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  • 2015-2019  (166)
  • 2016  (166)
  • World Bank  (156)
  • Robreau, Bernard
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: ill , 30 cm
    DDC: 304.6/32/0962
    Keywords: Fertility ; Egypt ; Egypt ; Population ; Birth control ; Egypt
    Note: World Fertility Survey, International Statistical Institute , This project was conducted as part of the World Fertility Survey and with the collaboration of the World Bank"--T.p. verso , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 2
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 265 (2016), p. 21-23
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 265 (2016), p. 21-23
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  • 3
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 264 (2016), p. 31-40
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 264 (2016), p. 31-40
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  • 4
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 264 (2016), p. 9-15
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 264 (2016), p. 9-15
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  • 5
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 264 (2016), p. 18-20
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 264 (2016), p. 18-20
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  • 6
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 265 (2016), p. 18-21
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 265 (2016), p. 18-21
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  • 7
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 265 (2016), p. 23-24
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 265 (2016), p. 23-24
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  • 8
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 263 (2016), p. 9-10
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 263 (2016), p. 9-10
    DDC: 060
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  • 9
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 263 (2016), p. 19
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 263 (2016), p. 19
    DDC: 060
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  • 10
    Article
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 263 (2016), p. 2
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 263 (2016), p. 2
    DDC: 060
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  • 11
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    In:  Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française Vol. 263 (2016), p. 11-14
    ISSN: 1151-2709
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Mythologie française : bulletin de la Société de Mythologie Française
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Soc
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 263 (2016), p. 11-14
    DDC: 060
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people throughout the world have led global efforts to raise awareness of their experience of ongoing discrimination, exclusion, and violence. Despite some gains that have made information more available, huge gaps in research and data on LGBTI experiences persist in every country, blocking progress toward inclusion and the realization of human rights for all. Clearly, significant donor investment in strategic research on LGBTI inclusion is needed, to provide a reliable evidence base that can inform policies, legislation, programs, and investments to advance the human rights and inclusion of LGBTI people in national and global efforts. This paper highlights for discussion the critical research and knowledge gaps with regard to human rights and inclusion for LGBTI people that require investments to ensure that they are part of the human rights and development agendas. In light of these significant gaps, the paper outlines a number of high-priority research needs that have been identified as a result of wide-ranging consultations with civil society organizations, governments, research institutions, human rights and development agencies, and researchers. Finally, the paper presents a set of proposed strategic investments to focus on those high-priority topics. These investments would also build an LGBTI research infrastructure to produce and share knowledge about LGBTI people and issues
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report summarizes the findings of an allocative efficiency analysis on the Kyrgyz Republic`s national HIV epidemic and response conducted in 2014-15. The report addresses core questions for resource allocation such 'How can HIV funding be optimally allocated to the combination of HIV response interventions that will yield the highest impact?' or 'What level of investment is required to achieve national targets, if we allocate resources optimally?'. The report describes epidemiological and HIV financing trends as well as identifies sub-populations, which are most affected by the epidemic. Based on this information, the optimized mix of interventions for minimizing new HIV infections and deaths is identified using mathematical modelling techniques. Required investments into programs for key populations and antiretroviral treatment are established and translated into policy recommendations. The Kyrgyz Republic's HIV epidemic is transitioning from an early concentrated epidemic among people who inject drugs (PWID) into an advanced concentrated HIV epidemic with continued transmission among PWID, but an increasing share of sexual transmission to female partners of PWID and among men who have sex with men (MSM). The Optima model projected that, with current spending, the estimated 1,000 annual new infections in 2014 will increase to 1,100, and estimated deaths from 400 in 2014 to 600 deaths per year on average, over 2015-20
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Sri Lanka development update report talks about the recent economic developments in Sri Lanka for the year 2015-2016. With no exception, Sri Lanka also faced the challenges of a trying global environment in 2015. Uncertainties in an election year that saw a major political transition contributed to elevate the risks stemming from global context. The accommodative policy choices supported economic growth. Authorities took policy measures aimed at stability, beginning 2016. The fiscal deficit rose sharply in 2015 due to increased expenditures in salary hikes and subsidies, one-off charges, reduced consumption taxes and increased interest costs on resultant deficit financing. A new IMF program is providing a solid platform for macro fiscal stability. World Bank supports the government's reform agenda, to eliminate obstacles to private sector competitiveness, enhance transparency and public sector management and improve fiscal sustainability. The government has undertaken to implement a medium-term reform agenda that aims to improve competitiveness, governance and public financial management that would bring in long-term benefits. These developments have contributed to an improved outlook. Growth is expected to remain unchanged in 2016 and grow marginally over 5.0 percent beyond, driven by private consumption and postponed FDI in 2015. The special focus section discusses the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Sri Lanka, launched by the World Bank in February 2016. The SCD is an objective, evidence-based, candid assessment of the main challenges facing the country, without limitation to the areas where the WBG is currently engaged
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: 2015-2016 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: This Indonesia Economic Quarterly (IEQ) report discusses about the private investment which is essential for the economic growth of Indonesia. Indonesia needs to adjust to a global economy marked by slower growth, low commodity prices, and weaker trade and capital flows. In the short term, fiscal stimulus will help, but higher private investment is required for a firm recovery. Part C.1 of this edition further explores the issue of logistics sector reform. As Indonesia's economy expanded rapidly since 2000, its freight logistics system has struggled to keep up. Indonesia's transition to a more sustainable energy path can be supported by aligning pricing, regulations, and investment policies. The ultimate objective of the reform agenda is to reverse the recent trend of slower poverty reduction and rising inequality. Indonesians think reducing inequality is an urgent government priority. In addition to social protection programs and eradicating corruption, policies that create better work opportunities topped the list of policies respondents identified as important to address inequality
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Disasters resulting from natural hazards represent an important challenge for Colombia's fiscal sustainability and stability. Colombia's rate of economic growth is increasing the base of assets exposed to disaster risks, which may lead to significant increases in losses, particularly if investments in new assets are not accompanied by plans for mitigating disaster risk. The Government of Colombia (GoC) recognizes the importance of mitigating these events and has taken several steps to mainstream disaster risk management into its policy and programs, as evinced by the National Development Plan 2014-2018, all for a new country. This document presents the priority policy objectives that have been established to assess, reduce, and manage fiscal risk due to natural disasters. It also describes the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (MHCP's) efforts to progress its policy objectives in the long term. These policy objectives represent the MHCP's ex ante policy framework regarding management of financial and fiscal disaster risk. The MHCP identifies three priority policy objectives in order to strengthen management of the government's contingent liabilities and thus support the goal of achieving macroeconomic stability and fiscal balance. The policy objectives are: (i) identification and understanding of fiscal risk due to disasters; (ii) financial management of natural disaster risk, including the implementation of innovative financial instruments; and (iii) catastrophe risk insurance for public assets
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies overthe past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy tofinancial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. As the political stalemate continues, policy-making bodies of the country are mostly inoperative. This is manifested by a presidential vacancy for two and a half years, a parliament that seldom convenes and a cabinet that hardly finds a consensus to take decisions. Amid fiscal policy paralysis, monetary policy under the proactive Banque du Liban (BdL) continues to actively manage economic and financial challenges facing the country. Economic activity in 2016 is marginally picking up, thanks to the construction and travel sectors in the context of benign security conditions. Real GDP growth is estimated to have reached 1.3 percent in 2015 and is projected to accelerate slightly to 1.8 percent, in 2016, partly on account of a moderate first half of 2016
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: 2016 ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Indonesien
    Abstract: This edition of Indonesia Economic Quarterly (IEQ) reports on the key developments over the past three months in Indonesia's economy, and provides a more in-depth examination of selected economic and policy issues, and analysis of Indonesia's medium-term development challenges. Global growth was sluggish in the first half of the year, driven by weaker than expected growth in advanced economies. In addition, China's growth eased as expected as the economy continues to rebalance from investment- to consumption led growth, and as excess industrial capacity is reduced. However, import demand from China was weaker than expected. On the upside, the global financial market volatility leading up to and in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum in June has moderated significantly. Lower volatility in financial markets has contributed to the Rupiah's stabilization against the US Dollar (in line with most other emerging market currencies). Indonesia's growth remained resilient in Second Quarter (Q2), partly supported by government expenditure, and is forecast to pick-up gradually on the back of stronger private investment supported by investment climate reforms and credible fiscal policy. This resilience stands in contrast to the performance of several other emerging market commodity exporters
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report summarizes the findings of an allocative efficiency analysis on Belarus` national HIV epidemic and response conducted in 2014-15. The report addresses core questions for resource allocation such "How can HIV funding be optimally allocated to the combination of HIV response interventions that will yield the highest impact?" or "What level of investment is required to achieve national targets, if we allocate resources optimally?". The report describes epidemiological and HIV financing trends as well as identifies sub-populations, which are most affected by the epidemic. Based on this information, the optimized mix of interventions for minimizing new HIV infections and deaths is identified using mathematical modelling techniques. Belarus could increase the impact of its HIV program by reallocating funds to high-impact programs. It could enhance this impact by increasing the total funding available to the HIV response so that high-impact programs could be scaled up further. With optimized allocations of the same amount of funding available as in 2013 (US
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The labor force in Liberia is quite young. Youth aged 15 to 34 constitute over a third of thepopulation in Liberia and are somewhat concentrated in urban areas, according to the 2008census. These youth represent both a demographic dividend and a concern. The educational attainment of Liberian youth is steadily improving but remains low on average.Youth recognize that their lack of skills and experience are impediments to employment.The objective of this report is to assess youth skills development in Liberia.Given the composition of Liberia's economy and the concentration of the labor force outside formal employment, this report has a particular focus on skill development in vocational trades and the informal sector. This report comprises three analyses. Section Two constructs a profile of Liberian youth from existing administrative data are studied to enable a more detailed understanding of the current skill levels among working youth. Section Three first assesses skills development providers based on new survey data summarizes the results of original analysis carried out on data collected on a sample of 139 skill providers' training offerings, capacity, target beneficiaries, and other criteria. Next section three goes on to present young trainees' perceptions of skills development opportunities and limits, based on 354 interviews with recent trainees. This report contributes to the Government of Liberia's Agenda for Transformation (AfT) and the World Bank's Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) 2013-2017. Both recognize that inadequate skills and vulnerable employment are key constrictions on rapid, inclusive and sustainable growth.This report provides practical recommendations that align with pillars of the National Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Policy 2015-2020. This report makes recommendations specific to three pillars: promoting productivity in the agricultural sector through TVET, promoting productivity in the informal sector through TVET, and financing TVET
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This update introduces Bangladesh's new poverty numbers at
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Philippines has emerged as one of the most dynamic economies in the East Asia region. Despite a challenging global economic environment, the Philippine economy has grown at a rapid pace over the past five years, supported by sound macroeconomic fundamentals and a highly competitive workforce. Strong capital investment and robust domestic demand have helped secure the Philippines' position as the leading growth performer among major economies in East Asia and the Pacific. Public spending rose by more than 10 percent during the first half of 2016, as the government continued to implement its ambitious investment program. Services and industry remained the primary engines of growth, while the lingering effects of El Nino further diminished agricultural output and a weaker-than-expected global recovery continued to hinder the export sector. Nevertheless, the GDP growth rate rose from 5.5 percent in the first half of 2015 to 6.9 percent in the first half of 2016, enabling the Philippines to outperform regional peers such as China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In many developing countries, governments have invested substantial resources in the provision of basic services such as healthcare and education. These investments frequently yield minimal improvements in student learning and health outcomes, however. Promoting adequate provider effort necessitates accountability, including effective within-facility accountability is the focus of this report. Within the accountability framework, the role of supervisors in the facilities where service provision occurs has thus far been underemphasized. This report contributes to addressing this underemphasis, specifically focusing on the linkages between within-facility accountability and provider effort in the health and education sectors in Jordan. In the case of healthcare, a study was developed to generate novel insights from an original survey instrument. Notably, this is the first nationally representative study in Jordan to measure within-facility accountability and provider effort in primary health care facilities, and the first study in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to investigate these linkages. The study relies on a nationally representative sample of 122 primary healthcare facilities where data are collected through patient exit interviews, and surveys administered to chief medical officers (CMO), doctors, and nurses who work at the centers, and where available, a representative of the community health committee. In the case of education, an empirical analysis was conducted, relying on existing data collected through principal, teacher, and student surveys, third-party classroom observations and school inventories, and math and reading student assessments from a nationally representative sample of 156 schools. The latter was complemented by a comparative case study of six Jordanian schools using statistical matching and a process-tracing procedure
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Over the past decade, Ban ...
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Zambia Mining Investment and Governance Review (MInGov) collects and shares information on mining sector governance, its attractiveness to investors and how its activities affect national development. It reviews sector performance from the perspective of three main stakeholder groups- government, investors in the mining value chain and civil society - and identifies gaps between declared and actual government policy and practice. The review's key findings are: Performance across the value chain is strongest in topics most closely associated with mining and which are related to the content of laws and regulations, though implementation of these is wanting in some instances; Sector development is constrained by a number of bottlenecks; According to investors, a number of areas are constraining mining investment and returns; The three key stakeholder groups agree on a number of topics they believe are particularly important to strengthen sector governance, investment and development impact; Civil society believes there is a number of weaknesses sector governance, including the poor handling of environment and social impacts of mining; problems with human rights associated with the sector; ineffective development planning as it relates to mining; issues concerning land access, compensation and resettlement; and the absence of revenue sharing between national and local government.MInGov's methodology focuses on the status of governance and investment conditions in the mining sector from the perspective of stakeholders, and as reported in primary and secondary sources. However, less-well covered areas include the quality of its infrastructure services, the security of property from theft, the underlying strength of institutions, and ways to enhance mining's contribution to local and national development.This report presents data on mining investment and governance indicators for Zambia that are current as of October 2015
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has a very narrow production base, with subsistence agriculture and fisheries and the public sectors dominating the economy, both with regard to employment and value added. The contribution of institutional sectors to growth suggests that private enterprises relied on the public sector for growth opportunities and households tended to fall back to subsistence when growth slows. Growth accelerations and decelerations were largely influenced by the implementation of the U.S. funded airport upgrade project and Compact grants although over the long run, the net effect of public investment on growth has been small. Economic growth and international competitiveness are severely constrained by the country's small size, remoteness, geographic isolation and dispersion, and thin institutional and human capacity. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) is aimed at filling a knowledge gap to support the Government of FSM (GoFSM) in improving the design of public expenditure policies to address these key challenges. The main recommendations of this PER to support the GoFSM in addressing the aforementioned challenges are centered on how to (a) improve public expenditure management to support macroeconomic stability and growth, and (b) improve public expenditure management to support efficient, effective, and equitable service delivery. The PER is composed of a concise set of chapters analyzing macroeconomic and fiscal trends, intergovernmental relationships, public investment management (PIM) issues, and the two largest expenditure sectors: education and health. Data limitations may result in some inaccuracies and inadvertent distortions in outcomes
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Zimbabwe is at a critical juncture. After dollarization and favorable economic factors fueled arecovery during 2009-12, Zimbabwe today faces slowing growth, a financial crisis, increasingly erratic weather patterns and rising poverty and inequality. To help respond to these issues, the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) has sought to examine and ultimately better manage its public expenditures, with a view to ensuring public spending is effective, efficient, equitable, and well-targeted to the needs of its changing population, especially the poor
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Mauritania's economic gro ...
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The decline in international oil prices over the past two years has resulted into an economic crisis in the Republic of Congo that could forestall the transformation efforts to move the country towards higher middle income status. A key strategy that government has pursued in recent years has been to adjust the fiscal policy to provide more resources for capital development in line with the National Development Plans. This strategy is expected to be continued into the medium term in order to address the binding constraints on growth, most notably the country's huge infrastructure deficit. However, the intention to increase the level of capital investment has neither been matched by similar ones to raise investments in human capital development nor with effort to make public spending more efficient and effective. This third Edition of the Congo Economic Update discusses the importance of undertaking fiscal adjustments to accommodate the new reality of lower oil revenues and to shift into a more balanced and inclusive development strategy. This edition argues that the current fiscal crisis in Congo resulting from the decline in global oil prices will make it difficult for the country to sustain fast growth unless the country adopts more prudent fiscal management and a balanced approach that builds both physical capital and achieves significant improvements to human capital. Therefore, a deliberate effort has to be made to ensure that the fiscal adjustments do not result in major decreases to the level of expenditure on health and education. In addition, the government must implement measures to improve the level of efficiency and effectiveness of spending in these sectors
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The aim of this note is to present and analyze subnational fiscal trends in Russia in the context of overall slowing economic growth and falling oil prices over the last few years. In particular, in 2015, GDP fell by 3.7 percent. Despite efforts to cut expenditures, the federal deficit increased to 2.4 percent of GDP. Subnational governments were also affected by the economic slowdown. Aggregate subnational revenues declined, in real terms, by 6 percent between 2014 and 2015. Revenues from taxes (including shares of federal taxes) fell by 4 percent while federal transfers fell by 13 percent. Nevertheless, the aggregate fiscal performance of subnational governments actually improved over this period. The nadir of subnational government finances occurred in 2013, when the consolidated subnational deficit reached 0.9 percent of GDP. Since then, it has shrunk. In 2015, the deficit was equal to only 0.2 percent of GDP. This was largely achieved by drastic cuts in spending. Spending in the social and infrastructure sectors both fell by 9 percent in real terms between 2014 and 2015. This note examines the fiscal prospects of subnational governments in Russia, focusing particularly on the nature of these spending cuts and whether they are sustainable over the medium term
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Montenegro Policy Note on Broadband: Achieving Universality of High-Speed Broadband: Review and Application Experience of the EU State Aid Framework aims to provide advice to the Government of Montenegro on the possible mechanisms for state aid support for broadband infrastructure, while taking into account the State aid policy of the European Union (EU) and building on EU experience of similar projects. The objective is to support the development of the affordable access to broadband Internet in the un- and underserved geographical areas of Montenegro
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report analyses equity and financial protection in the health sector of Timor-Leste. In particular, it examines inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Data are drawn from the 2009-2010 Demographic and Health Survey, the 2001-2002 and 2007-2008 Living Standards and Measurement Surveys as well as 2011-2012 Household Income Expenditure Survey, and the Ministry of Finance. All analyses are conducted using original data and performed using the health modules of the ADePT software
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The response to the January 2010 Haiti earthquake has been in the spotlight ever since the disaster, and a significant number of evaluations and analyses have been disseminated in the years since. This report is intended to help housing and shelter practitioners improve future post-disaster shelter responses and housing recovery programs and the integration between them. The report covers the shelter and housing responses in Haiti, and looks especially at how early decisions about sheltering affected the housing response. The analysis also covers other interrelated topics that heavily affected work on shelter and housing: disaster risk management (DRM), the urban context, and recovery financing
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Morocco strives to reach a similar per capita income level to that of upper-middle income countries, and to reduce unemployment, which particularly affects women and youth. To meet these goals, the government recognizes the need to shift from a low-technology economy with a strong agricultural component to a more diversified economy focused on services and high value-adding industries. As the World Bank World Development Report 2016 highlights, broadband is one of the decisive factors in a nation's competitiveness. Deploying broadband is essential to improve Morocco's international competitiveness and to attract foreign investment. Rolling out broadband is of strategic importance for Morocco, as the country aims to consolidate its promising position in the industrial and manufacturing sectors. This note is organized in three sections:(i) section one provides a summary analysis of recent economic studies that measured the impacts generated by access to and use of ICT and broadband on the economy; (ii) section two analyzes public policies implemented by the Moroccan government since the 1990s, and their impact on the sector; and (iii) section 3 presents the main reforms that the World Bank would recommend that the government carry out in the broadband sector to give itself the means to fulfill its ambitions and finish opening up the broadband sector to competition
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: To become an upper-middle income country by 2035, as targeted in its Vision 2035 document, Cameroon will have to increase productivity and unleash the potential of its private sector. Specifically, Cameroon's real GDP must grow by around 8 percent and 5.7 percent in per capita terms over 2015-2035, which in turn will require the investment share of GDP to increase from around 20 percent of GDP in 2015 to 30 percent of GDP in 2035 and productivity growth to reach 2 percent over the same period, from its average rate of zero growth over the past decade. These are daunting yet doable challenges. To make it happen the public sector would need to reinvent itself and change its nature: reduce distortion, promote innovation and increase allocative efficiency; and more competitive markets would be needed to promote productivity gains. Based on the rigorous analysis of the Cameroonian economy using five main sources of data,1 the report will address the following topics: Chapter 1 analyzes constraints to growth, Chapter 2 explores constraints to enhance competitiveness, Chapter 3 examines the role played by the Cameroonian state on these constraints, and Chapter 4 derives from these analyses a set of actionable policy recommendations. The abstract contains the following structure: 1. Underpinnings of Cameroonian economy affecting growth potential 2. Recommendations on nine major areas of collaboration between the government and the private sector
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Country Gender Assessment (CGA) reviews the state of equality between women and men in Armenia in access to opportunities, that is, equality in rights, resources, and voice (World Bank 2007). Equality in rights refers to equality under the law, whether customary or statutory. Equality in resources refers to equality in access to human capital investments, productive resources, and markets. Equality in voice refers to the capacity to make decisions about one's own life, to act on these decisions, and to influence and contribute to political discourse and the development process. Noting the government's commitment to gender equality in the legal framework and in policies, this report mainly focuses on the extent of equality in resources and voice. Specifically, the report reviews the extent of equality in the areas of demography, human capital, economic opportunities, and voice and agency. It also points to some common patterns
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The city of eThekwini or Durban has undergone a period of rapid urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city's natural environment. Climate change is placing further strains on the city's ability to manage the urban environment. The urban environmental profile of eThekwini has been prepared as the first component of the assignment promoting green urban development in Africa: enhancing the relationship between urbanization, environmental assets and ecosystem services, a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. An overall objective of this project is to link the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The profile summarizes the existing quality of the terrestrial and other aquatic environmental assets, identifies the key drivers that are the cause of their vulnerability, and describes the key institutional challenges and constraining factors that limit the city's ability to address environmental management challenges. Identification of the key environmental assets and key drivers of environmental degradation within the city required a more comprehensive review of reports on urban planning and infrastructure services. The urban environmental profile is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two, eThekwini context, sets the background, and context of the study of Durban, providing an overview of the impacts of urbanization and climate change and drawing the link to the urban environment. Section three, quality of the environmental assets of eThekwini describes the state of the key environmental assets of eThekwini: the terrestrial assets, aquatic assets, coastal assets, and the air, and attempts to infer the associated historic and current trends. Section four, drivers of environmental vulnerability and degradation describes the key issues that are driving degradation, the impacts caused, and the reason for these challenges. Section five, institutional issues and challenges describes the key factors that constrain the eThekwini's ability to effectively address environmental management challenges. Section six, key findings provides a synthesis of key findings of the study
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of the 2015 Colombia Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment is to have an updated diagnosis of the performance of the public financial management (PFM) system in the country so as to (i) determine the progress made with the reforms implemented in recent years by the Government of Colombia (GoC), (ii) understand the impacts of these reforms, (iii) establish the tools and next steps necessary to consolidate the progress made, and (iv) promote long-term economic stability and sustainability. The scope of the PEFA Colombia 2015 exercise covers the Central Government and the assessment analysis period are the last three completed fiscal years (2012, 2013, and 2014), at the time of the assessment (December 2015). The field mission took place in Bogota between November 12 and December 18, 2015, and this report was prepared between January 4 and August 17, 2016, incorporating comments from the Government of Colombia and guest reviewers
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Government of Sierra Leone (GOSL) has developed an ambitious plan in 2014 to reform civil registration in the country and to establish a national identity register. About 5 percent of people in Sierra Leone are registered in a national identity registry, managed by the National Registration Secretariat (NRS). The development of digital identity in Sierra Leone can help the country's economic and social development. The use of an official identity can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of collecting taxes, conducting census, issuing passports, delivering pensions, managing elections, controlling borders, delivering financial services, and running effective safety net programs. This report provides a rapid diagnosis of the potential and readiness of digital identity in Sierra Leone, and is funded by the Korean Trust Fund (KTF) and the Ebola multi-donor trust fund (MDTF). The report is based on consultations held with the GOSL and with stakeholders in the identity ecosystem of Sierra Leone. The report provides a preliminary review of the enabling environment and the functional identity programs in Sierra Leone, along with a discussion of possible next steps
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Matching grants (MGs) have been implemented by the World Bank for over two decades. They remain a very popular instrument for private sector development interventions, despite often challenging implementation and insufficient evidence of impact. The objective of this study is to synthesize the current knowledge on MGs and to review the experience with this instrument, as designed and implemented by the World Bank from the early 1990s to the present. In doing so, we hope to equip teams in charge of ongoing and planned MG operations with a better understanding of the instrument and to help them choose the design and implementation arrangements that are best fitted to their objectives. The authors look at both the 'why' and the 'how' of MG programs, focusing on those aiming to foster private sector development and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) competitiveness primarily through the use of business development services (BDS). The authors also look at how success is defined and question the way the outcome of MG programs is often assessed. While 75 percent of projects in the sample were deemed to have some degree of success, the definition of success rarely reflects a measurement of broad and sustainable economic benefits that will justify the subsidization of private enterprises with public funds. We argue that this is linked to a common weakness in identifying a sound economic rationale, such as a specific market failure to be solved, and in subsequently not focusing the design and measurement of the MG on the fund's additionality beyond the private benefit of recipients. The authors conclude that a robust definition of the economic rationale is a critical prerequisite for the use of MG programs and should include, among others, an identification of a specific market failure, consideration of alternative instruments, cost-benefit analysis, assessment of the potential for additionality and spillovers, and a realistic exit strategy. The authors recommend an equally robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system tied directly to the economic rationale, which is essential for real-time assessment of impact, potential course correction, and learning, and could be utilized to gauge additionality and sustainability. Increased attention to these elements could help teams make the most of this potentially powerful instrument for private sector development and competitiveness
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper develops a number of approaches to power sector planning that respond to the uncertainties that Afghanistan faces. It aims to provide an alternative to the "predict then act" approach to planning, which will allow more robust decision making. The paper is divided into two parts: the main text provides an overview of the challenges faced in Afghanistan, analyses some of the key decision problems and future development options and makes recommendations on how they may be tackled. The annexes contain more detailed case studies of individual problems and introduces methodological approaches by which they can be addressed
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents employment in Nigeria from a worker perspective as well as from a firm perspective. Using recent household data, the report complements the report more, and more productive, jobs for Nigeria: a profile of work and workers' (World Bank 2015) and provides an overview of employment opportunities in Nigeria from a labor force perspective. This report also intends to investigate the job agenda from a firm perspective and represents a first attempt to better understand the drivers of economic diversification, firm growth, and employment in Nigeria. The report draws on two different data sources: the General Household Survey (GHS) and the Enterprise Survey. The GHS provides data on the contribution of wage work to the Nigerian economy and its share of total employment. The GHS module on non-farm household enterprise provides information on the dynamics of micro and small enterprises, as well as the constraints they face. The Enterprise Survey, conducted in Nigeria from April 2014 to February 2015, was used to analyze the dynamics and constraints of the formal sector in Nigeria. The survey sample, which was limited to formally established companies with five or more employees, was composed of firms across nineteen states engaged in manufacturing, construction, or retail and wholesale trade. The results are presented in four regional groups: Lagos; Kano and Kaduna states; other southern states (Abia, Abuja, Anambra, Cross River, Enugu, Ogun, and Oyo); and other northern states (Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Sokoto, and Zamfara). A module on innovation was also administered to a portion of the survey sample. Details on the Enterprise Survey are provided in annex two
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Mozambique economic update brief for 2016 includes a section on recent economic developments and a discussion of Mozambique's economic outlook, followed by focus section(s) analyzing issues of particular importance.This has been a testing year for Mozambique. An ongoing downturn, brought about by low commodity prices, drought and conflict, was compounded by the fallout from the discovery of hidden debts in April 2016. The level of debt took an explosive path with the addition of the previously undisclosed loans, making Mozambique one of the countries in Africa with the highest debt to GDP ratios. The rate at which the Mozambican currency depreciated outpaced that of most other African commodity exporters, including Nigeria and Angola, where economic pressures have also been acute. Foreign direct investment (FDI), and exports, are projected to fall by 17 and 8 percent respectively in 2016. Clearly, Mozambique's macroeconomic stability has been shaken-up. The agenda for restoring economic stability and confidence will stretch into 2017 and possibly beyond. Key items on the agenda include setting a medium term framework for restoring fiscal sustainability, anchored in a target for reducing debt and a credible fiscal adjustment program. Enhanced financial sector surveillance and the strengthening of crisis management instruments is also a priority, particularly if further monetary tightening is in the pipeline in the near term. Moreover, the current economic circumstances highlight the need to manage fiscal risks and contingent liabilities better. In this regard, reforms to develop effective oversight over state-owned enterprises and other public entities are urgent, along with reforms to overhaul the framework for managing guarantees
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Over recent decades, Vietnam's agricultural sector has made enormous progress, realizing major gains in productivity and output and contributing to national goals related to food security, poverty reduction, social stability, and trade. Nevertheless, there are growing concerns related to the quality and sustainability of Vietnam's agricultural growth and related patterns of development. A comparatively low quality of growth is manifested by low smallholder farmer profitability, considerable under-employment among agricultural workers, mixed or uncertain product quality and food safety, low value addition, and limited technological or institutionalinnovation. Some agricultural growth has come at the expense of the environment in the forms of deforestation, biodiversity loss, land degradation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In most locations, agricultural growth has involved an increase in cropping areas or intensities and ever higher uses of inputs and natural resources. Hence, more output has come from more and more inputs and increasing environmental costs. Vietnamese agriculture now sits at a turning point. The sector now faces growing domestic competition-from cities, industry, and services-for labor, land and water. Rising labor costs are beginning to inhibit the sector's ability to compete internationally as a low cost producer of bulk undifferentiated commodities. The country's ruralyouth have rising aspirations for living standards. Vietnam's expanding consumer class and trade partners are expecting higher standards, both for products and production practices. Going forward, Vietnam's agriculture will need to generate more from less'. That is, it will need to generate more economic value-and farmer and consumer welfare-using less natural and human resources and without degrading the environment. It will need to rebrand itself and increasingly compete on the bases of innovation, reliable supply, predictable quality, and assured food safety and environmental protection
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Policy Note has been prepared to assist the governments of the Entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina to better understand the current conditions of the railway sector,assess the policy options for modernizing it and help chart a course ahead. Railway performance is benchmarked against a number of regional comparator countries and against the European Union average. The financial performance of each railway has been examined by main business sectors (freight, passenger and network infrastructure) using a railway cost allocation model developed by the Bank. Sector policies have also been assessed in terms of budget impact. Public policy decisions on the railway sector are the prerogative of the governments ofthe Entities. To help inform their decisions a range of structural and policy options is presented, their key features delineated and relative merits discussed. The range of policy options has been discussed with representatives of the Entity governments and railways butno endorsement of any policy option has been given at this stage. The Policy Note does present the Bank team's opinions on certain of the options where this seems warranted but is not intended to be prescriptive
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of this report, which is the third in a series of programmatic public expenditure reviews (PPER), is to identify potential measures to strengthen public finances in line with the Government's strategy to reduce fiscal risks and support budgetary consolidation. The PPER series assesses public expenditures and their alignment with development goals. For this phase of the PPER, three areas were identified with the Government as absent from previous reports yet of particular relevance given growing spending pressures. The first is efficiency of government spending on social sectors and public investment, where efficiency is defined in terms of outcomes achieved. The second area of relevance encompasses quasi-fiscal risks and contingent liabilities of the energy sector. The third area pertains to selected subsidies, which are budgeted to rise exponentially in 2016. This report is anchored in the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) pillars of improving governance, efficiency of public administration, and service delivery. This report is divided into three chapters, each covering the very distinct fields of fiscal management identified above: (i) first chapter covers on Macroeconomic and Fiscal Challenges; (ii) second chapter focuses on Quasi-Fiscal Pressures of the Energy Sector; and (iii) third chapter deals with the Assessment of Explicit Budget Subsidies. The report employs highly discrete conceptual and analytic frameworks for each of the analyzed areas in order to draw conclusions and provide recommendations
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the Service Delivery Indicators in the education sector in Togo in 2013. Survey implementation was preceded by extensive consultation with Government and key stakeholders on survey design, sampling, and adaptation of survey instruments. Pre-testing of the survey instruments, training of field staff, and field-work took place in 2013. Information was collected from 200 primary schools, 1,141 teachers, and 1,938 grade four pupils in Togo. The results provide a representative snapshot of the quality of service delivery and the physical environment within which services are delivered in public primary schools. The survey provides information on three levels of service delivery: measures of: (i) teacher effort; (ii) teacher knowledge and ability; and (iii) the availability of key inputs, such as textbooks, basic teaching equipment, and infrastructure (such as sanitation, quality of lighting etc.). The results indicate an adequate number of teachers to serve the population's needs, but they lack the necessary skills and inputs. Absence rate is a factor, although relatively lower than in other countries, except during teacher strikes. The reliance on volunteer teachers also creates challenges as only the present discounted value of future earnings can be considered a source of motivation for them.1 Efforts are needed in all major dimensions surveyed (competence, absence rate, inputs), although recent textbook provision efforts appear to have already made an impact
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: In 2015, Indonesia stands as an increasingly divided country, unequal in many ways. There is a growing income divide between the richest 10 percent and the rest of the population, and this gap is driven by many other types of inequality in Indonesia.People are divided into haves and have-nots from before birth. Some children are born healthy and grow up well in their early years; many do not. Some children go to school and receive a quality education; many do not. In today's modern and dynamic economy; most do not and are trapped in low-productivity and low-wage jobs. Some families have access to formal safety nets that can protect them from the many shocks that occur in life; many do not. And a fortunate few Indonesians have access to financial and physical assets (such as land and property) that increase their wealth over time. This wealth is passed down from generation to generation, both in the form of money and physical assets, and through greater access to better health and education. As a result, inequalities are being compounded and deepened over time. This report asks why inequality is increasing, why it matters, and what can be done. The first section examines the trend in inequality, which is already relatively high in Indonesia and rising more rapidly than in many neighboring countries. The second section seeks to understand what is driving rising inequality in Indonesia. The final section looks at what can be done to prevent the country from becoming even more divided. This section suggests ways to avoid an Indonesia in which relatively few people are healthy, happy and prosperous, and many more can only aspire to a better life but are unable to attain it
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Since the Constitution (2005) provided for decentralizing powers and functions for the Governorates, the government of Iraq has enacted several legal, policy, and institutional reform initiatives, the intent of which is to shift political and administrative powers and responsibilities from the Central Government to the Governorates. The legal and policy framework for decentralization is yet to be followed through with efficient implementation. The Government of Iraq and the World Bank will like to assess the current status of decentralization and its implications for improving service delivery at the Governorate level. The objective of the assessment is to take stock of the current state of decentralization in Iraq with a view to identifying factors that contribute to weak service delivery performance at the governorate level. The assessment will also make recommendations for policy and process reforms that are deemed necessary to moving forward the decentralization process, thereby helping to improve service delivery performance by the Governorates. The assessment was carried out through a combination of desk reviews and field level consultations. This assessment provides a snapshot of the current status of the decentralization process. It identifies policy and process reform measures that are necessary to strengthen service delivery by the 15 Governorates of Iraq. Strengthening local accountability should be the key to strengthening the service delivery performance of the Governorates
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: Ukraine is currently classified as a lower-middle income country in 2014. The country experienced a sustained economic growth since the early 2000's, being associated with a fast reduction in poverty. However, the global financial and economic crisis hit the economy of Ukraine, generating one of the largest economic setbacks in Eastern Europe. To address these issues, this paper is focused at three dimensions of gender disparities in Ukraine: i) agency as ability to make decisions and take opportunities; ii) endowments, including education, health and demography; and iii) economic opportunities realized through access to the labour market and earnings. The paper is structured as follows. Chapter one is devoted to agency, shaping the process of using endowments by women in men, including legislation and institutional environment, political participation and decision-making, gender stereotypes in public attitudes, and subjective well-being. In Chapter two we examine the gender gaps in endowments across men and women, captured by enrolment to various education levels and preferred fields of study. This Chapter is also focused at the current demographic trends and their gender implications, as well as at the gender disparities in health, with a particular emphasis on communicable diseases and reproductive health. Chapter three examines the gender gaps in labour force participation and patterns of employment, including vulnerable and informal employment, gender-based segregation and labour migrations. The gap in earnings is analyzed in details by background characteristics of employment. The problem of poverty and vulnerability is outlined in gender dimension in this Chapter as well. Finally, the gender inequality in opportunities of career advancement is discussed in Chapter three, as well as disparities in financial inclusion and access to entrepreneurship in Ukraine. In Chapter four, we present some basic conclusions and policy recommendations of the revealed gender gaps
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: Hungary's recently established equality of opportunity framework guides the planning and implementation of interventions addressing the most pressing social inclusion challenges at the local level. The equality of opportunity framework provides a comprehensive set of resources, guidance, and templates to local governments to facilitate the planning of local equality plans (LEPs). Through extensive consultations with various governmental and non-governmental stakeholders at the national and local level, a series of challenges were identified for moving from a theoretical planning exercise to an earnest application that is, operationalization of the equality of opportunity framework at the local level. The intention of this handbook is to provide: practical guidance and hands-on instruments that empower local stakeholders to actively and effectively shape the local social inclusion landscape within the overall guiding framework of the local equal opportunity programs. The handbook therefore focuses on the challenges and opportunities of those local governments and related stakeholders that have the relevant primary care capacities and apparatus. The handbook is accompanied by a comprehensive set of illustrative local social inclusion case studies from all over Hungary. The case studies are intended to increase stakeholders' awareness, facilitate knowledge transfer, and peer learning. Even relevant elements of the case studies need to be customized and integrated into the local context
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This study analyzes labor market performance in the Philippines from the perspective of workers' welfare. It argues that pervasive in-work poverty is the main challenge facing labor policy. Poverty is primarily due to low earning capacity of the poor and to their limited access to regular and productive jobs. Behind these are the two interrelated root causes of in-work poverty - low education of the poor, and the scarcity of productive job opportunities. The labor market is segmented into good and bad jobs, with the poor working in the latter. They hold jobs that are informal, temporary or casual, and low-paid. Widespread informality means that the poor neither benefit from the minimum wage policy nor from employment protection legislation. They do not benefit from wage growth either, because their bargaining power is weak. Good jobs are so few, especially in rural areas, that even better educated workers are often forced to take unskilled jobs and work as low-paid laborers. The reduction of in-work poverty hinges on removing constraints to gainful employment in both supply side (better education and skills) and demand side (better jobs). It is critical that the young poor have improved access to quality education, and be equipped with skills required in the modern sector of the economy. But in parallel, better jobs need to be created, which can be attained from the growth of the formal and higher value added sector of the economy. The process of structural transformation should be supported by effective labor policy. Labor regulations need to be made simpler and more flexible to facilitate the reallocation of labor from less to more productive activities, and from informal to formal sector. Targeted training programs have the potential to address the problem of low skills among the poor workers, especially the young ones. Such programs should be developed on a pilot basis and expanded if proven to be cost-effective
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Limited state capacity to carry out core government and service delivery functions poses a major constraint in post conflict countries, especially those with low income levels. With regard to scope, the research carried out for this note primarily focuses on developing a detailed understanding of how civil service institutes are established and function, and to reflect on available information about their impact. This note synthesizes the findings from case studies covering three countries and four public service training institutes: Rwanda (Rwanda Management Institute (RMI)); Uganda (Civil Service College Uganda (CSCU)); and Liberia (Liberia Institute of Public Administration (LIPA) and the Financial Management Training Program (FMTP)). The general policy rationale for establishing institutes of public service has been to improve national public sector capacity; while a key choice involves investing in longer and more in-depth or shorter-term training. To deliver training, a mix of some permanent staff with consultants recruited from the public sectors has worked well
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The objective of the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) is to assess the adequacy and performance of the policy, legal, and institutional framework for environmental management in Ukraine, in light of the decentralization process of environmental governance and wider reform objectives, and to provide recommendations to government to address the key gaps identified. Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe and has a population of 43 million, the majority of whom live in urban areas. It is a lower middle income country, with the services, industry and agriculture sectors being main contributors to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Ukraine faces a number of environmental challenges, as identified in its National Environmental Strategy 2020 (NES). Key among these are: air pollution; quality of water resources and land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; human health issues associated with environmental risk factors; in addition to climate change. The scope of Ukrainian environmental legislation is quite broad and comprehensive (more than 300 legal acts) and covers most areas of environmental protection and natural resources management. However, the environmental legislation faces a number of weaknesses:The environmental legislation is largely declaratory in nature and does not have all the essential enforcement mechanisms for the implementation of legal acts and international agreements; Many of the acts are not coordinated with each other; and Legislation undergoes limited analysis of its impact-for example, no in-depth analysis such as Regulatory Impact Analysis is conducted for proposed pieces of legislation
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: This report summarizes the results, lessons and recommendations to the Government of Lao PDR from two Technical Assistance projects (TA) "Supporting Demand Creation for Sanitation through Community Led Total Sanitation" and "Sanitation Marketing in Lao PDR" carried out by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program between October 2012 and December 2015. The development objective of the TAs was to increase improved sanitation and hygiene practices and change community behavior to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status at the village level. This report documents the results and lessons learned from the TA program that includes experiences both from government-led rural sanitation service delivery within two provinces in Southern Lao PDR (Champasak and Sekong) , as well as from national-level engagement to strengthen systems, tools and capacity building approaches for scaling-up rural sanitation service delivery. The report makes recommendations to government on how - with the support of development partners - the effectiveness and scale of rural sanitation services can be increased to achieve sustainable sanitation outcomes for the rural population of Lao PDR. It also proposes recommendations for the engagement of the World Bank Water Practice in the sector in support of rural sanitation service delivery, aligned with lending operations,notably the Poverty Reduction Fund (PRF3) and the Health Governance and Nutrition Development Project (HGNDP). In addition a number of important learnings at implementation level are highlighted, so that operational processes can be improved to make last-mile delivery more effective and efficient
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This review focuses specifically on Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, as opposed to Violence against women and girls (VAWG) more broadly, for several reasons. Partner violence is the most prevalent form of violence against women globally: a woman is at the greatest risk for suffering violence in her own home by someone she knows. A recent systematic review found that most of effective evaluations and programs on VAWG have been directed to IPV. This paper emphasizes results of these and other primary prevention programs, not because secondary and tertiary prevention programs are ineffective, but because primary prevention programs allow for macro-level programming that targets root causes of violence, such as harmful gender norms, to create generations of men, women, boys, and girls who not only no longer accept violence, but also feel empowered to eliminate it. To conclude, this methodological annex outlines the steps involved in adapting to new settings a community-based intervention to prevent intimate partner violence. While the precise nature of these steps will vary depending on the setting in which they are applied, the core ethical and effectiveness considerations here should remain true regardless of location. The authors hope that this note will help programmers worldwide to successfully transform community norms and prevent intimate partner violence
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The geo-economy presents Lebanon with challenges associated with being a nexus for regional fault lines and risks from its dependence on capital inflows. Despite markedly improved security conditions since the start of 2015, anxiety over regional turmoil and potential spillover effectspersist. All the while, Lebanon continues to be, by far, the largest host of Syrian refugees (in proportion to the population). In addition, the economy's dependence on its diaspora to finance internal and external imbalances exposes Lebanon to economic and political conditions beyond its influence. Despite these challenges and risks, the political process remains impaired with the vacant presidency completing its second year with uncertain prospects of a near-term resolution. On the other hand, a short-term solution has been found to the garbage crisis that has left piles of trash uncollected on the streets across the country since summer 2015. The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The Philippines has made remarkable progress in improving the quality of basic education in recent decades. Even so, despite significant improvements in primary and secondary education, the number of students who drop out of school remains worryingly high. More than five million youths have failed to complete a basic education. Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a second-chance, informal education program operated by the Department of Education (DepEd) for out-of-school youths and adults. This report aims to assess the current implementation of ALS using a variety of sources , including recent surveys, and analyzes (a) the target populations, (b) current beneficiaries, (c) delivery modes (with a focus on learning facilitators' contracting schemes), and (d) labor market returns to ALS. Key messages are as follows: (i) Only a small proportion of the target populations are enrolled in the ALS program, (ii) the first target groups for ALS are students who drop out of high school for financial reasons, (iii) performance-based payment is expected to improve performance, (iv) the current arrangement for monitoring activities within the ALS program can be improved, (v) labor market returns to ALS are significant only when learners successfully pass the secondary A&E exam, and (vi) small class size (fewer than 40 learners per facilitator) is more efficient. The report concludes that a holistic approach is required for a socially efficient solution for students who do not complete school and those who are at high risk. An expansion of ALS may distort incentives among students currently in school, and coordinated efforts with other programs such as the Alternative Delivery Mode are becoming increasingly important. Earlier intervention guarantees greater returns
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Abstract: Ethiopia has many advantages as a destination for mining investment. These include promising geology, a well-designed fiscal regime, stable government and a growing domestic market. Additionally, it has a well-managed and successful artisanal and small scale mining sector. Under the second phase of Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Plan, Ethiopia has the ambitious target for the mining sector to contribute 10% of GDP by 2025. Ethiopia must overcome significant challenges to achieve this target. These challenges range across simplifying the licensing regime, developing its investment promotion efforts and clarifying institutional responsibilities for social and environmental management to enhancing stakeholder engagement in the governance of the sector
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The new Country Partnership Framework (CPF or framework) presents the engagement of the World Bank Group (WBG) in Sri Lanka over the next four years (fiscal years 2017-20 (FY17-20)). The CPF aims to support the achievement of some of the government's medium-term goals in areas that are critical for reducing extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, and that are consistent with the WBG's comparative advantage. Notably, the CPF provides the framework for engagement in several key policy areas. Following presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, the new coalition government, the National Government of Consensus, has set out an ambitious vision for Sri Lanka. It focuses on supporting job creation in the private sector, advancing the country's global integration, improving governance, enhancing human development and social inclusion, and balancing development with environmental conservation. The vision has been captured in the Prime Minister's Economic Policy Statement of November 5, 2015. The new government's development agenda is well aligned with the findings of the 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Sri Lanka. The SCD identified the most critical constraints and opportunities facing Sri Lanka in accelerating progress toward the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The analysis concluded that key priorities are to address the country's fiscal, competitiveness, and inclusion challenges, as well as cross-cutting governance and social, economic, and environmental sustainability challenges. The CPF is anchored in this analysis
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This program document presents the World Bank Group (WBG) FY17-22 Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Bulgaria. The timing of the new CPF follows the preparation of theSystematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) prepared in FY15, and informs the areas and objectives ofthe CPF in support of the WBG's twin goals to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity1 for the bottom forty percent of the population. The CPF proposes to focus WBG support in selective areas aligned with the SCD, in response to clear Government demand, supporting and complementing Bulgaria's European Union agenda, and reflecting the WBG's comparative advantage. In addition, the CPF applies two key principles for engagement, including: (i) realism, recognizing that the WBG plays a selective role and that it will contribute most effectively by being strategic and catalytic in supporting key elements of Bulgaria's development agenda, and (ii) scalability, creating opportunities to engage in dialogue and analytical work that may create space for broader engagement in areas where there is potential for transformational impact, including IFC investments in private sector development. Government demand is focused primarily on the agenda to strengthen public institutions, notably in the financial and energy sectors. The WBG will complement that focus by investing its own resources to stay engaged in the inclusion agenda, which is critical to the WBG twin goals. CPF proposes to cover a six year period, with Progress Learning Reviews (PLRs) will facilitate a more proactive approach to monitoring results and ensure close alignment with the country-led strategy
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) explores how Uzbekistan can consolidate its recent achievements and accelerate progress on the twin goals of eradicating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. The SCD is organized into five chapters. Chapter one frames the issues of poverty reduction and shared prosperity, and situates them in the context of Uzbekistan's recent development. It reviews the status and drivers of progress in these areas, identifies analytical constraints, and highlights areas for further study. Chapter two describes the necessary conditions for sustaining rapid economic growth and robust quality job creation. It underscores the importance of expanding private-sector participation and investment in key economic sectors. Chapter three considers how a well-functioning labor market and access to essential public services can enhance the inclusiveness of growth. Chapter four analyzes threats to the sustainability of Uzbekistan's recent gains over both the medium and the long term. Chapter five concludes by examining the constraints to growth and development revealed by the analysis, and it proposes a framework for prioritizing policy actions designed to address them
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Montene gro covers the period from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2020 (fiscal years 2016-2020). This CPF builds on the results and lessons of the previous World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), which originally covered the period July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014, and was subsequently extended to June 30, 2015.The one-year CPS) extension was intended to provide greater clarity on the country's medium-term macro-fiscal framework as a basis for the new CPF, and to give additional time to make progress on improving environmental management, a key pillar of the CPS. The new CPF seeks to address the top priorities identified by the recently completed Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as those that Montenegro needs to most urgently tackle to advance in its path towards shared prosperity and sustainable development. The CPF will selectively support Montenegro's development agenda outlined in the Montenegro Development Directions (MDD) 2015-2018, Economic Reform program (ERP) 2015-2017 and the Montenegro European Union (EU) Accession Program 2014-17. The WBG strategy will continue to support, and be aligned with, Montenegro's EU accession and integration process. The formulation of the new CPF benefitted from extensive consultations held in October 2015 and in January and March 2016, and involving several line ministries, municipalities, civil society, academia, and private sector across various regions of the country, as well as representatives of the international development community. The resulting proposal for engagement under the FY16-20 CPF reflects a broad consensus of a wide range of stakeholders and a shared understanding of development priorities and challenges facing the country
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The MEM is the World Bank's biannual flagship publication on Malaysia. It provides analysis of recent economic developments and the near-term outlook for Malaysia. Each publication also focuses on a special topic related to Malaysia's transformation into a high-income economy. Malaysia is at the forefront of a "new generation" of trade agreements that will shape trade and investment over the next decade. The 14th MEM focuses on how Malaysia can use trade agreements to bring new opportunities to the Malaysian economy and accelerate its transition to high income status
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Global economic activity is showing little sign of improvement in 2016, but growth in the emerging East Asia and the Pacific remains resilient. In Vietnam economic activity moderated in the first half of 2016, mainly due to the impact of a severe drought on agricultural production and slower industrial growth. GDP is projected to grow by 6 percent in 2016 with inflationary pressures contained and the current account in balance. The fiscal deficit is projected to remain high this year but then tighten over the medium term, reflecting the government's fiscal consolidation plans. The baseline outlook is subject to external and domestic risks. The speed of demographic transition in Vietnam poses new challenges for policymakers, employers and citizens, some of them urgent. There are also significant challenges for healthcare and aged/long-term care systems. The health delivery system will require a fundamental reorientation towards more emphasis on primary care and reduced reliance on hospital care in order to manage the increase in non-communicable diseases exacerbated by aging. There will need to be reforms of human resource policies and programs for the health sector, requiring new graduate and post-graduate training programs for general practitioners, as well as retraining of existing cadres. Reorientation to primary care and case management will also benefit from reforms in provider payment mechanisms for health services, strengthened gate-keeping modalities to control unnecessary hospital usage and admissions, and improved coordination of care across levels of the health system. There will also be a need for efficiency improvements in areas such as pharmaceutical procurement and prescription practices, as well as greater focus on managing conditions of age such as dementia. Growing demand for aged care will also require proactive public policy, with an emphasis on home- and community-based care and defining of appropriate roles for the state, the private sector, communities and households
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Philippine Economic Update (PEU) provides an update on key economic and social developments, as well as policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank studies on the Philippines. It places them in a longer term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and policies on the outlook for the Philippines. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy and financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in the Philippines. Poverty reduction is expected to continue if the country is able to maintain the relatively high economic growth and the more positive job trends in recent years, despite recent shocks to agriculture. Recent trends show an improvement in the country's growth-poverty elasticity, which means growth is becoming more inclusive. However, the recent increase in the underemployment rate and weak agricultural output in 2016 will need to be countered by sustained increase in per capita income growth and a continued focus on supporting the structurally poor through effective social protection programs. Under these assumptions, extreme poverty is projected to further decrease from nine percent in 2014 to 6.8 percent in 2018
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This technical note discusses the current status of banking supervision and regulation in Montenegro in the context of select Basel Core Principles (BCP). This note has been prepared as part of a Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) update conducted jointly by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) in September 2015. As agreed with the authorities, the FSAP tea
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: More than 10 million school-age children have been forced out of school in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) due to armed conflict in Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Libya and other countries. Most are displaced internally but others have fled across borders to seek refuge. Displacement may have become a constant, perhaps permanent feature of the 21st century; if so, it is important to be prepared and develop a lasting capacity to deal with displacement wherever it occurs and enact policies that support and enable new ways to learn.As governments and international agencies struggle to ensure these children a safe learning environment and a good quality education, many look to information and communications technology (ICT) to provide at least part of the solution. The use of smartphones and other mobile devices, ubiquitous even among impoverished refugees, can provide a platform that educators can leverage to reach marginalized children and youth.The purpose of this note is to provide a clear and concise snapshot of the role ICT has played, the promise it holds, the projects that are currently under preparation, and what more might be done. This is in no way a comprehensive assessment but rather an attempt to promote dialogue and inform programs. Among the main points are the following: The situation of refugees in MENA is highly diverse and ICT-supported interventions can be and must be correspondingly diverse: indeed, each intervention should be tailored to particular needs of particular groups and be integrated with an appropriate pedagogy. Technology can also aid parents and relief organizations, not only students and teachers. While UN agencies strive to integrate refugees into local school systems, the potential of small-scale private schooling, assisted by technology, should be explored. ICT can replace teachers and organized learning only in rare instances; but it can provide effective support to education, especially when supplemented with teacher training. Many seek evidence that technology-assisted approaches are effective, but little has been gathered with respect to ICT in education generally, let alone in emergency situations. The current situation provides numerous opportunities to build the evidence base, even carry out randomized control trials, and thereby improve ICT interventions and bring them to scale. In the meantime, lacking a robust evidence base, researchers and practitioners have formulated design principles that can provide guidance
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: In this benchmarking report, a comprehensive benchmarking analysis of the participating Sub-Saharan African universities is conducted in terms of the key indicators identified and constructed for the purpose of assessing institutional performance and health. While university benchmarking is a relatively new approach for most Sub-Saharan African universities that are participating for the first time in this process, it has been used as a diagnosis and planning tool by many universities to understand and track their own performance over time and against their local and global peers. For Sub-Saharan African universities, there is a need to take stock of outstanding achievements in the past, catch up with local peers in the near future, and set long-term targets on the road to becoming a top-performing university in the world. It is expected that this benchmarking analysis will serve as the basis for understanding the relative performance of Sub-Saharan African universities as well as a catalyst for these universities to take appropriate quality improvement measures and carry out effective strategic planning. For this phase of the Partnership for Skills in Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology (PASET) Regional Benchmarking Initiative, 28 out of the 48 Sub-Saharan African universities that signed up have participated and attempted the benchmarking exercise to different extents
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action, a joint study of the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), seeks to estimate the costs of premature deaths related to air pollution, to strengthen the case for action and facilitate decision making in the context of scarce resources. An estimated 5.5 million lives were lost in 2013 to diseases associated with outdoor and household air pollution, causing human suffering and reducing economic development. Those deaths cost the global economy about USD 225 billion in lost labor income in 2013 and more than USD 5 trillion in welfare losses, pointing toward the economic burden of air pollution
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: A joint IMF-World Bank mission visited the Russian Federation from March 15 to 31, 2016, to conduct an assessment under the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP). The mission assessed financial sector risks and vulnerabilities, assessed the quality of financial sector supervision, and evaluated financial safety net arrangements. The mission also assessed financial inclusion for individuals, the role of the state in the financial sector, insurance sector development, and the payment system
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The objectives of this note are identifying the fiscal implications and the shortcomings of the corporate governance of the SOE sector through an initial stock taking of the sector. This policy note first presents a description of the SOE sector in Lesotho, analyzing its scope, size, performance and major problems. For the purposes of this Policy Note, the term SOE refers to all legal entities which undertake commercial activities on Government's behalf, although in reality some SOEs have both commercial and social objectives. The coverage of this study is limited to commercial, revenue generating enterprises where Government has a significant control through full or partial ownership. It does not include non-revenue generating statutory or regulatory bodies which depend entirely on transfers from Government. The policy note then focuses on the financial relations between the state and the SOE sector, examining the sector's impact on government finances. This is followed by a section on the governance framework for the sector, which identifies strengths and weaknesses and opportunities for improvement, this is important to identify opportunities for government to strengthen its management of SOEs, increase the transparency of the sector and, eventually, improve their performance. The final section makes policy recommendations based on the research findings and conclusions and on international best practices. A section at the end of the Executive Summary proposes an action plan and timetable for an SOE program
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This discussion paper was ...
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Burkina Faso is a West African Sahelian landlocked country covering 274,200 square kilometers. In January 2015, the population was estimated at just over 17.9 million. The capital city is Ouagadougou. The country has a tropical climate with two very distinct seasons: dry and rainy. In the rainy season which lasts from May/June to September, the country receives between 600 an d900 mm of rainfall in the south, but less than 600 mm in the Sahel in the north. Despite the hard climate the country has agricultural and livestock-breeding potential that represents around a quarter of GDP (2010-2014) and provide a living for more than 80 percent of the population. Burkina Faso is the top cotton producer in Africa. The principal subsistence crops are sorghum, millet, corn, and rice. The secondary sector accounts for one-fifth of GDP, and mining in particular plays an important role in the Burkina Faso economy. The tertiary sector, comprising many microenterprises, accounts for 45 percent of GDP. While Burkina Faso has been successful in reducing poverty, this phenomenon is still high in the country. The objective of this report is to review the state of knowledge of the profile and dynamics of poverty and to assess the tangible achievements of Burkina Faso in the fight against poverty over the past decade, highlighting the major issues and obstacles in the march towards the twin goals
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Moldova ranks as the most ...
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Russia is a country of global importance and great internal diversity, making it challenging to undertake acoherent country growth diagnostic. The world's largest transcontinental country spans eleven time zones in northern Eurasia. Russia is the main trading partner for many of its more than a dozen neighbors. It also is thehost of 11 million migrants who generate significant remittances for their home countries. As a growing upper middle-income economy, it plays an increasing role as a donor to low-income economies worldwide. Russia isthe ninth most populous country in the world with an admirable track-record in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Russia is unevenly populated and economic activity is dispersed, preventing the scale advantages of agglomeration. Altogether, these characteristics render undertaking this Systematic Country Diagnostic aboutRussia's future development course challenging. The analysis identifies general causal chains related to Russia'sinterlinked development challenges and opportunities, but is often based on data only available at the national level. This diagnostic identifies two pathways where progress is critical for sustainable growth and an expansion of shared prosperity. The first pathway identified areas where new policies are necessary to achieve a recoveryin productivity, focusing on infrastructure and connectivity, the regulatory regime for businesses, constraints on innovation by firms, and skills development for individuals. The second pathway identified the main areas for policy reforms to further reduce vulnerability by deepening human capital gains and improving access to public services. The analysis identifies channels through which the labor market can again become a source of raising the incomes of the bottom 40 percent by improving health and education services and strengthening the poverty impact and sustainability of Russia's social protection system. To achieve these goals, progress isessential in three requisites: fiscal sustainability, governance, and management of natural resources
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In order to enrich discussions on improving federal environmental licensing, this study covers a baseline of other studies and research done in recent years, to bring out key challenges arising in the various stages of the licensing process, as well as several bills of law recently presented in the Brazilian National Congress. The global social, political, economic, and institutional context raises many challenges and new opportunities. The World Bank has therefore revised and approved new social and environmental standards, to come into effect in January, 2018. Improving environmental licensing in Brazil is thus a timely initiative, as the entire world seeks consistence and coherence for sustainable social and environmental policies, along with stronger institutions and strategic planning to mitigate potential socio-environmental impacts. There is a clear need for a more rational regulatory environment, based on a complex but minimally coherent set of norms. This discussion is essential, since licensees need a minimum of legal certainty regarding the risks they face, while society cannot be left at the mercy of economic development, with no reasonable protection of the environment
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The policy environment in ...
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: South Asia Economic Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: South Asia defies a sluggish world economy and continues its path of gradual acceleration during 2016. Led by a solid India, the region remains a global growth hot spot. While South Asian economies proved resilient vis-A-vis external headwinds such as China's slowdown or uncertainty surrounding monetary policy in advanced economies, some are beginning to feel the sting from slowing remittance flows or waning oil price dividends. Against this backdrop of relative stability but fading tailwinds, India is set to grow at 7.6 percent in 2016, the same speed as in 2015, but may increase its pace again in 2017 to 7.7 percent. The region will remain steadfast in the face of future volatility and is expected to grow at 7.1 percent in 2016, however, its medium term performance strongly hinges on investment and exports. Downside risks are concentrated around political uncertainty as well as fiscal and financial vulnerabilities. While export growth is set to return to positive territory, it will deliver only gradually as global demand picks up. A reality check reveals that private investment - the key future growth driver across South Asia - is yet to be ignited to sustain and further increase the pace of economic activity
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Growth in developing East Asia Pacific (EAP) has remained broadly stable in the past 6 months. It is expected to decline gradually during 2016-18, driven entirely by the ongoing slowdown in China, partly offset by a pick-up in the large ASEAN economies. This outlook is subject to elevated risks, and it is critical to address underlying vulnerabilities. China should continue measures to bring the growth in debt under control. Among other large economies, risk can be reduced through enhanced micro- and macroprudential policies. Across EAP, maintaining fiscal buffers is a priority; in Mongolia, Timor-Leste, and to a lesser degree Vietnam, substantial consolidation is needed. Over the longer term, China should maintain its commitment to rebalancing toward consumption-led growth. Across the rest of EAP, enhanced expenditure on infrastructure must be accompanied by measures to improve its efficiency. Boosting inclusion will require a focus on reducing undernutrition, harnessing technology to transform financial services, and exploiting innovations in social protection to reduce vulnerability to shocks. The East Asia Pacific Economic Update provides biannual analyses of development trends and economic policy issues across the East Asia and Pacific region
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: For the last 50 years, the Turkish Cypriot community (TCc) has remained outside the effective control of the government of the Republic of Cyprus (RoC). The community displays typical characteristics and challenges of a small island economy, and after years of rapid growth and income convergence, it is unlikely to replicate its pre-2009 economic performance in the medium term. Sound macroeconomic policies and structural reforms, thus, become all the more crucial if the community is to regain the growth momentum of the early-2000s and address some of the labor market issues. Structural reforms should, among other things, aim to remove barriers to an expanding private sector, and strengthen domestic and external market competitiveness. To do this, the Turkish Cypriot community needs to better align its workforce and Workforce Development (WfD) policies to the needs of the labor market and of the private sector in particular.This study aims to assess the TCc's overall WfD system. Where shortcomings are identified, the study offers suggestions on how to improve the quality and relevance of the skills produced by the community's workforce system, including Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) at the secondary and postsecondary level, and on-the-job learning. This report presents a comprehensive diagnostic of a WfD system's policies and institutions
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2011, the World Bank Group commenced a multiyear program designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education systems. Part of the World Bank's new education sector strategy, this evidence-based initiative, called systems approach for better education results (SABER), uses diagnostic tools for examining education systems and their component policy domains against global standards and best practices and in comparison with the policies and practices of countries around the world. By leveraging this global knowledge, the SABER tools fill a gap in the availability of data and evidence on what matters most to improve the quality of education and achievement of better results. This report discusses the results of applying the SABER - education management information systems (EMIS) tool in Suriname. The objectives of this report are to examine the system according to key policy areas, identify successes and challenges in the system, and provide recommendations to support the continued advancement of EMIS in Suriname
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The systems approach for better education results (SABER) is an established tool designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education systems. Part of the World Bank's education sector strategy, SABER uses diagnostic tools for examining education systems and their component policy domains against global standards and best practices and in comparison with the policies and practices of countries around the world. By leveraging this global knowledge, the SABER tools fill a gap in the availability of data and evidence on what matters most to improve the quality of education and achievement of better results. This report discusses the results of applying the SABER - education management information systems (EMIS) tool in Romania. The objectives of this report are to examine the system according to key policy areas, identify successes and challenges in the system, and provide recommendations to support the continued advancement of the EMIS in Romania
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In response to a request from the Government of Egypt, the World Bank undertook the analysis of selected sectoral issues in education and health. The objective of the analytical task was to inform policies to enhance human development impact of social sector expenditures in line with Egypt's new constitutional mandate, which requires earmarked increases in the government's expenditures on health, education and research. The studies focus primarily on the education and health sectors and constraints to achieving better outcomes in these sectors. It draws on information from the national budget, household survey data and evidence from previous analytical work
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This country gender assessment (CGA) reviews the state of equality between women and men in Georgia in access to opportunities, that is, equality in rights, resources, and voice for women and men. Equality of rights refers to equality under the law, whether customary, or statutory. Equality of resources refers to equality of access to human capital investments, productive resources, and markets. Equality of voice refers to the capacity to make decisions about one's own life, to act on these decisions, and to influence and contribute to the political discourse and the development process. Recognizing the commitment to gender equality in the constitution, in the legal framework, and in policies, this report mainly focuses on the state of equality in resources and voice. Specifically, the report reviews the extent of equality in the areas of demography, human capital, economic opportunities, and voice and agency and points to some common patterns
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In response to a request from Central Asian (CA) countries at the CAREC Energy Sector Coordination Committee meeting, held in March 2015 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, the World Bank commissioned a study to estimate unrealized benefits from regional power trade for the four Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan during the period from 2010 - 2014. The study was implemented by AF Mercados from October 2015 through June 2016. This report reviews the key findings of the AF Mercados Report, with further details to be found in the Report itself. The analysis was focused on power trade benefits aggregated at the regional level, as well as country-specific benefits. Three cases were considered, namely (i) benefits including fuel savings only at historic energy prices, (ii) benefits including both fuel savings and economic value of avoiding unserved energy at historic fuel prices, and (iii) benefits including fuel savings and the economic value of avoiding unserved energy with fuel costs estimated to be at "market" energy prices. The findings of the report, show that the benefits for the region could have amounted to nearly USD1.5 billion if only fuel savings were taken into account. Should economic value of avoiding unserved power demand be added to benefits, the benefits would have reached almost USD5.2 billion for historic energy prices and about USD6.4 billion for market energy prices. It's worth noting that each country could also have benefited in any of the cases, except for Kyrgyzstan for the case of including fuel savings only. Furthermore, if the countries operated together, they could also save over USD 80 million annually, or USD 400 million during the period from 2010 -2014, by sharing the regional hydro resources to provide operating reserves, instead of purchasing reserves at current market prices from outside sources
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Moldova has experienced rapid growth and increases in living standards in the past decade. The economy has grown by an average 5 percent a year in the past 15 years, while the national poverty rate declined from 26 percent in 2007 to 11 percent in 2014; there are sharp declines observed in the early 2000s as well. However, Moldova's growth model has relied on remittances, with limited job creation. The World Bank (2016) report Moldova: Paths to Sustained Prosperity finds that Moldova's growth model triggered a cycle in which men and women migrated in search of better economic opportunities and sent remittances home that continued to support consumption-driven growth, and that this contributed to poverty reduction and welfare improvement among the less well off, particularly those in rural areas. The 10 facts presented in the note are as follows: fact one: job losses are increasing overall, with productivity-driven economic growth since the 2000s benefitting a smaller number of people who were able to find jobs; fact two: workers left agriculture and industry for services, but the 2009 global crisis dampened the job prospects in services; fact three: out-migration means that Moldova failed to fully capture a demographic dividend for the economy, and is now an aging country; fact four: employment and wage patterns show that job outcomes are becoming less inclusive; fact five: despite their rising educational attainments, young people face significant challenges finding non-farm jobs; fact six: as inequality in earnings widens, post-secondary education still earns more, but is becoming less of a guarantee of a better job; fact seven: efficient firms are raising their productivity by shedding jobs, not creating them, while firm entry and survival rates are low; fact eight: the most productive firms (small, young, foreign, and private) firms have the most productive jobs, but they are not increasing their share in employment; fact nine: while productivity is increasing, a growing share of jobs is in less-productive firms; fact ten: firms providing employment are typically larger and older, while younger firms are struggling, and fewer new firms have been launched since the crisis. It is key to continue monitoring these trends over time and, after the release of the 2014 census data, the labor market and demographic challenges that the country faces will need to be revisited to reflect a more current picture of the situation and the prospects
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Cost-effective and high quality transport systems are key to modern logistics. Their role can only be expected to grow even as the global economy goes through profound transformation in terms of how, where and when goods are produced or distributed. In many economies and at many different geographical scales, road transport remains the predominant mode of transport and is an indispensable part of how economic agents interact in space. Consumer expectations and production requirements increasingly require that transport operators provide high-quality services that are also safe and affordable for their clients. However, in many countries logistics performance remains too low to effectively contribute to economic and social development. This is the challenge that this Guide seeks to meet, to offer paths to reforming the sector and making it suited to the needs of a highly connected world. The guide is organized in four broad sections. The first three set out the role of road transport in modern economies and the supply chains that characterize them, the principles of reform, and how to gather data and information to conduct a diagnostic and target those reforms. The fourth section offers options and possible paths available to agencies driving the reform process
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Morocco has made important progress in economic development and financial inclusion since the 2007 Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP). Sustained economic growth has contributed to reducing poverty and greater sharing of economic prosperity. The financial sector has emerged as one of the most developed and inclusive in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This technical note covers a large spectrum of financial inclusion topics in Morocco, mostly from the vantage point of banks, microcredit associations and finance companies. However, limits to the FSAP budget prevented extending the analysis to important policy initiatives or subjects, including low-income housing finance, rural finance, financing start-ups, promoting long-term saving, facilitating Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) listings, the role of the National Initiative for Human Development or tax incentives to formalize economic activity. The analysis relies on benchmarking Morocco to the averages of (i) Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and (ii) its income group as defined by the World Bank. In addition, Peru, South Africa and Turkey were selected as emerging market peers based on income level, financial depth and degree of financial inclusion in specific areas: Peru (microfinance), South Africa (low-income household access), and Turkey (SME finance)
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report provides a dynamic poverty assessment of Mauritania between 2008 and 2014, the time period included between the last two household budget surveys (the Enquete Permanente sur les Conditions de Vie des menages (EPCV). Its aim is not to provide a comprehensive poverty profile for either 2008 or 2014 but to respond to specific questions that arose in the course of the preparation of the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Mauritania. This poverty assessment was designed to respond to these questions and various others questions raised by the CMU in FY16 in order to serve as a background report to the SCD. The report is organized in two parts. Part one reviews the main findings related to poverty and shared prosperity and puts these findings under the microscope to find possible inconsistencies and validate results. It also provides a set of leads that could explain changes in poverty reviewing the main structure and drivers of the observed poverty changes. Part two turns to population groups at risk of marginalization to understand whether changes in welfare have included or marginalize further these groups. This part also explores social mobility and vulnerability using cross-section surveys and pseudo-panels constructed for this purpose. The report concludes with a section on further areas of research
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The report consists of four chapters. Chapter one profiles the trends in growth, household consumption, and poverty rates at the national level between 2004 and 2013. Descriptive statistics of consumption and selected poverty indexes are presented and a profile of the characteristics of the poor is given. The chapter concludes with an analysis of nonmonetary indicators. Chapter two unpackages the national level data into subnational results (six zones) and shows the high and increasing divide of socioeconomic indicators. Chapter three uses descriptive and econometric technics to identify the drivers of this divide. Chapter four concludes and provides a road map for policy action to effectively address this divide
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) covers the four-year period, from FY2017 through FY2020. The World Bank Group (WBG) has relied up to now on a series of short two-year Interim Strategy Notes (ISNs) to capture its strategic engagement. The CPF sets out a medium-term strategic framework that is intended to be flexible and responsive to the rapidly evolving situation in Afghanistan. It is aligned with country priorities as outlined in the government's "Realizing Self-Reliance: Commitments to Reforms and Renewed Partnership" paper presented to the London Afghanistan Conference in December 2014 and draft National Peace and Development Framework (ANPDF). It is based on the findings and recommendations of the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD), which was completed in February 2016
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of a large national analysis of determinants of CD4 immune recovery among individuals on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. It is part of the second phase of a series of analytical and evaluation studies contributing to the design of an impact and process evaluation of South Africa's National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases. The analysis was conducted by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) in collaboration with the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Boston University/Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), the National Department of Health of South Africa, and the World Bank. The analysis used a novel database created through probabilistic matching of routine CD4 count and viral load data to unique individuals. The report describes the proportions of individuals 15 years or older who initiated antiretroviral therapy between 2010 and 2014 and achieved CD4 count recovery to 200, 350 and 500 cells/ul, their time to CD4 count recovery, and extent of recovery in the first 12 months of follow up. The cohort included 1,070,900 individuals (4.37 million CD4 tests). Findings suggest that among South African HIV patients under treatment, CD4 immune recovery is associated with age, sex, baseline CD4 count and viral suppression. Demographic CD4 recovery patterns can inform CD4 monitoring policies in resource-constrained settings
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The main objective of this report is to contribute to the development of Sao Tome and Principe's financial sector and provide its Government and private stakeholders with a clear roadmap for reform in key policy areas, particularly regarding efforts to strengthening financial sector soundness, enhance financial inclusion, and upgrade existing financial infrastructure. The report includes a sequenced implementation plan designed to enable the authorities to implement critical financial sector reforms and interventions, designed to foster a more efficient, sound and inclusive financial sector in Sao Tome and Principe based on a coherent policy framework
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Using mobile phone technologies coupled with water quality testing, there is great opportunity to increase the awareness of water quality throughout rural and urban communities in developing countries. Whether the focus is on empowering citizens with information about the quality of water they use in daily life or providing scientific data to water managers to help them deliver safe water to the citizens, the integration of citizen science, crowdsourcing, and innovative technologies has the potential to create positive and lasting change. The methodology presented herein combines empowerment of the public through participation in the scientific process (citizen science) with modern technologies to collect, gather, and disseminate data (crowdsourcing). By employing a crowdsourcing approach with innovative technologies, there is potential to harness large amounts of data in areas previously considered either too remote or costly to access. The purpose of this conceptual framework is to outline the considerations and activities to be undertaken for a successful water quality monitoring project using citizen science and crowdsourcing. Specifically included in the framework are: (1) the research question to be answered through the project; (2) the theory of change that will lead to desired outcomes; (3) project design considerations to promote a successful pilot; and (4) the methodology outlining implementation steps
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Pakistan is facing a large deficit in electricity supply. A report published by the Government of Pakistan (GoP) in 2013 showed that the electricity supply-demand gap has continuously grown over the past five years and has reached 4,500 to 5,500 Megawatt (MW) in 2013. Such an enormous gap has led to load-shedding of 12-16 hours a day across the country. GoP has set a target to reduce the electricity supply-demand gap to zero by 2017. In order to attain such ambitious target, the GoP has been endeavoring to exploit various options to meet the current and future anticipated electricity needs of the country. In order to support the GoP, the World Bank (WB) has been providing assistance towards continued development of renewable power (RE) generation (hydro, biomass, solar and wind). Therefore, the energy sector meets electricity demand in an efficient, affordable and environmentally sustainable manner. Biomass resource mapping is one of component of the ongoing renewable energy resource mapping project in Pakistan. The objective of this biomass mapping component is to support the sustainable expansion of electricity generation from biomass. This is fulfilled by providing the national government and provincial authorities in Pakistan, and commercial project developers, with an improved understanding of the location and potential of biomass resources. This project is being implemented by the World Bank in Pakistan in close coordination with the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), a government agency of Pakistan. The project is funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the WB and supported by eleven bilateral donors. It is part of a major ESMAP initiative in support of renewable energy resource mapping and geospatial planning across multiple countries
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to develop a way to monitor and track progress on social inclusion of vulnerable groups in Hungary, particularly among marginalized Roma communities. This approach will enable stakeholders to track the status of social inclusion at the sub regional level, and can serve as a feedback mechanism on whether projects cosponsored by the European structural and investment funds (ESIF) are sufficiently targeted to disadvantaged areas. The paper builds on various Hungarian attempts to draft indicator sets to find and subsequently gear European Union (EU) - funded projects toward areas with the poorest social inclusion outcomes. This report takes stock of different exercises undertaken with Hungarian data to map, target, track, and monitor some aspects of social exclusion at different levels of disaggregation. The authors present four such attempts to: (i) map marginalized communities; (ii) target the most disadvantaged micro regions; (iii) track selected social inclusion goals; and (iv) model at risk of poverty (AROP) rates at the micro regional level. The report examines what has been done in international practice in terms of selecting and collecting indicators that measure social inclusion. The report describes the method and process of indicator selection for Hungary. The concluding section summarizes the dilemmas associated with dynamically measuring social change in the Hungarian context, and presents development project parameters that should be continuously followed in order to enable tracking and (limited) monitoring
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: This synthesis report details the process, outputs, intermediate outcomes, lessons learned, and recommendations of the World Bank executed technical assistance (TA) on strengthening local providers for improved rural water supply in Pakistan implemented by the water and sanitation program of the global water practice. The development objective of this TA was to support the Government of Punjab (GoPunjab) in strengthening service provision by communities to ensure improved access to rural water supply, particularly for the marginalized and poor. These objectives were targeted through capacity building and introducing systems to better respond to community needs to manage rural water schemes via community based organizations (CBOs). This TA was primarily focused on the province of Punjab having a population of 100 million with of which 60 percent population live in rural areas. From inception, this TA was focused on institutional strengthening and sustainability. The back-up support mechanism for CBOs and information and communication technology (ICT) monitoring of scheme performance are extremely significant initiatives to have been integrated into the government system
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: This synthesis report documents the implementation process, results and lessons learned under a three-year Technical Assistance (TA) program undertaken by the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank's Water Global Practice (WSP) in Cambodia between May 2013 and June 2016. It also presents recommendations for the government on key steps to accelerate service delivery at scale for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH) and for the World Bank to strategically engage in the sector. For comprehensiveness, annexes are attached that include key supporting documentation, and resources and deliverables developed under this TA are also provided in the resource pack (the resource pack is linked to Box folder which is available upon request)
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: As a small and open economy, Belarus' development perspectives are intrinsically linked to its ability to produce and sell goods and services competitively in the global marketplace. While Belarus is an open economy, its trade links are concentrated both in terms of products and markets. Mineral goods -most importantly refined oil and potassium chloride - are the main export product accounting for more than 1/3 of total exports. Non mineral exports, including most importantly machinery, vehicles and transport equipment are mostly exported to Russia and other CIS markets, which account for 74 percent of non-mineral exports while the share of EU countries in Belarus non-mineral exports account for less than 15 percent. With Russia's WTO accession in 2012 competitive pressures on Belarus' major market for non-mineral exports have further intensified. As Belarus is accelerating its own negotiations with the WTO, understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by the country's exporters is critical to putting in place an effective adaptation strategy that will enhance competitiveness and ensure Belarus can take full advantage of more open market access. The objective of this note is to analyze the economic impacts of Belarus' potential accession to the WTO. The note utilizes a modern computable general equilibrium model of the economy of Belarus to simulate impacts on the economy as a whole and on individual sectors
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