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  • 2000-2004  (136)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (136)
  • Environment  (92)
  • Urban, Rural and Regional Development  (29)
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (19)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 219: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Water (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070288
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 219; Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau chargée-sédiment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 219: Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau chargée-sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the sediment-dwelling larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to at least five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment-water systems. The test starts by placing first instar larvae into the test beakers containing the sediment-water system and subsequently spiking the test substance into the water. Chironomid emergence and development rate is measured at the end of the test. The maximum exposure duration is 28 days for C. riparius, C. yoshimatsui, and 65 days for C. tentans. Larval survival and weight may also be measured after 10 days if required (using additional replicates as appropriate). The study report should include the development time and the total number of fully emerged midges (sex and number are recorded daily), the observation of any abnormal behaviour, the number of visible pupae that have failed to emerge and any egg masses deposition. The data are analysed either by using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause x % reduction in emergence, larvae survival or growth, or by using statistical hypothesis testing to determine a NOEC/LOEC.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070288-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 312: Leaching in Soil Columns (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070561
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 312; Lixiviation sur des colonnes de sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 312: Lixiviation sur des colonnes de sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this Test Guideline is based on soil column chromatography in disturbed soil. Two types of experiments are performed to determine (i) the leaching potential of the test substance, and (ii) the leaching potential of transformation products in soils under controlled laboratory conditions. At least duplicate leaching columns are packed with untreated, air-dried and sieved soil (〈 2 mm) up to a height of approximately 30 cm. Afterwards they are saturated and equilibrated with an “artificial rain” solution and allowed to drain. Then the surface of each soil column is treated with the test substance (non-volatile in water and soil) and/or with aged residues of the test substance. Artificial rain is applied to the soil columns and the leachate is collected. After the leaching process the soil is removed from the columns and is sectioned into an appropriate number of segments depending on the information required from the study. A reference substance (atrazine or monuron) should be used in the leaching experiments. For each soil segment and leachate fraction, the amounts of test substance, transformation products, non-extractables and, if included, of the reference substance should be given in % of applied initial dose.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070561-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 218: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Sediment (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070264
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 218; Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 218: Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the sediment-dwelling larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to at least five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment - water systems. The test substance is spiked into the sediment and first instar larvae are subsequently introduced into test beakers in which the sediment and water concentrations have been stabilised. Chironomid emergence and development rate is measured at the end of the test. The maximum exposure duration is 28 days for C. riparius, C. yoshimatsui, and 65 days for C. tentans. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. Larval survival and weight may also be measured after 10 days if required (using additional replicates as appropriate). The study report should include the development time and the total number of fully emerged midges (sex and number are recorded daily), the observation of any abnormal behaviour the number of visible pupae that have failed to emerge and any egg masses deposition. The data are analysed either by using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause x % reduction in emergence or larval survival or growth, or by using statistical hypothesis testing to determine a NOEC/LOEC.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070264-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vom Wohlergehen der Nationen (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015548
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Well-being of Nations; The Role of Human and Social Capital
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Du bien-être des nations ; Le rôle du capital humain et social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Du bien-être des nations : Le rôle du capital humain et social
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: DIE ROLLE VON HUMAN- UND SOZIALKAPITAL In unserer heutigen, sich rasch wandelnden Welt dürfte der Erfolg von Nationen, Individuen, gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und Gemeinwesen wohl mehr denn je von deren Fähigkeit abhängen, sich dem Wandel anzupassen, Wissen zu erwerben und auszutauschen. Der vorliegende Bericht trägt zur Klärung der Konzepte Human- und Sozialkapital bei und evaluiert deren Einfluss auf Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlergehen. Der Begriff des Sozialkapitals, der erst seit kurzem in der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaft existiert, ist bislang noch relativ wenig belegt. Der Bericht stützt sich daher auf eine Reihe empirischer Untersuchungen, die auf potentiell signifikante Beziehungen zwischen Human- und Sozialkapital hindeuten. Den verfügbaren Erkenntnissen zufolge können Human- und Sozialkapital einen entscheidenden Beitrag zu einer ganzen Reihe positiver Ergebnisse leisten, die von höheren Einkommen über stärkeren sozialen Zusammenhalt bis hin zu größerer Lebenszufriedenheit reichen. Auch wenn es keine Belege für systematische „Unterinvestitionen" weder in Human- oder Sozialkapital gibt, werden doch gewisse Bedenken hinsichtlich Verteilung und Qualität beider Kapitalformen geäußert und die Frage untersucht, wie sich diese Aspekte auf das Wohlergehen künftiger Generationen auswirken könnten. Kurzfristig verfügt die staatliche Politik nur über begrenzten Spielraum zur Beeinflussung von Qualität, Niveau und Verteilung des Human- und Sozialkapitals. Langfristig gibt es aber eine Reihe von Bereichen, in denen staatliche, private und ehrenamtliche Akteure zur Verbesserung des Human- und Sozialkapitals beitragen können.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015548-de
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Human Skin Model Test (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071148
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431; Corrosion cutanée in vitro ;Essai sur modèle de peau humaine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431: Corrosion cutanée in vitro :Essai sur modèle de peau humaine
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test described in this Test Guideline allows the identification of corrosive chemical substances and mixtures and it enables the identification of non-corrosive substances and mixtures when supported by a weight of evidence determination using other existing information. The test protocol may also provide an indication of the distinction between severe and less severe skin corrosives. This Test Guideline does not require the use of live animals or animal tissue for the assessment of skin corrosivity. The test material (solid or liquid) is applied uniformly and topically to a three-dimensional human skin model, comprising at least a reconstructed epidermis with a functional stratum corneum. Two tissue replicates are used for each treatment (exposure time), and for controls. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure periods. The principle of the human skin model assay is based on the hypothesis that corrosive chemicals are able to penetrate the stratum corneum by diffusion or erosion, and are cytotoxic to the underlying cell layers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071148-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Mexico City 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018327
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: The OECD Territorial Review of Mexico City highlights the region’s great potential for further growth, which is linked to the concentration of headquarters, educational establishments and research facilities, as well as high levels of FDI and rich cultural resources. However, it also reveals that this growth is constrained by low levels of human capital, inadequate infrastructure and widespread, acute poverty. The current governance framework, characterised by modest co-operation, also remains a sticking point for the region’s development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018327-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 427: Skin Absorption: In Vivo Method (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071063
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 427; Absorption cutanée ; méthode in vivo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 427: Absorption cutanée : méthode in vivo
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vivo percutaneous absorption study set out in this Test Guideline provides the linkage necessary to extrapolate from oral studies when making safety assessments following dermal exposure. The in vivo method, described in this guideline, allows the determination of the penetration of the test substance through the skin into the systemic compartment. The test substance, preferably radiolabelled, is applied, for a fixed period of time, to the clipped skin of animals at one or more appropriate dose levels in the form of a representative in-use preparation. The rat is the most commonly used species. At least four animals of one sex should be used for each test preparation and each scheduled termination time. A known amount of the test preparation is evenly applied to the site. This amount should normally mimic potential human exposure, typically 1-5 mg/cm² for a solid or up to 10 µl/cm² for liquids. A relevant exposure period (typically 6 or 24 hours) should be used, based on the expected human exposure duration. The animals should be observed for signs of toxicity/abnormal reactions at intervals for the entire duration of the study. This study includes: daily measurements (excreta), regular detailed observations, as well as sacrifice at the scheduled time and blood collected for analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071063-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Development of Broadband Access in Rural and Remote Areas (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264032989
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The report reviews progress on the availability of broadband access across the OECD area. It particularly focuses on benchmarking digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modem expansion and availability, as well as the emergence of broadband wireless as a platform to provide low-cost high-performance access networks in rural and remote areas. The paper finds that DSL availability is proceeding apace, with around three-quarters of existing subscriber lines being able to provide service by 2003. Cable networks pass 58% of households with just under three-quarters of those networks having been upgraded for broadband access. The paper also explores the increasing capabilities of wireless...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264032989-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    El sector sin fines de lucro en una economía cambiante (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264103191
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (373 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Non-profit Sector in a Changing Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur à but non lucratif dans une économie en mutation
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Las tendencias económicas recientes, que se reflejan en una mayor presión en términos económicos, la reforma del Estado benefactor, el surgimiento de la sociedad civil y la democracia participativa, han destacado la importancia creciente del sector sin fines de lucro en los países de la OCDE. Este sector, a menudo asociado con conceptos como “la economía social”, “el tercer sector”, “el sector de trabajo voluntario”, “el tercer sistema”, “el sector independiente” y, más recientemente, “la iniciativa empresarial social”, se ha enfrentado a una serie de retos cruciales. Entre ellos se encuentra el impulso para introducir criterios administrativos rigurosos, mientras que a la vez se mantiene la dimensión social única del sector y se fomenta la innovación social. Esta publicación ofrece una evaluación integral y transformadora de las nuevas tendencias en el ámbito de los estudios sobre el sector sin fines de lucro. Contiene contribuciones de expertos y académicos líderes en esta disciplina, y analiza los acontecimientos más significativos registrados en este sector en los países de la Unión Europea, Estados Unidos, Canadá, México y Australia. Asimismo, presenta un análisis comparativo y detallado de las herramientas y métodos empleados para financiar, supervisar y evaluar este sector de actividad económica y social. Este libro es una lectura fundamental para los diseñadores de políticas, practicantes en el sector y académicos interesados en conocer los más recientes acontecimientos teóricos y empíricos registrados en este sector en continua expansión.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264103191-es
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Athens, Greece 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015951
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (223 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Greece
    Abstract: This review outlines the key issues which will be important in shaping the future development of Athens, identifies trends in governmental policies and highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the Athens Region. Three policy areas identified as requiring particular attention have been examined: Enhancing economic development and the competitiveness of the Athens Region; Improving governance, in particular spatial planning and implementing regulatory reforms; and capturing benefits of the Olympic Games in the post-Olympic period.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015951-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local : recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264103214
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development; Programme and Policy Recommendations
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local ; Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development; Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development: Programme and Policy Recommendations
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local : Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development: Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: En los países miembros de la OCDE resulta sorprendente el espectro, número y crecimiento de los programas de apoyo para la iniciativa empresarial y la microempresa. Buena parte del interés de política por fomentar la iniciativa empresarial se refleja en la convicción de que la creación de nuevas empresas contribuirá a facilitar el logro de importantes objetivos económicos y sociales. El aumento en el ritmo de creación de empresas es hoy una inquietud casi universal para las autoridades locales, al igual que para los gobiernos centrales que desean combatir la marginación económica local. Sin embargo, a pesar del amplio interés de política, pocos estudios han analizado sistemáticamente la relación entre la creación de nuevas empresas y el desarrollo económico local. Esta publicación analiza las principales rutas a través de las cuales la creación de empresas y su desarrollo puede tener un impacto sobre las economías locales. Así, se analiza la evidencia empírica acerca de la relación entre la iniciativa empresarial y las economías locales. Asimismo, se demuestra que aunque la creación de empresas puede resultar un componente crucial para el desarrollo económico local, el fomento de la iniciativa empresarial no constituye una panacea para el desarrollo. Por ello, se discuten a profundidad una serie de limitaciones potenciales de las estrategias orientadas hacia la iniciativa empresarial y cómo estas limitaciones pueden contrarrestarse. Este libro presenta detalladas recomendaciones de política tanto en el ámbito gubernamental local como nacional. Las recomendaciones se relacionan con tres ámbitos temáticos: estrategia, financiamiento y diseño de programas. Se espera que estos lineamientos sean de utilidad para los gobiernos centrales y locales en el diseño y la puesta en marcha de programas y estrategias eficaces en términos de costos. En este sentido, la presente publicación describe los tipos de investigación que deben llevarse a cabo para lograr un mejor entendimiento de los temas clave de política.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264103214-es
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 428: Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 428; Absorption cutanée ; méthode in vitro
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 428: Absorption cutanée : méthode in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test method has been designed to provide information on absorption of a test substance, (ideally radiolabelled), applied to the surface of a skin sample separating the two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. Skin from human or animal sources can be used. Although viable skin is preferred, non-viable skin can also be used. The skin has been shown to have the capability to metabolise some chemicals during percutaneous absorption. In this case, metabolites of the test chemical may be analysed by appropriate methods. Normally more than one concentration of the test substance is used in typical formulations, spanning the realistic range of potential human exposures. The application should mimic human exposure, normally 1-5 mg/cm2 of skin for a solid and up to 10 µl/cm2 for liquids. The temperature must be constant because it affects the passive diffusion of chemicals. The absorption of a test substance during a given time period (normally 24h) is measured by analysis of the receptor fluid and the distribution of the test substance chemical in the test system and the absorption profile with time should be presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071087-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detailed Review Paper on Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay for the Detection of Thyroid Active Substances (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.46
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Detailed Review Paper (DRP) is intended to provide the current state-of-the-knowledge in the area of amphibian metamorphosis with the view to use amphibian metamorphosis as a model for the detection of chemicals affecting the thyroid axis in vertebrates.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079144-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Application of the Principles of GLP to in vitro Studies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264084971
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Application des Principes de BPL aux études in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this document is to facilitate the proper application and interpretation of the GLP Principles for the organisation and management of in vitro studies, and to provide guidance for the appropriate application of the GLP Principles to in vitro studies, both for test facilities (management, QA, study director and personnel), and for national GLP compliance monitoring authorities. This Advisory Document intends to provide such additional interpretation of the Principles and guidance for their application to in vitro studies carried out for regulatory purposes. It is organised in such a way as to provide easy reference to the GLP Principles by following the sequence of the different parts of these GLP Principles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264084971-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 220: Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 220; Essai de reproduction chez l'enchytrée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 220: Essai de reproduction chez l'enchytrée
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproductive output of the enchytraeid worm, Enchytraeus albidus Henle 1873, in soil. Adult enchytraeid worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into an artificial soil. Ten worms are randomly allocated to each test vessel. A range-finding test should be used, for two weeks, in case of no sufficient information. The duration of the definitive test is six weeks. At the end the total number of juveniles produced by parent animal and the survival of parent animals are assessed. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. The study report should include the adult morphological changes, the number of offspring. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or ECx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output. The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070301-en
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    Test No. 430: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance Test (TER) (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071124
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 430; Corrosion cutanée in vitro ; Essai de résistance électrique transcutanée (RET)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 430: Corrosion cutanée in vitro : Essai de résistance électrique transcutanée (RET)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Globally Harmonised System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals defines skin corrosion as the production of irreversible tissue damage in the skin following the application of a test material. The test material (150 µL for liquids or solid with 150 µL of deionised water added on the top) is applied for up to 24 hours to the epidermal surfaces of skin discs (three skin discs are used for each test and control substance) in a two-compartment test system in which the skin discs function as the separation between the compartments. The skin discs are taken from humanely killed rats aged 28-30 days. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a loss of normal stratum corneum integrity and barrier function, which is measured as a reduction in the TER below a threshold level (5kΩ for rat). A dye-binding step incorporated into the test procedure permits to determine if the increase in ionic permeability is due to physical destruction of the stratum corneum.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071124-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Spain 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales; España 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales: España 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Spain
    Abstract: This review of Spain’s environmental performance takes stock of Spain’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1997. It finds that despite substantial increases in GDP, tourism, construction, population density in coastal areas, and road freight transport, progress has been made in decoupling some environmental pressures from economic growth and in developing environmental infrastructure. Nevertheless, Spain faces important challenges related to high energy intensity, high water use intensity, and increasing CO2 emissions and municipal waste. This report makes 46 recommendations to help strengthen Spain’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108639-en
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  • 18
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    Governance im 21. Jahrhundert (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264589360
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance au XXIe siècle
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century (Korean version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Mit dem Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen weitere dramatische Umwälzungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft an der Tagesordnung. Das zunehmende Zusammenwachsen internationaler Märkte, die Einführung grundlegend neuer Technologien sowie eine sich verstärkende Wissensintensität menschlicher Tätigkeit deuten auf eine außerordentlich komplexe Welt von morgen. Aber wer soll diese Entwicklungen steuern? Und in welche Bahnen sollen sie gelenkt werden? Welche organisatorischen und institutionellen Voraussetzungen und welche Entscheidungsstrukturen und -prozesse werden auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene benötigt, um diesen Herausforderungen begegnen zu können?Diese Veröffentlichung untersucht die Chancen und Risiken wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und technologischer Natur, denen sich die Entscheidungsträger in den kommenden Jahren zu stellen haben werden, und erforscht die Grundlagen, die es der Gesellschaft erlauben, die Zukunft flexibler und mit der Teilnahme aller gesellschaftlichen Kräfte zu gestalten.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264589360-de
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  • 19
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    Test No. 309: Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water Simulation Biodegradation Test (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 309; Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles - Essai de simulation de la biodégradation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 309: Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles Essai de simulation de la biodégradation
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this test is to measure the time course of biodegradation of a test substance at low concentration in aerobic natural water and to quantify the observations in the form of kinetic rate expressions. The test is performed in batch by “pelagic test” or “suspended sediment test” to simulate a water body with suspended solids or re-suspended sediment. The test flasks are incubated in darkness at an environmental temperature under aerobic conditions and agitation during 60 days normally. At least two different concentrations of test substance (non-volatile or slightly volatile organic) should be used. The maximum test concentration should be less than 100µg/L (biodegradation following first order kinetics) and the lowest test concentration preferably in the range of ‹1-10µg/L. Two subsamples should be withdrawn from each test flask at each sampling time. Degradation is followed at appropriate time intervals, by measuring either the residual 14C or the residual concentration of test substance. The total mineralisation and the primary biodegradation are determined by a different 14C labeling part of the molecule. Periodic measurements of pH and oxygen concentration in the test system must be conducted.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070547-en
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  • 20
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    Test No. 222: Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei) (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070325
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 222; Essai de reproduction chez le lombric (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 222: Essai de reproduction chez le lombric (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals in soil on the reproductive output (and other sub-lethal end points) of the earthworm species Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. Adult worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance either mixed into the soil or applied to the soil surface. The range of test concentrations is selected to encompass those likely to cause both sub-lethal and lethal effects over a period of eight weeks. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. This study includes the observation of unusual behaviour and morphology, the counting and weighing of the adult worms after the four primary weeks, the number of juveniles hatched at the end of the second 4-week period. The reproductive output of the worms exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or ECx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output. The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070325-en
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  • 21
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    Test No. 432: In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432; Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432: Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Balb/c 3T3 cells are maintained in culture for 24 h for formation of monolayers. Two 96-well plates are pre-incubated with eight different concentrations of the test substance for 1 h. Thereafter one of the two plates is exposed to the highest non-cytotoxic irradiation dose whereas the other plate is kept in the dark. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. NR penetrates cell membranes by non-diffusion, accumulating in lysosomes. Alterations of the cell surface of the sensitive lysosomal membrane lead to lysosomal fragility and other changes that gradually become irreversible. Such changes result in a decreased uptake and binding of NR. It is thus possible to distinguish between viable, damaged or dead cells. To predict the phototoxic potential, the concentration responses obtained in the presence and in the absence of irradiation are compared, usually at the IC50 level, i.e., the concentration reducing cell viability to 50 % compared to the untreated controls. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071162-en
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  • 22
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    Test No. 117: Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water), HPLC Method (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 117; Cœfficient de partage (n-octanol/eau), méthode HPLC
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 117: Cœfficient de partage (n-octanol/eau), méthode HPLC
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the HPLC method, which permits to determine the partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) (Pow).Reverse phase HPLC is performed on analytical columns packed with a solid phase containing long hydrocarbon chains chemically bound onto silica. The chemicals are retained in the column in proportion to their hydrocarbon-water partition coefficient, with hydrophilic chemicals eluted first and lipophilic chemicals last. The HPLC method covers log Pow in the range of 0 to 6, but it can be expanded to cover the log Pow range between 6 and 10 in exceptional cases. The HPLC operation mode is isocratic. The test substance is injected in the smallest detectable quantities in the column. The retention time is determined in duplicate. The partition coefficient of the test substance is obtained by interpolation of the calculated capacity factor on the calibration graph. For very low and very high partition coefficients extrapolation is necessary.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069824-en
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  • 23
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    Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069947
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 202; Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 202: Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an acute toxicity test to assess effects of chemicals towards daphnids (usually Daphnia magna Staus). Young daphnids, aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test, are exposed to the test substance at a range of concentrations (at least five concentrations) for a period of 48 hours. Immobilisation is recorded at 24 hours and 48 hours and compared with control values. The results are analysed in order to calculate the EC50 at 48h. Determination of the EC50 at 24h is optional. At least 20 animals, preferably divided into four groups of five animals each, should be used at each test concentration and for the controls. At least 2 ml of test solution should be provided for each animal (i.e. a volume of 10 ml for five daphnids per test vessel). The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. The study report should include the observation for immobilized daphnids at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the test and the measures of dissolved oxygen, pH, concentration of the test substance, at the beginning and end of the test.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069947-en
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  • 24
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    Measuring Sustainable Development : Integrated Economic, Environmental and Social Frameworks (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020139
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: The papers in this conference proceedings address the various conceptual, measurement and statistical policy issues that arise when applying accounting frameworks to the concept of sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020139-en
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  • 25
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Sweden 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108592
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suède 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suède 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Sweden
    Abstract: This review of Sweden’s environmental performance takes stock of Sweden’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1996. It finds that Sweden has benefited from solid institutional and regulatory frameworks, extensive use of economic instruments, and significant planning and legislative reform. To meet its Environmental Quality Objectives, Sweden will need to implement more efficient environmental policies, further integrate environmental concerns with other policy, and further strengthen international environmental cooperation. The report makes 44 recommendations to help strengthen Sweden’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108592-en
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  • 26
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification in OECD Member Countries of Substances and Mixtures which in contact with water release toxic gases (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.41
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This review documents examines member country classification of substances and mixtures which in contact with water release toxic gases.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079106-en
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  • 27
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    Test No. 111: Hydrolysis as a Function of pH (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069701
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 111; Hydrolyse en fonction du pH
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 111: Hydrolyse en fonction du pH
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess abiotic hydrolytic transformations of chemicals in aquatic systems at pH values normally found in the environment (pH 4 – 9). This Guideline is designed as a tiered approach; each tier is triggered by the results of the previous tier.Sterile aqueous buffer solutions of different pH values (pH 4, 7 and 9) are treated with the non-labelled or labelled test substance (only one concentration, which should not exceed 0.01 M or half of the saturation concentration). They are incubated in the dark under controlled laboratory conditions (at constant temperatures). After appropriate time intervals, buffer solutions are analysed for the test substance and for hydrolysis products. The preliminary test should be carried out for 5 days at 50 ± 0.5°C and pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0. The second tier consists of the hydrolysis of unstable substances, and the third tier is the identification of hydrolysis products. The higher Tier tests should be conducted until 90 % hydrolysis of the test substance is observed or for 30 days whichever comes first.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069701-en
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  • 28
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    New Forms of Governance for Economic Development (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les nouvelles formes de gouvernance et le développement économique
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: New forms of governance are emerging. Government, business and civil society are increasingly seeking ways to develop and pursue economic development strategies and solve socio-economic problems jointly. Regional strategic platforms, partnerships, open governments and other agents of change help release the potential of their area thanks to better co-ordination, and adaptation of public policies to local conditions. This book examines how the new forms of governance overcome administrative, political and financial obstacles and impact local prosperity and the quality of life. These new approaches are illustrated with the results of some of the ambitious initiatives taken by Belgium, the Czech Republic, Mexico, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015326-en
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  • 29
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: United Kingdom 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of the UK's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016231-en
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  • 30
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Canada 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Canada 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Canada 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Canada
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive 2004 report on Canada's environmental policies and programmes systematically examines policy related to air, water, and nature/biodiversity as well as the interface between environmental policy and economic policy, social policy, and specific sectors. It finds that while Canada has made satisfactory progress since 1985, there are still significant challenges, and the report makes specific recommendations for more use of economic instruments and use of the polluter and user pays principles, rationalising water governance, strengthening nature protection, reducing energy intensity, implementing climate change policies, reviewing environmentally related taxes, and implementing marine and aid commitments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107786-en
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  • 31
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Italy 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali; Italia 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali: Italia 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Italy
    Abstract: This review of Italy's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199163-en
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  • 32
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    The Non-profit Sector in a Changing Economy (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur à but non lucratif dans une économie en mutation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El sector sin fines de lucro en una economía cambiante
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Recent socio-economic trends, welfare state reform; the emergence of civil society and democracy have highlighted the growing significance of the non-profit sector – a sector between state and market – often associated with concepts such as ‘social economy’, ‘third sector’, ‘voluntary sector’, ‘third system’, ‘independent sector’ and, more recently, ‘social entrepreneurship’. This sector is facing a number of crucial new challenges such as management quality whilst both maintaining the sector's unique social dimension and fostering social innovation. Drawing on contributions from leading experts and academics, this report provides ground-breaking assessment of new trends; reviews the significant non-profit sector developments in EU countries, the US; Canada; Mexico and Australia; and provides tools on how to finance, monitor and evaluate the sector. This book, supported by statistical data, is for policy makers, practitioners, academics and the corporate sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199545-en
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  • 33
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    The Role and Responsibilities of the Study Director in GLP Studies (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de bonnes pratiques de laboratoire et vérification du respect de ces principes
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document defines the roles and responsibilities of the Study Director in Good Laboratory Practice studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078673-en
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Helsinki, Finland 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199620
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Helsinki, Finlande 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Helsinki, Finlande 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Finland
    Abstract: The Greater Helsinki Region emerged from the 1990s as an internationally competitive economy. This review examines the factors contributing to this success and the new development challenges it has created. One critical policy question is the Finnish dependence on the telecom/mobile industry. The current strategic positioning of the Finnish ICT cluster builds on a high-return/high-risk scenario. Long-term regional competitiveness requires a more focused strategy of diversification, i.e. developing ICT activities beyond the current cluster scope. Social inclusion is another crucial issue. Persistent unemployment among the less educated population and growing income disparities are calling for the restructuring of past policies. The Greater Helsinki Region needs to find ways to promote new opportunities of social cohesion. Rapid population growth has resulted from greater economic competitiveness requiring renewed commitment to managed growth and compact development. All of these challenges create needs for greater metropolitan co-ordination that are examined in turn.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199620-en
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  • 35
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Poland 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100961
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Pologne 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Pologne 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Poland
    Abstract: This review of Poland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100961-en
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  • 36
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Mexico 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluacion del Desempeño Ambiental; Mexico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluacion del Desempeño Ambiental: Mexico
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: This 2003 edition of OECD's periodic review of Mexico's environmental policies and programmes examines its progress in air, water, waste and biodiversity management; sustainable development; the environmental-economic and environmental-social interfaces; and international commitments. It presents a series of recommendations for dealing with key environmental issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105010-en
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  • 37
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    Managing Decentralisation : A New Role for Labour Market Policy (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104716
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Decentralising labour market policy is a delicate and challenging subject of political debate. Does decentralisation really enable co-ordination of policies? At the local level, how do we make the best use of decentralised powers? How can greater flexibility be provided in managing policies while still guaranteeing efficiency and accountability? To enhance responsiveness to citizens’ needs, governments increasingly decentralise the way policies are designed and implemented. In the labour market policy area, many stakeholders, from business and local government to community groups and NGOs have been receptive. The OECD invited leading experts and experienced policy makers and practitioners to address these questions and share their experiences in dealing with such issues. This report, supported by statistical data, summarises the lessons learnt from their experiences. It is for researchers, leading experts, business communities, economists in government circles and NGOs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104716-en
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  • 38
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    OECD Reviews of Health Care Systems: Korea 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264299474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Health Systems
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des systèmes de santé ; La Corée 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des systèmes de santé : La Corée 2003
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: How can the performance of the Korean health care system be improved? How have the July 2000 health sector reforms affected performance? This book investigates a set of policy challenges concerning the type of government interventions that are needed to promote health systems objectives in a mixed public-private context.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264299474-en
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  • 39
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    Emerging Risks in the 21st Century : An Agenda for Action (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle ; Vers un programme d'action
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The 21st Century has so far witnessed a host of large-scale disasters in various parts of the world including: windstorms, flooding, new diseases infesting both humans and animals, terrorist attacks and major disruptions to critical infrastructures. It is not just the nature of major risks that seems to be changing, but also the context in which risks are evolving as well as society’s capacity to manage them. This book explores the implications of these developments for economy and society in the 21st century, focussing in particular on the potentially significant increase in the vulnerability of major systems. It concentrates on five large risk clusters: natural disasters, technological accidents, infectious diseases, food safety and terrorism, identifies the challenges facing OECD countries and sets out recommendations for governments and the private sector as to how the management of emerging systemic risks might be improved.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101227-en
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  • 40
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Austria 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Autriche 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Autriche 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Austria
    Abstract: This review of Austria's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018891-en
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  • 41
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    The Application of the GLP Principles to Field Studies (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Application des principes de BPL aux études sur le terrain
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document specifies the application of the Good Laboratory Practice principles to field studies, interpreting such concepts as study, test site, study director, management responsibilities, quality assurance, etc. for application in this specific context.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078635-en
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  • 42
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Vienna-Bratislava, Austria/Slovak Republic 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104693
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Austria ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of the Vienna/Bratislava region. The Vienna-Bratislava region on the Austrian-Slovak border rapidly increased its competitiveness after 1989, following a 40 year separation by the Iron Curtain. As a result of the removal of many national and international barriers, trade flows and foreign direct investment have flourished, and regional growth, above national averages, has reduced internal disparities. However, new obstacles to further integration have emerged. Institutional reforms and stronger cross-border collaboration will enable the region to improve transport infrastructure, tackle restrictions on labour mobility, and better link the learning and productive systems on both sides of the border.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104693-en
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  • 43
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    OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali: Italia 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264099098
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Rapporto sulle performance ambientali
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Italy
    Abstract: Temi trattati : Gestione dell’ambiente Gestione dell’aria, dell’acqua e dei rifiuti Protezione della natura e della biodiversità Economia, società e ambiente Integrazione settoriale: trasporti Cooperazione internazionale Esami recenti disponibili Messico 1998 Australia 1998 Svizzera 1998 Belgio 1998 Repubblica ceca 1999 Danimarca 1999 Federazione della Russia* 1999 Turchia 1999 Ungheria 2000 Grecia 2000 Irlanda 2000 Lussemburgo 2000 Paesi dell’OCSE 2001 Germania 2001 Islanda 2001 Norvegia 2001 Portogallo 2001 Repubblica slovacca 2002 Giappone 2002 Regno Unito 2002 Italia 2002 La presente pubblicazione fa parte del programma di esami condotti dall’OCSE sulle performance ambientali di ogni Paese Membro. Sono esaminati in modo dettagliato gli sforzi compiuti per raggiungere gli obiettivi nazionali e per rispondere agli impegni internazionali. Le analisi si appoggiano su un vasto insieme di dati economici e ambientali e sboccano su raccomandazioni su i progressi da compiere nel campo dell’ambiente e dello sviluppo sostenibile. Il primo ciclo di Esami delle performance ambientali dei Paesi Membri si è concluso nel 2000. * Paese non membro dell’OCSE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264099098-it
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  • 44
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    OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101821
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This second comprehensive edition of these Principles is to help public authorities, industry and communities worldwide anticipate accidents involving hazardous substances resulting from technological and natural disasters, as well as sabotage. It addresses the following issues: preventing the occurrence of chemical accidents and near-misses; preparing for accidents through emergency planning, public communication, etc.; responding to accidents and minimising their adverse effects; and following-up to accidents, regarding clean-up, reporting and investigation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101821-en
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  • 45
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Mexico 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199354
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estudios Territoriales de la OCDE; México 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estudios Territoriales de la OCDE: México 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: This review of Mexico evaluates emerging territorial development strategies as well as relevant changes in governance, such as new horizontal and vertical co-ordination mechanisms, being introduced in conjunction with improved federal arrangements. The review focuses on three policy objectives that are considered as having greatest priority in confronting and redressing Mexico’s stark regional disparities: alleviating poverty, fostering competitiveness and enhancing connectivity. The review is for academia, policy makers and economists, NGOs and independent think tanks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199354-en
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  • 46
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    Asociaciones locales para una mejor gobernabilidad (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264489462
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Local Partnerships for Better Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des partenariats locaux pour une meilleure gouvernance
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264489462-es
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  • 47
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    Radiological Protection of the Environment : Summary Report of the Issues (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264103436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection radiologique de l'environnement ; Rapport de synthèse des questions-clés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection radiologique de l'environnement : Rapport de synthèse des questions-clés
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The system of radiological protection is currently being revised in order to make it simpler, clearer and more responsive to stakeholder needs. During this evolution process, particular attention is being given to the development of an explicit system for the radiological protection of the environment. It was in this context that the NEA organised, in close collaboration with the International Commission on Radiological Protection, a forum on radiological protection of the environment. This report summarises the key issues discussed at the forum. They include sustainable development, identification of what to protect, the definition of detriment, the necessary level of regulation, an integrated approach to protection, the use of similar approaches for humans and the environment, practical foundations for a system of environmental protection, and consequences in terms of training.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264103436-en
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  • 48
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Oresund, Denmark/Sweden 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100800
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Denmark ; Sweden
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive territorial review of the Oresund region of Denmark and Sweden. Competitiveness is increasingly cited as the key objective of regional economic policy. In the same way that company executives strive to improve their market share and national governments are introducing competitiveness strategies, policy makers in urban areas are looking for ways to increase or maintain the competitive edge of their cities. This is a daunting task in any situation, but particularly so when, as in this case, the functional economic area concerned stretches across national boundaries. The constituent regions of Öresund, comprising the island of Zealand in Denmark, home of Copenhagen, and Sweden’s Skåne region which hosts the country’s third biggest city, Malmö are both wealthy areas. It is a “learning region” and has a strong presence in some high technology sectors. As such, the key to future growth is not simply the creation of a fixed link between the two parts of the region or improved flexibility in an expanded labour market. The region must look outward and compete with other metropolitan areas to retain and augment the assets that give it, at present, a strong competitive position in the “new economy”.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100800-en
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  • 49
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    Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty : A New Welfare Policy Debate (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104747
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La constitution d'un patrimoine et la sortie de la pauvreté ; Introduction à un nouveau débat sur la politique du bien-être
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La formación de patrimonio y el escape de la pobreza ; Un nuevo debate sobre la política del bienestar social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'asset building e l'uscita dalla povertà; Un nuovo dibattito sulla politica del welfare
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La constitution d'un patrimoine et la sortie de la pauvreté : Introduction à un nouveau débat sur la politique du bien-être
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La formación de patrimonio y el escape de la pobreza : Un nuevo debate sobre la política del bienestar social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'asset building e l'uscita dalla povertà: Un nuovo dibattito sulla politica del welfare
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Governments in developed countries have long used, directly or indirectly through their tax systems, policies that subsidise or otherwise encourage the population at large to acquire assets such as financial savings, home ownership, retirement funds, education (human capital) or business capital. These policies seldom reach the poor. In fact, for the poor these policies often do not stimulate saving but rather discourage it. However, the evidence reported in this book is that the poor want to save, and can do so in modest amounts. In fact, they will do so, often with sacrifices greater than either policy makers or the more well-off might imagine. Extending asset-building policies to the poor can represent an effective attack on both poverty and economic and social alienation of the poor, because it has positive welfare effects that income support alone cannot provide.This book establishes the context for a fruitful debate on the merits and demerits of asset building for the poor by setting out the basic ideas involved in asset-building programmes and proposals. It also outlines the social policy advantages that their proponents claim, and documents what the existing programmes and demonstration projects look like.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104747-en
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  • 50
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    OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators : A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264019119
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité ; Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators; A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité : Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators: A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators provides a systemic approach to measuring the success of stakeholders' chemical safety programmes by detailing targets, activity indicators and outcome indicators. It also provides flexibility for groups to design programmes to assess their own performance related to the prevention of, preparedness for, and response to chemical accidents. The SPI (Safety Performance Indicators) serves as a guide to help industry, authorities and communities measure the extent to which actions help improve chemical safety.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264019119-en
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  • 51
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    Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development : Programme and Policy Recommendations (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199798
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local ; Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local ; recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development; Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local : Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local : recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development: Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Few studies have systematically examined the relationship between the creation of new firms and local economic development -- yet it is a universal concern for central and local governments wishing to combat localised economic distress. This book examines the principal routes through which enterprise creation can have a positive impact on local economies. Recommendations cover three thematic areas: strategy, finance and programme design. The book is for investment agencies, entrepreneurs seeking to invest locally and economists in the corporate sector. "Overall, this is an excellent overview of the key issues concerning entrepreneurship and local economic development. While primarily aimed at the pragmatic policymakers, who will find it extremely valuable, it also has the rigor and breadth to interest researchers and students." Ronald McQuaidEmployment Research InstituteNapier University, Edinburgh, UKJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 3, 2004
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199798-en
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  • 52
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    English-Russian Glossary of Terms used in Environmental Enforcement and Compliance Promotion (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264032385
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This glossary integrates a wealth of policy, legal, management and technical terms that were selected according to one key criterion: each of them had to be used in environmental compliance promotion and enforcement or have significance for this field. The glossary is designed to assist in achieving a shared vision of strengthening compliance assurance efforts. It is for policy and law makers, inspectors, government officials, NGOs and academics, consultants, etc. - all those engaged with enforcement and compliance promotion activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264032385-en
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  • 53
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Netherlands 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101005
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Pays-Bas 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Pays-Bas 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This review of the Netherland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101005-en
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  • 54
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: The Metropolitan Region of Melbourne, Australia 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Australia
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive territorial review of Melbourne, Australia's second largest city, most important container port, and leading cultural and educational centre. It finds that Melbourne is poised for a major phase in its growth, but that it faces a number of challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101609-en
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  • 55
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews 2003 : Water: Performance and Challenges in OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101333
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report draws on the water management chapters of 42 country reviews carried out to date to identify common achievements and remaining challenges for OECD countries in terms of further reducing the pollution burden and protecting human health and aquatic ecosystems. Conclusions are drawn relating to: i) better integrating water and other policies for sustainable development; ii) getting water prices right; and iii) new challenges for water-related public health.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101333-en
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  • 56
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, République Tchèque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, République Tchèque 2002
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This report brings into light an emerging framework, with a new territorial unit for local initiative in the Czech Republic: the micro-region. It investigates the issues at stake in the development of these voluntary entities, that can be characterised as main partners for regions, although they do not correspond to an administrative level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175990-en
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  • 57
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Switzerland 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264160651
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorialexamen; Schweiz
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorialexamen: Schweiz
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Switzerland
    Abstract: The review points to the need to redesign regional policy. The ongoing reform of fiscal federalism, supposed to foster subnational autonomy and to reduce disparities more effectively, is an important step towards balanced regional development. The review emphasises the need to extend regional policy to the entire country, and to link it more strongly to spatial planning, in order to ensure that all regions benefit from the advantages of liberalisation and globalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264160651-en
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  • 58
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    Detailed Review Paper on Biodegradability Testing (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (257 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document reviews the area of biodegradability testing in order to identify whether, in the light of scientific developments, there was a need to revise existing OECD Test Guidelines or to develop new Guidelines.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078529-en
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  • 59
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    Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.23
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance for the testing of substances, and mixtures, classed as “difficult to test” for the purposes of determining their aquatic toxicity. Whilst the guidance given is targeted towards tests described by the OECD Guidelines identified it may also be relevant to other tests. The guidance relates to the practical aspects of carrying out valid tests with “difficult” test substances and mixtures and presenting the results. The guidance is considered to reflect good practice but it is important to recognise that some test substances and mixtures will present specific scientific and technical issues that may fall outside its scope. This document is divided into five substantive sections covering guidance for carrying out a preliminary assessment of test substance stability; general considerations on selection of exposure regimes; development of media preparation and exposure systems; sampling of test media for analysis, and calculating and reporting test results.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078406-en
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  • 60
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    Environmental Performance Review of Japan : Conclusions and Recommendations (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Keywords: Environment ; Japan
    Abstract: This document presents the conclusions and recommendations of the OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan for 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033931-en
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    OECD Territorialexamen: Schweiz (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264560659
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Switzerland 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Switzerland 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Die Schweiz weist, verglichen mit andern OECD-Staaten, geringe interregionale Disparitäten auf. Doch viele Strategien, die der nationalen Kohäsion förderlich sind, wie die Landwirtschaftspolitik, der service public, das öffentliche Beschaffungswesen oder der Finanzausgleich, sind im letzten Jahrzehnt unter Reformdruck geraten. Zudem stehen neue Themen auf der politischen Agenda, wie etwa die wachsenden Ungleichgewichte innerhalb der Metropolitanräume oder die Modernisierung traditioneller Industrien. Das vorliegende Examen zeigt deshalb, dass es notwendig ist, die Regionalpolitik neu zu orientieren. Es betont die Notwendigkeit, Regionalpolitik auf das ganze Land auszudehnen und stärker mit der Raumplanung zu verknüpfen, um sicherzustellen, dass alle Landesteile von den Vorteilen von Liberalisierung und Globalisierung profitieren können.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264560659-de
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  • 62
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    Integrating the Rio Conventions into Development Co-operation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176065
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The DAC Guidelines
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les Conventions de Rio dans la coopération pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: These Guidelines highlight the linkages between global environmental issues, on the one hand, and sustainable development and poverty reduction, on the other. They demonstrate how development co-operation agencies can support developing countries’ efforts to integrate responses to the environmental threats addressed by the Climate Change, Biodiversity and Desertification Conventions (the "Rio Conventions") into their national poverty reduction and development plans. While focusing on the Rio Conventions, many of the findings outlined in these Guidelines apply equally to other global or regional environmental issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176065-en
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  • 63
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    Working Together Towards Sustainable Development : The OECD Experience (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033924
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oeuvrer ensemble pour un développement durable
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The report assesses the contribution made by OECD countries, both at home and internationally, and brings together the main lessons learned through the Organisation's extensive work on sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033924-en
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  • 64
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Sensitising Substances in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.13
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classifications for sensitising substances.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078314-en
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  • 65
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    Detailed Review Document on Hazard Classification Systems for Specific Target Organ Systemic Toxicity Following Single or Repeated Exposure in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.25
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country hazard classification systems for specific target organ systemic toxicity following single or repeated exposure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078420-en
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  • 66
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    Report of the OECD/UNEP Workshop on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Environmental Persistence and Long Range Transport in the Context of PBTS/POPS Assessment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078505
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (191 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.36
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document contains the report from the OECD/UNEP Workshop on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Persistence and Long-range Transport in the Context of PBTs/POPs Assessment, held on 29-31 October 2001 in Ottawa, Canada, together with background papers, presentation summaries, and reports from the three subgroups.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078505-en
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  • 67
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    Test No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070943
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 420; Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode de la dose prédéterminée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 420: Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode de la dose prédéterminée
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: A principle of the method is that in the main study only moderately toxic doses are used, and the administration of doses that are expected to be lethal should be avoided. This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rat. Groups of animals of a single sex (normally females) are dosed in a stepwise procedure using the fixed doses of 5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg (exceptionally 5000 mg/kg). The initial dose level is selected on the basis of a sighting study as the dose expected to produce some signs of toxicity without causing severe toxic effects or mortality. Further groups of animals may be dosed at higher or lower fixed doses, depending on the presence or absence of signs of toxicity or mortality. This procedure continues until the dose causing evident toxicity or death is identified, or when no effects are seen at the highest dose or when deaths occur at the lowest dose. The test substance is administered in a single dose by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation canula. Animals should be fasted prior to dosing. A total of five animals of one sex will normally be used for each dose level investigated. The results of this study include: measurements (weighing at least weekly) and daily detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy. The method provides information on the hazardous properties and allows the substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070943-en
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    Guidance Notes for Analysis and Evaluation of Repeat-Dose Toxicity Studies (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.32
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document presents a general guide to the analysis and evaluation of data from studies involving repeated exposures of toxicity test species to pesticides and other chemicals; and outlines the kind of information which should be included in an independent assessment of toxicity studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078482-en
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  • 69
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Substances which Pose an Aspiration Hazard (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078512
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.37
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classifications systems for substances which pose an aspiration hazard.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078512-en
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  • 70
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    Report of the Final Ring Test of the Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.6
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the Ring Test of the February 1994 OECD draft Guideline 202, part II on Daphnia magna Reproduction Test, which was conducted in 1994. It also includes the report of the OECD Workshop on the Final Ring Test of the Daphnia magna Reproduction Test, which was held at Sheffield University on 27-28 March 1995 (Appendix E).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077997-en
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  • 71
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    Rumo a um Desenvolvimento Sustentável : Indicadores Ambientais (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066076
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development; Environmental Indicators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers un développement durable ; Indicateurs d'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development: Environmental Indicators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers un développement durable : Indicateurs d'environnement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Interest in sustainable development and awareness of the international dimension of environmental problems, have stimulated governments to track and chart environmental progress and its links with economic conditions and trends. This publication presents leading environmental indicators from the OECD Core Set and thus contributes to measuring environmental performance and progress towards sustainable development. Organised by issues such as climate change, air pollution, biodiversity, waste or water resources, this book provides essential information for all those interested in sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066076-pt
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  • 72
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    Nuclear Energy and the Kyoto Protocol (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199149
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'énergie nucléaire et le Protocole de Kyoto
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the application of its "flexible mechanisms" are at the forefront of energy policy debates in most OECD countries. The potential role of nuclear energy in this context is viewed very differently and assessed against various criteria by the range of stakeholders in governments and civil society according to their interests and priorities. This book provides key facts concerning nuclear energy and the Kyoto Protocol. It highlights the challenges and opportunities for the future development of nuclear energy in the context of implementing the Kyoto Protocol, and more broadly in alleviating the risks of global climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199149-en
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    Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Human Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.19
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this Guidance Document is to apply the principles of the Three Rs to the use of animals in regulatory toxicity tests. The OECD encourages the humane use of animals in regulatory toxicity and safety evaluation studies and fully endorses the principles of the 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction, Refinement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078376-en
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  • 74
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Skin Irritation/Corrosion in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078345
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.16
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classification systems for skin irritation/corrosion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078345-en
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Germ Cell Mutagenicity in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.12
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Detailed Review Document (DRD) presents an overview of classification systems/guidelines used in OECD Member countries relating to the mutagenicity of chemicals, based on responses to a questionnaire. Several OECD Member countries have implemented legislation, including classification systems and lists of mutagens; these countries include Canada, Japan and EU Member States. The United States has implemented mutagenicity risk assessment guidelines for determination of potential human germ cell mutagens. Several countries, including the Czech Republic, Norway and Switzerland, intend to apply the EU legislation in the near future. New Zealand is moving towards harmonization with Australia, with respect to establishing guidelines for mutagenicity assessment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078307-en
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  • 76
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    Report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/risk Assessment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.4
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Environment Monograph contains the report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/Risk Assessment, which took place in London in May 1994. The Workshop was hosted by the Department of the Environment (DoE) of the United Kingdom. Work on hazard assessment in the OECD’s Chemicals Programme is closely related to the work on Test Guidelines, co-operative investigation of existing chemicals, and the Pesticide Programme. The objectives of hazard assessment activities are to promote awareness, improvement, and, to the extent possible, harmonization of hazard assessment procedures for chemicals (including pesticides) and to encourage mutual use and acceptance of hazard assessments in OECD and other countries. These activities include the development and compilation of practical methods and procedures; promotion of their application in conjunction with co-operative investigations of chemicals; and promotion of harmonization of assessment reports. In recent years, workshops have been held (and documents produced) on aquatic exposure assessment, initial assessment of occupational and consumer exposure, and data estimation methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077935-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174962
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République Slovaque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Performance Environmental Reviews (Slovak version); Slovak Republic
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Slovaque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Performance Environmental Reviews (Slovak version): Slovak Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This review of the Slovak Republic's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174962-en
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    Test No. 308: Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 308; Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 308: Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess aerobic and anaerobic transformation of organic chemicals in aquatic sediment systems. The method permits the measurement of (i) the transformation rate of the test substance in a water-sediment system and in the sediment (ii) the mineralisation rate of the test substance and/or its transformation products, (iii) the distribution of the test substance and its transformation products between the two phases during a period of incubation in the dark, at constant temperature, and (iv) the identification and quantification of transformation products in water and sediment phases including mass balance. At least two sediments different with respect to organic carbon content and texture are used. Ideally the test substance (one concentration) should be applied as an aqueous solution into the water phase. The duration of the experiment should normally not exceed 100 days, and should continue until the degradation pathway and water/sediment distribution pattern are established or when 90 % of the test substance has been removed by transformation and/or volatilisation. The number of sampling times should be at least six. The study includes: concentration in the water and sediment of the test substance and the transformation products at every sampling time; results from gases/volatiles trapping systems at each sampling time; mineralisation rates; and non-extractable residues in sediment at each sampling point. Half-lives, DT50, DT75 and DT90 values are determined where the data warrant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070523-en
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    Report of the OECD Workshop on Sharing Information about New Industrial Chemicals Assessment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078017
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (187 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.8
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document contains the report of the OECD Workshop on Sharing Information about New Industrial Chemicals Assessment. Included in this report are the Workshop’s Conclusions and Recommendations, as well as a summary of discussions, case studies, and perspectives on the sharing of information presented at the Workshop. Background material and the results of a survey of existing notification schemes for new industrial chemicals are also included.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078017-en
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  • 80
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    Test No. 404: Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 404; Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur la peau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 404: Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur la peau
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to liquid or solid test substance by dermal application. This Test Guideline recommends sequential testing strategies, which include the performance of validated and accepted in vitro or ex vivo tests for corrosion/irritation. The albino rabbit is the preferable laboratory animal. The substance to be tested is applied in a single dose to a small area of skin (approximately 6cm²) of an experimental animal; untreated skin areas of the test animal serve as the control. The exposure period is 4 hours. Residual test substance should then be removed. The dose is 0.5ml (liquid) or 0.5g (solid) applied to the test site. The method consists of two tests: the initial test and the confirmatory test (used only if a corrosive effect is not observed in the initial test). All animals should be examined for signs of erythema and oedema during 14 days. The dermal irritation scores should be evaluated in conjunction with the nature and severity of lesions, and their reversibility or lack of reversibility. When responses persist to the end of the 14-day observation period, the test substance should be considered an irritant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070622-en
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    Armutsbekämpfung (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264594777
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Die DAC-Leitlinien
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Poverty Reduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réduction de la pauvreté
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Die Entwicklungsländer setzen sich heute – mit Unterstützung der multilateralen Institutionen, der bilateralen Gebergemeinschaft wie auch der zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen – nachdrücklicher als je zuvor für die Verwirklichung des prioritären Entwicklungsziels, einer Halbierung der Armut bis zum Jahr 2015, ein. Den Mittelpunkt aller EZ-Bemühungen bilden nunmehr Armutsbekämpfungsstrategien, die von den betreffenden Ländern selbst getragen und unter ihrer Leitung durchgeführt werden und die sich an den lokalen Bedürfnissen und Prioritäten orientieren, wie sie von den unmittelbar betroffenen Parteien selbst definiert werden. Die DAC-Leitlinien für die Armutsbekämpfung enthalten konkrete Informationen über die Art der Armut wie auch über die effizientesten Konzepte, Maßnahmen, Instrumente und Wege für die Bewältigung der Armut.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264594777-de
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Japan 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Japon 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Japon 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Japan
    Abstract: This review of Japan's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175334-en
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    Detailed Review Document on Classification Systems for Reproductive Toxicity in OECD Member Countries (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078338
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.15
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classification systems for reproductive toxicity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078338-en
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  • 84
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    Guidance Document for the Performance Of Out-door Monolith Lysimeter Studies (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078390
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.22
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance for the performance of out-door monolith lysimeter studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078390-en
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    Guidance Document for the Conduct of Studies of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides During Agricultural Application (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Document presents an internationally harmonized approach to the conduct of studies of occupational exposure to pesticides during agricultural application.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078079-en
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    Test No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 405; Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur les yeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 405: Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur les yeux
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance (liquids, solids and aerosols) by application on the eye. This Test Guideline is intended preferably for use with albino rabbit. The test substance is applied in a single dose in the conjunctival sac of one eye of each animal. The other eye, which remains untreated, serves as a control. The initial test uses an animal; the dose level depends on the test substance nature. A confirmatory test should be made if a corrosive effect is not observed in the initial test, the irritant or negative response should be confirmed using up to two additional animals. It is recommended that it be conducted in a sequential manner in one animal at a time, rather than exposing the two additional animals simultaneously. The duration of the observation period should be sufficient to evaluate fully the magnitude and reversibility of the effects observed. The eyes should be examined at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after test substance application. The ocular irritation scores should be evaluated in conjunction with the nature and severity of lesions, and their reversibility or lack of reversibility. The individual scores do not represent an absolute standard for the irritant properties of a material, as other effects of the test material are also evaluated.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070646-en
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  • 87
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    Test No. 307: Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Soil (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070509
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 307; Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 307: Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this Test Guideline is designed for evaluating aerobic and anaerobic transformation of chemicals in soil. The experiments are performed to determine the rate of transformation of the test substance, and the nature and rates of formation and decline of transformation products, to which plants and soil organisms may be exposed. About 50 to 200 g soil samples (a sandy loam or silty loam or loam or loamy sand) are treated with the test substance and incubated in the dark, in biometer-type flasks or in flow-through systems under controlled laboratory conditions. The treatment rate should correspond to the highest application rate of a crop protection product recommended in the use instructions. Also untreated soil samples are incubated under test conditions. These samples are used for biomass measurements during and at the end of the studies. The rate and pathway studies should normally not exceed 120 days. Duplicate incubation flasks are removed at appropriate time intervals and the soil samples extracted with appropriate solvents, of different polarity, and analysed for the test substance and/or transformation products. Volatile products are also collected for analysis using appropriate adsorption devices. Using 14C-labelled material, the various mineralisation rates of the test substance can be measured by trapping evolved 14CO2 and a mass balance, including the formation of soil bound residues, can be established.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070509-en
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  • 88
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Tzoumerka, Greece 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195967
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Tzoumerka, Grèce 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Tzoumerka, Grèce 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Greece
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of the Tzoumerka region of Greece. The Tzoumerka is a mountainous area in Northwestern Greece that presents considerable development challenges with respect to economic growth, social cohesion and governance. The area is highly dependent on traditional agricultural activities that are only made viable by considerable Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) support. Unfortunately, this support will almost inevitably decline. As incentives to modernise agricultural activities and promote other business activity have been ineffective, local development policy will need to go farther. It must direct the local population away from old survival habits to investing in capabilities required of new economic projects. The policy instruments that are likely to be most effective in creating a new mindset will consist in identifying and incubating a small number of successful initiatives with strong demonstration effects. Strategies identified include processing raw agricultural products into premium foodstuffs, to appeal to contemporary demand trends, and harnessing the valuable tourism resources of the area in order to attract visitors who increasingly seek out authenticity in their tourism experiences.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195967-en
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  • 89
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    Umweltorientierte öffentliche Beschaffung : Probleme und praktische Lösungen (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066083
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greener Public Purchasing; Issues and Practical Solutions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement ; Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greener Public Purchasing: Issues and Practical Solutions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement : Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: Government consumption of products and services in OECD Member countries is estimated to be responsible for 9 to 25% of GDP. Given the importance of public purchasing, national and local authorities have been paying increasing attention to the opportunities to improve the environment by selecting environmentally sounder products. This publication describes the successes, the efforts and the difficulties encountered within Member countries by focusing on the role and concerns of the officials that operate purchasing. Also, it shows how greener public purchasing can support a number of other crucial policy objectives such as the reduction of government operating costs, the improvement of governance, and the reduction of greenhouse gases.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066083-de
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  • 90
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    OECD Performance Environmental Reviews (Slovak version) : Slovak Republic (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066090
    Language: Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République Slovaque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Slovaque 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066090-sk
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  • 91
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    Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071001
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 423; Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 423: Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This is a test guideline for testing for Acute Oral Tosxidity using the Acute Toxic Class Method.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071001-en
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  • 92
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    Report of the OECD Workshop on Statistical Analysis of Aquatic Toxicity Data (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078284
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.10
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The workshop report reviews the options available for the analysis of data from ecotoxicity tests; compares their advantages and disadvantages; recommends (a) the most appropriate approach for deriving a summary parameter(s) which has (have) scientific validity and (b) further work to be undertaken by the OECD and/or others, as appropriate.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078284-en
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  • 93
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Siena, Italy 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Sienne, Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Sienne, Italie 2002
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of the Italian province of Siena. It finds that Siena, a predominantly rural province in central Italy, has enjoyed steady economic growth throughout the post-war period. This success has its roots in a diverse economy based on manufacturing, services, high-value-added agriculture and a dynamic tourism sector. Nonetheless, it is these last two sectors that give Siena its main competitive advantage: an outstanding concentration of high-quality environmental and cultural resources which are unique to the region. The promotion of different sustainable development initiatives has been motivated by the need to ensure the valorisation and conservation of this major asset. This is most apparent in the effort to ensure that the region's development is not spoilt by the impact of mass tourism and an uncoordinated offer. The agrarian landscape also faces an uncertain future as the bulk of the cultivated land area remains dependent on EU subsidies, notwithstanding the market success of many agricultural producers. To respond to the challenges of sustainable development, Siena needs to fully integrate its development objectives with the most effective means to bring them about, in a co-ordinated and long-term planning exercise.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194373-en
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  • 94
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Champagne-Ardenne, France 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; France
    Abstract: The Champagne-Ardenne region in the north-east of France enjoys comparative advantages in a number of sectors, including mechanics, metalworking, packaging and agriculture, and of course Champagne. Although it still ranks fifth among French regions in terms of GDP/capita, Champagne-Ardenne lost ground during the recession of the early 1990s. This report analyses the strategy conducted by the Regional Council to strengthen the catching-up process and diversify the regional economy. It insists on the need to focus on two prime engines of growth: entrepreneurship and foreign direct investment. Moreover, increasing the competitiveness of the region calls for special efforts to help Champagne-Ardenne move towards more knowledge-based economic activities, to stimulate research and to encourage SMEs to network and innovate. While a better balance between agricultural policies and rural policies needs to be found, the region also has an important role to play in fighting urban decay - Champagne-Ardenne is one of the regions in France with the largest proportions of total population living in sensitive urban zones.The report also suggests that the potential for urban development could be enhanced by encouraging co-operation among cities and fostering the establishment of urban networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175952-en
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  • 95
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United Kingdom 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264161078
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Royaume-Uni 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Royaume-Uni 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This review of the United Kingdom's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264161078-en
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  • 96
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    Guidance Document on the Use of the Harmonised System for the Classification of Chemicals which are Hazardous for the Aquatic Environment (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078444
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.27
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides a description of a Harmonised System for the Classification of Chemicals which are Hazardous for the Aquatic Environment and guidance to how the system will work as well as guidance to the interpretation of data for use in applying the classification criteria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078444-en
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  • 97
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    Detailed Review Document on Hazard Classification Systems for Mixtures (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264078468
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.30
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document focuses on the health and environmental hazards of mixtures. The ILO/UNCETDG joint committee has elaborated criteria for classification of Physico-Chemical Hazards which are applicable to substances or mixtures. The classification of mixtures for Physico-Chemical Hazards is not being dealt with separately. The final proposal for a harmonised system for the classification of mixtures will include the physical, the health and environmental hazards. In cases where existing systems have environmental criteria for mixtures they are included for information in an annex.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264078468-en
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  • 98
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Canada 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264176300
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Canada 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Canada 2002
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Canada
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of Canada. It finds that Canada is composed of three macroregions: a southern ribbon with all the important metropolitan areas, a zone of rural and non-metropolitan adjacent regions and a sub-continent of remote northern territories. Disparities between these macroregions persist and may even be growing. Opportunities for growth are lost because of these imbalances and also because specific regional advantages are not fully tapped. In many regions, weak local governance is hindering the emergence of local grass-roots projects, diffusion of R&D results to SMEs is slow and dialogue between higher education institutions and firms is poor. This report underlines the need for federal agencies and sectoral departments to continuously assess the consistency of their policies with regard to the three macroregions in order to enhance territorial cohesion and better tailor programmes to local conditions. More federal involvement in metropolitan issues notably through negotiated planning could help to institutionalise and strengthen urban policies. This report also emphasises the significant overhauling of rural policies that took place recently. It underlines that in certain areas such as amenities a strategic approach is still to be defined. Resolving governance issues is a priority in the north.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264176300-en
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  • 99
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    International Mobility of the Highly Skilled (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The international mobility of highly skilled workers, in particular human resources in science and technology (HRST) such as scientists, engineers and IT experts, is currently an important policy issue in the majority of OECD countries. Accompanying the booming demand for skilled labour, especially from the information technology-related industries and professions, there is apparently a growing shortage of such workers in a number of OECD Member countries. In order to meet these shortages, an increasing number of countries are implementing measures to facilitate the recruitment of foreign skilled workers. Considering that improved knowledge and understanding of these issues are necessary for informing the policy agenda, the OECD held a seminar on "International Mobility of Highly Skilled Workers: From Statistical Analysis to the Formulation of Policies", in Paris on 11-12 June 2001. This seminar was organised by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) and the Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (DEELSA). The seminar targeted three main objectives, which are mirrored in the structure of the book: Provide data on the scale and characteristics of flows and stocks of skilled and highly skilled foreign workers in the OECD Member countries and certain non-member economies: South Africa, China, India, Israel, Russia and Chinese Taipei; to assess the quality of the data available and the concepts used, and to help improve their comparability. Analyse the mobility of skilled workers and HRST and their impact on the economy through case studies covering most of the major regions sending and receiving these workers. Examine appropriate migration policies aimed at facilitating the mobility of skilled workers in ways that are beneficial both to receiving and sending countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196087-en
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  • 100
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Korea 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (167 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Corée 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Corée 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: OECD's territorial review of Korea. It finds that deep societal changes against the backdrop of rapid economic growth have characterised Korea in the Post-War period. Most notably, the tripling of its population has induced significant territorial transformations. Despite the effort to promote balanced regional growth, Korea is still characterised by substantial geographical polarisation. An economically dominant Capital region lodges more than 45 per cent of the country’s population, producing nearly half of its GDP. Over the past decade, policy makers have developed a comprehensive spatial perspective, they have put in place policies tackling the use of land, infrastructure and problems in lagging regions, and they have significantly restructured territorial governance. However, further action may help fully exploit the on-going efforts. Cross-sectoral co-ordination is weak and better correspondence between the overall spatial vision and financial support to individual public projects seems appropriate. Territorial governance remains centrally oriented with the result that limited local autonomy may hinder regional innovation directed to sustainable economic growth. The focus on large firms may fail in exploiting the considerable contribution of SMEs to regional development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195684-en
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