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  • 2015-2019  (536)
  • 1970-1974
  • 2019  (536)
  • World Bank Group  (510)
  • Pausch, Katja
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  • 2015-2019  (536)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    South Sudan : Linking the Agriculture and Food Sector to the Job Creation Agenda (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: This report seeks to support the larger jobs study by examining how investment in South Sudan's food sector can not only address food security needs, it can generate income and lay the foundation for livelihood and job creation in the country. It argues that applying a value chain lens to investments in the sector can contribute to creating direct, indirect, and induced labor in the food system. The goal is to move the country from a dependency on humanitarian aid to building recovery and resilience in the short term in a way that can produce stable jobs over the medium to long term. More specifically, it looks at the potential technology and organizational arrangements that investment programs can start supporting now to stimulate value chain development for increased economic activity and job creation. The assumption is that significant donor support will still be necessary for the short to medium term to support investments in reconstruction and food security. As security spreads, public sector capacity to support development can grow, private actors can establish or expand their operations, and the donor community can begin to disengage, addressing only the neediest communities while development organizations continue to work with the public and private sector actors to support development and economic transformation
    DOI: 10.1596/32103
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Egypt Economic Monitor, July 2019 : From Floating to Thriving - Taking Egypt's Exports to New Levels (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Confronted with pervasive macroeconomic imbalances and microeconomic distortions, the Government of Egypt (GOE) started in 2016 to move forward with important reforms to stabilize the economy and restore confidence. At that time, Egypt was facing daunting economic and structural challenges, unsustainable fiscal and external imbalance and a deterring business environment. The severe foreign currency crunch that peaked in late 2016 motivated the GOE to introduce transformative economic reforms to alleviate the longstanding structural constraints to inclusive growth and macroeconomic stability. The flagship reforms of the economic program were (i) the liberalization of the exchange rate to eliminate the large currency overvaluation and foreign exchange shortages; (ii) a fiscal consolidation program that introduced a ale-added tax (VAT) and a gradual reduction in energy subsidies and the wage bill, and (iii) major energy sector terms to address power outages by public and private investment in generation and establish Egypt's potential as an oil and gas producer by reducing pricing distortions and arrears. These reforms were complemented by efforts to improve the business climate and attract private investment, starting with legislative reforms and the introduction of new laws on industrial licensing, investment, and insolvency. Macroeconomic indicators have reacted positively to the stabilization reforms. Most notable, economic growth has accelerated, the parallel market for foreign currency exchange has been contained, external deficits have narrowed, and international reserves have replenished. Public finances are progressing on a more sustainable path, with a frim containment of spending on price subsidies and a narrowing fiscal deficit. The improvement in macroeconomic conditions have also reflected positively on investors; perceptions, with credit rating agencies upgrading their ratings and outlook for Egypt
    DOI: 10.1596/32109
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Zambia Economic Brief, No. 12, July 2019 : Wealth Beyond Mining - Leveraging Renewable Natural Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The twelfth Zambia economic brief with a focus on how Zambia can harness its renewable resources to promote sustainable growth. This brief is part of a series of short economic updates produced twice a year by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/32117
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Climate Resilience of Federal Road Network in Brazil (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Although Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, it has a relatively low number of natural hazards. However, its exposure to natural hazards has increased relative to other countries because of insufficient preventive actions in the past, resulting in more damage from natural hazards to both infrastructure and human lives than countries of comparable size would incur. Brazil faces an increasing risk of natural disasters, in particular floods and landslides. The objective of the study is to strengthen capacity of geohazard disaster resilience of federal highway infrastructure in Brazil through reviewing disaster risk management (DRM) capacity for federal road infrastructure and case studies of applying innovative methodologies for assessing disaster risk and evaluating economic benefits of resilience countermeasures. Although floods and landslides are the most recurrent natural disasters in Brazil, this report focuses on the latter, leaving floods for future studies. This report carefully describes how three innovative methodologies that, if properly applied, could improve the effectiveness of landslide risk management, thus reducing economic and human impacts. The report begins with diagnostics of the institutional capacities of geohazard risk management at the federal government level in Brazil. Chapters 1 and 2 include the backgrounds of natural disasters, road systems, and geohazards on roads in Brazil and a review of the road geohazard risk management with overviews of the following areas: institutional capacity and coordination, system planning, engineering designs, operation and maintenance, nonstructural measures, and contingency programming. Then, Chapters 3 and 4 describe the case study of application of the three innovative DRM assessment methodologies. Finally, Chapter 5 shows the suggestions and recommendations for the next steps
    DOI: 10.1596/32189
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update, No.9, Fall 2019 : Strong Growth Led by the Gold Sector - With a Special Focus on Public Investment Management (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Gold production increased substantially in 2019, providing a strong boost to economic growth. Output from the country's largest gold mine, Kumtor, rose by 33 percent year on year in January-October, a reversal from the 8 percent contraction in the same period of 2018. As a result, real GDP grew by 5.7 percent in January-October, up from 3.5 percent in 2018 as a whole. Gold exports, which increased by almost 55 percent year on year, contributed to strong export earnings and a narrower current account deficit. Monetary policy easing and continued remittance inflows also supported GDP growth. Real GDP is projected to grow by 4.2 percent in full-year 2019, as gold production growth is slowing in the last three months of the year. Economic activity is likely to keep the same pace in the medium term as gold production volume will stay at the current level. The current account deficit is expected to remain wide despite rising remittances. The fiscal deficit widened slightly in January-September 2019 owing to lower tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (mainly due to reduced receipts from import taxes). As investment spending accelerates in the second half of the year-and a 30-percent wage increase for teachers took effect in October- the budget deficit is likely to widen to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2019 from 1.6 percent of GDP in 2018. The government plans to reduce the fiscal deficit to 3 percent of GDP in 2020 in line with the fiscal rule; the latter is currently pending parliamentary approval. Improving expenditure management has been a key challenge in the Kyrgyz Republic, especially in the context of the need to create the much-needed fiscal space for investment in infrastructure and human capital. The special focus section explores the main issues related to public investment management and discusses how to enhance the selection, assessment, and evaluation processes of public investment projects
    DOI: 10.1596/33122
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lesotho Disaster Risk Financing Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: This diagnostic study is prepared at the request of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Government of Lesotho (GoL)and aims to identify options to strengthen the country's financial resilience to disasters. It includes a review of disaster response costs and the current disaster risk financing (DRF) arrangements of the GoL, including institutional and legal frameworks, and proposes some recommendations. Lesotho is prone to weather-related perils such as droughts, floods, and storms. Drought affects the largest number of people. For instance, a drought in 2015/16 affected almost half of the population. Over two-thirds of the population-71 percent-is involved in some form of agricultural activity. The majority of the rural population engages in subsistence agriculture, working on small rain-fed farms or are livestock producers. Disasters can severely impact agriculture, thus devastating livelihoods and increasing food insecurity in a country already characterized by low agricultural productivity and reliance on food imports. Natural disasters in Lesotho jeopardize efforts to eliminate extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity Poverty in the country is declining slowly, and as of 2017 remained high, at 49.7 percent (at the national poverty line). Disasters disproportionally impact poor and vulnerable households, pushing them back or further into poverty (Hallegatte and others 2017). According to the World Bank (forthcoming) Poverty Assessment, without the 2015/16 drought, poverty in Lesotho would have decreased twice as fast over the past 15 years. Natural disasters can also impact the macro-fiscal situation of the country. The average annual cost of disaster response is estimated at US
    DOI: 10.1596/33141
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    India : Nutrition Determinants and Strategies in Nagaland (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The state of Nagaland, with a population of two million, is situated in the North-East region of India. The state's topography is hilly with very poor roads and connectivity. The state has 11 districts, 52 blocks, and 1,500 villages. In 2014-15, per capita net state domestic product was estimated at USD 1,172 (INR 78,526), slightly lower than the national figure of USD 1,297 (INR 86,879). However, the socioeconomic distribution in Nagaland is more equitable than the national pattern, in 2012-13, an estimated 19 percent of the population lived below the official poverty line in the state, lower than the national average of 22 percent. Tribal communities make up almost 90 percent of Nagaland's population. The Nagaland Department of Health and Family Welfare (DoHFW) requested technical support for better understanding nutrition determinants and developing strategies that could be implemented at the community level with the support of the Nagaland Health Project. The objectives are to better understand the barriers to improved nutrition and health in Nagaland and to help the state government to develop strategies to address these issues. This involves analytical work (involving both primary and secondary data analysis) to identify gaps and bottlenecks, informing the development of contextually-appropriate and feasible strategies. Technical assistance focuses on supporting the state government in the design of strategies based on the findings of the analytical work. The development objectives of this advisory services and analytics (ASA) activity are: (i) to improve knowledge about the determinants of malnutrition in North East India; (ii) to identify gaps in maternal and child health and nutrition services for disadvantaged communities; and (iii) to support development of cross-sectoral strategies to combat malnutrition at the community level
    DOI: 10.1596/32251
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cleaning the Air of Tehran, One Bus at a Time : Retrofit Solutions for the Ageing Diesel Bus Fleet in Tehran (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: According to a report by the World Bank published in April 2018, air pollution in Tehran incurs annual loss of billions of dollars and over 4,000 premature deaths from exposure to fine particles ambient concentrations. Particulate matter (PM), one of the primary pollutants from diesel exhaust, is associated with many different types of respiratory and cardiovascular effects, and premature mortality. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of retrofitting existing city diesel bus fleet in Tehran with best available Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) available in the market. The report provides an updated assessment on the diesel retrofit solutions for an ageing diesel city bus fleet in Tehran based on publicly available information. The economic benefits of DPF installed in buses are evaluated with standard techniques of environmental economics, and technological assumptions about how much PM emissions can be avoided and control costs. The report highlights a number of national, regional and local examples of effective emission control program that exhibit best practices from around the world. Also, it presents important features and global experiences of successful retrofit program on heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), including benefit-cost analysis from several case studies to help Tehran city leadership in taking informed economic and policy decisions. Finally, it recommends a set of critical actions to the government both at the national and local level for implementation of an effective emission control programs
    DOI: 10.1596/32282
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bhutan's Integration with the Global Economy : International Investment Treaties and Conventions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: In this context, Bhutan can become wealthier through accelerating both domestic and foreign investment, as well as signing investment treaties. These investments could provide not just capital but also bring necessary skills, knowledge and ideas, and help the country move beyond hydropower. Today FDI inflows are small and constrained, on the one hand, by regulatory barriers and insufficient investment promotion, and, on the other, by inadequacies in skills and infrastructure. Bhutan can benefit from the experience of East Asia and other countries on how to break out of this low investment trap. FDI can help the macroeconomic balance by increasing exports and reducing the current account deficit, although it is not clear the future impact on growth, since it will depend on the quality and type of FDI inflows. FDI can also help create trade. Theoretically, firms invest abroad to expand their sales markets when trade costs are too high, therefore FDI is a substitute for trade. FDI in non-tradable sectors (services, etc) has this feature. However, in practice, FDI goes to export-oriented sectors including extractives but also manufacturing. Given the landlocked nature of geographic setting of Bhutan (with higher trade cost than countries such as India or Bangladesh), FDI could go primarily to non-tradable (at least as shown in the recent trend in the greenfield FDI). In this context, it will be important to use FDI to tap into regional value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/32294
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uzbekistan Social Assistance Targeting Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report presents the results of a diagnostic study on the targeting of social protection programs in Uzbekistan with a specific focus on low-income family allowances. The objective is to determine the extent to which current programs are reaching the poor and can reduce poverty, and consequently to identify ways to improve the current design features and implementation processes. The study is part of the collaboration between the Government of Uzbekistan and the World Bank in improving the effectiveness of social protection. Targeting is the overall process that enables the administration to inform potential beneficiaries through outreach activities, facilitate application procedures, and assess needs and eligibility to finally enroll beneficiaries. Therefore, targeting involves the delicate process of identifying and selecting beneficiaries. Key findings are that: 1) no common standards exist for outreach activities, and 2) there is a need to better define who belongs to the same household and for procedures to impute income, as well as to standardize the way living conditions are assessed and verified. Moreover, one of the main reasons for exclusion errors is the use of caps in budgeting and in the number of beneficiaries at the local level
    DOI: 10.1596/33163
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  • 11
    Online Resource
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    Country Partnership Framework for Burundi for the Period FY19-FY23 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) builds on lessons drawn from current engagements and recognition of the operating and reputational risks of the fragile political context. The CPF is fully aligned with WBG Strategy for Africa that aims to create sustainable and inclusive growth, strengthen human capital and build resilience to fragility and climate change. The outcome is a further shift in the Bank's engagement toward a more citizen-centered and inclusive approach, with a focus on human development outcomes especially for the most vulnerable; building economic and social resilience; and an approach adapted to a dynamic context. The CPF expects to achieve key results by 2023 across two Focus Areas: (i) Building Human Capital and Inclusion, and (ii) Strengthening Foundations for Economic and Social Resilience
    DOI: 10.1596/32114
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  • 12
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    Optimising Investments in the Tuberculosis Response of Gauteng Province, South Africa : Findings from a Pilot Application of the Optima TB Model (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: South Africa remains a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) with an underlying generalised HIV epidemic. TB funding must therefore be allocated to interventions which provide high impact to prevent TB transmission, identify TB cases and treat them successfully. This report presents the findings from a pilot application of the Optima TB model in Gauteng Province, where many challenges remain to sustainably reduce TB. The modelling analysis focused on relevant intervention scenarios and optimal resource allocation to achieve the 2022 TB targets, using the mathematical optimisation feature of the tool. Findings suggest that further reductions in TB prevalence and deaths are possible through improved allocative efficiency. Several scenarios highlight opportunities especially in HIV negative populations by improving the TB care cascade with higher diagnosis rates, enhanced linkage to treatment and better MDR treatment outcomes using shorter drug regimens. The same budget allocated differently could, by 2022, reduce active TB infections by up to 40 and reduce TB deaths by up to 30 perent among HIV positive and HIV negative populations. The study provided valuable input into the refinement of the Optima TB model, especially for the HIV/TB co-epidemic setting. The model outputs support Gauteng's focus on improving the care cascade and innovating MDR-TB treatment
    DOI: 10.1596/33377
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    West Bank and Gaza : Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment, 2018 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment is intended to enhance the effectiveness of West Bank and Gaza's (WB and G) PFM systems and to aid the Palestinian Authority to consolidate its ongoing and planned reforms. More specifically, the assessment has undertaken an independent review of the quality and performance of PFM systems in WB and G for the financial years 2015, 2016 and 2017, and of the medium-term budget for 2018-21. In doing so, it provides a diagnostic analysis that can be used as the basis for dialogue on PFM reforms that will inform future updates and design work on the PFM reform strategy and subsequent action plans. Additionally, this work will inform the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and will enhance the dialogue between the WB and G and its Development Partners and other key stakeholders
    DOI: 10.1596/33420
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  • 14
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    Creating Markets in Burkina Faso : Growing Burkina Faso's Private Sector and Harnessing it to Bolster Economic Resilience (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: A small landlocked economy in the heart of West Africa's French-speaking Sahel, Burkina Faso is characterized by its modest economic size, with a rapid population growth, with one of the highest per capita birth rates in the world. Burkina Faso needs to create 300,000 jobs annually to match its demographic growth, while about ninety percent of its workers are in the informal sector. Despite sustained robust economic growth over the past two decades driven by cotton and gold exports, private investment is low. Compounding the considerable development challenges that it faces, Burkina Faso is currently confronted by acute security and climatic threats, together with emerging fiscal risks. This country private sector diagnostic (CPSD) therefore investigates whether opportunities exist for the private sector to contribute more substantially to Burkina Faso's development. The CPSD proposes a platform for action aimed at boosting Burkina Faso's development through greater private sector investment. The remainder of the report provides an overview of: (i) the private sector environment; (ii) the cross-cutting constraints to the private sector; (iii) the critical enabling sector bottlenecks to the private sector; (iv) the opportunities for the private sector; and (v) a series of priority private sector focused recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/32401
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  • 15
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    Digital Government and Open Data Readiness Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report, composed of ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32547
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  • 16
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    Republic of Uganda Agriculture Sector Public Expenditure Review (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The government of Uganda (GoU) regards agriculture as a key economic sector to support Uganda's vision 2040 and the transition to middle-income status. It recognizes that public spending on agriculture has a pivotal role in equipping the sector to fulfil its potential to drive economic growth, create employment for a rapidly growing and predominantly young population, and ultimately reduce poverty. To improve the quality and effectiveness of public expenditures in agriculture, Uganda has conducted its second agriculture public expenditure review (AgPER) since 2010. Overall, the performance in implementing policy recommendations from the 2010 AgPER has been mixed. This summary presents the key messages emerging from the review and recommends policy and strategic actions for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of spending on agriculture in Uganda
    DOI: 10.1596/32534
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  • 17
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    Armenia International Outmigration : An Exploration on the Effects on Armenian Households' Welfare (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report analyzes issues related to international migration in Armenia and its impact on Armenian households' welfare. The report uses microdata coming from two recent household surveys, the 2017 Russian-Armenian University survey, a nationally-representative household focused on international migrants and their origin households, and the 2017 Integrated Living Conditions Survey, nationally representative household conducted by the Statistical Committee focused on welfare measurement but also with information on international migrants. The report finds that among international migrants, there are some slight differences in the profile of permanent and temporary migrants. Permanent migrants tend to be younger, more educated and are more likely to come from secondary cities, in contrast to temporary migrants, who are a bit older, less educated and are more likely to come from rural areas. Employment prospects for both groups are very limited the moment they leave the country, with employment rates around 25 percent. They tend to migrate largely to the Russian Federation, where they are hired almost exclusively by firms in the private sector. Temporary workers overwhelming work in the construction sector, while permanent workers show more diversity in sectors of employment
    DOI: 10.1596/32537
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  • 18
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    Better Opportunities for All : Vietnam Poverty and Shared Prosperity Update (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: A massive reorganization ...
    DOI: 10.1596/33545
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  • 19
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    Regulating Alternative Finance : Results from a Global Regulator Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The survey aims to comprehensively and comparatively analyze how regulators from both developing and developed economies are regulating and supervising online alternative finance activities. The current gap is between the demand for finance by small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) and existing matching supply is estimated to be approximately USD 5 trillion worldwide. Fortunately, access to formal financial services has expanded tremendously over the past few years, fueled by Fintech solutions. Not only have they increased financial inclusion, they have also increased competition, driving prices lower and improving the quality of services offered. This momentum -driving access to transaction accounts and electronic payments- is crucial for financial inclusion, but firms and individuals also need access to credit, insurance, long-term savings and pension products and investment capital. This report focuses on peer-to-peer lending, equity crowdfunding and initial coin offerings, which constitute a rapidly growing segment of fintech for meeting credit, savings and investment needs. Survey findings informing this report are based on responses from regulators in more than one hundred and ten jurisdictions across the world. The survey identified expanded access to finance for firms and individuals and strengthened competition as primary triggers for advancing the development of alternative finance
    DOI: 10.1596/32592
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  • 20
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    Financial Inclusion in the Maldives : Findex 2018 Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: In this note authors explore the many ways that adults in the Maldives are using digital payment services through mobile phones, the internet, and bank accounts. The authors also explore savings habits and outline opportunities to use digital technology to bring financial services to adults who still have no accounts. The Findex Notes series summarizes data compiled by the Global Findex from nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults in over 140 economies in 2017, including more than 1,000 adults in the Maldives. Research is showing that when people embrace digital financial services, a range of development benefits follow. When women in India received personal accounts linked to a jobs guarantee program, they increased their labor force participation and earnings compared to women who received such payments into a join account controlled by their husbands. The improvements in employment and earnings improvements disproportionately benefitted women with previously low labor force participation and those whose husbands were most opposed to their getting a job. Women-headed households in Nepal spent 15 percent more on nutritious foods (meat and fish) and 20 percent more on education after receiving free savings accounts. Another study found that the adoption of mobile money accounts in Kenya helped lift 194,000 people out of poverty, and that the accounts proved especially beneficial for women. Mobile money has also been cited as a fast and efficient method of sending and receiving funds from a network of acquaintances during an emergency, potentially reducing the likelihood that those impacted by a financial crisis will descend into poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/32617
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  • 21
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    Thailand - Assessment of Observance of the CPSS-IOSCO Principals for Financial Market Infrastructures : BAHTNET and TSD (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report contains the assessments of BAHTNET and TSD based on the PFMI. The assessment was undertaken in the context of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) of Thailand in November 2018. The assessors were Gynedi Srinivas and Dorothee Delort of the World Bank's Payment Systems Development Group. The assessors would like to thank the Thai counterparts for their excellent cooperation and generous hospitality. The objective of the assessment was to identify potential risks related to the FMIs that may affect financial stability. While safe and efficient FMIs contribute to maintaining and promoting financial stability and economic growth, they may also concentrate risk. If not properly managed, FMIs can be sources of financial shocks, such as liquidity dislocations and credit losses, or a major channel through which these shocks are transmitted across domestic and international financial markets. The scope of the assessment includes two main FMIs as well as the authorities in Thailand responsible for regulation, supervision, and oversight of FMIs. BAHTNET and TSD are assessed against all relevant principles of the PFMI. The authorities, the BOT and the SEC, are assessed using the responsibilities for authorities of FMIs
    DOI: 10.1596/32612
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    Agricultural Transformation and Inclusive Growth : The Malaysian Experience (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The Malaysian story involves a farsighted leadership that has mobilized the considerable assets of a resource-rich country to translate a long-term vision of nation building into action and transformational results. This report analyzes what Malaysia did to achieve transformative results in agriculture. It focuses on four main areas in which the Malaysian experience is distinctive and which have been critical to its success, as follows: (1) The role of the public sector, encompassing national leadership, vision, and government action; (2) The main drivers of transformation and inclusive growth; (3) The role of value chains; (4) The inclusiveness of Malaysia's agricultural transformation
    DOI: 10.1596/32642
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    Tanzania Economic Update, January 2019 : The Power of Investing in Girls (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Economic performance in 2018 has been mixed. The data that are available suggest some areas of softening in the economy.1 Foreign direct investment declined to 2 percent of GDP in 2017, down from about 5 percent in 2014. The current account deficit has increased to 3.8 percent of GDP in the year ending September 2018, from 2.2 in the preceding 12 months. Recent Bank of Tanzania data confirm lower cashew exports and 2017 decline in non-traditional exports has continued into 2018, which raises concerns on prospects for longer term growth. The Tanzania Revenue Authority is reporting that many large tax payers are unable to meet their tax obligations on time. Nonperforming loans have declined recently to 9.7 percent in September 2018 from 12.5 percent in September 2017, but remain almost double the 5 percent statutory threshold. Banks have limited lending to businesses and interest rates are high (18 percent for one-year loans in August 2018), though some banks have lowered benchmark lending rates. On a positive note, credit to the private sector has been edging up, reaching 4.9 percent in the 12 months ending September 2018. The fiscal deficit is still low, not counting payment arrears and delayed refunds of value-added tax. The 2017/18 budget deficit after grants of 1.3 percent of GDP suggests effective spending management but does not factor in payment arrears, with an estimated stock of over 3 percent of GDP. Government is paying down roughly TZS 1 trillion of verified arrears per fiscal year. The low deficit is the result of controlled recurrent expenditures and under execution of the development budget by more than 40 percent. Contributing factors include shortfalls in domestic revenue and external financing for large projects. Public debt is currently sustainable, but there is need for the Government to consider cost-effective financing options and manage associated risks to support public investments. The 2018/19 budget targets public investment to consume 45 percent of total spending, equivalent to 9.1 percent of GDP compared to 5.5 a year prior
    DOI: 10.1596/31242
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, January 2019 : Inequality, Opportunity and Human Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The outlook for the global economy has darkened amid elevated trade tensions. International trade and investment are moderating, trade tensions remain elevated, and financing conditions are tightening. Global growth is projected to moderate from a downwardly revised 3 percent in 2018 to 2.9 percent in 2019 and 2.8 percent in 2020-21, as economic slack dissipates, monetary policy tightens in advanced economies, and global trade gradually slows (World Bank Global Economic Prospects, January 2019). Despite external shocks to trade and tourism, growth of the Thai economy is estimated to have accelerated to 4.1 percent in 2018. The economy proved to be resilient in the face of strong global headwinds due to strengthening domestic demand stemming from an upswing in private consumption and private investment. Domestic consumption expanded by 5 percent in 2018Q3, posting the highest growth rate in 22 quarters in a low-inflation environment and record-low unemployment. In addition, private investment grew by 3.9 percent in the third quarter supported by increased spending on construction, machinery and equipment. Strong domestic demand offset partially adverse global factors-the China-US trade dispute-as well as domestic and idiosyncratic factors-such as the Phuket boat tragedy and the high-base effect of gold exports. The Thai economy also owed its resiliency to strong and stable macroeconomic fundamentals
    DOI: 10.1596/31240
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    Papua New Guinea Economic Update, January 2019 : Slower Growth, Better Prospects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The PNG economy has become increasingly concentrated in petroleum-and-gas-related activities since 2014, raising its vulnerability to external shocks, including commodity-price shocks and natural disasters. In recent months, however, the authorities have taken decisive action to promote greater diversification of the economy. Ongoing reforms to strengthen the monetary and exchange rate policy and framework are expected to improve business confidence and increase private investment and growth in the non-resource economy. Measures include addressing the FX shortage, managing the liquidity effects of the use of FX to clear the FX orders backlog, working on greater exchange rate flexibility, considering options for strengthening the interest-rate transmission mechanism, and enhancing modeling capacity in the Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG). In this context, the government and the BPNG will need to ensure regular, transparent, and consistent communication with all stakeholders to minimize the risk of confusion and market disruption. Papua New Guinea's medium-term economic outlook is relatively sanguine, underpinned by further large-scale resource projects. Real GDP growth is forecast to rebound to about 5 percent in 2019, primarily driven by a return to full annual production in the extractive sector. In the years after, growth is estimated to ease to its current potential of 3-4 percent a year, until planned investments in LNG and mining projects kick inches Future large-scale investment in the resource sector appears likely, with plans to double LNG production and develop new gold, copper, and silver reserves. With increased FX inflows into the economy, the current pressure on the exchange rate may reverse, adversely affecting the competitiveness of the non-resource economy. To facilitate broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable development, the government will need to focus more on investing in human capital and strengthening the business environment to spur private sector development, as elaborated in the World Bank's Systematic Country Diagnostic and summarized in the special focus section of this report
    DOI: 10.1596/31245
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    Financing Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins : Preparing Bankable Projects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Water, climate and finance know no borders. This brings challenges and opportunities: The majority of freshwater worldwide flows in transboundary basins and most climate change impacts are felt through the water cycle. Transboundary cooperation in climate change adaptation is crucial for preventing mal-adaptation and making adaptation in shared basins more effective. However, many basins struggle in accessing funds for climate change adaptation. River basin organizations can play a valuable role in this fund-raising process. Understanding the special risks and complexities of transboundary river basin projects is critical to preparing bankable project proposals that will attract public and private financing partners. This report highlights the challenges and opportunities countries face in accessing financial resources for climate adaptation in transboundary river basins. Outlining basic characteristics and criteria for the preparation of bankable project proposals, the report is a guide for those working on climate change adaptation in transboundary river basins
    DOI: 10.1596/31224
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    Women, Business and the Law 2019 : A Decade of Reform (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Women, Business and the Law examines laws and regulations affecting women's prospects as entrepreneurs and employees across 187 economies. Its goal is to inform policy discussions on how to remove legal restrictions on women and promote research on how to improve women's economic inclusion. Women, Business and the Law 2019: A Decade of Reform introduces a new index measuring legal rights for women throughout their working lives in 187 economies. The index is composed of 35 data points grouped into eight indicators. The data covers a 10-year period not only to understand the current situation but to see how laws affecting women's equality of opportunity have evolved over time. The index assesses economic rights at milestones spanning the arc of a woman's working life: the ability to move freely; starting a job; getting paid; legal capacity within marriage; having children; running a business; managing assets; and getting a pension
    DOI: 10.1596/31327
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    Chad Petroleum Sector Diagnostic Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Abstract: This report contains an assessment of the approach that the Republic of Chad has adopted or plans to adopt to enhance the benefits generated by the exploitation of its petroleum resources, and to manage the economic and social impact of such exploitation in a sustainable and equitable manner. Its objective is to inform the extent and prioritization of petroleum sector reforms, which might be the object of technical assistance to be provided by the World Bank and other development partners. The report focuses on the upstream part of the petroleum sector (exploration and production), where the largest fiscal and governance gains can be achieved. The report is necessarily a high-level review of geological potential, laws and regulations, and institutional capacity and organization pertaining to the petroleum sector. As such, it is not a guide on how to secure private sector investment or implement reforms. It was prepared in a short period of time combining desk research and in-country stakeholders' consultation with the accumulated knowledge from several World Bank economic and sector studies and technical assistance operations and reflects the openness of the dialogue with the Government. Its findings are intended as background for discussion with the Authorities with the aim to identify a shared assessment of needs and priorities
    DOI: 10.1596/33898
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    Innovating Bureaucracy for a More Capable Government (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Improving government capa ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31284
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    Managing Risks for a Safer Built Environment in Kenya : Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Kenya is an emerging middle income country with a growing share of its population living in urban areas. The country is at a relatively early stage of urbanisation, with around 27 percent of Kenyans living in urban areas, yet projections suggest that by 2050, about half the population will be living in cities. The Nairobi Metropolitan Region in particular will see rapid growth. Nairobi is expected to become a city of more than 6 million people by 2030, up from its currently estimated 4 million. This urbanisation has the potential to improve economic opportunities and living conditions for all Kenyans. However, there are also several challenges associated with this shift and concentration of population. With urbanisation comes a substantial amount of new construction, much of which has occurred in cities with limited capacity to ensure the structures in which people live, work and gather are safely sited and built to withstand both chronic stresses (i.e. fire and spontaneous collapse) and disaster shocks (i.e. earthquakes and floods). Informality, low density development and urban sprawl are common characteristics across Kenya's urban areas. Approximately 61 percent of Kenya's urban population are living in informal settlements. Kenya is exposed to a wide range of hazards, particularly droughts and floods, but also landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and wildfires. Kenya is also highly vulnerable to recurrent and chronic risks. Its major cities witnessed 26 reported cases of major building collapse since 1996. Furthermore, Kenya is ranked as the 27th most prone country to fire-related deaths in the world. The city of Nairobi recorded 244 fires in 2017 in its informal settlements, claiming the lives of 32 people. In many ways, Kenya is at a crossroads in its efforts of urbanising and developing towards middle income status. Regulatory decisions made now will have a significant impact on the long-term safety, productivity and resilience of the urban built environment
    DOI: 10.1596/31325
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Argentine Republic for the Period FY19-FY22 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) outlines how the World Bank Group (WBG) will accompany Argentina's path to reduce macroeconomic instability while setting the stage for poverty reduction through private sector led growth. The objectives selected for the CPF are closely linked to the priorities identified in the recent Argentina Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD), which analyses key constraints to inclusive and sustainable growth and poverty reduction and suggests ways to address them. They also reflect the fact that Argentina's Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is above the Graduation Discussion Income, and that WBG's new financing will be focused to support the country's sustainable graduation path from IBRD. At the same time, the Government has expressed a preference to retain, in principle, access to the entire range of WBG instruments. This CPF covers the four-year period FY19-FY22. As Argentina's presidential and legislative elections are to be held in October 2019, the Progress and Learning Review (PLR) will provide an opportunity to assess progress of reforms, revisit priorities, and reflect changes to the CPF program as needed
    DOI: 10.1596/31587
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    Poverty, Vulnerability, and Welfare in Bhutan : Progress and Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: This note uses data from the Bhutan living standards survey (BLSS) for 2007, 2012, and 2017 to examine trends in poverty reduction and shared prosperity and to assess the drivers of poverty reduction in the last decade. The note documents the remarkable progress that Bhutan has made in reducing poverty, sharing prosperity, and improving other measures of well-being. To this end, it first establishes a poverty trend that is measured in a consistent manner over time. The resulting poverty trend deviates from official poverty rates for mainly two reasons: (a) the consumption aggregate is being measured in a consistent way over time, resulting in a different distribution of consumption in each survey year; and (b) the 3.20 dollars World Bank poverty line for lower middle-income countries is used as the cut-off to define poverty. Poverty reduction was helped by improved earnings in the commercial agriculture sector. Moreover, vulnerability has remained high, partly because farmers are exposed to various uninsured risks, including price shocks, but also because the social protection system is weak overall and nonfarm diversification is low. Going forward, it will be important to continue increasing agricultural productivity and creating productive jobs outside of the agriculture sector. Proper prioritization and sequencing of policies may also help in this regard
    DOI: 10.1596/33366
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    Bangladesh Development Update, April 2019 : Towards Regulatory Predictability (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bangladesh has maintained its robust growth performance. Exports and remittances have been buoyant. Agriculture had bumper harvests. Overall inflation has slowed as decelerating food inflation offset a pickup in non-food inflation. Monetary expansion has been short of target as private sector credit growth slowed and the Bangladesh Bank siphoned off banking liquidity by selling dollars to defend the taka. Vulnerabilities in the banking system and capital market persisted. Higher export and lower import growth reduced the current account deficit, but a decline in the financial account surplus diluted the impact of the current account deficit decline on the overall balance of payments deficit. The budget deficit increased in FY18 but remained below the 5 percent of GDP target. Low revenue collection continues to be a major challenge as policy and administrative reforms have stalled and, in some instances, reversed. Key structural reform challenges are to mitigate the financial sector vulnerabilities, strengthen revenue mobilization, manage public investments better, meet the infrastructure gap, enhance human capital and streamline business regulation. Addressing these reform challenges will be critical for reinforcing future productivity growth. This report provides an assessment of the state of the Bangladesh economy, outlook, risks, and the key reform challenges the economy is currently facing. The coverage includes developments in the real sector focusing on growth and its components; inflation; monetary and financial sector developments; external sector developments focusing on the balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves and the exchange rate; and fiscal developments focusing on revenue mobilization, public expenditures, and deficit financing. The special focus in this update is on regulatory predictability based on an analysis of firm level survey data
    DOI: 10.1596/31504
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    The Problem Is They See Us As A Whole : Explaining Gender and Ethnicity-based Inequalities Among the Roma in Serbia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The objective of this rep ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31525
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    Mexico Gender Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: gaps that a country faces, across different domains, better informs policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identify where progress has been achieved in increasing opportunities and outcomes for women and men in Mexico and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are critical for gender-equal access to opportunities: (a) endowments, such as health and education; (b) economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land, and financial markets; and (c) agency, including norms, representation, and freedom from violence. The report takes advantage of the existing literature as well as different sources of publicly available data for the country and aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps, covering a wide range of outcomes. As such, it seeks to serve as a guiding document for policy action and dialogue, further research, and public discussion
    DOI: 10.1596/31619
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    Mauritius : Earnings Mobility and Inequality of Opportunity in the Labor Market (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report sheds light on the extent to which earnings mobility and inequality of opportunity in access to the labor market have contributed to the increase in earnings inequality in Mauritius. Among the most important concerns about rising inequality is a situation where people become trapped in low-paying jobs and do not have the opportunity to improve their welfare through their own efforts. For this reason, this report takes a closer look at the extent and nature of earnings mobility and inequality of opportunity in the Mauritian labor market
    DOI: 10.1596/31624
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    South Caucasus in Motion (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The people of the South Caucasus aspire for their countries to become strong middle-class societies, and they are on track to make that aspiration a reality. Two decades of social and economic progress have changed the societies of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The notable improvements that people in the region have experienced are reflected in better living standards that allowed poverty to be reduced by half in the 12 years between 2005 and 2017. Yet, to consolidate middle-class societies, the governments of the South Caucasus need to do more to achieve the stability and resilience enjoyed by their more advanced peers in Europe and Central Asia. Sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and shared prosperity require that the full potential of all geographical and administrative areas, population groups, and economic sectors be realized. This boo analyzes spatial, social, and economic mobility in the South Caucasus. The book argues that Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia have not yet integrated important geographical areas and population segments in full economic participation and social development. Economic gains have not been uniformly and equitably translated into greater welfare and opportunity among all households and individuals. The main conclusion is that sustainable growth, poverty reduction, and the consolidation of the middle class require that the institutional and physical foundations of greater and more equitable economic and social mobility be secured in the South Caucasus. Understanding and removing the constraints to the development of lagging districts; leveraging opportunities for agglomeration; linking geographical areas, peoples, and markets; fostering equality in access to better jobs; and making sure that high-quality education and basic services are available to all individuals and areas are crucial
    DOI: 10.1596/31620
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    Cambodia Economic Update, May 2019 : Recent Economic Developments and Outlook (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Preliminary estimates show real growth achieved a four-year high of 7.5 percent in 2018, compared to 7.0 percent in 2017. Driven primarily by rapid expansion of exports and robust internal demand, the economy performed better-than expected. Exports burgeoned as external demand, especially in the United States and European Union markets, strengthened. Garment and footwear exports which account for more than two-thirds of total merchandise exports, recorded a five-year high,rising by 17.6 percent in 2018, up from 8.3 percent in 2017. Upbeat consumer confidence led to a surge in imports. Motor vehicles and steel imports, which gauge domestic consumption and construction demands, rose by 50 percent and 48 percent, respectively. The current account deficit widened to 10.4 percent of GDP in 2018, from 9.7 percent of GDP in 2017, but remained fully financed by foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI is estimated to have reached a record high of more than 3.0 billion US dollars or 13.4 percent of GDP in 2018. Burgeoning exports and strong FDI inflows have contributed to further accumulation of gross international reserves, which in 2018 reached 10.1 billion US dollars or about six months of prospective imports
    DOI: 10.1596/31641
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    Madagascar Economic Update, Spring 2019 : Managing Fuel Pricing (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Welcome to the Spring 2019 edition of the World Bank's Madagascar Economic Update, which presents recent economic developments and our medium-term outlook. The economy has continued to perform well, with growth in 2018 estimated at 5.2 percent, above regional and global averages. External demand for Malagasy goods and services remains strong, with exports such as cash crops, metals and business process outsourcing performing well. A small but dynamic private sector is responding to this increased economic activity with banking, logistics and services to support companies all under expansion. This edition of economic update focuses on managing fuel pricing
    DOI: 10.1596/31707
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    Zimbabwe : Agriculture Sector Disaster Risk Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: This report presents an assessment of Zimbabwe's agriculture sector disaster risk and management capacity. The findings indicate that Zimbabwe is highly exposed to agricultural risks and has limited capacity to manage risk at various levels. The report shows that disaster-related shocks along Zimbabwe's agricultural supply chains directly translate to volatility in agricultural GDP. Such shocks have a substantial impact on economic growth, food security, and fiscal balance. When catastrophic disasters occur, the economy absorbs the shocks, without benefiting from any instruments that transfer the risk to markets and coping ability. The increasing prevalence of 'shock recovery-shock' cycles impairs Zimbabwe's ability to plan and pursue a sustainable development path. The findings presented here confirm that it is highly pertinent for Zimbabwe to strengthen the capacity to manage risk at various levels, from the smallholder farmer, to other participants along the supply chain, to consumers (who require a reliable, safe food supply), and ultimately to the government to manage natural disasters. The assessment provides the following evidence on sources of risks and plausible risk management solutions. It is our hope that the report contributes to action by the Government of Zimbabwe to adopt a proactive and integrated risk management strategy appropriate to the current structure of the agricultural sector
    DOI: 10.1596/33471
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    Timor-Leste Economic Report, April 2019 : Moving Beyond Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Timor-Leste Economic Report provides an up-to-date assessment of key economic developments, presents the World Bank's forecasts and outlook for Timor-Leste and provides an in-depth examination of selected policy issues relevant to Timor-Leste. The TLER is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Timor-Leste's evolving economy
    DOI: 10.1596/31706
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    Finance for Growth : Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise Financing (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the demand and supply side of MSME finance as well as certain aspects of the enabling environment. A detailed analysis of the financial sector infrastructure for MSME financing and the secured transactions framework was outside of the scope of this report but would be a useful complement. Equally useful would be a detailed analysis of bank efficiency, including competition and profitability aspects, and its effect on MSME finance
    DOI: 10.1596/33563
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    Gabon Public Expenditure Review : Improving Spending Quality to Foster Inclusive Growth (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The analysis presented in this Public Expenditure Review (PER) is designed to support the efforts of the government of Gabon (GOG) to enhance public expenditure efficiency and improve the quality of public goods and services. The report reviews public expenditure data over an 8-year period, examines trends in the composition and efficiency of spending, and assesses whether spending patterns are consistent with Gabon's development objectives. The report includes in-depth analyses of public investment and the public wage bill, the two largest budget categories. It also reviews the composition and evolution of non-oil revenue which could play a key role in closing the fiscal deficit. Finally, the report reviews education, social protection, and public health expenditures which are crucial for socioeconomic development and poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/31785
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, June 2019 : Building Reform Momentum (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy is slowly picking up speed and regaining stability after a volatile 2018. Despite a challenging global environment, Myanmar's economic growth is expected to rise to 6.5 percent in 2018/19 from 6.4 percent in the Transition Period1 supported by strong performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Volatility that buffeted the economy in 2018 has started to ease. Inflation moderated, the kyat stabilized, and fuel prices fell in Q1 2018/19, though there have been some reversals in prices in Q2. The economic outlook looks positive, with growth expected to reach 6.7 percent in the medium-term. The recent decisions to ease trade restrictions; open the financial sector to greater foreign competition; and begin mega infrastructure projects signal a decisive and awaited uptick in reform momentum. Downside risks to the economic outlook are driven by external factors, including possible revocation of preferential trade access under the European Union Generalized System of Preferences. Slowing global and regional growth, especially in China, together with renewed escalation of global trade tensions, could also slow exports and the flow of inbound foreign investments. Insecurity in border areas, the Rakhine crisis, with violence and forced displacement of refugees, and the recent flare-up in violence involving the Arakan Army, could affect investors' sentiment. The 2020 general election is also a source of uncertainty
    DOI: 10.1596/31934
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    Brazil : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Brazil
    DOI: 10.1596/31963
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    Serbia : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Serbia has rather high prevalence of smoking. According to the National Health Surveys, the prevalence of daily smoking among men in 2013 was 33 percent which was lower than in 2000 (41 percent), while among women it was almost as high as in 2000 (26 percent). Cigarette smoking among adolescents aged 13-15 years old decreased in 2013-2017; however, the use of electronic cigarettes and waterpipe is growing among young people. to overcome the tobacco epidemic, Serbia became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on May 9, 2006, and implemented some tobacco control policies. Tobacco taxation policy in Serbia in 2009-2013 was very successful from a public health perspective as it reduced tobacco consumption, in line with the FCTC obligations. Estimated tobacco consumption in the country declined by 33 percent in four years. The outflow of cigarettes taxed in Serbia to other countries also declined, while the volume of cigarettes, which were smoked but not taxed in Serbia, did not change much after the tax increases. This taxation policy also increased the tobacco excise revenue from 39 billion RSD in 2008 to 84 billion RSD in 2013 (by 44 percent in real terms). However, the tobacco industry managed to modify the impact of the tobacco taxes. In 2012-early 2014, it vastly increased its (net-of-tax) part of cigarette price, and this reinforced the taxation impact on tobacco sales as the final retail price increased more than expected. As the growth of the industry profit margins was disproportionately soaring, the industry increased its profits despite the decline of tobacco sales. The main factor behind the cigarette sales reduction in 2012-2014 was the industry pricing tactics, while the excise rate increases were rather moderate. The combined effect of government taxes and industry prices substantially reduced cigarette affordability, and the resulting sales decline exceeded the excise burden growth; so, the government excise revenue decreased. In late 2014, the tobacco industry decreased prices for some brands, and it also contributed to the excise revenue decline in 2014, as ad valorem part of cigarette excise was rather high in Serbia
    DOI: 10.1596/31951
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    Chad Growth and DiversificationLeveraging Export Diversification to Foster Growth : Leveraging Export Diversification to Foster Growth (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This report describes the key policies for Chad to successfully leverage export diversification to foster economic growth. After several unsuccessful attempts at diversifying in the 1990s, Chad has deepened its dependence on commodities, mainly relying on oil; which came to replace cotton. However, the experience of other countries, in Africa and other parts of the world, shows that while large scale production of oil resources offers great opportunities, it comes with major shortcomings. Chad's Vision 2030 is to become an emerging economy, driven by diversified and sustainable sources of growth. The goal is to triple the average GDP per capita at current prices, by increasing it from USD 730 in 2014 to USD 2300 in 2030, while drastically reducing the poverty rate from 46.7 percent in 2011 to 8 percent during the same period. Chad's economy is overly dependent on crude petroleum, which makes it vulnerable to external shocks. Therefore, to achieve this development goal, only an export diversification strategy can foster a larger menu of goods and services than can become growth-accelerating and job-creating activities. Its implementation challenges are formidable, but the country has little choice, as the social unrest following recurrent oil price slumps, its burgeoning youth population and regional security threats may foment more violence in an already fragile and volatile economy and keep investors away. Hence, this report outlines a strategy to achieve this vision centered on the diversification of its non-oil economy (mainly agricultural-based exports) away from natural resource-based commodities
    DOI: 10.1596/31839
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    From Subsidy to Sustainability : Diagnostic Review of Sudan Electricity Sector (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Sudan's electricity sector is operating efficiently from the technical stand point, compared to regional standards. However, the sector faces many of the operational challenges in the management and financial areas, common to countries in the region. The most urgent issue facing the sector is financial sustainability. Another issue is that the subsidy does not reach the poor due to their limited access to electricity. Most electricity access is provided for urban and relatively rich segments of the population. Electricity access in Kordofan and Darfur regions is particularly limited. The sector has been connecting a significant number of customers to the grid, but the increased access has been mostly offset by population growth. In the coming years, sector costs will likely increase exponentially and may trigger a power crisis. A range of policy measures can mitigate increases in sector costs, including: (a) using low-cost power from Ethiopia and Egypt; (b) redirecting available investment capital away from thermal generation to domestic solar and wind generation; and (c) curbing demand growth through efficiency measures and price signals. Interim tariff targets will be set by the Government of Sudan to guide the short-term tariff transition. Finally, the sector needs to strengthen its planning capacity and corporate governance structure. Given the current volatility in political and economic circumstances, short-term policy actions are critical to pave the path for sector recovery. Additional analysis and technical assistance to help the sector recovery will be carried out to inform policy decisions by the Government of Sudan and engagement by other development partners. In the next phase of engagement, World Bank will review the energy sector in totality with specific focus on fuels
    DOI: 10.1596/33702
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    Colombia Gender Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: Achieving gender equality in Colombia is critical to the country's future economic development and social cohesion; yet it remains an ongoing challenge. The government of Colombia recognizes the importance of closing the country's gender gaps and is working on multiple fronts to realize this objective. However, and although preliminary findings indicate that substantial progress has been made over the last two decades, several challenges remain. Using the framework provided by the 2012 World Development Report, this assessment allows identifying the main existing gender gaps across the areas of agency, endowments and economic opportunity, and the major driving factors with regards to households, institutions and markets (chapters one, two, three, and four). Based on this diagnostic, chapter five provides some policy recommendations that may help to close the existing gender gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/32006
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    Gender-Sensitive Poverty Mapping for Timor-Leste : Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Timor-Leste has made impr ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32015
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    For Better Quality and More Integrated Primary Health Care Services through Harnessing the Private Sector in Sindh Province : Options Paper (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in Pakistan, as in most countries, will require strengthened collaboration between the public and private sectors, as the public sector often does not have the flexibility nor the fiscal space to grow service delivery capacity at sufficient pace and quality. However, successful partnering with the private sector through various forms of contracting and service agreements including public-private partnerships (PPPs), requires the appropriate analysis and identification of the gaps in service provision. to that end, this study aims to assist the government of Sindh (GoS) in identifying opportunities to engage the private health sector more effectively, to help provide affordable, quality primary health care (PHC) services to the urban poor whilst also creating evidence for the better integration of the private health sector in health service delivery. As part of the initial phase of this advisory work, and operating within a limited time-frame and funding environment, this policy note presents the initial set of observations and recommendations, based on the information collected via questionnaires and informant interviews, as well as secondary data or existing studies
    DOI: 10.1596/32005
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, June 2019 : Charting a New Course (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. This edition was published in June 2019. It follows eight previous editions of the MEM and is part of an ongoing series, with future editions to follow twice each year. The aim of the publication is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve high rates of stable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The MEM consists of two parts: Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook and risks. Part 2 focuses on a special topic relevant to Malawi's development prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/31929
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    South Africa Digital Economy Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: South Africa is one of the digital economy leaders on the African continent, but lags developed countries. In this context, the digital economy for Africa targets appear within reach for South Africa, although efforts need to be maintained. Launched in 2018 through a collaboration between the African Union (AU) and the World Bank, the digital economy for Africa initiative aims to ensure that every individual, business, and government in Africa will be digitally enabled by 2030. South Africa can also play a leading role for regional digital development, particularly within the context of the recently signed continental free trade area (CFTA) agreement, as well closer to home in the Southern Africa development community (SADC) and common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) context, following on the East Africa single digital market as an example. South Africa can assist by leading the agenda to harmonize customs, disseminating best practices to other countries around issues such as data regulation, improvement in the ecommerce environment, promotion of Africa wide payment systems, and the provision of an even stronger regional hub for tech entrepreneurs. In this context, the South African government is aiming to pass several reforms across core elements of the digital economy, recognizing the need for new policy directions and preparing for the fourth industrial revolution (4iR). While South Africa's wealthy households have broad access to quality and relatively affordable internet, people earning less than South African rand (ZAR) 7000 a month are largely unconnected. This report reviews how the digital divide affects the foundations of the digital economy and provides policy options for bridging the divide. This report will provide a diagnostic and offer recommendations on the five foundations of the digital economy in South Africa. The report will examine challenges concerning digital infrastructure, public digital government platforms, digital financial services, digital entrepreneurship, and digital skills
    DOI: 10.1596/33786
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    Charting a New Course : Priorities for a Vibrant Economy and Jobs - Policy Choices for Malawi 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The start of a new administration offers a tremendous opportunity for Malawi to build upon recent progress to move beyond a history of low growth and limited poverty reduction. This package of policy notes is addressed to Malawian society and to the beginning of a new administration following the May 2019 elections. It provides the World Bank's diagnosis of Malawi's main economic and social development challenges and charts a possible course to address them. The insights offered draw upon a wealth of analysis carried out in the past few years by the World Bank country team, including a comprehensive Systematic Country Diagnostic and a recent Country Economic Memorandum
    DOI: 10.1596/32040
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    Urban and Rural Municipal Solid Waste in China and the Circular Economy : A Brief Overview and Opportunities Going Forward (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This paper lists several opportunities for China to advance MSW policies and practices. In addition to building on lessons learned from countries with decades of experience in implementing separation at source programs, including lessons on dealing with the informal sector, China's extended responsibility systems (EPR) for different waste streams including packaging waste could be tested locally and if successful, could then be prioritized. EPR schemes could be used to introduce incentives for eco-design, create a sustainable production and consumption pattern, reduce landfilling and develop recycling and recovery channels. China could also more comprehensively test the regional approach for service delivery especially for underserved county and rural areas. There is an opportunity to deepen urban-rural integration enhance economies of scale, and improve efficiency through regional integration in waste service provision. This would not only improve the quality of service provision but support financial sustainability and help offset some of the increased financial costs for circularity. Ensuring sustainable operational financing is important to provide for public-private partnerships, a stated priority of the government; sustain earlier and current investments; and permit future development of facilities
    DOI: 10.1596/33838
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    Addressing the Needs of People Over the Age of 65 in Grudziadz : A Model for Local Care Solutions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This activity, Catching-up Regions 3 (CuR3), is designed as a one-year engagement with three selected regions in Poland, based on their regional needs and priorities. The activities of this initiative build on the results of the CuR Initiative delivered by the World Bank and the European Commission over the last two years across Poland. The objective of this task is to propose a service delivery model that will facilitate care for the elderly over the age of 65 years of age in Grudziadz. This effort includes care, services, investments, and new initiatives in a way that strives to prevent the institutionalization of the elderly, as long as possible. The local system of care delivery for seniors does not stand alone, and will be molded with consideration to the broader context of policy and governance arrangements for health and social care already established in Poland, together with the funding, capacity, and systems that are currently in place. All local and national stakeholders from Ministries to non-governmental organizations or local community groups can have a part in the model implementation. The model builds on the national system's focus on the changes and adjustments that need to be made at the local level
    DOI: 10.1596/32191
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    China/Russia 2030 : Implications for the Horticulture Sector in Central Asia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: In China, changing demographics, rising incomes and shifting consumer preferences have resulted in an ever-growing demand for food that is more varied, healthier and of higher quality and this demand is set to persist well into the future. According to International Monetary Fund projections (2019), by 2024, Chinese per capita gross domestic product (GDP, in current prices) will increase to dollar 28,450, from dollar 13,130 in 2019, and the population will increase to 1.5 billion people (United Nations, 2019). The projected urbanization rate will reach 67 percent by 2030, compared to 56 percent in 2015 (Goh and others, 2014). The growing number of consumers in China, that are increasingly more affluent and educated, will continue shifting their dietary preferences to include more protein, fruits and vegetables. Central Asian countries are well placed to be more competitive in satisfying fruit import demand in the growing Chinese markets and will reap economic and social development benefits along the way. For centuries, Central Asia has occupied a position of strategic importance in trade between the East and the West. The region's geographic location, natural resources, untapped yield potential, and the possibility of greater private sector investment through policy reform create the necessary preconditions for the Central Asian countries to increase their agricultural exports to China. As China places an important role on meeting its growing food needs on dynamic agricultural trade and investment cooperation with the Central Asian countries, this results in significant opportunities for the region to increase its presence in the Chinese fruit markets brought by improved infrastructure and higher cross-border investment. For example, according to the recent World Bank report (World Bank, 2019), Belt and Road Initiative transport projects are estimated to increase trade by up to 9.7 percent. Countries that have a comparative advantage in time-sensitive sectors, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, are expected to be the biggest winners
    DOI: 10.1596/33115
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    Understanding Barriers to Doing Business : Survey Results of How the Justice System Impacts the Business Climate in South East Europe (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: This report documents the results of a survey that was conducted to better understand howthe justice system affects the business environment in eight countries in South East Europe (SEE);Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia andSerbia. The primary purpose of the Survey was to analyze businesses' perceptions of and experienceswith the justice system and in particular, the performance of the courts in their respective countries. The Survey also identified the challenges businesses face in their daily operations, assessed the impact of the justice system on businesses and established which justice issues present the greatest obstacles for business operations and growth. This research is part of a broader initiative to inform justice policy dialogue and reform in the Western Balkans
    DOI: 10.1596/32182
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Period FY20-25 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: 2019 was a year of political transition and conditions are in place for continuing stability in the country. Economic and financial crises in 2008 and 2014-16 have shown Kazakhstan's vulnerability to external shocks and altered its very strong growth path. This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) comes at a time when Kazakhstan faces growing challenges. Institutional and governance reforms have been identified by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as the main constraint to achieving Kazakhstan's development goals. This CPF incorporates shifts in the World Bank Group (WBG) program that are intended to directly support Kazakhstan's development objectives and assist it in IBRD graduation
    DOI: 10.1596/33049
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    Tuvalu Early Grade Reading Assessment : Results Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This report summarizes the results of an Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) conducted in Tuvalu from September 21 and October 27, 2016. With funding from the Global Partnership for Education, the World Bank and Education Technology for Development (Et4d) carried out the assessment in collaboration with the Tuvaluan Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS). The overall purpose of the EGRA was to inform education policymakers of students' basic reading skills in years 1-3 of primary school and to identify factors that contribute to language development in Tuvalu. The findings are expected to assist policymakers with designing effective early grade reading interventions to improve school performance and literacy outcomes in Tuvalu. This activity is part of the Pacific Early Age and Readiness Program (PEARL), which was established to improve the school readiness and literacy outcomes of children throughout the Pacific region. The report is divided into six chapters beginning with this introductory section in chapter. Chapter two will discuss the TuEGRA survey design and implementation. Chapter three presents overall results of the reading assessment per sub-test, gender and year as well as a summary of the overall strengths and weaknesses responding to questions 1, 4 and 5. The correlation between oral reading fluency and comprehension (question 2) is discussed in chapter four. As there are no established standards for reading fluency, the report used 80 percent reading comprehension benchmark as the basis for determining fluency scores. Chapter five provides an analysis of student and teacher factors associated with improved reading outcomes, which corresponds with question 6 (6a, 6b, and 6c). Finally, the conclusions and policy recommendations to improve literacy outcomes are presented in chapter six
    DOI: 10.1596/32258
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    Drivers of Socio-Economic Development Among Ethnic Minority Groups in Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: While Vietnam has now reached lower middle-income country status, the gaps between the ethnic minority population and the majority group are evident and widening over time. In addition, ethnic minority groups are different in terms of where they are in these gaps. This study attempts to examine why and how certain ethnic groups have managed to rise to the 'top' as 'best performers' while the other groups seem to stand on the 'bottom' as 'least performers. The key study questions are: (1) What are drivers of the socio-economic development of the different ethnic groups? (2) Why have some ethnic minority groups successfully managed to escape poverty while others have lagged far behind? (3) How have such factors have been addressed in the respective policies and designated programs or projects initiated by the Government of Vietnam, development partners, and other stakeholders? (3) What are the changes needed for future design and implementation of initiatives to support sustainable socio-economic development among ethnic minorities? This study adopts a mixed methodological approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to identify the top- and bottom-performing ethnic minorities, the 2015 Ethnic Minorities Socio-Economic Survey of 53 groups (53EMS) dataset was used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) as two indicators of socio-economic development of the ethnic minorities
    DOI: 10.1596/32307
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Tajikistan for the Period of FY19-FY23 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) provides the main elements of the cooperation between the Republic of Tajikistan and the World Bank Group during the five years spanning FY19-23. The CPF builds on the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) of FY15-18, and incorporates the Implementation Note (IN) for the IDA18 Risk Mitigation Regime (RMR). The overarching goal of the CPF is to support Tajikistan in adopting policies geared towards reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. to this end, the CPF is aligned with the National Development Strategy (NDS) and the Medium-Term Development Program (2016-20) of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. CPF priorities have been informed by consultations with key stakeholders.This CPF has been developed at a critical time for Tajikistan, with several external changes having opened a window of opportunity; taking advantage of these would substantially enhance the country's growth trajectory and increase resilience. Changes include the recent opening of borders with China and Uzbekistan during 2016-17 and increased trade with Afghanistan, reversing more than a century of adverse historic developments. These developments have reopened nearby export markets and reduced the costs of trading with new markets. to succeed in this potentially transformative move towards an economy integrated with neighbors and wider markets, Tajikistan will need to address principal structural, macroeconomic, and environmental legacy issues. Going forward, fiscal constraints, persisting inequalities, and a deceleration in poverty reduction call for an urgent upgrade of policies. Adopting policies that ensure opportunity for all, allow for more openness and accountability, protect the poor, and address inequalities will reduce fragility, increase resilience, and improve citizens' standard of living
    DOI: 10.1596/31734
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    Financial Capability and Inclusion in Haiti : Result of a Demand-Side Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Financial capability, as defined by the World Bank Group (WBG) in this report, is the capacity to act in one's best financial interest, given socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Improving financial capabilities has become a priority for policy makers seeking to promote financial inclusion, financial stability, and the smooth functioning of financial markets. In response to a request from the Central Bank of Haiti (Banque Centrale de la Republique d'Haiti) (BRH), the World Bank has conducted a financial capability and inclusion survey. The BRH has identified the low levels of financial capabilities and financial inclusion as priority areas for reform. This survey constitutes a key diagnostic tool that aims to guide the authorities in developing a detailed implementation action plan for improving financial capability and inclusion levels. The report covers following main areas: chapter one provides a brief overview of the methodology used and the composition of the sample. Chapter two assesses the level of financial inclusion in Haiti, including a more detailed look at the uptake of individual products, and chapter three assesses varies aspects of financial capability in Haiti. Chapter four summarizes the findings and makes recommendations for the development of an action plan for financial education
    DOI: 10.1596/33180
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    Myanmar Rice and Pulses : Farm Production Economics and Value Chain Dynamics (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Agriculture continues to play a very important role in Myanmar's economy. For many years, understanding the dynamics and performance of Myanmar's agriculture has been difficult due to the absence of reliable, up-to-date data, at sectoral, sub-sectoral, or microeconomic level. During the past five years, significant changes have occurred in Myanmar's demographics, economy, and public spending and in its integration into world and regional markets for agro-food products. While Myanmar's agriculture has experienced some considerable diversification over the past decade, rice, and bean or pulses remain core elements of the sector. Rice remains an important crop and commodity for the economy and welfare of Myanmar. Myanmar's paddy production has realized modest gains, yet it continues to under-perform, relative to peers and to its potential. One positive development at the production level has been a significant increase in labor productivity. One potentially disturbing trend has been a significant increase in agro-chemicals use in paddy production. Elsewhere in the rice value chain, many functions are characterized by low levels of operational efficiency and/or inadequate quality management. Myanmar is the world's third largest producer of pulses, after India and Canada. Myanmar is also a major exporter of pulses globally and the largest in the ASEAN region. After several years of promising trade results, the pulses sub-sector experienced major problems in 2017 following India's imposition of import restrictions on back gram, chick peas and other commodities. While the trade restrictions have exposed the vulnerability of the pulses sector due to its heavy reliance on a single market for some products, there are additional challenges faced by the sector. Elsewhere in the pulses value chain, there has been limited investment or value addition
    DOI: 10.1596/33283
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    Opportunities for a Clean and Green Pakistan : A Country Environmental Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: This document aims to dee ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32328
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    Product Design and Distribution : Emerging Regulatory Approaches for Retail Banking Products (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: This note discusses emerging international approaches for regulating design and distribution of retail banking products. Such products include deposit, credit, and payment products, being the products that new financial consumers typically acquire first. Policy makers are finding that financial consumer protection measures implemented to date, such as disclosure requirements, while still important, are insufficient to protect consumers against all key risks. Anticipating new or changing risks to consumers has also become more difficult for regulators given rapid financial sector innovation. Regulation of providers' product design and distribution processes aims to ensure that products distributed in a market are designed to meet the needs of consumers in that market. This discussion note analyses relevant frameworks in a number of jurisdictions and highlights emerging common approaches, including in relation to requirements for governance arrangements, target market assessments, distribution arrangements and product reviews
    DOI: 10.1596/32344
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    Regulatory Governance for Development and Growth : Malaysia's Experience with Good Regulatory Practices (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Good Regulatory Practices (GRP) are a systematic application of tools, institutions, and procedures that governments can mobilize to ensure that regulatory outcomes are effective, transparent, inclusive, and sustained. Other terms used for GRP include 'regulatory governance' and 'better regulation.' Among the most common GRP tools used by governments are: public consultation, ex ante regulatory impact analysis (RIA), ex post review of existing regulations, administrative simplification, access to laws and regulations, forward regulatory planning, and regulatory oversight functions. This report focuses on GRP because by improving the regulatory environment, they can boost conditions for sustainable growth and investment. This is evidenced, among others, in the World Bank Group's Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2017-2018, which surveyed 750 investors in developing and transition economies. The report found that next to 'political stability and security', the 'legal and regulatory environment' was the most important consideration of senior executives when making investment decisions (WBG, 2018). Similarly, evidence shows a positive relationship between the improvement of the regulatory environment and aggregate investment (and economic growth), suggesting that countries stand to gain from a broad push for streamlining regulations and procedures affecting business (Eifert, 2009). The report reflects on Malaysia's formal experience with GRP because, although launched only relatively recently, results have been remarkable. Malaysia has demonstrated that more business-friendly regulations and a more favorable regulatory environment can contribute to economic growth and investment. Moreover, Malaysia's regulatory reform success has been reflected in many international indicators, such as the Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Doing Business, (all produced by the WBG) and those from the World Economic Forum that measure the burden of government regulations and transparency of the policymaking process. International indicators measuring GRP performance show that Malaysia is converging with high-income OECD countries
    DOI: 10.1596/32440
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    Pension Systems in East Africa : A Deep Dive (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: In this book, the authors share the East African story of pensions with the world. We have tried to give readers a perspective on the state of pensions within the EAC and contribute toward the development of the sector. We have also sought to provide practical advice to the business community that has embraced the opportunity to invest in pensions businesses across the region. We hope this publication will provide a useful guide not only to the history, but to the future of our pension systems. With well-thought through policies and robust implementation, we believe that East Africa can put in place pension systems fit for the 21st century and beyond. In so doing, the region can provide leadership and lessons for the rest of the world
    DOI: 10.1596/33497
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    Mali - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Mali remains at moderate risk of external debt distress. This rating is unchanged from the previous analysis and consistent with the May 2018 Staff Report (IMF Country Report/18/141). All the projected external debt burden indicators remain below their thresholds under the baseline. However, the ratio of the external debt service to exports exceeds its threshold in the case of an extreme shock to exports under a customized scenario that incorporates 2 percentage points of GDP larger fiscal deficits over 2019 to 2023 than the baseline.1 The baseline scenario assumes improved fiscal policies and achievement of the WAEMU fiscal deficit convergence criteria by 2019. As illustrated in the customized scenario, continued shortfall in domestic revenue mobilization and a deterioration in security conditions will result in a weakened fiscal position and increase the likelihood of debt distress. Mali's main challenge continues to be ensuring macroeconomic stability while protecting social and investment spending and providing for growing security spending and large development needs. To maintain debt at moderate risk rating, it is essential that the authorities continue their efforts to mobilize domestic revenue and implement reforms. Debt management capacity should be strengthened while deepening structural reforms to diversify the exports base
    DOI: 10.1596/32556
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    Republic of Uzbekistan - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Based on the Joint Bank-Fund Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Analysis (LIC-DSA), Uzbekistan has a low risk of debt distress, with debt burden indicators below relevant thresholds in the baseline and all stress scenarios. Over the medium term, the public debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to increase moderately, while the total external debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to decline somewhat. In addition, large foreign exchange reserve buffers mitigate potential distress concerns. The debt sustainability analysis suggests that the most significant risks could result from worse-than-expected external flows (mostly lower remittances) and significantly lower exports. The government should carefully manage external borrowing to maintain Uzbekistan's strong external position
    DOI: 10.1596/32574
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    Union of Comoros - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Union of Comoros remains at moderate risk of external debt distress, but its space to absorb shocks is "limited." All debt burden indicators exhibit a continual upward trend, with the PV of debt-to-export approaching its threshold at the end of the assessment horizon (2029) under the baseline scenario. (Thresholds reflect "medium" capacity to carry debt). The reduced space to absorb shocks reflects the taking on of a large new loan, a downward revision of projected exports in line with lower export prices and impacts of Cyclone Kenneth on debt accumulation. Shock scenarios indicate vulnerability to a deterioration of export performance, natural disasters, and exchange rate instability. Comoros' overall risk of debt distress remains moderate, given that domestic debt is expected to remain minimal. The authorities need to strengthen policies to improve macroeconomic performance including by making faster progress on domestic resource mobilization and broadening the export base. The authorities should proceed cautiously on taking up any new debt and may wish to largely avoid new non-concessional debt
    DOI: 10.1596/32579
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    Liberia - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) suggests that Liberia remains at moderate risk of debt distress with limited space to accommodate shocks. The country's debt carrying capacity remains medium, but the rating has declined from 3.1 to 2.77. The authorities have pursued non-concessional loans, but none has been disbursed yet. The government has instead borrowed U.S. dollars from the Central Bank of Liberia (CBL) to close the financing gap in FY2018. Such new borrowing, as well as the legacy U.S. dollar debt from the civil war time, are both incorporated in the new DSA. The State-owned Enterprises (SOE) guaranteed debt is also incorporated. Liberia will edge closer to high risk of debt distress with a small change in the terms of both domestic and external debt or a failure to adjust primary expenditure to the available revenue envelope over the medium-term
    DOI: 10.1596/32570
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    Unlocking Ethiopia's Urban Land and Housing Markets : Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The Ethiopia Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study (EULSAH) responds to the request fromthe Government of Ethiopia (GoE), Ministry of Urban Development and Construction to carry outfollow-on technical assistance to the Ethiopia Urbanization Review (EUR) jointly published by theWorld Bank and the GoE in 2015. The EUR calls for a robust institutional framework to support efficient and sustainable land management and housing delivery, urban governance, and municipal finance, taking into account Ethiopia's constitutionally entrenched system of land tenure.EULSAH aims to inform policy decisions on how to address the growing demand for urban land andaffordable housing in the context of rapid urbanization in Ethiopia. It supports two interrelatedcomponents, Urban Land and Housing. The Urban Land component has two subcomponents. The first subcomponent "Urban Land Cadaster" was successfully delivered to the GoE in May 2017. The second subcomponent "Urban Land Supply" along with the "Housing" component are featured in the EULSAH.The Ethiopia Urban Land Supply and Affordable Housing Study is a product of close collaborationbetween the World Bank and the GoE. The Terms of Reference were developed based on technicaldiscussions and numerous consultation activities with national and local government officials,including discussions with the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members, state enterprise leaders,private sector actors and development partners. These were undertaken during the finalization of the EUR and a subsequent scoping mission in October 2015. The inception report was presented to the GoE Task Force in June 2017; this was followed by two video conferences with the task force to discuss preliminary findings from urban land supply and affordable housing respectively. A technical consultation workshop on the key findings and preliminary recommendations on policy changes and institutional reforms was held with national and urban local governments, the private sector, academics, and development partners in November 2018. A high-level national consultation workshop was held in Addis Ababa with key stakeholders for the final draft reports on May 10, 2019 to seek further feedback on the revised reports with a focus on how to move the policy recommendation forward
    DOI: 10.1596/32756
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    Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Domestic Violence (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: Domestic Violence (DV) is a universal phenomenon that affects millions of women of all social strata worldwide. It is the most pervasive, common, under-recognized, underestimated and under-reported type of violence against women. It reflects discriminatory social norms, stereotypes, impunity and gender inequality. It is all too often considered as a "private, family issue", widely accepted and minimized although it impairs the full enjoyment of life and fundamental rights and freedoms by victims and survivors who are overwhelmingly women. Domestic Violence (DV) is a development challenge and has a high economic and social cost, including health and medical costs, death, suicide, depression, lost productivity, lost income, , psychological consequences and trauma, increased stress, reactive violence, reduced ability to study or find and hold a job, judicial and prison costs, economic insecurity and abuse, debt, housing instability, homelessness, inter alia1. Beyond data and statistics, DV undermines autonomy and represents an enormous loss in terms of wellbeing not only for the women affected but also for the men who share their lives, for their children, their families and their societies. The Compendium on International and National Legal Frameworks on Domestic Violence (the "Compendium") provides a survey of the key international and regional instruments as well as national legislation as they relate to domestic violence
    DOI: 10.1596/31146
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    Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation, Third Edition (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a development issue and a form of violence against women and girls that affects at least 200 million women in the world FGM/C is a harmful practice proven to impact the physical and mental health of affected women and girls from the moment of the cutting, with prolonged and irreversible consequences during their entire lives. Studies show that FGM/C has economic and social consequences and a high obstetric cost although a comprehensive study on the exact extent of these economic, health and social costs is still to be carried out. Beyond the data and the statistics, researcher have shown that FGM/C deprives women of sexual satisfaction, sexual health and psychophysical wellbeing. The Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation (the "Compendium") was prepared to contribute to this urgent and important development debate with the understanding that the knowledge of the law is an important empowerment tool to end FGM/C. It provides a survey of the key international and regional instruments as well as domestic legislation as they relate to the prohibition of FGM/C
    DOI: 10.1596/31204
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    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update No. 8, Fall/Winter 2018 : Weak Growth Despite Emerging Regional Opportunities (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Real GDP growth slowed to 3.1 percent in January-November 2018 from 3.7 percent in the same period of 2017. This deceleration was the result of slower growth in both gold production and non-gold industry. Export performance remains weak, largely on account of a sharp slowdown in gold exports, and in spite of trade opportunities within the Eurasian Economic Union. Attracting private investment remains a challenge. Recent developments point to limited progress in addressing structural issues over the past few years. While the Kyrgyz Republic was able to avoid an external shock driven recession in 2014-15, the economy remains vulnerable to external economic shocks given its high dependence on an undiversified export base, workers' remittances, and foreign aid.The fiscal position has improved with a strong tax revenue performance and cuts to capital outlays. This has helped keeping public debt under control following a sharp increase in 2014-15. With inflation pressures low, the monetary policy stance remains relaxed. The National Bank reduced its policy rate by 25 basis points to 4.75 percent in May 2018 to support economic growth and has maintained a managed float of the exchange rate.Going forward, real GDP growth is forecast to accelerate slowly to 3.9 percent by 2020 supported by all the major sectors - industry, agriculture, construction and services. On the demand side, growth is projected to be driven by private consumption, investment and exports. The economy will continue to benefit from large remittance inflows and firming external demand. Strong remittances will support average consumption growth of around 3 percent in 2018-20. However, the current account deficit is projected to remain elevated at about 9 percent of GDP, reflecting structural constraints, the significant import content of public investment, and an indirect feed-through effect of remittances via imports. To rebuild fiscal buffers, the authorities are committed to reducing the deficit to 3 percent of GDP by 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/31237
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Kingdom of Morocco for the Period of FY19-FY24 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Morocco for the period FY2019-24 has the overarching goal of contributing to social cohesion by improving the conditions for growth and job creation and reducing social and territorial disparities. Prepared collaboratively by IBRD, IFC and MIGA, the CPF translates the recommendations of the SCD and the Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) into an integrated World Bank Group (WBG) engagement. The CPF is aligned with the objectives of the Government's Program and Medium-Term Strategy 2017-21. It is also consistent with the third phase (2019-23) of the Government's National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), which focuses on strengthening human capital through improved education, healthcare and social protection, and on enhancing youth economic inclusion. Opportunities for youth are at the center of the CPF.The CPF responds to Morocco's ambition to successfully navigate this crucial point in its history. To achieve its objective of contributing to social cohesion and reducing social and territorial disparities, this CPF pursues three strategic focus areas: (A) Promoting Job Creation by the Private Sector; (B) Strengthening Human Capital; and (C) Promoting Inclusive and Resilient Territorial Development. Governance and Citizen Engagement are the foundational principles of the CPF, and Gender and Digital Technology are cross-cutting themes.Strong country ownership and demand are important determinants of the specific activities included in the CPF program. The first three years of the program have been defined jointly with the Government. The program supports the shift to a new development model, based on a scenario of deep and sustained structural reforms to increase productivity gains with special attention to innovation, market contestability and unleashing private sector potential.Under this scenario, Morocco would be able to maintain a relatively high rate of economic growth and economic convergence with more developed countries while preserving macroeconomic stability. The other two possible scenarios: voluntary growth-oriented policies without productivity-enhancing reforms or the pursuit of current macroeconomic and structural policies would respectively lead to large macroeconomic imbalances or a disappointing growth performance
    DOI: 10.1596/31318
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    Bhutan Development Report, January 2019 : A Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bhutan has a strong track record of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity, primarilysupported by the state, which has played a large role in the country's development accomplishments.Growth has been driven mainly by the public sector through hydropower development. Statedominance is also reflected in the existence of a large number of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).However, the dependence on hydropower has resulted in a weak private sector and also createdmacroeconomic vulnerabilities. The high import content of hydropower construction widened theexternal imbalance and increased indebtedness. In addition, tax collection at 14 percent of grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2017/18 is low by international standards. The government has taken important steps to develop the nascent private sector through investments in infrastructure and improvements in the investment climate. It has also invested heavily in education and health. Despite these laudable investments, available jobs remain vacant, while educated youthremain unemployed. While hydropower will remain dominant in the foreseeable future, Bhutan'sdemographic transition requires more concerted efforts to develop the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31236
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    Subnational Public Expenditure Review 2019 : Fostering Decentralization in Myanmar (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Myanmar's decentralization of governance, financing and service delivery is taking place against aparticularly challenging backdrop. Myanmar is a country with considerable geographic and socialdiversity and a history of isolation, conflict and underdevelopment. Decades of civil conflict and tight military rule have marked Myanmar's political, social and economic life since its independence from British rule in 1948, and left a host of historical institutional legacies including underrepresentation of women, civil service norms that prioritize compliance over performance, bureaucratic silos and weak public investment management, that still impact the country today. Political and economic transitions, begun in 2011, have promoted growth and improved welfare outcomes, though the benefits have not been equally shared with all groups or geographic areas. There remain extreme variations in the provision and quality of public infrastructure and services, reflected in large disparities per capita income and humandevelopment outcomes. These inequalities are widening, economic growth is spatially concentratedin the growth poles of Yangon and Mandalay, while rural and remote areas, such as those on the Shanplateau, are isolated from the centers of growth. The Myanmar subnational PER examines Myanmar's nascent subnational institutions, focusing on governance, union-local administrative and fiscal relations and service delivery from a local perspective. The aim is to identify pragmatic and practicable policy options for incrementally strengthening the institutional capacity and inclusiveness of subnational governments within the confines of the current constitution. While political debate on the future shape of a federal Myanmar continues, reforming local governance institutions, within the considerable space available in the current constitution, as suggested throughout the PER, is an important way to support "federalism from below", promoting a more sustainable, inclusive and accountable system of governance and fiscal management that better reflects Myanmar's considerable social and economic heterogeneity
    DOI: 10.1596/33118
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    Vietnam Development Report 2019 : Connecting Vietnam for Growth and Shared Prosperity (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Development Policy Review
    Abstract: Globally, Vietnam is among the most open economies with a trade-to-GDP ratio of 190 percent in 2018. Through the removal of both tariff and non-tariff barriers and fulfilling its commitment in several regional trade agreements, the country has made remarkable achievements in trade liberalization. Vietnam's major trade partners located in East Asia, North America, and Europe are reached mostly by sea or air. Trade with bordering neighbors is limited and thus trade across border-crossing points is minimal except for northern borders with China, which has seen growth in recent years. The country's trade flows are concentrated at twelve of its 48 border gates-two airports, five seaports and five border crossing points-which collectively handled 86 percent of total trade value in 2016.1 As the trade grows, congestion at and near these international gateways and border-crossing points has also increased. In addition to the current major trade partners, various regional trade relations and connectivity initiatives are relevant to Vietnam, including with Southeast Asian neighbors, and South Asia-particularly India-over land, given the rapidly growing trade relationships. In the meantime, Vietnam's transport network has undergone a significant expansion over the past decades. The most remarkable development in network expansion has occurred in the road sector. As of 2016 the total length of the road network, excluding village roads, reached over 300,000 km, including about 1,000 km of expressways-a fully access-controlled toll road system. Vietnam is endowed with an extensive network of natural waterways, including nearly 16,000 km of managed navigable routes carrying significant traffic around the Red River Delta and Mekong Delta areas. However, only about 2,600 km of the waterways can reliably handle barges greater than 300 deadweight tons, with rudimentary terminal infrastructure at most of its numerous river portraits Vietnam's century-old railway system is mostly single-tracked and non-electrified, which has remained unchanged over the past decades with very limited capital investments
    DOI: 10.1596/33139
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    Republic of Cabo Verde Public Expenditure Review : Revisiting the Efficiency of Public Spending to Reduce Debt and Improve Education and Health Outcomes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) was prepared by the World Bank at the request of the Ministry of Finance of Cabo Verde. With a debt-to-GDP ratio of 126 percent in 2017, Cabo Verde is the most indebted country in Sub-Saharan Africa. The country is also at a high of risk of external debt distress. As part of fiscal consolidation efforts to reduce debt, this PER identifies measures to boost fiscal revenues and improve the efficiency of public spending with emphasis on health and education. The report recommends tax policy measures to stem revenue loss from ineffective tax expenditures while strengthening revenue administration and tax compliance. There is space to reduce spending inefficiencies on goods and services, wages and salaries yielding potential fiscal savings. Investment in human capital is prioritized in Cabo Verde but there is scope to improve efficiency and outcomes. In education, reducing repetition rates and addressing human resources issues are key to avoiding waste and improving outcomes. In health, the report recommends measures to improve the allocation of resources to health units. If implemented, these measures could result in combined fiscal savings of at least 2.5 percent of GDP. Finally, continued rationalization of central government fiscal support to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) is required to support a gradual reduction of the debt-to-GDP ratio over the medium term. The report includes five chapters. Chapter one discusses the key drivers of fiscal balances and public debt in Cabo Verde and explores different options to put debt on a downward trajectory. Chapters two and three analyzes in detail the respective performances of fiscal revenues and spending over 2010 to 2017. Chapters four and five reviews public spending in the health and education sectors with emphasis on efficiency. Equity issues as also covered in chapters four and five
    DOI: 10.1596/31527
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    Air Quality Management in Poland (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Despite significant effor ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31531
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    Bhutan Policy Note : Harnessing Spatial Opportunities in Agriculture for Economic Transformation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Home to over 735,000 people, the Kingdom of Bhutan has achieved rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, despite the constraints of being a small, landlocked, and mountainous country. Its neighbors, China to the north and India to the south, are in contrast the two most populous countries in the world. Bhutan's land area is only 1 percent of India's and 0.5 percent of China's. Even surrounded by much larger economies, Bhutan has seen its economy expand rapidly in recent years, largely through hydropower exports to India and construction. The country halved its poverty rate to 12 percent between 2007 and 2012, and by 2017 it had achieved a further reduction, to 8.2 percent (NSB and World Bank 2017). National policy remains centered on diversifying export-led growth beyond hydropower exports to India and on making Bhutan's economic growth more inclusive of all citizens. The agriculture sector, one of the five jewels in the Bhutanese economy, can play a key role in sustaining growth, reducing poverty, creating jobs, and expanding shared prosperity. Bhutan's dense and virtually untouched forests, abundant water resources, and diversity of wild species are exceptional natural endowments, and correspondingly, environmental conservation is the cornerstone of Bhutan's development approach (World Bank 2014). This Policy Note reviews Bhutan's recent agricultural transformation from a spatial perspective and suggests measures to make further progress. The discussion focuses on crop-level drivers of productivity and spatial patterns of agricultural production in relation to markets, especially in relation to opportunities for expanding market potential to support the national development goals of the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB). The government has set targets in a number of policy areas where agriculture plays a critical role
    DOI: 10.1596/31530
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    Financial Inclusion Beyond Payments : Policy Considerations for Digital Savings (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The report discusses key policy issues that enable and constrain digital savings market development and offers policy considerations within the context of the G20's High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion. Based on current market observations, three policy considerations seem most important for facilitating digital savings account deployments: Enable banking institutions to pursue digital savings partnerships with nonbank entities. Support the development of interoperability between banks and nonbank e-money issuers. Harmonize customer due diligence standards for emoney wallets and low-risk bank deposits
    DOI: 10.1596/31577
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  • 85
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    Tanzania 2019 Country Environmental Analysis : Environmental Trends and Threats, and Pathways to Improved Sustainability (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: Tanzania's wealth per capita has declined because its rapid population growth has outpaced investment. This decline in wealth is almost entirely accounted for by its '*renewable natural capital'* loss, consisting of the country's agricultural land, cropland, forests, forest products, and protected areas. The country's human capital per capita is stable while its physical capital per capita has risen by 13 percent. Yet its degrading natural capital base clearly illustrates the magnitude of its sustainability problem: the total renewable natural capital per capita has fallen by 35 percent over the past 20 years, whereas the non-land renewable natural capital per capita has declined by 47 percent (that is, almost halved in 20 years). Tanzania cannot afford another 10 years of the same negative trends in resource degradation. The opportunity Tanzania faces is to reconcile the use of natural resources to meet the demands of the population and economy with the need to maintain functioning ecosystems. Reaching this balance will catalyze sustained growth. However, the current trend in the use of natural resources is not sustainable, leading to persistent degradation and loss of ecosystems, which constitute the main cause of the natural capital. This CEA has identified spatially and temporally differentiated approaches and solutions toward ensuring sustainable resource management for long-term use
    DOI: 10.1596/31643
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  • 86
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    Maldives Debt Management Reform Plan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Abstract: The first Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) for Maldives was conducted in 2009, and a second DeMPA was completed in March 2019. The authorities have taken important steps to improve debt management since the first assessment, but many challenges remain. The government has implemented a series of reforms to public financial and debt management, including changes to the legal and institutional framework. Key measures include a complete overhaul of Treasury operations, the implementation of the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) across all government entities in the capital, Male, the establishment of a Treasury Single Account, and the development of cash-flow forecasting procedures. The coverage of the Commonwealth Secretariat Debt Recording and Management System (CSDRMS) has also been expanded, and the CS-DRMS is now used as a central database for almost all debt obligations, except Islamic finance instruments. The results of the 2019 DeMPA shed light on these improvements and indicate areas for further action
    DOI: 10.1596/33431
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  • 87
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    Kingdom of Lesotho Education Public Expenditure Review (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) is the result of a collaboration among the World Bank Group, and Lesotho's Ministries of Education and Finance, and is designed to inform Lesotho's effort in expanding access to quality education services, while operating in a highly fiscally constraint environment. Although education spending is one of the highest in the world as a percentage of GDP (13.5 percent of GDP) and universal access to primary education enshrined in law, poor educational outcomes persist across the country. Lesotho is also not on track to achieve the two education-related MDGs, with both primary enrollment (82 percent) and primary completion (65 percent) rates lagging far behind the goal of 100 percent by the end 2015. The report is organized as follows. The first chapter offers a detailed assessment of the overall sectoral budgeting and expenditure patterns in the education sector over a five-year period, from fiscal years (FY) 2011-12 to 2015-16, using multiple data sources. The second chapter estimates the cost of expanding secondary education to achieve the government's goal of universal compulsory lower basic education by 2020 and makes recommendations on how to better utilize the funding for the sector taking into account the fiscal constraints at macro level
    DOI: 10.1596/31819
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  • 88
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    Fourth Ghana Economic Update : Enhancing Financial Inclusion (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Ghana's real gross domestic product (GDP) expanded in 2018, albeit at a slower rate than in 2017; the expansion was spurred by the mineral component of the industry sector. The government sustained its fiscal consolidation efforts in 2018 despite challenges. The current account deficit narrowed further in 2018 but portfolio capital outflows put pressure on reserves. The financial sector in Ghana has grown rapidly since 2010, and with it the share of Ghanaians with access to formal financial services, which is a measure of financial inclusion. Despite all the challenges in building a more financially inclusive economy, there has been a significant growth in the number of financial access points over the past five years. The government has facilitated interoperability across payment instruments by establishing a mobile money switching solution. But more can be done to leverage innovative digital technology, as is recognized in the government's national financial inclusion and development strategy (NFIDS). In support of the government's efforts, the financial sector analysis in this economic update concludes with five specific recommendations for enhancing financial inclusion in Ghana: digitize government and utility payments; link informal channels with formal financial services; promote agent banking; improve financial capability; and leverage data to improve access to finance
    DOI: 10.1596/31882
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  • 89
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    Credit Reporting Knowledge Guide 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Access to finance is an essential component of economic development and job creation. A host of studies have shown a positive correlation between financial development and economic growth. Access to finance is also critical for larger corporations and conglomerates, which, given their size, performance, and assets, typically meet funding requirements through capital markets and other sources. Credit reporting systems are less relevant for these businesses, as lenders to these large entities rely on a variety of other sources of information when making credit-related decisions. This Guide focuses therefore more on the credit needs of individuals and of the micro, small, and medium businesses that stand to benefit most from the development of credit reporting systems. The report is arranged as follows: Chapter 1 introduces key concepts in credit reporting; Chapter 2 introduces the different types of credit reporting service providers (CRSPs) that collect information on borrowers' credit histories from creditors and available public sources; Chapter 3 covers the evolution of the credit reporting industry to today, including key trends now emerging and external trends affecting its development; Chapter 4 outlines the legal and regulatory framework options for credit reporting systems; Chapter 5 summarizes the World Bank Group's fifteen plus years of experience in developing credit bureaus and credit registries around the world; Chapter 6 presents an overview of the value-added services typically offered by established credit bureaus through the repurposing of algorithms and data and the products and services offered by commercial credit reporting companies; and Chapter 7 rounds out the theoretical discussions and practical guidelines with nine case studies of recent developments in credit reporting spanning the globe
    DOI: 10.1596/31806
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  • 90
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    Living Conditions and Settlement Decisions of Recent Afghan Returnees : Findings from a 2018 Phone Survey of Afghan Returnees and UNHCR Data (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report is the result of a collaboration between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG). Repatriation or the return of refugees to their country of origin has been rarely studied, and data on their socio-economic outcomes is sparsely available. In such a context, the World Bank and UNHCR teams attempted to make good use of the existing data sources and complemented it with new data collection methods to better understand the patterns and characteristics of recent Afghan refugee returns. More specifically, the team attempted to analytically connect insights between different data sources to explore (albeit imperfectly) questions of selection among Afghans who remained in Pakistan and those documented returnees who returned to Afghanistan
    DOI: 10.1596/31944
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  • 91
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    Guatemala : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31965
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  • 92
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    Liberia Domestic Revenue Mobilization Policy Notes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Following general elections in Liberia in 2017, a new government was formed with a mandate to achieve ambitious development objectives. Following a nationwide consultative process, the new medium-term national development plan, Pro-Poor Agenda for Prosperity and Development (PAPD)-2019-2023 was developed focusing on: strengthening public institutions; accelerating infrastructure investments for productive capacity; improving productivity in the real sector through enhanced economic diversification; increasing investment in human capital (youth employment, health, and education); and improving competitiveness, while safeguarding macroeconomic and debt sustainability. The focus of fiscal policy should be twofold, raising revenues while sustaining deficit at financeable level. In such a tight fiscal situation, the imperative is to secure equal or improved quality of public services by prioritizing and improving the composition of expenditure, enhancing efficiency, and expanding the resource envelope by stepping up the revenue mobilization efforts. Sustaining pro-poor development agenda, will likely require a political resolve to reduce the share of government resources devoted to high paid public servants and discretionary expenditures, as well as improve the efficiency and transparency of government spending. Otherwise, the financing gap created by an announced decline in grants and other forms of external assistance may be difficult to close
    DOI: 10.1596/31990
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  • 93
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    Taking Stock, July 2019 : Recent Economic Developments of Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The external environment has deteriorated during the first half of 2019, and downside riskspredominate in the near-term. Global GDP growth is projected to decline to 2.6 percent in 2019 from 3 percent in 2018, reflecting broad-based weakness in advanced economies and major Emerging Market and Developing Economies. Reflecting slower growth and heightened policy uncertainty associated with protected trade tensions, global trade growth is protracted to weaken further from 4.1 percent in 2018 to 2.6 percent in 2019. Downside risks include a further escalation of trade disputes between the world's two largest trading nations, while a more pronounced downturn in global activity and increased volatility in financial flows. Amidst rising global headwinds, Vietnam's economic growth momentum has been slowing since the beginning of the year. Vietnam's real GDP growth has decelerated to a still robust 6.8 percent in the first quarter of 2019 from a vibrant 7.5 percent pace in the same period of 2018. Slower growth reflects several factors. Agricultural output decelerated due to the outbreak of African swine fever and a decline in international prices. Weaker external demand moderated growth of the export-oriented manufacturing sector as well as overall export performance, even though Vietnam seems to have benefitted from some trade diversion due to the ongoing trade tensions between China and the US. Domestic investment appears to be slowed resulting from subdued credit growth and continued consolidation in public investment. Other macroeconomic indicators, such as more sluggish credit growth, subdued inflation and slower import growth are further signs of a cyclical moderation in economic activity. In contrast, service sector activity continues relatively strong, signaling sustained buoyancy in private consumption. Despite a recent uptick in headline inflation, price pressures have remained subdued as credit growth moderated. The headline CPI rose by 2.9 percent (y/y) in May 2019, up slightly from 2.6 percent in January 2019, driven by hikes in administered prices (for electricity and fuel) and moderate food price increases. The State Bank of Vietnam maintained a prudent monetary policy stance to support its twin goals of sustaining macroeconomic stability and supporting overall economic growth. Credit growth is estimated to have slowed to about 13 percent (y/y) in March 2019 reflecting tighter credit policies
    DOI: 10.1596/32045
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    Practical Guide on the Potential of Capital Markets Development in Small Economies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The World Bank, with support from authorities in the Western Balkans, has developed a practical guide for capital markets development in small economies. The guide supports the implementation of the Multi-Annual Action Plan for a Regional Economic Area in the Western Balkans Six by helping inform policy discussions around capital markets development, including to what extent capital markets have potential and should be given priority in the region and small economies more broadly. The practical guide aims to provide regulators and policymakers in small economies with an overview of the capital market development agenda and existing challenges. The guide aims to support policymakers and regulators of small economies identify general preconditions, key constraints, and areas of potential for development of local capital markets. A framework for analysis of preconditions and capital markets development has been developed to guide reforms in small economies. A pilot of the methodology in Serbia helped further advance the framework and adapt it to the realities that small economies face. The framework for analysis of the preconditions and capital markets is outlined in Annex two. The practical guide focuses on both necessary preconditions and on relevant specific issues in capital markets development. It includes an assessment of the macro-fundamental preconditions that need to be in place to make capital markets development possible, including macro-political stability, level of savings, the structure of corporate sector, the broader legal and regulatory framework (including insolvency law and tax law), the level of real interest rates, and the soundness of the banking sector
    DOI: 10.1596/32067
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  • 95
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    Poverty and Shared Prosperity in Colombia : Background Paper for Policy Notes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Colombia's solid economic growth since early 2000s has led to significant social improvements. Since the turn of the century, extreme poverty in Colombia almost halved, falling from 17.7 percent in 2002 to 7.4 percent in 2017. Similarly, moderate poverty fell from 49.7 percent to 26.9 percent over the same period (Figures 1 and 2). In absolute terms, the number of poor individuals in Colombia declined from about 20 million in 2002 to approximately 12.8 million in 2017. The downward trend in poverty was halted in 2016, however it went back to its downward trend on 2017. From 2016 to 2017 both moderate poverty and extreme poverty decrease in 1.1 percentage points (p.p.), moderate poverty went from 28 to 26.9 percent, while, extreme poverty was 8.5 percent in 2016 and 7.4 in 2017. Such decrease was primarily driven by a lower incidence of poverty in rural areas, where extreme and moderate poverty rates fell respectively by 2.7 and 2.6 pagesp. Similarly, the urban areas saw a reduction of moderate poverty (from 24.9 to 24.2 percent), while extreme poverty rate has remained virtually flat since 2014, at around 5 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/32009
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  • 96
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    Making Agriculture Work for the Poor in Timor-Leste (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: About 80 percent of the poor households in Timor-Leste live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. It is therefore widely acknowledged that growth in the agriculture sector is an important channel through which poverty can be reduced in the country. That notwithstanding, the country's agricultural production system is one of the least developed in the world and all subsectors are dominated by subsistence systems and by farmers who are very risk averse. Agricultural productivity in the country is also well below that of other small island developing states and has fallen below the average for other low-income, food-deficit countries in recent years making the sector underperform in terms of its contribution to food security, sufficient livelihood, and overall economic growth. Using data from the 2007 and 2014 of the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards, the note provides insight into the extent to which increases in agricultural productivity can contribute to poverty reduction, including assessing the drivers of, and identifying the constraints to, increasing agricultural productivity in the country. The note finds that improvements in agricultural productivity reduce the probability of being poor among agricultural households. Yet, improving productivity goes beyond the confines of raising yield or decreasing cost to include enhancing food quality and promoting higher value products. to do so, the following factors ought to be considered: facilitation of mechanization, improvement in the use of chemical (fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides) inputs, enhancement in access to credit and extension, encouragement to farmers to join farmer groups, expansion of the commercialization of farm produce, and reduction in the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Investment in the sector can be improved by allocating the limited public funds more strategically and better correspond with local poverty. The findings from this study contribute to existing evidence pertinent to guide how agricultural policy can effectively help reducing poverty in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/32017
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  • 97
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    Guinea - Opportunities for Enhanced Domestic Revenue Mobilization : Value-Added Tax and Excise Taxes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Revenue mobilization is a key constraint to economic development in the Republic of Guinea. The government's five-year development plan (2016-2020) aims at fostering higher and more inclusive growth through public investments that require financing beyond current fiscal capacity. In this context, Guinea is seeking to efficiently raise additional domestic revenues and external investment financing. Development partners are supporting Guinea with technical assistance for revenue mobilization. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union are supporting authorities with direct tax policy, non-tax revenue, and administration issues. The objective of this report is to shed light on indirect taxes, particularly value-added tax (VAT) and excise taxes. The report provides an overview of the main features of tax policy and administration in Guinea, followed by a more detailed analysis of VAT and excise taxes. The focus on indirect taxation is a result of both its significant revenue potential and coordination with other development partners. The analysis presented fills an important gap in the understanding of how Guinea can increase its tax revenues. On VAT, the study finds that addressing policy and administrative constraints can mobilize additional revenues while improving the business climate. On excise taxation, the study finds that existing excise rates are unevenly applied, with scope for raising rates in the future. to systematically address its revenue challenges across all tax types, Guinea should also consider development of a medium-term revenue strategy (MTRS). The report is structured as follows: in the first section, an overview of the evolution and composition of domestic revenues in Guinea is presented. In the second section, VAT is analyzed. The final section reviews excise tax policy and its implementation on international goods and domestic goods
    DOI: 10.1596/32023
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    Strengthening Commercial Courts and Departments in Bosnia and Herzegovina : Caseload Distribution, Backlog, and Other Organizational Issues Affecting Performance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: This Report presents the findings of an analysis of selected organizational issues affecting commercial justice performance in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It is the main deliverable under Component 1 of the BiH Commercial Justice Technical Assistance Project financed by the UK Good Governance and Investment Climate Reform Trust Fund. The Project aims to support justice institutions in implementing reforms that improve efficiency and access to commercial justice in BiH. The Report's primary focus is workload distribution among commercial courts and departments, and the effect of any imbalances within it on their performance. Other issues covered include: BiH's caselaw database; its judicial performance evaluation system; production quotas and other incentive systems; its backlog reduction program; and court organization and management. The mixed methodology used to address these topics combined analysis of case flow statistics provided by the BiH High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council (HJPC) with interviews, document review, observation, and comparative experiences
    DOI: 10.1596/33789
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    Turning Smallness into Uniqueness : Six Key Challenges to Unlock Sao Tome and Principe Growth's Potential (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: Economic growth in Sao Tome and Principe (STP) has long been driven by an unsustainable reliance on public expenditures, especially grant- and loan-financed public investment. STP needs to turn its smallness into uniqueness to unlock its growth potential. to accomplish this transformation, this image must be matched by a more balanced growth in which the private sector plays a larger role and with a more effective government. Tourism, agriculture, and fisheries could drive the country's transition to a more balanced growth pattern. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) highlights six key challenges that STP must overcome as it transitions to a more balanced growth pattern and it offers policy recommendations for addressing each challenge. Accomplishing this rebalancing will require STP to address six key challenges at the macroeconomic, structural, and sectoral level. These include: (i) The twin budget and current-account deficits; (ii) Weak trade connectivity by both air and sea; (iii) Credit constraints caused by a high level of non-performing loans and difficulties enforcing commercial contracts; (iv) Uncertainty surrounding property rights and land tenure; (v) Poor-quality infrastructure, especially in the energy and transportation sector; and (vi) The overexploitation of marine resources
    DOI: 10.1596/32143
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  • 100
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, December 2019 : Resilience Amidst Risk (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy continues to show resilience despite the global slowdown and domestic uncertainties. Its economy is estimated to have grown at 6.3 percent in 2018/191, marginally higher than 6.2 percent in 2017/18, supported by better performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Macroeconomic volatility has increased since the June 2019 Myanmar Economic Monitor, with inflation reaching double digits in July 2019. Economic growth is expected to reach 6.4 percent in 2019/20, helped by growing investment in the transport and telecommunication sectors and government's planned infrastructure spending before the 2020 elections. Risks to the economic outlook are tilted to the downside due to slowing global and regional growth, and continued uncertainty about investor perceptions triggered by the Rakhine crisis and the pace of reforms prior to the 2020 general elections, although the pace has thus far been strong
    DOI: 10.1596/33190
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