in a way that both builds health system resilience and advances health system reforms. When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in Ukraine in early 2020, a set of major health financing and provider payment reforms were under way. The capacity of the National Health Services of Ukraine (NHSU) and collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Ukraine offered considerable flexibility to make quick adjustments in purchasing arrangements toward changing COVID-19 health care needs. The NHSU is entitled to purchase program of medical guarantees (PMG) services through packages defined on an annual basis with regular adjustments to accommodate evolving needs. The ongoing reforms involved a transition from historical line-item budgeting toward output-based purchasing arrangements through which resources were channeled to selected health providers, conditional on confirmed provider capacity and using new payment mechanisms (capitation, global budgets, fees for service, per-case payment, and so on) that incentivize efficiency. It is an opportune time to reflect on how Ukraine's pandemic response affected the health system reforms and the extent to which adjustments made helped them progress or set them back. The lessons from this experience may be important during the current health sector emergency caused by the Russian invasion in Ukraine, which started on February 24, 2022
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Debt ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Public Sector Development ; Unemployment
    Kurzfassung: The Economic Monitor examines four possible factors behind Tunisia's slow recovery. First, the drop in mobility related to the pandemic may have been more harmful in Tunisia. However, mobility in Tunisia has dropped to a similar extent as other countries and it has now returned to pre-pandemic levels following the acceleration in the vaccination campaign since July. If anything, the mobility drop in Tunisia has resulted in a lower reduction in economic activity than in comparator countries as Algeria and Egypt. Second, it could be that the level of public support to the ailing firms and households may have been particularly low. However, at 2.3 percent of GDP, the Covid-19 stimulus package in 2020 was in the same ballpark as other comparators in the region. Third, the structure of the Tunisian economy, particularly its reliance on tourism, may have exposed it to the negative demand shock more than other countries. Indeed hotels, cafe and restaurant and transport are the sectors which have contracted the most since the start of the pandemic. The losses of these sectors explain a significant portion of the negative effects of the crisis in Tunisia, although they do not fully account for such slow recovery
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  • 46
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; GDP ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 47
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Social Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Country Population Profiles ; Demographics ; Education ; Educational Populations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Population and Development
    Kurzfassung: How much talent is lost in Brazil because of unideal education and health conditions The Brazil Human Capital Review is part of the Human Capital Project, a global initiative of the World Bank Group that aims to raise attention on the importance of investing in people. Its focus relies on the conditions hindering children to flourish their potential labor productivity in Brazil. As a first step, this report proposes the Human Capital Index (HCI) to estimate the expected productivity of a child born today by the age of 18 when education and health conditions remain unaltered. Or simply, the HCI estimates the productivity level of the next generation of works. The results are alarming. How can Brazil recover from a decade lost in terms of human capital formation Mitigating the effects of the pandemic should be a priority. In the short-term, recommendations include: (a) adapt and strengthen policies already in place that have proven effects on human capital; (b) use the national conditional cash transfer program to support those more heavily affected by the pandemic; and (c) set as utmost priority a learning recovery and acceleration plan for the coming years
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: In contrast with the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil's poverty rate is estimated to have decreased between 2019 and 2020 to 13.1 percent. Auxilio Emergencial (AE), a large emergency cash transfer program launched in April 2020, is believed to be the main driver of that decrease, because it more than offset economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, food insecurity (FI) estimates showed an opposite trend: Severe and moderate FI went up in 2020. This apparent paradox can be mostly explained by the way in which poverty and FI are measured: Measurements of poverty are based on annualized income estimates, while those of FI are based on the occurrence of an event, whereby the sudden, uncompensated loss of a job or reduction of benefits (such as AE) can turn into the loss of a household's ability to feed itself in the short term. In 2021, both poverty and FI may have increased. Simulations suggest that poverty increased in 2021 to 18.7 percent. Meanwhile, about 18 percent of households reported running out of food in the past 30 days owing to a lack of resources, twice the pre-pandemic rate. Overall and food inflation, a sluggish labor market recovery with falling real wages, and the significant scaling down of the AE program are all factors in this trend. The war in Ukraine has pushed inflationary expectations upward. Given the projected 0.7 percent gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2022, labor incomes are not expected to boost households' consumption levels significantly. Coupled with the complete elimination of AE, poverty and FI may further deteriorate in 2022
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Project Design and Implementation ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Kurzfassung: Pakistan along with all UN member states has been a signatory to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 which calls for countries to work together to prevent, detect, and respond to public health emergencies under the IHR (2005). The signatory countries have also agreed to work towards Universal Health Coverage and to build resilient health systems which can adapt and respond to the challenges posed by outbreaks and other health hazards and emergencies of national and international concern. The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are very broad. According to Article 2 of the IHR, the purpose and scope of the Regulations are "to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade." In 2021 with the promulgation of the National Institute for Health (NIH) Ordinance, the reorganization of the NIH to National Public Health Institutes was initiated with the core functions of disease surveillance and response, public health laboratories, and research. This meant that as per the JEE and NAPHS, which lay out the various functions of IHR-GHSA under the three pillars conceptual framework for Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDSR) that comprises Prevent-Detect-Respond capacities, the newly constituted NIH required an assessment of current and future health workforce capacities in the country The findings in the report are organized by the three pillars of IDSR:1) Prevent, 2) Detect, and 3) Respond. The gap analysis identified the number of additional health workforce needed in various categories. This review concluded that most of the departments in both animal and human health sectors had urgent requirements for filling existing sanctioned posts as well as for additional workforce. Engagement of the requisite workforce, also requires training needs to be met among the 13 areas of work
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Data Collection ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Methodology
    Kurzfassung: Health security has gained importance in the face of COVID-19. It has demanded a relook at the country's preparedness and response capacities and the need for sustainable financing for health security. Addressing these issues has become more imperative when comprehended in the context of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) which promises equity in health without financial hardships. The Joint External Evaluation (JEE) was the result of the extended commitment from development partners to respond to public health risks. The strategic actions of the World Bank and WHO were soon translated into assessments and plans. The JEE translated into the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) in Pakistan. The World Bank developed the Health Security Financing Assessment Tool (HSFAT) to complement JEE and NAPHS. The purpose of HSFAT was to support national governments to develop financing strategies that link to prioritized national action plans for health security and enable countries to develop a strong and sustainable financing system. The report is divided into four sections. The following section discusses the methodology of the assessment. The results of the qualitative and quantitative assessments are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 covers the findings and recommendations
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Divide ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy
    Kurzfassung: Myanmar's economy continues to be severely tested by the ongoing impacts of the military coup and the surge in COVID-19 cases in 2021. While some real-time indicators have improved in recent months, they remain consistent with a much lower level of economic activity than prior to the February coup. Reported COVID-19 cases have fallen to low levels (and few reported cases of the Omicron variant as of early January 2022), while real time indicators of mobility, manufacturing activity, and exports are showing signs of recovering. On the other hand, indicators of conflict suggest that the security environment has deteriorated in many parts of Myanmar, including in states and regions which have historically been relatively peaceful. This has affected businesses' operations, logistics, confidence, and appetite to invest. After the sharp decline in incomes and employment observed across the economy, available indicators suggest domestic demand remains very weak. At the same time, supply-side constraints persist and some have worsened in recent months. Access to kyat liquidity, credit, and foreign currency remains severely constrained. A sharp exchange rate depreciation in September 2021 has raised import prices across the economy, including of fuel and other critical inputs to production, increasing transport costs. Electricity outages are a growing concern and internet disruptions continue to reduce the reliability of firms' and households' connectivity and ability to access information and connect with markets (see Part III: Digital Disruptions and Economic Impacts)
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  • 52
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Burden Of Disease ; Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HIV/AIDS ; Malaria ; Nutrition ; Tuberculosis
    Kurzfassung: Over the last two decades, Tanzania has registered improvement in the health status of the population and a reduction in the overall disease burden. However, the burden of communicable diseases and maternal and child health conditions, including nutrition, remains persistently high. These conditions can be prevented and treated with existing affordable and cost-effective interventions but remain major public health problems. Besides the persistently high burden of communicable diseases, Tanzania is witnessing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and is at risk of a protracted, full-fledged double burden of disease. The study assessed the current and future trajectory of the disease burden, assessed the organization and performance of the health care delivery system in responding to the disease burden, and identified actions that Tanzania would need to employ to address the major causes of disease burden so that they may cease to be major public health problems
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Anemia ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Kurzfassung: According to the information available and the thresholds established by World Health Organization (WHO)E, anemia is a public health problem among the most vulnerable groups in the Palestinian Territory, namely pregnant and postpartum women, children aged between 6-59 months, and adolescents aged 15-18 years. The burden of anemia has remained static during the last decade, suggesting that the anemia prevention and control (APC) interventions in place have not produced their expected outcomes. This assessment, therefore, identifies and analyzes bottlenecks in the ongoing interventions to provide insights to strengthen APC in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WB and GS). The three main APC activities identified in the Palestinian Territory were the universal fortification of wheat flour with micronutrients, iron supplementation to pregnant and postnatal women and children aged between 6-23 months, and the promotion of an increased dietary intake of micronutrients
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Poverty Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Safety ; Food Security ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Nutrition
    Kurzfassung: Current donor investment in food safety in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) largely reflects the concerns of previous decades and as a result is substantially focused on access to regional and overseas export markets, with emphasis on national control systems. Relatively little is being done to reduce foodborne illness among consumers in SSA. More investment in food safety (by African governments, donors, and the private sector) is needed to help ensure that Africans have safe food. New understanding of foodborne disease burden and management, along with rapid and broad change within societies and agri-food systems in SSA, has led to food safety emerging as an important public health and development issue. There is need to reconsider donor and national government investment strategies and the role of the private sector. This report is a call for action on food safety. It provides up-to-date information on key food safety actors, presents the first-ever analysis of food safety investments in SSA, captures insights from a wide-ranging expert consultation and makes suggestions for attaining food safety, based on evidence but also consensus principles, successful elsewhere but not yet applied widely in mass domestic markets in SSA
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Education Study
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Curriculum and Instruction ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental Health ; Teacher Training
    Kurzfassung: LAC has endured one of the longest spells of school closures. The region was hit disproportionately hard in health, economic, and educational terms. In the region, an entire generation of students - approximately 170 million - were fully deprived of in-person education for roughly 1 out of 2 effective school days to date. The effects of the pandemic on the education sector of the region have been severe. The incipient recovery must focus on returning to schooling and, especially, recovering and accelerating learning. In a nutshell, this agenda entails the urgent and comprehensive implementation of four commitments: (i) A commitment to place the education recovery at the top of the public agenda; (ii) A commitment to reintegrate all the children that abandoned school and ensure they stay in it; (iii) A commitment to recover lost learning and ensure the socio-emotional well-being of children; (iv) A commitment to value, support and train teachers
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerable Groups
    Kurzfassung: Ukraine's fight for its values and its future has become an inspiration to the democratic world. That fight comes at an unthinkable human cost, and it will likely only sharpen the expectations of a strong state capable of effectively serving its citizens, who are also taxpayers. A pressing problem to be addressed is the widespread, overwhelming, toxic informality of private financing for health care. For citizens who pay for care for an ill family member, often at the risk of becoming impoverished, the lack of accountability of service providers for results or quality is a grave injustice and a clear threat to social cohesion and economic confidence. This note discusses the idea of cost-sharing for publicly funded health care as Ukraine searches for a socially acceptable trade-off in the scale of public health care coverage. The note looks at possible risks to the population's health and financial protection as well as possible reasons that may be driving individual and government willingness to take these risks. It also provides numerical simulations to answer the practical question of how much revenue could be generated through co-payments, and poses a question of its own, as the Ukrainian saying goes: is the game worth the candles
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  • 58
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Safety ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Risk Assessment
    Kurzfassung: Vietnam's agricultural sector plays an important role in the global agri-food value chain. As the sector having the highest trade surplus in one of the most open economies in the world, Vietnam's agricultural sector was affected by Coronavirus (COVID-19) in two main ways. Firstly, raw materials and immediate input supplies for the sector were disrupted due to the early outbreak in Asian countries, especially China, which supply most agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and plant protection products. Secondly and compounding this trend, demand has dropped significantly due to mobility restrictions and reduced economic activity within the country and its most important markets, such as the US and Europe. The objective of this study was to enhance Vietnam's trade and competitiveness, focusing on strengthening private sector participation in global value-chains and food safety awareness and compliance. This report is structured as follows. The first chapter presents the context, objectives and approach for the study. The second chapter highlights the key issues, challenges and gaps in Vietnam's food safety risk assessment. The third chapter presents some of the key lessons and experiences in food safety risk management from some countries within the region and more advanced economies, as a basis to inform Vietnam's national food safety risk assessment framework. Chapter four makes recommendations on how to strengthen Vietnam's National food safety risk assessment committee
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Equity ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Market Economy ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Vietnam is a country on the move and in transition. Indicators are pointing in the right direction, with many positive economic and social developments. The amount of progress that Vietnam has achieved in less than half a century since emerging from a war has been nearly without parallel. At the same time, Vietnam is a lower-middle-income country facing a challenging and uncharted road ahead to reaching upper-middle and high-income country levels in a shifting global economic and climatic landscape. In less than half a century since the end of the Vietnam War and thirty-five years since the Doi Moi reforms, Vietnam has become a vibrant economy and a sought-after market to the outside world. At the same time, despite remarkable progress, poverty remains a key concern among the population. Concerns over poverty amid high economic growth are not inconsistent; together they illustrate an absolute and inclusive rise in living standards, but also a population that seeks economic security and aspires for more. This Vietnam poverty and equity assessment is organized into two parts motivated by addressing both Last Mile and Next Mile issues: Part I reviews poverty and inequality trends over the last decade, 2010-2020; and Part II assesses opportunities for and challenges to Vietnam's path to achieving its Next Mile aspirations and creating greater prosperity for households and workers
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this poverty assessment is to shine a new light on poverty, inequality, and its drivers in Costa Rica. The report provides a descriptive overview of poverty trends in the country and examines why the poorest do not reap the benefits of economic growth. It provides high-level policy directions, id est, areas that merit a high level of attention according to the results of the analysis and broad implications of the findings for policy makers. The report should be interpreted as a contribution to the debate within Costa Rica on how to improve the country's model of growth for the benefit of all. It is important to mention at the outset that the analysis presented in this report was completed at the time the conflict in Ukraine started. The conflict is expected to have substantial repercussions in Costa Rica and the rest of the Latin America region. The conflict is expected to hit the poorest hardest, as food and fuel - the prices of which are expected to increase due to the conflict - make up a large part of their consumption. However, these possible implications of the conflict are not reflected in the report
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  • 61
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hotspots ; Prevention
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 crisis brought home the high costs of pandemics, triggering a historic setback in the fight against poverty. It also reinforced the interconnections between people, planet and economy, calling attention to the zoonotic nature of pathogens spilling over from animals to people. To decrease their burden, we must focus on prevention. The One Health approach proposes a way forward to reduce risk of spillover. Recognizing that the health and well-being of humans, animals, and their shared ecosystems are interdependent, One Health is designed as an integrated, practical, multisectoral framework for pandemic prevention. By stopping infectious diseases from spilling over to people and spreading to become pandemics, One Health provides a solid foundation for global health security and improved development outcomes at much lower societal and economic costs. This report aims to shed light on the benefits of prevention to serve as a wake-up call for policymakers and finance ministers alike. The report also outlines an investment framework and One Health architecture for zoonotic disease prevention. As you will read on these pages, compared to the sky-high cost of bringing pandemics under control, relatively modest investments in prevention will pay huge dividends
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Kurzfassung: COVID-19 created a dynamic shock to the international tourism industry, with the related health concerns and travel restrictions impacting travelers' perceptions of risk. Among the most affected economies were Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which are highly dependent on tourism receipts, have small domestic tourism markets, and rely on international air connectivity. To better understand the impact of COVID-19 on tourists, and support destinations in their reopening processes, the World Bank undertook consumer market research on three key European outbound markets
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  • 63
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Data Collection ; Health Management Information System ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: This report provides insights into the current situation and overall burden of trauma and RTCs in Malawi, shares what we have learned about how to effectively run a digital trauma registry in a low-resource setting, and highlights lessons learned from the implementation of the EMS pilot
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Kurzfassung: Kenya has experienced sustained economic growth over the past few years. The country's gross domestic product (GDP) has grown at an average annual rate of 5.2 percent over the past 10 years (2007 to 2016). The rebasing of its national accounts in 2014 resulted in an upward revision of the country's GDP per capita and its re-classification as a lower middle-income country (LMIC). Kenya's economic prospects mean that the country is surpassing critical income eligibility thresholds for international financing and is bound to experience reduced international financing for its priority programs. This technical review analyzed the design and financing of five priority programs in Kenya (immunization, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and AIDS), tuberculosis, malaria and reproductive health) in relation to their sustainability as Kenya transitions from a donor dependent country, to one that predominantly finances health through domestic resources. The review forms the first phase of work, which involves conducting a detailed analytical assessment and synthesis of a wide range of studies to assess the financing and delivery of immunization and other priority programs in Kenya. The report will serve as a one-stop-shop for the government, partners, and other stakeholders interested in sustainable financing and integration of vertical programs in health service delivery. The second phase of the work will draw on findings and recommendations from the first phase to support the national and county governments to implement interventions that will improve Kenya's readiness to transition its priority health programs towards being sustainably financed
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: Buffeted by COVID-19 and Tropical Cyclone Seroja, the non-oil economy grew by 1.5 percent in 2021. A record-high budget with expenditure of nearly 90 percent of GDP bolstered government consumption. A series of fiscal and quasi-fiscal stimulus measures supported employment and incomes, thereby allowing households to maintain their consumption. On the demand side, gross capital formation shrunk while net exports expanded. The oil economy grew by 8.3 percent, bringing the total economic growth to 4.4 percent.1 The government lifted the pandemic-related state of emergency at the end of November 2021, but challenges remain. Following a relatively brisk start, the vaccination campaign has moved sluggishly in recentmonths. Nevertheless, the authorities have initiated vaccination of children and adolescents between 12 and 18 years old, while booster shots have been made available. There has been a concerning surge of Dengue Fever with 5,000 reported cases (and 54 fatalities) to date since January 2022-a more than seven-fold increase from the same period a year ago. All restrictions for inbound international vaccinated travelers to Timor-Leste havebeen rescinded. By the end of May 2022, the partly vaccinated and fully vaccinated figures in Timor-Leste stood at 85.4 percent and 73.4 percent, respectively
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  • 66
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Mental Health
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this assessment is to provide background information about GBV issues, policies, programming, and gaps in Malawi, for the purpose of assisting the World Bank (WB) to 1) consider how to directly support efforts to address GBV in Malawi; 2) inform strategies for integrating attention to GBV in development programming; and 3) understand the extent of GBV response programming. In addition to providing an overview of data on the scope of GBV in Malawi, the assessment investigates: legislative and policy protections related to GBV; systems and coordination mechanisms in place for addressing GBV in Malawi; and GBV response and prevention programming. The assessment analyzes key gaps across these areas of investigation based on inputs from key stakeholders as well as the desk review and concludes with several recommendations for WB to consider assisting in addressing these key gaps
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Schlagwort(e): Covid-19 ; Education ; Education For All ; Environment ; Gender ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Natural Resources ; Natural Resources Management ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Sustainability
    Kurzfassung: The Performance and Learning Review (PLR) summarizes progress in the implementation of the World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Cambodia for Fiscal Year (FY) 2019-2023 (Report No. 136500-KH). The CPF, discussed by the Board of Executive Directors on May 30, 2019, proposed a joint WBG program of assistance covering three focus areas: (i) promoting state efficiency and boosting private sector development; (ii) fostering human development; and (iii) improving agriculture and strengthening sustainable use of natural resources. A cross-cutting theme of strengthening governance, institutions and citizen engagement underpins reforms in all three focus areas. These areas address the key development challenges identified in the 2017 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) (Report No. 115189-KH) and are aligned with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC)'s Rectangular Strategy Phase IV and the National Strategic Development Plan 2019-2023 and remain relevant to support Cambodia's post COVID-19 recovery
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  • 68
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Pakistan remains susceptible to emergencies caused by a variety of natural hazards. There are two fundamental reasons for Pakistan's high vulnerability. The first reason is increasingly high exposure due to rapid changes in the region such as unprecedented population growth, urbanization, deforestation, climate change, and rising human-animal proximity among others. The other reason for Pakistan's high vulnerability, which is also critical to this particular endeavor, is its insufficient capacity for emergency response. Without disregarding the fact that the status of Pakistan's capacity for risk communication has evolved since the JEE's report in 2016 (especially considering the unprecedented focus on risk communication efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic), it is crucial to address the gaps identified to ensure Pakistan is prepared for the next public health mergency. This document provides the way forward for addressing those gaps. The document has two main components. The first main component of the document is an in-depth situation. analysis of the existing risk communication mechanism. The second is a framework for i) ensuring preparedness through institutionalization, and ii) activating campaigns during emergencies
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  • 69
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Civil Society ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This report focuses on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Solomon Islands. The fourth round of the high frequency phone survey (HFPS) interviewed 2,671 households in January-February 2022 on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19), including employment and income, community trust and security and COVID-19 vaccination. The January-February 2022 round occurred at the onset of the first wave of COVID-19
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: Driven by a rebound in tourism, Maldives' economy recovered sharply in 2021, and poverty is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 hit international travel and tourism severely and, thus, caused a 33.5 percent contraction in Maldives' GDP. However,following a successful nationwide government vaccination campaign, tourism has begun to recover strongly in the second half of 2021, with arrivalsreaching 1.3 million in 2021 or about 78 percent of prepandemic levels. As a result, GDP growth is estimated to have bounced back by 31 percent in 2021. All sectors, except for construction which remains sluggish, showed a significant rebound, particularly in the second quarter of 2021 due to the low base effect. The poverty rate, which rose sharply to 11 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, is estimated to have fallen to 4 percent in 2021. External imbalances improved along with the economic recovery and rebound in tourism. While vulnerabilities remain, the fiscal and debtposition has likely improved in 2021 due to strong revenue growth. Although the economy is expected to grow strongly in the medium-term, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war could impact Maldives' tourism recovery and growth in the near term. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war will depend on the period of interruption and whether tourists from other countries can compensate for the loss
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  • 71
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Communicable Diseases ; Country Population Profiles ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations
    Kurzfassung: While Iraq continues to experience a surge in the number of coronavirus cases, the proportion of the country's population that is vaccinated remains very low. For a more in-depth understanding of the state of vaccination in Iraq, this note presents findings on Coronavirus (Covid-19) vaccination disparities and hesitancy from the last three rounds of the Iraq High Frequency Phone Survey (IHFPS) conducted between June and August 2021. Findings from the survey suggest a low but increasing vaccination trend among adult Iraqis, however, resistance to the vaccine remain high. Fear and mistrust towards the Covid-19 vaccine risks to undermine the efficacy of the country's vaccination campaign. Low vaccination rate and the important disparities that have emerged in vaccination and vaccine hesitancy highlight the need for a robust and more inclusive vaccination campaign
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  • 72
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Schlagwort(e): Child Health ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Maternal Health
    Kurzfassung: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, by area. The country has a long history of conflict, political upheaval, and instability and has a very high poverty rate despite its abundance of natural resources. Mortality and fertility rates in DRC are among the highest in the world. The Health System Strengthening for Better Maternal and Child Health Result Project (PDSS - Le Projet de Developpement du Systeme de Sante) was launched in 2015 with the objective of improving utilization and quality of maternal and child health services in eleven provinces of out of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The main component of the project is the implementation of a provider payment system reform through Performance-Based Financing (PBF), launched in the end of 2016. Contracted health facilities receive quarterly payments conditional on the volumes of targeted services provided and on quality of care. The objective of this impact evaluation is to assess whether the PBF approach impacts utilization and quality of primary health services, in comparison to equivalent amounts of unconditional financing. The rational for comparing outcomes produced by facilities implementing PBF to those produced by facilities who receive equivalent amounts of unconditional financing is to isolate the impact of the PBF incentive mechanisms from the direct impact of the additional resources received through the program
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 ; Health Indicators ; Health Insurance ; Health Shocks ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources
    Kurzfassung: As the world approaches the third anniversary of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the devastating health, economic, and societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic remain on every continent. COVID-19 underscored how unprepared we are for a public-health emergency of staggering proportions. And yet potentially graver health threats loom. The increasing number of acute infectious diseases combines with trends such as population aging, chronic-disease burdens, and climate change to raise the risk of syndemics-events in which two or more diseases adversely interact with each other and with political and economic conditions of inequality and poverty. The only way to prevent, prepare for, and manage these threats is by building resilient health systems to withstand shocks and improve health outcomes between crises. This report, which is filled with country examples of resilience, shows how strengthening resilience is within every country's reach, even those with low incomes. It describes the key features of resilient systems as integrated systems that are aware of threats; agile in response to evolving needs; absorptive of shocks; adaptive to minimize disruptions; and able to transform after crises, based on lessons learned. The report makes recommendations for countries to operationalize resilience based on a framework that prioritizes investments according to their impact. The most important investments center on risk reduction, including prevention and community preparedness. The second most important investments focus on disease detection, containment, and mitigation to contain outbreaks before they spread widely. The final set focuses on advanced case management and surge response during an epidemic or pandemic, making this the most expensive and least cost-effective tier. The final message of the report is urgency. Investments are needed to save lives and economies - before it is too late
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  • 74
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Kurzfassung: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, evolve in ways that reduce medicine's ability to fight them. AMR has made many infections, particularly bacterial infections, increasingly difficult or even impossible to treat. Without effective medicines, the number of people with severe microbial infections will increase, as will the number of people who die from these infections. In 2019, 4.95 million deaths were associated with AMR, with the highest AMR-attributable death rates occurring in western sub-Saharan Africa.8 While AMR is a natural evolutionary process that occurs over time, many human-led behaviors have increased its occurrence. The main drivers of AMR include: (1) the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials; (2) lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation for people and animals; (3) poor infection prevention and control measures in healthcare facilities and farms; (4) limited access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics; and (5) lack of awareness and knowledge about AMR. Additionally, for countries to progress from planning to acting, AMR coordination committees must have a clearly defined role and the remit to develop and implement an operational plan. Operational plans should embed NAP activities into the national development agenda, sectoral strategies, and budgets, and should coordinate an aligned approach to delivering NAP activities across sectors and stakeholders. Creating and empowering AMR coordination committees and comprehensively implementing and monitoring the prioritized activities outlined in their NAPs operational plan takes time; but there are several relatively easy entry points for AMR action that countries can utilize to accelerate their fight against AMR. The remaining case studies in this series showcase successful actions against AMR that three countries, Burkina Faso, Jordan, and Malawi, have taken along their journey to fully operationalizing and implementing their NAPs on AMR
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  • 75
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: In the past three decades, the Philippines has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty. Driven by high growth rates and structural transformation, the poverty rate fell by two-thirds, from 49.2 percent in 1985 to 16.7 percent in 2018. By 2018, the middle class had expanded to nearly 12 million people and the economically secure population had risen to 44 million. This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on inequality in the Philippines. It synthesizes core findings from background analyses of the patterns of inequality and poverty and provides policy pointers. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A). In what follows, section two discusses the poverty and inequality impacts of COVID-19. Section three analyzes what has been driving poverty and inequality over the past three decades. Section four discusses the structural causes of current inequality; and section five examines how they affect recovery patterns. The last section discusses how policy can promote equality and inclusive recovery
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  • 76
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Gender ; Health Care Services Industry ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Nutrition ; Population and Development ; Social Capital
    Kurzfassung: A small open economy, Benin has seen growth that is above average for the region. The volatility of high growth spells combined with low productivity growth has translated into limited gains in income per capita. Following its transition from low-income country to lower middle income country status in 2020 Benin is at the start of a new growth path. Its challenge is to boost the structural transformation of its economy driven by new growth drivers capable of sustaining an economic acceleration, lifting labor productivity and creating quality jobs for its young labor force, including women. While Benin's economy has been spared by the worse of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) crisis, the shock has reinforced the need to focus on structural reforms that address long term challenges and ensure that economic recovery is sustainable and inclusive. The key conclusions that underpin this report, following the country economic memorandum (CEM) 2.0 framework suggest that investing further in human capital and closing gender gaps, particularly to accelerate the decline in fertility rates, and integrate women and youth into a higher quality labor market, should be central. Deepening market integration, connecting people and creating agglomeration economies through transport infrastructure and services should catalyze additional opportunities, taking advantage of Benin's geographical position
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  • 77
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Urban Study
    Schlagwort(e): Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Risk Management ; Social Development ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements
    Kurzfassung: Resilient Housing (RH) initiatives are a crucial means of improving access to safe and sanitary housing in urban areas of high vulnerability. These projects make residents safer, healthier, and more secure, and increase the economic inclusion of the world's poorest populations. They upgrade homes, improve neighborhoods, and change lives. Like all investment projects, RH initiatives carry with them some risks and may impact the lives of community members in the project area. The note briefly introduces RH initiatives, describes their unique approach to project design, and touches on the possible risks occasioned by RH projects. It then explores the many ways in which RH initiatives closely align with the objectives and technical requirements embedded in the World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), which went into effect on October 1, 2018. The ESF lays out a comprehensive approach to identifying and managing environmental and social risks and minimizing potential impacts. The goals and requirements of RH initiatives and the ESF complement one another, and this note will describe how this mutually supportive relationship creates desirable outcomes that achieve the objectives of both, despite occasional trade-offs. Using recent operational experience as a guide to best practices, the note's final section provides recommendations for Task Team Leaders responsible for managing RH projects on how to apply the ESF to their projects to minimize risk and maximize project impact
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (118 pages)
    Serie: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Forecasts ; Economic Impact ; Food Insecurity ; Inequality ; Poverty ; War ; War Conflict
    Kurzfassung: In February 2022, the world was shocked by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine. The war is having a devastating impact on human life and causing economic destruction in both countries, and will lead to significant economic losses in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and the rest of the world. It comes at a particularly vulnerable time for ECA as its economic recovery was expected to be held back by scarring from the pandemic and lingering structural weaknesses. The economic impact of the conflict has reverberated through multiple channels, including commodity and financial markets, trade and migration links, and the damaging impact on confidence. Moreover, the war has added to mounting concerns about a sharp global slowdown, surging inflation and debt, and a spike in poverty levels. Neighboring ECA countries are likely to suffer considerable economic damage because of their strong trade, financial, and migration links with Russia and Ukraine. The war is also causing a destabilizing wave of refugees, financial stresses in vulnerable countries, runaway inflation expectations, and food insecurity. A protracted conflict could further heighten policy uncertainty and fragment critical trade and investment networks
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Kurzfassung: The historical situation of instability in the West Bank (WB) and the Gaza Strip (GS) has multiple adverse impacts on the population. In this context, several assessments have documented a deterioration in the nutritional status of the population of the WB and GS including static or increasing prevalence of anemia, caused by iron deficiency, and other nutrition deficiencies. According to the most recent information available, anemia is a public health problem among pregnant and postnatal women, children aged 6-59 months, and adolescents. In these four groups, the prevalence of anemia is higher in the GS compared to the WB. The fact that children aged 6-59 months are affected by anemia makes it probable that children aged 0-5 months are also affected. However, this may not be reflected in the data because this age group is not normally sampled due to the procedure involved in taking a blood sample from babies. The flour fortification program aims to increase the intake of iron and other micronutrients for the whole population, by adding 10 micronutrients to wheat flour, including iron, vitamin A, and folic acid. This document provides recommendations to address demand-and-supply-side bottlenecks for wheat flour fortification and iron supplementation
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Armed Conflict ; Communicable Diseases ; Conflict and Development ; COVID-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: Global growth slowed markedly in H1 2022. This was due to COVID-19 resurgences at the turn of the year; protracted supply disruptions; reduced macroeconomic support; and substantial negative spillovers from the war in Ukraine. The conflict, which has sparked the largest commodity price shock in 50 years, has exacerbated the increasingly difficult policy tradeoffs between supporting growth and managing price pressures. It has contributed to tightening in global financial conditions, increased financial market volatility and higher borrowing costs, particularly in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs)
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Noncommunicable Diseases ; Nutrition ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Tobacco Use and Control
    Kurzfassung: Major risk factors for NCDs in Samoa include poor nutrition, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. Addressing all of these risk behaviors requires multisectoral, multilevel action, including efforts to change the currently unhealthy food environment. The food environment in Samoa is characterized by an excess of high fat, high salt, and calorie dense imported foods. These foods are a more affordable source of calories than fruits and vegetables, which is particularly problematic in a setting with widespread food insecurity (almost a quarter of households in Samoa experience some degree of food insecurity). Systems level approaches such as fiscal policy and legislative efforts have greater potential than individual level interventions to change the local food supply. This study aims to provide baseline data on consumption of food products subject to planned tax changes as well as to report on current tobacco and alcohol consumption. The findings are expected to serve as the basis for evaluation of the taxes to be implemented, with a post-tax survey well positioned to monitor the impact of taxes on consumer behavior, subject to the government's planned increase of excise taxes on selected unhealthy products in the future
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Civil Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; COVID-19 ; Energy ; Food Security ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Inflation ; Oil and Gas
    Kurzfassung: Libya is struggling to cope with a trifecta of crises, including the civil conflict, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and most recently, the impact of the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Notwithstanding the tempering of conflict intensity since 2021, the Libyan economy has been battered by the conflict. GDP per capita estimates in 2021 stood at about half of its value in 2010 before the start of the conflict. Since 2020, the population has been hit by multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The health system, already affected by a decade of conflict, has struggled to deliver the necessary access and quality of care amid a raging pandemic. While Libya has reported a marked decline in COVID-19 cases and deaths since March 2022, the vaccination rate remains low. In addition, food insecurity has worsened, precipitated by the Russia-Ukraine crisis and the resulting shortages and price increases for staple foods in the domestic market
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: In this paper, authors assess the economic impacts of increased heat stress in humans in Ghana. As mean global temperatures increase, human capacity for manual labor is affected, particularly in activities with sun exposure such as agriculture and construction. This aspect of climate change is not well-studied, but, as this report will show, this is an important omission, particularly in regions where (i) heat and humidity are already high, (ii) there is high reliance on outdoor, manual labor, and (iii) a significant portion of the population is poor. The effects of heat stress and the resulting losses of labor capacity in such regions can cause large losses of output and GDP. These losses are likely to occur unevenly, affecting certain areas and economic sectors more than others. Some types of poor households (HH) are also likely to be disproportionately affected, especially those close to the poverty line if they earn large portions of their income from their labor and own few productive assets. The authors present projections of heat stress and labor capacity losses at high spatial resolution to identify the areas within Ghana that are most at risk. The authors then assess the economic impacts for 65 different sectors of the economy. The authors can therefore identify, with a high degree of specificity, both the locations and the economic activities that are in danger of experiencing the largest heat stress-induced labor capacity losses, and losses of output and value addition. The poverty impacts of human heat stress in Ghana are also assessed, disaggregated to identify the HH types that are more likely to be pushed into poverty
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  • 84
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): Data Collection ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Management ; Mental Health ; Public Health Promotion
    Kurzfassung: There is a youth mental health crisis in Lithuania. Mental health challenges have several delirious consequences for the youth, including poor performance in school and negative outcomes later in life such as substance abuse, poor health, unemployment, and incarceration. Addressing this crisis is a priority for the Government of Lithuania, as documented in several strategic plans and budgetary programs. At the request of the government, the World Bank's Bureaucracy Lab undertook an empirical diagnostic of the youth mental health service delivery chain, focusing on the education sector. The study was based on a conceptual framework of a production function of youth mental health service delivery. The report is structured to give a comprehensive picture of the governance factors in Lithuania's mental health services delivery system. Chapter 2 sets forth the conceptual framework used to study the challenge and to design the survey. Chapter 3 charts the results from the study, closely following the designed conceptual framework. Policy recommendations constitute Chapter 4, with actionable proposals given for each tier of the government
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Psychology ; Public Health Promotion ; Social Development ; Social Policy
    Kurzfassung: In order to promote environmentally friendly behaviors, it is fundamental not only to consider and modify already existing infrastructure and facilities, or rethink physical prompts and cues in the environment, but also contemplate and target the cognitive traits inherent to any human being. Sustainable behaviors such as recycling, reusing, and composting are driven by different motivations and beliefs. In the past few decades, scholars have also devoted significant attention to identify and describe major socio-psychological and situational determinants of sustainable behaviors, such as age, gender, cultural background, attitudes, knowledge, motivation, social influence and others. In this report, the authors provide a description of how behavioral science was used to generate insights on factors that influence open burning in the population of Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). This report will walk the reader through the different phases of the behavioral method applied to open burning in Lao PDR. In the definition phase the behavior is outlined, and the social, psychological, and contextual factors that influence it are studied. In the second phase, an intervention based on the hypotheses is designed. Finally, the intervention is implemented and evaluated in order to adapt the solutions to the current reality of the population
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: North Macedonia has strengthened its social protection system through comprehensive reforms in social assistance, social services, and pensions. This note considers, based on existing evidence, the extent to which the social protection system in North Macedonia satisfies four basic principles: adequacy; balance and effectiveness; equity; and sustainability. The situational analysis note is structured as follows: section two reviews the main poverty and labor market outcomes in North Macedonia, comparing it with peers and relevant country groups. Section 3 introduces a framework to consider the performance of the social protection system and then outlines the broad characteristics of social protection in North Macedonia, by program type and expenditure. Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, the vulnerable and persons with disabilities and assesses the recent social assistance reform. Section 5 discusses social services and assesses the changes in social services as a result of the social protection reform as well as the introduction of case management, which aims to help ensure the provision of integrated services to the poor and vulnerable. Section 6 discusses pensions. Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs (ALMPs). Section 8 considers the recent social protection response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and section 9 concludes by offering an assessment of the main areas for reform
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: After the economic slowdown in 2020, Tajikistan's GDP grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent in the first half of 2021. According to the Listening-to-Tajikistan (L2T) survey, the social and economic wellbeing of the population severely deteriorated following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), and the country remained far from full recovery at the end of 2020. The strong economic rebound was mainly supported by a continued sharp increase in the export of precious metals, and a pickup in private investment and consumption. The cautious and incremental resumption of air traffic with regional countries allowed migrants to resume traveling abroad and restore the inflow of remittances. Domestic economic activity strengthened as the government gradually relaxed lockdown measures. In the beginning of 2021, Tajikistan adopted a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan (NDVP) and launched it on March 23, 2021, after receiving the first 192,000 doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine from COVAX
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Governance ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Governmental Organizations ; National Governance ; Partnerships ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform
    Kurzfassung: Iraq is at a crossroads. The Iraqi government struggles to navigate internal as well as regional security challenges. Despite the current uncertain circumstances, the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) provides a suitable country engagement instrument to support Iraq's progress and builds off of longstanding World Bank Group (WBG) engagement and partnership with Iraq, including in the period since the last CPF and Performance Learning Review (PLR). This CPF is organized under two pillars and supported by foundational elements - (i) improved governance, public service delivery, and private sector participation, and (ii) strengthened human capital
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Digital Divide ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The report reviews the recent developments in the Vietnamese economy and discusses the economy's short- to medium-term prospects, highlighting domestic and external risks associated to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic. A special emphasis is on what Vietnam needs to do to realize its objective of becoming one of the most advanced digital economies in the world while maximizing the benefits from this transformation
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Commodities ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Gulf Cooperation Council ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 pandemic and the decline in global oil demand and prices dealt the GCC countries a health crisis and a commodity market shock. The GCC's aggregate GDP contracted by 4.8 percent in 2020 from 2019, with the growth outturns ranging from -3.7 in Qatar to an estimated -6.3 percent in Oman. The authorities responded to the pandemic with stringent health measures which helped contain the spread of the disease and saved lives but hurt economic activity. Following a year of economic distress, the GCC economies are expected to return to growth in 2021, buoyed by the global economic recovery, projected at 5.6 percent (upgraded by 1.5 percentage points from the projection in January 2021), the revival of global oil demand, expected at 96.5 billion barrels per day (from 91 billion barrels per day in 2020), and the rebound in international oil prices to an annual forecast average USD 56 per barrel (now outpaced by an actual average USD 61.45 in January-May 2021). The forecast is for an aggregate GCC GDP growth of 2.2 percent in 2021, roughly tracking the turnaround in high-income countries, with the outcomes ranging from 1.2 percent for the UAE to 2.4 percent for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Thereafter, economic growth in the GCC is expected to firm up to an annual average 3.3 percent for 2022-23. With rising oil prices in the first half of 2021, a potential upside scenario for the second half of the year sees improved current account balances being channeled directly to public sector savings. Because of the exposure to global oil demand and personal service industries and the continuing effects of the pandemic, downside risks to the outlook are also high. In this issue of the Gulf Economic Update, the focus is on fiscal revenues and structural reforms including strategic investments in digitalization and telecommunications. Strategic investment in advanced telecommunications technologies, including 5G, is underway in the GCC. But beyond capital spending on infrastructure, the telecommunications sector would benefit greatly from improvements in the legal, regulatory, and competition frameworks under which service providers operate
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Access of Poor to Social Services ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Finance
    Kurzfassung: The twin shocks of the pa ...
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Divide ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Oil and Gas ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Due to disruptions in international trade and tourism triggered by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, the Tunisian economy contracted by unprecedented levels during 2020. Fortunately, recent data indicates that the economy stabilized during the first quarter of 2021, with quarter-over-quarter (q-o-q) growth no longer in negative territory. In comparison with regional peers, Tunisia experienced a sharper contraction than others, having entered the crisis while already experiencing slow growth, limited fiscal space, and rising debt levels. While the government managed the first phase of the pandemic well from a health standpoint, this early success waned as controls were relaxed later in 2020. A record 13.3 decline in the tradable services sector and a 11.7 percent drop in exports contributed towards the 8.8 percent economic contraction, as weak global demand depressed industrial and tourism exports throughout 2020. As a result, unemployment rose from 14.9 to 17.4 percent, contributing to the wave of protests breaking out around the country on the 10-year anniversary of the Arab Spring. Some of the recent gains made in poverty reduction will be lost because the share of the population vulnerable to falling into poverty increased during 2020 due to the impact of COVID-19 on the economy
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  • 93
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Economic Memorandum
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Education ; Education Finance ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Market ; Labor Mobility ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: This joint Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) and Public Expenditure Review (PER) aims to support the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (GoRMI) to identify a prioritized and sequenced set of reforms to drive increased economic growth, resilience, and fiscal sustainability. The study has two objectives. First, to improve understanding of the challenges, opportunities, and risks to achieving sustainable economic growth and job creation in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Second, to improve the management of public resources to support long-term economic development, fiscal sustainability, and service delivery. The assessment aims to balance the need for reform to drive higher prosperity and resilience with GoRMI's limited capacity to design and implement reforms and provide public goods and services. The reform priorities identified are also consistent with the RMI's National Strategic Plan 2020-30, which articulates the nation's vision to build a resilient, productive, and self-supportive RMI. This Executive Summary is structured in three sections. The first section provides a brief background to RMI and the structure of the economy. The second section summarizes the key issues and challenges to achieving GoRMI's long-term development objectives under five themes: (i) the management of public finances; (ii) public service delivery; (iii) the fisheries sector; (iv) the labor market and labor mobility; and (v) disaster resilience and climate change. The final section outlines key recommendations under the same five themes
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Kurzfassung: The pandemic severely disrupted economic activity in Tanzania, and the World Bank's latest firm-level data suggest that the situation had only modestly improved by the end of 2020. New data sources show that COVID-19 continues to weigh heavily on employment and income. Data for the first quarter of 2021 suggest that recovery remains fragile and uneven across sectors, but economic activity could accelerate in the second half of 2021. The tourism-dependent economy of Zanzibar has been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. Tanzania's macroeconomic framework remains sound, with low inflation and moderate external and fiscal vulnerabilities
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Schlagwort(e): Abortion ; Demographics ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Reproductive Health ; Social Development ; Social Policy
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive data and evidence-based analysis of gender-based sex selection (GBSS) in Vietnam in terms of demographic projections and policy reforms to inform decision makers and program specialists on curbing sex imbalances at birth. Drawing from the 2019 Census data and international evidence on the impact of GBSS policies, the report offers novel insights for policy dialogue, to develop and refine laws and interventions on son preference and skewed sex ratios at birth (SRB), with a specific focus on the Law on Population and the Law on Social Insurance
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Poverty Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Identifying opportunities to increase agricultural productivity and incomes is an important priority for rural development. Progress toward poverty reduction continued in recent years, but the contribution of the agriculture sector was weak, mainly because productivity improvements were relatively limited. Using detailed individual-level data on agricultural activities, this paper analyzes agricultural production patterns and associated productivity of farm households. Particular attention is paid to (i) diversification toward higher-value, export-oriented crops as a means to increase productivity and earnings; and (ii) gender differences in farming activities and outcomes. The role of structural factors such as access to land is also considered. There are three key findings in this paper. First, diversified farmers, especially those with a crop mix that is focused on export crops or other high-value crops have higher productivity and earnings. The productivity of paddy cultivation is significantly lower than that of other crops, leading to low earnings. Second, production patterns and productivity levels differ distinctively between men and women farmers. Female farmers have higher productivity, as measured by output value per acre, which is mainly explained by their smaller plot size and a crop mix that consists of higher-value crops. However, despite higher productivity, overall farm incomes are lower among female farmers, mainly due to lower access to land. Third, once land size and crop mix are accounted for, unequal access to resources eventually leads to a male productivity advantage, referred to as conditional advantage, after differential access to resources is controlled for via multivariate analysis. Policies to increase the crop mix toward higher-value, export-oriented crops and to equalize access to resources, including land and agricultural inputs, could help improve productivity and income, and reduce gender disparities
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  • 97
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Brown Issues and Health ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Pollution Management and Control
    Kurzfassung: Artisanal gold mining occurs informally and therefore relies on low technologies and extraction methods lacking pollution controls. As a result, despite the fact that artisanal gold mining produces only twenty percent of the world's gold, it releases more mercury than any other sector and represents the largest source of mercury emissions. At various points during the gold mining process, mercury is released and emitted into the atmosphere during various points in the gold mining process, where it deposits into soil, lakes, and rivers. This framework document provides a pragmatic approach for designing representative studies and developing uniform sampling guidelines to support estimates of morbidity that are explicitly linked to exposure to land-based contaminants from small-scale artisanal gold mining activities. A primary goal is to support environmental burden of disease evaluations, which attempt to attribute health outcomes to specific sources of pollution. The guidelines provide recommendations on the most appropriate and cost-effective sampling and analysis methods to ensure the collection of representative population-level data, sample-size recommendations for each contaminant and environmental media, biological sampling data, household-survey data, and health-outcome data. Section 1 of the guidelines provides an overview of the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) process, including a description of the primary contaminants released or discharged during each step of the process. Section 2 describes the process for identifying participating households and individuals within those households that will provide household survey data, environmental sampling data, biomonitoring data, and health-outcomes data. Section 3 provides general guidelines for conducting environmental sampling of soil, dust, sediment, water, fish, and/or agricultural and food products. Section 4 provides general guidelines for collecting biomonitoring samples in blood, urine, hair, or other biological matrices. Section 5 provides general guidelines for evaluating health outcomes using medical exams, health surveys, and diagnostic tests
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): Access of Poor To Social Services ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment
    Kurzfassung: South Africa's social assistance system represents a major intervention by government in addressing the deprivation amongst the country's population. The system is extensive in terms of both the number of people it covers, directly and indirectly, as well as in terms of the amount of scarce resources it consumes. This brife summarizes findings and recommendations from a study that assesses the performance of South Africa's social assistance programs and systems, based on recent national household survey data and program administrative information, in three broad thrusts. Firstly, the study provides a sense of the operation of the social assistance system, the types of benefits it provides through its key programmes, and the tools and administrative systems that support its functioning. Secondly, it reviews the performance of the social assistance system in terms of coverage, targeting, benefit incidence, adequacy, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes. Thirdly, it assesses the extent to which the system is aligned with and equipped to address the so-called "triple challenge" of poverty, inequality, and unemployment as shown by data, and reviews some limitations in the design, delivery systems, and institutional coordination at different administrative levels
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Public Expenditure Review
    Schlagwort(e): Access of Poor To Social Services ; Decentralization ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Nepal's recent transition to a federal state structure provides a historic juncture to realize the role that social protection can play in achieving the constitutional goals of equity, inclusion, and prosperity. The transition to a federal structure of governance and the promulgation of a new Constitution founded on the principles of equity, inclusion, and prosperity for all have brought about tremendous expectations for the previously marginalized and discriminated poor and vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection (SP) programs, which have been proven to contribute to poverty reduction and inclusive growth, have the potential to play a significant role in meeting these expectations and realizing the objectives of federalism. The report is structured as follows, with each chapter concluding with a set of recommendations based on the analysis. Chapter 2 Provides an overall analysis of social protection expenditure trends, an assessment of ability of social assistance programs; Chapter 3 Assesses the policy and institutional framework for design and delivery of social protection programs in the decentralized federal context; and Chapter 4 Provides an overview of planning, budgeting, fund flow, and reporting processes for social protection programs at federal, province, and local levels
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a relatively modest toll on human lives in the Republic of Congo according to official data but has exacerbated an already fragile Congolese economy. As of September 28, 2021, the Republic of Congo has had 14,244 confirmed cases and 193 deaths, corresponding to a mortality rate of 3.4 per 100,000 population against the global rate of about 60.5. The relative low number of COVID-19 tests performed thus far in the country and findings from seroprevalence studies suggest that the true number of infections may be far higher than the number of confirmed cases. The Congolese economy is estimated to have contracted by 7.9 percent in 2020 compared to a pre-pandemicforecast of a positive growth rate of 4.6 percent, the sixth consecutive year of recession. The Congolese Government took early measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Mobility across the country was restricted to essential goods and services
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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