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  • 2000-2004  (145)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (145)
  • Schnorbus, Axel
  • Environment  (92)
  • Development  (55)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264106222
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This annual report presents comprehensive statistics on the gross external debt of 171 developing countries and countries in transition. The 2003 edition has been enhanced with additional series providing more detailed breakdowns of categories of debt and time series data going back to end 1998. These figures are compiled by the OECD, largely on the basis of creditor sources. All figures are shown in US dollars. The External Debt Statistics database is included in OECD's International Development Statistics CD-ROM, and is available on line via www.OECD-iLibrary.org
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 7-40
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'efficacité de l'aide et la sélectivité : Intégrer de multiples objectifs dans les décisions d'affectation de l'aide
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 7-40
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper reports on recent work on improving the effectiveness of aid allocations, and extends the scope of analysis beyond the aid-policy-growth-poverty linkages to include three new elements: a broader range of poverty-relevant objectives and effectiveness constraints of aid; practical experience in the application of quantitative analysis to allocations; and analytic approaches to determining shares of aid through multilateral channels and for global public goods. There is wide consensus on the main allocation criteria for effectiveness in reducing poverty through pro-poor growth: the level and incidence of poverty and the development performance of partner countries. Other variables that raise the impact of aid on growth are helping vulnerable countries adjust to shocks, debt relief and post-conflict reconstruction. Considering broader development and humanitarian objectives, aid should also be allocated to prevent violent conflict and to improve governance and social conditions in “difficult partnerships”. In addition, global public goods are severely under-funded, and there is some evidence of under-funding of multilateral programmes...
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264079106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.41
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This review documents examines member country classification of substances and mixtures which in contact with water release toxic gases.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 73-148
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fondations philanthropiques et coopération pour le développement
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 73-148
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Philanthropic foundations have made important contributions to development, particularly in agriculture, family planning and infectious diseases control. The most effective interventions have been long-term investments that were based on vision and sound scientific understanding, and were well integrated with local capacities. Foundations’ total expenditure on developmental activities is now about $3 billion annually, mostly from large U.S. foundations. Foundations are increasingly involved in public-private partnerships whose activities range from crop and disease research to improving insfrastructure, especially water supply. They have also evolved innovative approaches to building democratic life in developing countries. Better information exchange with official aid agencies and appropriate fiscal encouragement of their activity can help maximise foundations’ future development contributions...
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 43-109
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Afrique Centrale et les régions transfrontalières : Perspectives de reconstruction et d'intégration
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 43-109
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The study in question shows the potential embodied in the regional forces around three large Central African basins: the North West basin (Atlantic Ocean), the East basin (Indian Ocean) and the South basin (southern Africa). It serves as a back-up to the Initiative for Central Africa (INICA) which is an informal framework for dialogue and a bridge between the local and regional levels, the aim of which is to provide backing for regional actors who develop initiatives conducive to a return to peace and stability in the region...
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 229-301
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : Finlande
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 229-301
    Keywords: Development ; Finland
    Abstract: This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from Denmark and New Zealand for the review on 17 June 2003. The principal issues covered were explicit attention to poverty reduction, predictable growth to an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% by 2010, a strategy for increased multilateral aid, a clear position on policy coherence for development and increased staff capacity in embassies in partner countries. This report is published on the authority of the Secretary-General of the OECD...
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-42
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réflexion du CAD sur la reconstruction en Irak
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-42
    Keywords: Development ; Iraq
    Abstract: This part provides the background paper, the agenda and the summary of the OECD DAC meeting ‘Reflection on Reconstruction in Iraq’, held in Paris on 21-22 July 2003. The reflection provided a forum for an informal exchange of views on the challenges to relief, recovery and reconstruction in Iraq...
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 149-227
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : Danemark
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 149-227
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from Luxembourg and Portugal for the Peer Review on 22 May 2003. The principal issues covered were the maintaining of Danish development co-operation leadership, the further untying of aid, holding the line on Danish ODA funding levels, maintaining a strategic geographic and sector focus, broadening Danish capacity in support of policy coherence, empowering the field missions and finding operational approaches to results-based management. This report is published on the authority of the Secretary-General of the OECD...
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 177-266
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : Irlande
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 177-266
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from Belgium and Switzerland for the Peer Review on 17 November 2003. The principal issues covered were: building public ownership of Ireland's official development co-operation programme; providing a predictable growth path for the expansion in ODA required so as to reach an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% by 2007; planning now to manage a USD 1 billion ODA programme; remaining vigilant regarding human resource issues within Development Co-operation Ireland; maintaining a cautious approach to designating new programme countries; continuing to promote more strategic approaches by NGO partners; and enhancing Ireland's contribution to addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This report is published on the authority of the Secretary-General of the OECD...
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analyse conjointe de l'appropriation et du partenariat en Tanzanie : Examen comparatif des programmes d'aide du Danemark, de la Finlande, de l'Irlande et du Japon
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 111-176
    Keywords: Development ; Tanzania, United Republic of
    Abstract: This Joint Assessment compares the strengths of four donors in Tanzania, namely Denmark, Finland, Ireland and Japan, as well as the challenges facing them, and makes observations on their aid programmes. The aim of the Joint Assessment of these four donors (2-13 March 2003) was to understand the way in which the implementation of donors’ partnership strategies contributes to country ownership. The paper looks at the challenges for donors posed by the Tanzanian aid co-ordination mechanisms, which strongly promote Tanzanian ownership of the development programme. It concludes with a series of lessons for DAC donors...
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 41-71
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Forum des partenaires au développement organisé par le CAD : Pour une gestion axée sur les résultats du développement et l'efficacité de l'aide
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 41-71
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This part of the publication contains the report on the DAC Development Partnership Forum “Managing for Development Results and Aid Effectiveness” (Paris, 11-12 December 2002). The purpose of the Forum was to bring together donors and partners to discuss experience in results-oriented reforms. The report focuses on the implications of the results agenda on public sector management, measurement and reporting issues, public accountability and Donor/Partner co-ordination...
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264069947
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 202; Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 202: Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an acute toxicity test to assess effects of chemicals towards daphnids (usually Daphnia magna Staus). Young daphnids, aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test, are exposed to the test substance at a range of concentrations (at least five concentrations) for a period of 48 hours. Immobilisation is recorded at 24 hours and 48 hours and compared with control values. The results are analysed in order to calculate the EC50 at 48h. Determination of the EC50 at 24h is optional. At least 20 animals, preferably divided into four groups of five animals each, should be used at each test concentration and for the controls. At least 2 ml of test solution should be provided for each animal (i.e. a volume of 10 ml for five daphnids per test vessel). The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. The study report should include the observation for immobilized daphnids at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the test and the measures of dissolved oxygen, pH, concentration of the test substance, at the beginning and end of the test.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264069824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 117; Cœfficient de partage (n-octanol/eau), méthode HPLC
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 117: Cœfficient de partage (n-octanol/eau), méthode HPLC
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the HPLC method, which permits to determine the partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) (Pow).Reverse phase HPLC is performed on analytical columns packed with a solid phase containing long hydrocarbon chains chemically bound onto silica. The chemicals are retained in the column in proportion to their hydrocarbon-water partition coefficient, with hydrophilic chemicals eluted first and lipophilic chemicals last. The HPLC method covers log Pow in the range of 0 to 6, but it can be expanded to cover the log Pow range between 6 and 10 in exceptional cases. The HPLC operation mode is isocratic. The test substance is injected in the smallest detectable quantities in the column. The retention time is determined in duplicate. The partition coefficient of the test substance is obtained by interpolation of the calculated capacity factor on the calibration graph. For very low and very high partition coefficients extrapolation is necessary.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264069701
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 111; Hydrolyse en fonction du pH
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 111: Hydrolyse en fonction du pH
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess abiotic hydrolytic transformations of chemicals in aquatic systems at pH values normally found in the environment (pH 4 – 9). This Guideline is designed as a tiered approach; each tier is triggered by the results of the previous tier.Sterile aqueous buffer solutions of different pH values (pH 4, 7 and 9) are treated with the non-labelled or labelled test substance (only one concentration, which should not exceed 0.01 M or half of the saturation concentration). They are incubated in the dark under controlled laboratory conditions (at constant temperatures). After appropriate time intervals, buffer solutions are analysed for the test substance and for hydrolysis products. The preliminary test should be carried out for 5 days at 50 ± 0.5°C and pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0. The second tier consists of the hydrolysis of unstable substances, and the third tier is the identification of hydrolysis products. The higher Tier tests should be conducted until 90 % hydrolysis of the test substance is observed or for 30 days whichever comes first.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264071148
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431; Corrosion cutanée in vitro ;Essai sur modèle de peau humaine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431: Corrosion cutanée in vitro :Essai sur modèle de peau humaine
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test described in this Test Guideline allows the identification of corrosive chemical substances and mixtures and it enables the identification of non-corrosive substances and mixtures when supported by a weight of evidence determination using other existing information. The test protocol may also provide an indication of the distinction between severe and less severe skin corrosives. This Test Guideline does not require the use of live animals or animal tissue for the assessment of skin corrosivity. The test material (solid or liquid) is applied uniformly and topically to a three-dimensional human skin model, comprising at least a reconstructed epidermis with a functional stratum corneum. Two tissue replicates are used for each treatment (exposure time), and for controls. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure periods. The principle of the human skin model assay is based on the hypothesis that corrosive chemicals are able to penetrate the stratum corneum by diffusion or erosion, and are cytotoxic to the underlying cell layers.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264020139
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: The papers in this conference proceedings address the various conceptual, measurement and statistical policy issues that arise when applying accounting frameworks to the concept of sustainable development.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264108639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales; España 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales: España 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Spain
    Abstract: This review of Spain’s environmental performance takes stock of Spain’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1997. It finds that despite substantial increases in GDP, tourism, construction, population density in coastal areas, and road freight transport, progress has been made in decoupling some environmental pressures from economic growth and in developing environmental infrastructure. Nevertheless, Spain faces important challenges related to high energy intensity, high water use intensity, and increasing CO2 emissions and municipal waste. This report makes 46 recommendations to help strengthen Spain’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264070288
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 219; Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau chargée-sédiment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 219: Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau chargée-sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the sediment-dwelling larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to at least five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment-water systems. The test starts by placing first instar larvae into the test beakers containing the sediment-water system and subsequently spiking the test substance into the water. Chironomid emergence and development rate is measured at the end of the test. The maximum exposure duration is 28 days for C. riparius, C. yoshimatsui, and 65 days for C. tentans. Larval survival and weight may also be measured after 10 days if required (using additional replicates as appropriate). The study report should include the development time and the total number of fully emerged midges (sex and number are recorded daily), the observation of any abnormal behaviour, the number of visible pupae that have failed to emerge and any egg masses deposition. The data are analysed either by using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause x % reduction in emergence, larvae survival or growth, or by using statistical hypothesis testing to determine a NOEC/LOEC.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264070547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 309; Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles - Essai de simulation de la biodégradation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 309: Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles Essai de simulation de la biodégradation
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this test is to measure the time course of biodegradation of a test substance at low concentration in aerobic natural water and to quantify the observations in the form of kinetic rate expressions. The test is performed in batch by “pelagic test” or “suspended sediment test” to simulate a water body with suspended solids or re-suspended sediment. The test flasks are incubated in darkness at an environmental temperature under aerobic conditions and agitation during 60 days normally. At least two different concentrations of test substance (non-volatile or slightly volatile organic) should be used. The maximum test concentration should be less than 100µg/L (biodegradation following first order kinetics) and the lowest test concentration preferably in the range of ‹1-10µg/L. Two subsamples should be withdrawn from each test flask at each sampling time. Degradation is followed at appropriate time intervals, by measuring either the residual 14C or the residual concentration of test substance. The total mineralisation and the primary biodegradation are determined by a different 14C labeling part of the molecule. Periodic measurements of pH and oxygen concentration in the test system must be conducted.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264070325
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 222; Essai de reproduction chez le lombric (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 222: Essai de reproduction chez le lombric (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals in soil on the reproductive output (and other sub-lethal end points) of the earthworm species Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. Adult worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance either mixed into the soil or applied to the soil surface. The range of test concentrations is selected to encompass those likely to cause both sub-lethal and lethal effects over a period of eight weeks. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. This study includes the observation of unusual behaviour and morphology, the counting and weighing of the adult worms after the four primary weeks, the number of juveniles hatched at the end of the second 4-week period. The reproductive output of the worms exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or ECx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output. The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264108592
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suède 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suède 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Sweden
    Abstract: This review of Sweden’s environmental performance takes stock of Sweden’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1996. It finds that Sweden has benefited from solid institutional and regulatory frameworks, extensive use of economic instruments, and significant planning and legislative reform. To meet its Environmental Quality Objectives, Sweden will need to implement more efficient environmental policies, further integrate environmental concerns with other policy, and further strengthen international environmental cooperation. The report makes 44 recommendations to help strengthen Sweden’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264071162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432; Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432: Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Balb/c 3T3 cells are maintained in culture for 24 h for formation of monolayers. Two 96-well plates are pre-incubated with eight different concentrations of the test substance for 1 h. Thereafter one of the two plates is exposed to the highest non-cytotoxic irradiation dose whereas the other plate is kept in the dark. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. NR penetrates cell membranes by non-diffusion, accumulating in lysosomes. Alterations of the cell surface of the sensitive lysosomal membrane lead to lysosomal fragility and other changes that gradually become irreversible. Such changes result in a decreased uptake and binding of NR. It is thus possible to distinguish between viable, damaged or dead cells. To predict the phototoxic potential, the concentration responses obtained in the presence and in the absence of irradiation are compared, usually at the IC50 level, i.e., the concentration reducing cell viability to 50 % compared to the untreated controls. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264084971
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Application des Principes de BPL aux études in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this document is to facilitate the proper application and interpretation of the GLP Principles for the organisation and management of in vitro studies, and to provide guidance for the appropriate application of the GLP Principles to in vitro studies, both for test facilities (management, QA, study director and personnel), and for national GLP compliance monitoring authorities. This Advisory Document intends to provide such additional interpretation of the Principles and guidance for their application to in vitro studies carried out for regulatory purposes. It is organised in such a way as to provide easy reference to the GLP Principles by following the sequence of the different parts of these GLP Principles.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264070301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 220; Essai de reproduction chez l'enchytrée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 220: Essai de reproduction chez l'enchytrée
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproductive output of the enchytraeid worm, Enchytraeus albidus Henle 1873, in soil. Adult enchytraeid worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into an artificial soil. Ten worms are randomly allocated to each test vessel. A range-finding test should be used, for two weeks, in case of no sufficient information. The duration of the definitive test is six weeks. At the end the total number of juveniles produced by parent animal and the survival of parent animals are assessed. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. The study report should include the adult morphological changes, the number of offspring. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or ECx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output. The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264070561
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 312; Lixiviation sur des colonnes de sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 312: Lixiviation sur des colonnes de sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this Test Guideline is based on soil column chromatography in disturbed soil. Two types of experiments are performed to determine (i) the leaching potential of the test substance, and (ii) the leaching potential of transformation products in soils under controlled laboratory conditions. At least duplicate leaching columns are packed with untreated, air-dried and sieved soil (〈 2 mm) up to a height of approximately 30 cm. Afterwards they are saturated and equilibrated with an “artificial rain” solution and allowed to drain. Then the surface of each soil column is treated with the test substance (non-volatile in water and soil) and/or with aged residues of the test substance. Artificial rain is applied to the soil columns and the leachate is collected. After the leaching process the soil is removed from the columns and is sectioned into an appropriate number of segments depending on the information required from the study. A reference substance (atrazine or monuron) should be used in the leaching experiments. For each soil segment and leachate fraction, the amounts of test substance, transformation products, non-extractables and, if included, of the reference substance should be given in % of applied initial dose.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264071087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 428; Absorption cutanée ; méthode in vitro
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 428: Absorption cutanée : méthode in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test method has been designed to provide information on absorption of a test substance, (ideally radiolabelled), applied to the surface of a skin sample separating the two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. Skin from human or animal sources can be used. Although viable skin is preferred, non-viable skin can also be used. The skin has been shown to have the capability to metabolise some chemicals during percutaneous absorption. In this case, metabolites of the test chemical may be analysed by appropriate methods. Normally more than one concentration of the test substance is used in typical formulations, spanning the realistic range of potential human exposures. The application should mimic human exposure, normally 1-5 mg/cm2 of skin for a solid and up to 10 µl/cm2 for liquids. The temperature must be constant because it affects the passive diffusion of chemicals. The absorption of a test substance during a given time period (normally 24h) is measured by analysis of the receptor fluid and the distribution of the test substance chemical in the test system and the absorption profile with time should be presented.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264070264
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 218; Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 218: Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the sediment-dwelling larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to at least five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment - water systems. The test substance is spiked into the sediment and first instar larvae are subsequently introduced into test beakers in which the sediment and water concentrations have been stabilised. Chironomid emergence and development rate is measured at the end of the test. The maximum exposure duration is 28 days for C. riparius, C. yoshimatsui, and 65 days for C. tentans. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. Larval survival and weight may also be measured after 10 days if required (using additional replicates as appropriate). The study report should include the development time and the total number of fully emerged midges (sex and number are recorded daily), the observation of any abnormal behaviour the number of visible pupae that have failed to emerge and any egg masses deposition. The data are analysed either by using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause x % reduction in emergence or larval survival or growth, or by using statistical hypothesis testing to determine a NOEC/LOEC.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264079144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.46
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Detailed Review Paper (DRP) is intended to provide the current state-of-the-knowledge in the area of amphibian metamorphosis with the view to use amphibian metamorphosis as a model for the detection of chemicals affecting the thyroid axis in vertebrates.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264107786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Canada 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Canada 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Canada
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive 2004 report on Canada's environmental policies and programmes systematically examines policy related to air, water, and nature/biodiversity as well as the interface between environmental policy and economic policy, social policy, and specific sectors. It finds that while Canada has made satisfactory progress since 1985, there are still significant challenges, and the report makes specific recommendations for more use of economic instruments and use of the polluter and user pays principles, rationalising water governance, strengthening nature protection, reducing energy intensity, implementing climate change policies, reviewing environmentally related taxes, and implementing marine and aid commitments.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264071063
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 427; Absorption cutanée ; méthode in vivo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 427: Absorption cutanée : méthode in vivo
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vivo percutaneous absorption study set out in this Test Guideline provides the linkage necessary to extrapolate from oral studies when making safety assessments following dermal exposure. The in vivo method, described in this guideline, allows the determination of the penetration of the test substance through the skin into the systemic compartment. The test substance, preferably radiolabelled, is applied, for a fixed period of time, to the clipped skin of animals at one or more appropriate dose levels in the form of a representative in-use preparation. The rat is the most commonly used species. At least four animals of one sex should be used for each test preparation and each scheduled termination time. A known amount of the test preparation is evenly applied to the site. This amount should normally mimic potential human exposure, typically 1-5 mg/cm² for a solid or up to 10 µl/cm² for liquids. A relevant exposure period (typically 6 or 24 hours) should be used, based on the expected human exposure duration. The animals should be observed for signs of toxicity/abnormal reactions at intervals for the entire duration of the study. This study includes: daily measurements (excreta), regular detailed observations, as well as sacrifice at the scheduled time and blood collected for analysis.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264071124
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 430; Corrosion cutanée in vitro ; Essai de résistance électrique transcutanée (RET)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 430: Corrosion cutanée in vitro : Essai de résistance électrique transcutanée (RET)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Globally Harmonised System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals defines skin corrosion as the production of irreversible tissue damage in the skin following the application of a test material. The test material (150 µL for liquids or solid with 150 µL of deionised water added on the top) is applied for up to 24 hours to the epidermal surfaces of skin discs (three skin discs are used for each test and control substance) in a two-compartment test system in which the skin discs function as the separation between the compartments. The skin discs are taken from humanely killed rats aged 28-30 days. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a loss of normal stratum corneum integrity and barrier function, which is measured as a reduction in the TER below a threshold level (5kΩ for rat). A dye-binding step incorporated into the test procedure permits to determine if the increase in ionic permeability is due to physical destruction of the stratum corneum.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264078635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Application des principes de BPL aux études sur le terrain
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document specifies the application of the Good Laboratory Practice principles to field studies, interpreting such concepts as study, test site, study director, management responsibilities, quality assurance, etc. for application in this specific context.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 7-100
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le renforcement des capacités commerciales dans le contexte africain : Atelier régional, 26-27 août 2002, Mombasa, Kenya
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 7-100
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: These are some of the questions discussed at the Regional Workshop on Trade Capacity Building: Experiences in an African Context that was held in Mombasa on 26-27 August 2002, organised jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the OECD Development Centre and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. This section contains the Workshop discussions and a selection of the papers presented by participants. It represents a unique mix of concrete on-the-ground experiences and case studies, from a wide array of African stakeholders and representatives from international organisations and bilateral donors. The report outlines key elements of fostering a stakeholder dialogue on trade policy as a means of building trade capacity and reviews tools and mechanisms available to support this process...
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 13-80
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen en matière de coopération pour le développement de la Grèce
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 13-80
    Keywords: Development ; Greece
    Abstract: As a result of its geographic location, Greece’s own security and welfare is closely linked to stability and economic prosperity in developing and transition countries in the Balkans, the Black Sea area and the eastern Mediterranean. As a developed and stable country in these complicated multicultural regions, Greece responds to development challenges in its neighbourhood. Greece also perceives it has a significant comparative advantage here, due to shared history and cultural interaction, a high degree of mutual understanding, good political and trade linkages and its own recent development experience. Encouraging democratic practices and sustainable economic development in surrounding regions is consequently in Greece’s national interest and the main strategic orientation of the official Greek aid programme. Greece provides targeted support to regional initiatives consistent with this orientation, such as the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe (a Greek official currently chairs Working Table I on Democratisation and Human Rights). More than four-fifths of Greece’s bilateral official development assistance (ODA) is provided to developing countries in south-eastern Europe...
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 9-85
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 9-85
    Keywords: Development ; Canada
    Abstract: The last Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Review of Canada’s development co-operation, held in January 1998, highlighted Canada’s special ability to help lead the international community towards action which pushes out the frontiers of international co-operation. At the same time it noted that, in the context of a fundamental fiscal adjustment to respond to its domestic public debt burden, Canada’s aid budget had been cut by 29% over six years, more than in any other area of Canadian public spending. As a result, Canada’s official development assistance effort (as measured by the ODA/GNI ratio) had declined steeply from 0.45% at the beginning of the 1990s and was projected to fall below 0.30% by the end of the decade. (In fact, partly reflecting fast growth in Canada’s gross national income (GNI), the ODA/GNI ratio fell to 0.25% in 2000 and 0.22% in 2001). The DAC pointed out that these trends had created a paradox at the heart of Canada’s internationalism, given the continuing determination to be involved in a very wide range of issues and with as wide a range of partners as possible. This paradox raised concerns about Canada’s ability to meet expectations, both at home and abroad, for its role in the world...
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réunion à haut niveau du Comité d'aide au développement, 22-23 avril 2003 : Déclaration à la presse du Président, M. Jean-Claude Faure
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 3-6
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: With the international development community decisively embarking on implementing the commitments entered into in Doha, Monterrey and Johannesburg, the 2003 DAC HLM focused its attention on further progress to improve policies and strategies, practices and performance linked to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in particular through massive poverty reduction. Maintaining this focus is essential at a time of worrying uncertainties in the international economic and political environment...
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 15-129
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 15-129
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has a substantial impact on promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in developing countries due to the large size of its economy, its ability to influence world opinion and action and its weight within the international donor community. In 2001 the United States was the largest donor in the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in volume terms, reporting net official development assistance (ODA) of USD 10.9 billion, more than one-fifth of the DAC total. This represented 0.11% of its gross national income (GNI), the lowest ODA/GNI ratio in the DAC and below the DAC average country effort of 0.40%. President Bush recently announced a bold new proposal, the “Millennium Challenge Account” (MCA) for an additional USD 5 billion annually by 2006. If approved by Congress, the MCA will consolidate the American position as the largest donor, and slightly improve the country’s ODA/GNI performance. The American “checks and balances” system of government has some important ramifications for United States development co-operation. This approach implicates a wide range of stakeholders in budget decision-making, especially through the Congress. Flexible approaches to compromise are standard features of the American system, especially for issues of a short-term nature that respond to national or special interests. Addressing long-term issues related to development co-operation can prove more difficult because they lack urgency or a sufficiently strong and influential domestic constituency. Several of the issues raised in the 1998 DAC Peer Review are being addressed by the current Administration. However, some important development issues, including those relating to Congress, to the basic structure of American aid administration, or to the promotion of policy coherence for development, have proven more resistant to change and are noted again in this review...
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-67
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen en matière de coopération pour le développement de l'Espagne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-67
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: Spain is to be commended for the notable progress made in development co-operation since the last Peer Review. Important achievements include the adoption of a comprehensive Law on International Development Co-operation and a four-year Master Plan (2001-2004), improved annual plans, and reinforced or new co-ordinating bodies. The purpose of the reform was to enhance consistency and coordination within the diverse Spanish aid system, which includes many ministries, autonomous regions, local authorities, and civil society organisations. A significant achievement of the new policy is that it establishes poverty reduction as the overarching goal in development co-operation. Gender equality and environment are also determined as mainstreaming priorities. Spain seeks to focus its poverty reduction efforts on basic social needs and a new micro-finance programme is an important addition. Spain has a comparative advantage in its assistance to Latin America with strong linguistic, historical, and cultural ties. Spain has had recent experience of building a democratic state and can add value by sharing lessons-learned with partner countries in innovative and risk-taking areas of good governance. In this respect, it can conduct dialogue with developing countries in areas that are difficult for other donors. Major activities through institutional development include judicial reform, decentralisation, tax administration, and police force training. These are areas in which Spain could take on a lead role in pursuing a sector approach with other donors...
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer les capacités des pays en développement dans le domaine de la passation des marchés : Compte rendu succinct de la table ronde de l'OCDE et de la Banque mondiale, 22-23 janvier 2003
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-16
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The Round Table on Strengthening Procurement Capacities in Developing Countries is a joint DAC / World Bank initiative. The overall objectives of the Round Table process are to identify and address key procurement capacity building needs and to build procurement systems in developing countries around which donors can harmonise their procedures (building on the DAC Recommendation to untie ODA to the Least Developed Countries and linking up to the work of the DAC’s Task Force on Donor Practices). This first meeting (three meetings are planned over 2003-2004) had the objectives of arriving at a shared agenda between participants and setting out a business plan to work out a limited number of concrete and demand-driven products over the biennium...
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 9-65
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : Luxembourg
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 9-65
    Keywords: Development ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This part of the publication contains the Main Findings and Recommendations as agreed by the Development Assistance Committee following its review on 18 March 2003 at the OECD, and the report prepared by the Secretariat in association with the examiners, representing Austria and Greece, on the development co-operation policies and efforts of Luxembourg. The report is published on the authority of the Secretary-General of the OECD...
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 5-35
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 5-35
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: When large-scale aid programmes to developing countries began in the 1950s and 1960s, new concepts and definitions were required to measure and compare donors’ efforts. One of the key contributions of the Development Assistance Committee was to codify the notion of foreign aid under the name "official development assistance" (ODA). The DAC developed the ODA definition in the late 1960s and gave it its final form in 1972. The documents below discuss what the definition means in practice, which countries are eligible for ODA, and what progress donors have made towards achieving the UN target for ODA of 0.7% of their national income...
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les TIC dans les programmes de développement : Forum Mondial conjoint OCDE/Nations unies/Banque mondiale sur l'économie du savoir, 4-5 mars 2003
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-22
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: There is broad agreement that information and communication technologies (ICT) can play an important role in combating poverty and realising the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The ongoing challenge is to integrate ICT effectively into national development plans and donor programmes, to co-ordinate more effectively the efforts of various donors in this domain, and to share knowledge on ’what works and why’ in harnessing ICT for development...
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-42
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Égalité homme-femme et réforme économique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-42
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: "Gender and Economic Reform" clarifies the complex relationship between gender and the way economies operate. It contends that incorporating gender analysis into the design and implementation of economic reform helps to promote the emergence of economies that grow sustainably, in ways that reduce gender inequalities rather than reinforce them. The analysis is particularly relevant in the current context in which gender equality is a proclaimed Millennium Development Goal and the Monterrey Consensus calls for gender sensitive programming. The paper is meant to improve policy makers’ ability to dialogue on what the relevant links might be between gender and economic reform and how to take gender into account in designing and implementing reform programmes. Throughout the document, a number of tools for integrating gender equality into economic policy analysis and decision-making at the national or sector-wide levels are presented. These tools focus on producing a new shared understanding of underlying economic and social relations in order to promote the achievement of a gender-balanced path of economic growth. The document is based on a large body of secondary material written over the past decade by gender specialists and other experts led by Professor Diane Elson et al. on behalf of the former Task Force on Gender and Economic Reform. It includes a summary of key concepts contained in six documents issued by the DAC Working Party on Gender Equality as Workshop Documents Nos. 1 to 6 (OECD 1998). It comes as a complement to the work conducted by that group on gender and sector-wide approaches and will be particularly useful in the light of ongoing work on gender-sensitive budgeting...
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-30
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'opinion publique contre la pauvreté
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-30
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The evidence shows that citizens in OECD DAC member countries want more solidarity and justice in the world. They support international development co–operation, and if they were more and better informed, if their capacity to critically engage in the policy debate was stronger, they could be a precious constituency for its reform and improvement. There lies an opportunity for governments, especially for those that have pledged to increase their ODA, to kick–start a virtuous circle of transparency and reform, and effectively rise to the challenge of global poverty reduction...
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264101821
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This second comprehensive edition of these Principles is to help public authorities, industry and communities worldwide anticipate accidents involving hazardous substances resulting from technological and natural disasters, as well as sabotage. It addresses the following issues: preventing the occurrence of chemical accidents and near-misses; preparing for accidents through emergency planning, public communication, etc.; responding to accidents and minimising their adverse effects; and following-up to accidents, regarding clean-up, reporting and investigation.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264018891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Autriche 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Autriche 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Austria
    Abstract: This review of Austria's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264099098
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Rapporto sulle performance ambientali
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Italy
    Abstract: Temi trattati : Gestione dell’ambiente Gestione dell’aria, dell’acqua e dei rifiuti Protezione della natura e della biodiversità Economia, società e ambiente Integrazione settoriale: trasporti Cooperazione internazionale Esami recenti disponibili Messico 1998 Australia 1998 Svizzera 1998 Belgio 1998 Repubblica ceca 1999 Danimarca 1999 Federazione della Russia* 1999 Turchia 1999 Ungheria 2000 Grecia 2000 Irlanda 2000 Lussemburgo 2000 Paesi dell’OCSE 2001 Germania 2001 Islanda 2001 Norvegia 2001 Portogallo 2001 Repubblica slovacca 2002 Giappone 2002 Regno Unito 2002 Italia 2002 La presente pubblicazione fa parte del programma di esami condotti dall’OCSE sulle performance ambientali di ogni Paese Membro. Sono esaminati in modo dettagliato gli sforzi compiuti per raggiungere gli obiettivi nazionali e per rispondere agli impegni internazionali. Le analisi si appoggiano su un vasto insieme di dati economici e ambientali e sboccano su raccomandazioni su i progressi da compiere nel campo dell’ambiente e dello sviluppo sostenibile. Il primo ciclo di Esami delle performance ambientali dei Paesi Membri si è concluso nel 2000. * Paese non membro dell’OCSE.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264105010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluacion del Desempeño Ambiental; Mexico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluacion del Desempeño Ambiental: Mexico
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: This 2003 edition of OECD's periodic review of Mexico's environmental policies and programmes examines its progress in air, water, waste and biodiversity management; sustainable development; the environmental-economic and environmental-social interfaces; and international commitments. It presents a series of recommendations for dealing with key environmental issues.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264101227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle ; Vers un programme d'action
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The 21st Century has so far witnessed a host of large-scale disasters in various parts of the world including: windstorms, flooding, new diseases infesting both humans and animals, terrorist attacks and major disruptions to critical infrastructures. It is not just the nature of major risks that seems to be changing, but also the context in which risks are evolving as well as society’s capacity to manage them. This book explores the implications of these developments for economy and society in the 21st century, focussing in particular on the potentially significant increase in the vulnerability of major systems. It concentrates on five large risk clusters: natural disasters, technological accidents, infectious diseases, food safety and terrorism, identifies the challenges facing OECD countries and sets out recommendations for governments and the private sector as to how the management of emerging systemic risks might be improved.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264103436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection radiologique de l'environnement ; Rapport de synthèse des questions-clés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection radiologique de l'environnement : Rapport de synthèse des questions-clés
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The system of radiological protection is currently being revised in order to make it simpler, clearer and more responsive to stakeholder needs. During this evolution process, particular attention is being given to the development of an explicit system for the radiological protection of the environment. It was in this context that the NEA organised, in close collaboration with the International Commission on Radiological Protection, a forum on radiological protection of the environment. This report summarises the key issues discussed at the forum. They include sustainable development, identification of what to protect, the definition of detriment, the necessary level of regulation, an integrated approach to protection, the use of similar approaches for humans and the environment, practical foundations for a system of environmental protection, and consequences in terms of training.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789264199163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali; Italia 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali: Italia 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Italy
    Abstract: This review of Italy's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264100961
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Pologne 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Pologne 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Poland
    Abstract: This review of Poland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264078673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de bonnes pratiques de laboratoire et vérification du respect de ces principes
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document defines the roles and responsibilities of the Study Director in Good Laboratory Practice studies.
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264104747
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La constitution d'un patrimoine et la sortie de la pauvreté ; Introduction à un nouveau débat sur la politique du bien-être
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La formación de patrimonio y el escape de la pobreza ; Un nuevo debate sobre la política del bienestar social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'asset building e l'uscita dalla povertà; Un nuovo dibattito sulla politica del welfare
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La constitution d'un patrimoine et la sortie de la pauvreté : Introduction à un nouveau débat sur la politique du bien-être
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La formación de patrimonio y el escape de la pobreza : Un nuevo debate sobre la política del bienestar social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'asset building e l'uscita dalla povertà: Un nuovo dibattito sulla politica del welfare
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Governments in developed countries have long used, directly or indirectly through their tax systems, policies that subsidise or otherwise encourage the population at large to acquire assets such as financial savings, home ownership, retirement funds, education (human capital) or business capital. These policies seldom reach the poor. In fact, for the poor these policies often do not stimulate saving but rather discourage it. However, the evidence reported in this book is that the poor want to save, and can do so in modest amounts. In fact, they will do so, often with sacrifices greater than either policy makers or the more well-off might imagine. Extending asset-building policies to the poor can represent an effective attack on both poverty and economic and social alienation of the poor, because it has positive welfare effects that income support alone cannot provide.This book establishes the context for a fruitful debate on the merits and demerits of asset building for the poor by setting out the basic ideas involved in asset-building programmes and proposals. It also outlines the social policy advantages that their proponents claim, and documents what the existing programmes and demonstration projects look like.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264101005
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Pays-Bas 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Pays-Bas 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This review of the Netherland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264101333
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report draws on the water management chapters of 42 country reviews carried out to date to identify common achievements and remaining challenges for OECD countries in terms of further reducing the pollution burden and protecting human health and aquatic ecosystems. Conclusions are drawn relating to: i) better integrating water and other policies for sustainable development; ii) getting water prices right; and iii) new challenges for water-related public health.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264019119
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité ; Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators; A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité : Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators: A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators provides a systemic approach to measuring the success of stakeholders' chemical safety programmes by detailing targets, activity indicators and outcome indicators. It also provides flexibility for groups to design programmes to assess their own performance related to the prevention of, preparedness for, and response to chemical accidents. The SPI (Safety Performance Indicators) serves as a guide to help industry, authorities and communities measure the extent to which actions help improve chemical safety.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264032385
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This glossary integrates a wealth of policy, legal, management and technical terms that were selected according to one key criterion: each of them had to be used in environmental compliance promotion and enforcement or have significance for this field. The glossary is designed to assist in achieving a shared vision of strengthening compliance assurance efforts. It is for policy and law makers, inspectors, government officials, NGOs and academics, consultants, etc. - all those engaged with enforcement and compliance promotion activities.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264199835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Harmoniser l'aide pour renforcer son efficacité
    Keywords: Kreditgeber ; Weltwirtschaft ; Koordination ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Staatensystem ; Internationale Organisation ; Effektivität ; Entwicklungsprojekt ; Evaluation ; Global Internationale Geber ; Koordination ; Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandshilfepolitik einzelner Staaten ; Auslandshilfepolitik von Staatengruppen/internationalen Organisationen ; Effizienz/Effektivität ; Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfeprojekt ; Evaluation ; OECD Development Assistance Committee ; Development ; Erde
    Abstract: The international community is committed to helping partner countries meet the Millennium Development Goal of halving global poverty by 2015. Effective use of scarce official development assistance is one important contribution to this end. The Development community, under the auspices of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), is dedicated to implementing improvements that deliver more effective support to the efforts of partner countries. This book presents a set of practical steps that should significantly improve the effectiveness of development assistance.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264078406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.23
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance for the testing of substances, and mixtures, classed as “difficult to test” for the purposes of determining their aquatic toxicity. Whilst the guidance given is targeted towards tests described by the OECD Guidelines identified it may also be relevant to other tests. The guidance relates to the practical aspects of carrying out valid tests with “difficult” test substances and mixtures and presenting the results. The guidance is considered to reflect good practice but it is important to recognise that some test substances and mixtures will present specific scientific and technical issues that may fall outside its scope. This document is divided into five substantive sections covering guidance for carrying out a preliminary assessment of test substance stability; general considerations on selection of exposure regimes; development of media preparation and exposure systems; sampling of test media for analysis, and calculating and reporting test results.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264070646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 405; Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur les yeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 405: Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur les yeux
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance (liquids, solids and aerosols) by application on the eye. This Test Guideline is intended preferably for use with albino rabbit. The test substance is applied in a single dose in the conjunctival sac of one eye of each animal. The other eye, which remains untreated, serves as a control. The initial test uses an animal; the dose level depends on the test substance nature. A confirmatory test should be made if a corrosive effect is not observed in the initial test, the irritant or negative response should be confirmed using up to two additional animals. It is recommended that it be conducted in a sequential manner in one animal at a time, rather than exposing the two additional animals simultaneously. The duration of the observation period should be sufficient to evaluate fully the magnitude and reversibility of the effects observed. The eyes should be examined at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after test substance application. The ocular irritation scores should be evaluated in conjunction with the nature and severity of lesions, and their reversibility or lack of reversibility. The individual scores do not represent an absolute standard for the irritant properties of a material, as other effects of the test material are also evaluated.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 23-32
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fondements stratégiques et orientations nouvelles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 23-32
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: External relations policies, including development co-operation, have been evolving rapidly in the 1990s as the European Community (EC) took on greater responsibilities. Following intense political debate about accountability, in 2001 the EC made major improvements to its development policy and embarked on far-reaching management reforms to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its aid programme to reduce poverty. This Peer Review assesses the situation after one year of the process expected to last until 2004.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 57-68
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cohérence des politiques
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 57-68
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The EC has made a systematic attempt to improve policy coherence with development objectives. The "Everything but Arms" initiative is an important example of how further policy coherence is being sought between trade and development policies in the external relations area. There remain several policy coherence challenges, especially where internal EC policies, such as the Common Agricultural Policy and Common Fisheries Policy, come into contact with development policy. New institutional mechanisms have been developed in the EC reform process, and these help to address several coherence challenges. These could be further developed to address more complex issues.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 81-86
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Appropriation à l'échelon local et activités sur le terrain
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 81-86
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The EC reforms aim to improve operational effectiveness in partner countries. Recent policy emphasis on poverty reduction, host country ownership, the use of CSP and PRSP mechanisms, deconcentration, and results orientation, among other reforms, are now beginning to be systematised in the field. These new directions are at various levels of implementation and already suggest the utility of close Delegation-Headquarters collaboration. Monitoring of system innovations is necessary to adjust to the realities of local implementation. Peer Review feedback suggests that both host country ownership and EC effectiveness would benefit from a further extension of field authority to engage in strategy development and policy dialogue.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 33-46
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 33-46
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The EC supports development activities through the EU budget lines for external relations and the European Development Fund (EDF). Poverty reduction is the primary aim of the EC’s new Development Policy and the challenge for the EC is to align its development assistance instruments with this perspective. The EC’s official development assistance (ODA) has been increasing steadily during the 1990s. The EC has a twofold role. First, it is similar to a bilateral donor providing support directly to countries. Second, it has an important role in relation to Member States, co-ordinating their efforts. Further work will be needed to strengthen the impact of EC ODA on poverty reduction, through action to speed up commitments and disbursements, by linking ODA with other political and trade activities, and more effective country and sector allocations. Improvements in the allocation process will have to meet several strategic requirements.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 87-159
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesures d'aide à prendre face à la situation en Afghanistan : Les leçons à tirer des évaluations passées
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 87-159
    Keywords: Development ; Afghanistan
    Abstract: "Aid Responses to Afghanistan: Lessons from Previous Evaluations" was a key background paper prepared by Niels Dabelstein for the DAC Experts’ Meeting on "Afghanistan Reconstruction and Recovery: Seeing Round the Corner" (May 2002, OECD, Paris). It was also discussed at the DAC Senior Level Meeting in December 2001. The DAC Afghanistan meeting provided some useful independent advice to policy makers and practioners by discussing openly the complex, fundamental issues underpinning reconstruction and relief strategies. Participants delved into questions of governance and security, capacity building in government and civil society, and the regional dynamics, such as the role of the war economy; topics that were in keeping with the broader set of priorities identified at the Ministerial Meeting in Tokyo, 21-22 January 2002 and the Implementation Group meeting on 10-11 April 2002.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 69-80
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Refonte de l'organisation et de la gestion
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 69-80
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The organisation and management of EC development co-operation is embedded within the broader, and more political, external relations framework. Current reforms include more strategic and streamlined approaches, reorganisation in headquarters, and "deconcentration" of implementation authority to the field. These reforms are more sharply defining the vision, responsibilities, and processes of European aid institutions. It will be a challenge to ensure that these organisational and management reforms are increasingly results-oriented. The transition to this new form of management culture has only begun and will require a longer-term political commitment from European leadership to be successful. To implement this more strategic and developmentally oriented mandate also requires more human resources.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 47-56
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Questions sectorielles et transversales
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 47-56
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In order to increase efficiency, the EC has defined six priority areas for its activities, and three key cross-cutting issues. The clearer focus reflects an understanding of the comparative advantage of the EC regarding the linkage of trade and political dialogue with development co-operation and complementarity with the Member States. The overall policy framework for development co-operation and the sectoral action plans show the linkages to poverty reduction. The increasing use of sector wide approaches, including budget support, are also intended to increase country ownership, efficiency, and effectiveness. The EC will still face capacity challenges to develop its implementation strategies and policy dialogue.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264594777
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Die DAC-Leitlinien
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Poverty Reduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réduction de la pauvreté
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Die Entwicklungsländer setzen sich heute – mit Unterstützung der multilateralen Institutionen, der bilateralen Gebergemeinschaft wie auch der zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen – nachdrücklicher als je zuvor für die Verwirklichung des prioritären Entwicklungsziels, einer Halbierung der Armut bis zum Jahr 2015, ein. Den Mittelpunkt aller EZ-Bemühungen bilden nunmehr Armutsbekämpfungsstrategien, die von den betreffenden Ländern selbst getragen und unter ihrer Leitung durchgeführt werden und die sich an den lokalen Bedürfnissen und Prioritäten orientieren, wie sie von den unmittelbar betroffenen Parteien selbst definiert werden. Die DAC-Leitlinien für die Armutsbekämpfung enthalten konkrete Informationen über die Art der Armut wie auch über die effizientesten Konzepte, Maßnahmen, Instrumente und Wege für die Bewältigung der Armut.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264066076
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development; Environmental Indicators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers un développement durable ; Indicateurs d'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development: Environmental Indicators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers un développement durable : Indicateurs d'environnement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Interest in sustainable development and awareness of the international dimension of environmental problems, have stimulated governments to track and chart environmental progress and its links with economic conditions and trends. This publication presents leading environmental indicators from the OECD Core Set and thus contributes to measuring environmental performance and progress towards sustainable development. Organised by issues such as climate change, air pollution, biodiversity, waste or water resources, this book provides essential information for all those interested in sustainable development.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264071001
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 423; Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 423: Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This is a test guideline for testing for Acute Oral Tosxidity using the Acute Toxic Class Method.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264034921
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Glossario dos Principais Termos da Avaliaçao e da Gestao Centrada nos Resultados
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: With this publication, the WP-EV hopes to facilitate and improve dialogue and understanding among all those who are involved in development activities and their evaluation, whether in partner countries, development agencies and banks, or non-governmental organisations. It should serve as a valuable reference guide in evaluation training and in practical development work.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264024465
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Keywords: Development ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Bundesrepublik räumt Entwicklungsfragen einen hohen Stellenwert auf ihrer nationalen Politikagenda ein. Mit dem Aktionsprogramm 2015, das die weltweite Reduzierung der Armut zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der gesamten staatlichen Politikgestaltung und einer überwölbenden Aufgabe der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit erklärt, wurde die Armutsbekämpfung zu einer klaren Priorität erhoben. Nach Japan und den USA ist die Bundesrepublik der drittgrößte Geber unter den DAC-Mitgliedsländern. In den letzten drei Jahren wurden eine Reihe organisatorischer Veränderungen mit dem Ziel vorgenommen, die Kohäsion der deutschen EZ-Einrichtungen zu stärken, sie zu rationalisieren und ihre operationelle Effizienz zu steigern. Das hat zu einer Verschlankung der organisatorischen Strukturen geführt und die Funktionsweise des deutschen EZ-Systems insgesamt weiter vereinfacht.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264196278
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (816 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This book analyses the domestic policy challenges facing China in the context of trade and investment liberalisation. The entry of China into the WTO marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-members, this landmark study provides readers with a comprehensive view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations. It is an essential reference book for policy makers, governments, international organisations and researchers.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264078307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.12
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Detailed Review Document (DRD) presents an overview of classification systems/guidelines used in OECD Member countries relating to the mutagenicity of chemicals, based on responses to a questionnaire. Several OECD Member countries have implemented legislation, including classification systems and lists of mutagens; these countries include Canada, Japan and EU Member States. The United States has implemented mutagenicity risk assessment guidelines for determination of potential human germ cell mutagens. Several countries, including the Czech Republic, Norway and Switzerland, intend to apply the EU legislation in the near future. New Zealand is moving towards harmonization with Australia, with respect to establishing guidelines for mutagenicity assessment.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264078420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.25
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country hazard classification systems for specific target organ systemic toxicity following single or repeated exposure.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264078529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (257 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document reviews the area of biodegradability testing in order to identify whether, in the light of scientific developments, there was a need to revise existing OECD Test Guidelines or to develop new Guidelines.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264174962
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République Slovaque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Performance Environmental Reviews (Slovak version); Slovak Republic
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Slovaque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Performance Environmental Reviews (Slovak version): Slovak Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This review of the Slovak Republic's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264078390
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.22
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance for the performance of out-door monolith lysimeter studies.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264066083
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greener Public Purchasing; Issues and Practical Solutions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement ; Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greener Public Purchasing: Issues and Practical Solutions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement : Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: Government consumption of products and services in OECD Member countries is estimated to be responsible for 9 to 25% of GDP. Given the importance of public purchasing, national and local authorities have been paying increasing attention to the opportunities to improve the environment by selecting environmentally sounder products. This publication describes the successes, the efforts and the difficulties encountered within Member countries by focusing on the role and concerns of the officials that operate purchasing. Also, it shows how greener public purchasing can support a number of other crucial policy objectives such as the reduction of government operating costs, the improvement of governance, and the reduction of greenhouse gases.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264066090
    Language: Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République Slovaque 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Slovaque 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264033931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Keywords: Environment ; Japan
    Abstract: This document presents the conclusions and recommendations of the OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan for 2002.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789264175334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Japon 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Japon 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Japan
    Abstract: This review of Japan's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264078345
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.16
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classification systems for skin irritation/corrosion.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264033924
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oeuvrer ensemble pour un développement durable
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The report assesses the contribution made by OECD countries, both at home and internationally, and brings together the main lessons learned through the Organisation's extensive work on sustainable development.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264078338
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.15
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classification systems for reproductive toxicity.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264070523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 308; Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 308: Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans les sédiments aquatiques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess aerobic and anaerobic transformation of organic chemicals in aquatic sediment systems. The method permits the measurement of (i) the transformation rate of the test substance in a water-sediment system and in the sediment (ii) the mineralisation rate of the test substance and/or its transformation products, (iii) the distribution of the test substance and its transformation products between the two phases during a period of incubation in the dark, at constant temperature, and (iv) the identification and quantification of transformation products in water and sediment phases including mass balance. At least two sediments different with respect to organic carbon content and texture are used. Ideally the test substance (one concentration) should be applied as an aqueous solution into the water phase. The duration of the experiment should normally not exceed 100 days, and should continue until the degradation pathway and water/sediment distribution pattern are established or when 90 % of the test substance has been removed by transformation and/or volatilisation. The number of sampling times should be at least six. The study includes: concentration in the water and sediment of the test substance and the transformation products at every sampling time; results from gases/volatiles trapping systems at each sampling time; mineralisation rates; and non-extractable residues in sediment at each sampling point. Half-lives, DT50, DT75 and DT90 values are determined where the data warrant.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264078505
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (191 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.36
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document contains the report from the OECD/UNEP Workshop on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Persistence and Long-range Transport in the Context of PBTs/POPs Assessment, held on 29-31 October 2001 in Ottawa, Canada, together with background papers, presentation summaries, and reports from the three subgroups.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264078079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Document presents an internationally harmonized approach to the conduct of studies of occupational exposure to pesticides during agricultural application.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264070622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 404; Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur la peau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 404: Effet irritant/corrosif aigu sur la peau
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to liquid or solid test substance by dermal application. This Test Guideline recommends sequential testing strategies, which include the performance of validated and accepted in vitro or ex vivo tests for corrosion/irritation. The albino rabbit is the preferable laboratory animal. The substance to be tested is applied in a single dose to a small area of skin (approximately 6cm²) of an experimental animal; untreated skin areas of the test animal serve as the control. The exposure period is 4 hours. Residual test substance should then be removed. The dose is 0.5ml (liquid) or 0.5g (solid) applied to the test site. The method consists of two tests: the initial test and the confirmatory test (used only if a corrosive effect is not observed in the initial test). All animals should be examined for signs of erythema and oedema during 14 days. The dermal irritation scores should be evaluated in conjunction with the nature and severity of lesions, and their reversibility or lack of reversibility. When responses persist to the end of the 14-day observation period, the test substance should be considered an irritant.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264070509
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 307; Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 307: Transformation aérobie et anaérobie dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this Test Guideline is designed for evaluating aerobic and anaerobic transformation of chemicals in soil. The experiments are performed to determine the rate of transformation of the test substance, and the nature and rates of formation and decline of transformation products, to which plants and soil organisms may be exposed. About 50 to 200 g soil samples (a sandy loam or silty loam or loam or loamy sand) are treated with the test substance and incubated in the dark, in biometer-type flasks or in flow-through systems under controlled laboratory conditions. The treatment rate should correspond to the highest application rate of a crop protection product recommended in the use instructions. Also untreated soil samples are incubated under test conditions. These samples are used for biomass measurements during and at the end of the studies. The rate and pathway studies should normally not exceed 120 days. Duplicate incubation flasks are removed at appropriate time intervals and the soil samples extracted with appropriate solvents, of different polarity, and analysed for the test substance and/or transformation products. Volatile products are also collected for analysis using appropriate adsorption devices. Using 14C-labelled material, the various mineralisation rates of the test substance can be measured by trapping evolved 14CO2 and a mass balance, including the formation of soil bound residues, can be established.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264062184
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (78 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial; Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas; Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial: Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas: Síntese
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken. List of themes: Agricultural prospects and policies Rural industries Implications for the rural economy Overview of industry prospects Priorities for industry reorganisation and restructuring Technology challenges for China’s industries Challenges to the banking industry The development of the insurance industry Prospects for the distribution sector Foreign direct investment: prospects and policies An OECD perspective on regulatory reform in China The role of competition law and policy Establishing effective governance for China's enterprises Developing the financial system and financial regulatory policies Priorities for development of China’s capital markets Labour market and social benefit policies Environmental priorities for China’s sustainable development The current tax system and priorities for reform Public sector budget management issues Issues concerning central-local government fiscal relations China's regional development: prospects and policies Macroeconomic policy priorities Annex 1 : Summary of China’s commitments under WTO Annex 2 : Summary of studies of the impact of WTO on China This publication is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264199149
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'énergie nucléaire et le Protocole de Kyoto
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the application of its "flexible mechanisms" are at the forefront of energy policy debates in most OECD countries. The potential role of nuclear energy in this context is viewed very differently and assessed against various criteria by the range of stakeholders in governments and civil society according to their interests and priorities. This book provides key facts concerning nuclear energy and the Kyoto Protocol. It highlights the challenges and opportunities for the future development of nuclear energy in the context of implementing the Kyoto Protocol, and more broadly in alleviating the risks of global climate change.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9788588595088
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness No. 6 - Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based Management (in English, French and Spanish)
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: With this publication, the WP-EV hopes to facilitate and improve dialogue and understanding among all those who are involved in development activities and their evaluation, whether in partner countries, development agencies and banks, or non-governmental organisations. It should serve as a valuable reference guide in evaluation training and in practical development work.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264196285
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial; Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas; Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A China na Economia Mundial: Os Desafios das Políticas Domésticas: Síntese
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264064744
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale ; Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure ; Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy; The Domestic Policy Challenges; Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine dans l'économie mondiale : Les enjeux de politique économique intérieure : Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China in the World Economy: The Domestic Policy Challenges: Synthesis Report (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Development ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken. List of themes: Agricultural prospects and policies Rural industries Implications for the rural economy Overview of industry prospects Priorities for industry reorganisation and restructuring Technology challenges for China’s industries Challenges to the banking industry The development of the insurance industry Prospects for the distribution sector Foreign direct investment: prospects and policies An OECD perspective on regulatory reform in China The role of competition law and policy Establishing effective governance for China's enterprises Developing the financial system and financial regulatory policies Priorities for development of China’s capital markets Labour market and social benefit policies Environmental priorities for China’s sustainable development The current tax system and priorities for reform Public sector budget management issues Issues concerning central-local government fiscal relations China's regional development: prospects and policies Macroeconomic policy priorities Annex 1 : Summary of China’s commitments under WTO Annex 2 : Summary of studies of the impact of WTO on China This publication is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264078376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.19
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this Guidance Document is to apply the principles of the Three Rs to the use of animals in regulatory toxicity tests. The OECD encourages the humane use of animals in regulatory toxicity and safety evaluation studies and fully endorses the principles of the 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction, Refinement.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264176065
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The DAC Guidelines
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les Conventions de Rio dans la coopération pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: These Guidelines highlight the linkages between global environmental issues, on the one hand, and sustainable development and poverty reduction, on the other. They demonstrate how development co-operation agencies can support developing countries’ efforts to integrate responses to the environmental threats addressed by the Climate Change, Biodiversity and Desertification Conventions (the "Rio Conventions") into their national poverty reduction and development plans. While focusing on the Rio Conventions, many of the findings outlined in these Guidelines apply equally to other global or regional environmental issues.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264077935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.4
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Environment Monograph contains the report of the OECD Workshop on Environmental Hazard/Risk Assessment, which took place in London in May 1994. The Workshop was hosted by the Department of the Environment (DoE) of the United Kingdom. Work on hazard assessment in the OECD’s Chemicals Programme is closely related to the work on Test Guidelines, co-operative investigation of existing chemicals, and the Pesticide Programme. The objectives of hazard assessment activities are to promote awareness, improvement, and, to the extent possible, harmonization of hazard assessment procedures for chemicals (including pesticides) and to encourage mutual use and acceptance of hazard assessments in OECD and other countries. These activities include the development and compilation of practical methods and procedures; promotion of their application in conjunction with co-operative investigations of chemicals; and promotion of harmonization of assessment reports. In recent years, workshops have been held (and documents produced) on aquatic exposure assessment, initial assessment of occupational and consumer exposure, and data estimation methods.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264078314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.13
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This detailed review document examines member country classifications for sensitising substances.
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