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  • 2015-2019  (1,492)
  • 1975-1979  (4)
  • World Bank Group  (1,488)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  • Schnorbus, Axel
  • University of Virginia Library
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Croatia for the Period of FY19-FY24 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Croatia is a small, open economy and the latest entrant to the European Union. After being severely affected by the global financial crisis, Croatia's economy is recovering, with growth averaging around three percent over the last four years. The over-arching objective of the WBG Country Partnership Framework (CPF) is to play a catalytic role in supporting institutional improvements needed for a sustainable trajectory towards EU convergence and eventual IBRD graduation. This CPF would support interventions to address Croatia's climate vulnerabilities and protect its natural environment. This would be achieved primarily through ongoing and prospective advisory services, but also through potential WBG investments, including from IFC, and potentially from MIGA guarantees. The CPF will cover a five-year period (FY19-24) with one Progress and Learning Review (PLR). This approach includes a relatively narrow results framework that builds primarily on the ongoing portfolio and the nature of RAS-financed engagements. The PLR would provide an update on key areas of institutional weakness, including to measure progress against EU peers where benchmarks are available. While the WBG may contribute only modestly to these outcomes, it expects to play a catalytic role, and monitoring outcome indicators which are comparable across the EU will be particularly important to track progress in the areas on the critical path to accelerate convergence
    DOI: 10.1596/31677
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How to Design the Vietnam Labor Code to Improve Gender Equality (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Vietnam is in the process of updating its Labor Code of 2012. This advisory note is designed to inform a dialog on opportunities for how the 2012 Labor Code can be adjusted to balance the playing field between men and women so that they have equal access to and equal benefits from the labor market. It does so with to objective to support the gender assessment of new laws as stipulated by the Vietnam Promulgation of Laws of 2015. The advisory note draws on analysis carried out by the task team and under the World Bank's Vietnam Jobs Diagnostic. This advisory note is follow-up to a workshop hosted by the Social Affairs Committee of the Vietnam National Assembly and The World Bank on January 11, 2019, for members of the Social Affairs Committee and other National Assembly representatives. After the workshop the Committee and Social Affairs Department of the National Assembly asked for a write up of the recommendation made at the workshop. The recommendations and the workshop were carried out as part of the Vietnam Women's Economic Empowerment Project under the Australia-World Bank Group Strategic Partnership Program 2 (ABP2). The project is supporting the Government of Vietnam on its efforts to ensure that gender is addressed in legislation, including for example, the Labor Code
    DOI: 10.1596/31771
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accountants as Catalysts for Growth in the Western Balkans : Initial Assessment of SME's Financial Management and Financial Governance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Good financial management ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31836
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Tools, Effective Markets, and Private Sector Participation in the Forestry and Wood Products Processing Sectors : Issues and Solutions for Developing Countries (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This report presents a framework for strengthening the effectiveness and efficiency of regulation of forestry and related sectors. It strives to identify and reduce regulatory burdens on private firms active in the forestry sector, while not compromising the objectives of government regulation. Illegal logging and deforestation, especially in developing countries, has significant impact on national and global forestry product markets, leading to increasingly heavy regulation of forestry sectors-including downstream markets and processing industries. Heavy regulation places a disproportionate burden on SMEs and frequently leads to regulatory failures, including corruption and reduced competition. As a result, many small-scale forestry and downstream private firms cannot comply with regulatory requirements, and instead operate informally. Reduced regulatory compliance leads to a failure to achieve intended and important social, economic, and environmental outcomes. The report is the first to assess the forestry sector from a cross-cutting global regulatory governance perspective. It draws upon and synthesizes key thematic issues and lessons from available materials on forestry, and develops practical solutions based on problem-driven adaption and good practices documented in regulatory governance literature. Based on this, it also creates a framework and toolkit using a selected and appropriate regulatory governance reform tools for application and further development
    DOI: 10.1596/31811
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pedestrian Mobility for Urban Growth : Walking and its Links to Transportation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: African cities are growing faster than cities on any other continent. With populations growing at such an enormous rate, it is often difficult for infrastructure to keep pace with urban growth. Rising automobile traffic on the continent has posed a great challenge. Increasingly, African cities struggle to handle the volume of motor vehicle traffic on their roadways. African urban dwellers spend much of their time stuck in traffic and away from their work and families. Public transport systems and pedestrian facilities must be improved so that African cities may continue to grow without suffering the consequences of runaway growth in private vehicle traffic. This report includes case studies of the institutional structures, financing practices, and regulations that have been adopted by cities and have been successful at achieving dramatic improvements in the design and implementation of the pedestrian environment. The report draws on international best practice and pilot projects in Africa to provide guidance on the key elements that should be considered in the design and maintenance of high-quality walking environments
    DOI: 10.1596/31832
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chad Growth and DiversificationLeveraging Export Diversification to Foster Growth : Leveraging Export Diversification to Foster Growth (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This report describes the key policies for Chad to successfully leverage export diversification to foster economic growth. After several unsuccessful attempts at diversifying in the 1990s, Chad has deepened its dependence on commodities, mainly relying on oil; which came to replace cotton. However, the experience of other countries, in Africa and other parts of the world, shows that while large scale production of oil resources offers great opportunities, it comes with major shortcomings. Chad's Vision 2030 is to become an emerging economy, driven by diversified and sustainable sources of growth. The goal is to triple the average GDP per capita at current prices, by increasing it from USD 730 in 2014 to USD 2300 in 2030, while drastically reducing the poverty rate from 46.7 percent in 2011 to 8 percent during the same period. Chad's economy is overly dependent on crude petroleum, which makes it vulnerable to external shocks. Therefore, to achieve this development goal, only an export diversification strategy can foster a larger menu of goods and services than can become growth-accelerating and job-creating activities. Its implementation challenges are formidable, but the country has little choice, as the social unrest following recurrent oil price slumps, its burgeoning youth population and regional security threats may foment more violence in an already fragile and volatile economy and keep investors away. Hence, this report outlines a strategy to achieve this vision centered on the diversification of its non-oil economy (mainly agricultural-based exports) away from natural resource-based commodities
    DOI: 10.1596/31839
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Myanmar Economic Monitor, June 2019 : Building Reform Momentum (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy is slowly picking up speed and regaining stability after a volatile 2018. Despite a challenging global environment, Myanmar's economic growth is expected to rise to 6.5 percent in 2018/19 from 6.4 percent in the Transition Period1 supported by strong performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Volatility that buffeted the economy in 2018 has started to ease. Inflation moderated, the kyat stabilized, and fuel prices fell in Q1 2018/19, though there have been some reversals in prices in Q2. The economic outlook looks positive, with growth expected to reach 6.7 percent in the medium-term. The recent decisions to ease trade restrictions; open the financial sector to greater foreign competition; and begin mega infrastructure projects signal a decisive and awaited uptick in reform momentum. Downside risks to the economic outlook are driven by external factors, including possible revocation of preferential trade access under the European Union Generalized System of Preferences. Slowing global and regional growth, especially in China, together with renewed escalation of global trade tensions, could also slow exports and the flow of inbound foreign investments. Insecurity in border areas, the Rakhine crisis, with violence and forced displacement of refugees, and the recent flare-up in violence involving the Arakan Army, could affect investors' sentiment. The 2020 general election is also a source of uncertainty
    DOI: 10.1596/31934
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nepal Development Update : Investing in People to Close the Human Capital Gap (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Nepal is estimated at 7.1 percent in FY2019, driven mainly by the service and agriculture sectors. The service sector is likely to grow by 7.5 percent due to a boost in the retail, hotel, and restaurant subsectors, driven by an uptick in tourist arrivals and remittance-fueled private consumption. Agriculture is estimated to grow by 5 percent in FY2019, well above its 30-year average of 3.1 percent, due to good monsoons, increased commercialization, availability of fertilizers and seeds, and improved irrigation facilities. Industrial growth is also likely to be strong at 8.1 percent, well above its 30-year average of 5 percent, mainly due to improved power availability from increased electricity generation. Private investment and consumption are likely to be the main contributors to growth on the demand side. However, public investment is projected to contract due to a slowdown in post-earthquake reconstruction and delays in national pride projects like Melamchi water supply and Upper Tamakoshi hydroelectric
    DOI: 10.1596/31802
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jordan : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an ov ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31954
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uzbekistan : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31956
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Air Quality Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) experience high ambient concentrations of health-damaging fine particulate air pollution in Europe. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management in BiH, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. This report examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in BiH. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of AAP, that is, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in BiH. It also provides an analysis of the impacts of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in BiH at a country level. The institutional and policy framework for air quality management (AQM) in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting BiH's efforts to address air pollution. Furthermore, this report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in BiH. Cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) experience high ambient concentrations of health-damaging fine particulate air pollution in Europe. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management in BiH, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. This report examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in BiH. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of AAP, that is, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in BiH. It also provides an analysis of the impacts of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in BiH at a country level. The institutional and policy framework for air quality management (AQM) in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting BiH's efforts to address air pollution. Furthermore, this report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in BiH
    DOI: 10.1596/33043
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Developing Nature-Based Tourism as a Strategic Sector for Green Growth in Lao PDR : Synthesis Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Lao PDR faces a great opportunity to develop its tourism sector, in particular nature-based tourism (NBT), to create greener, more resilient economic growth and good jobs from its attractive landscapes and wildlife. Throughout the world, NBT is the fastest growing segment of tourism, and the demand is growing as the urban middle class expands, particularly in Asia. There is an opportunity for less established destinations with rich natural and cultural heritage to contribute to sustainable social and economic development, especially in rural areas and particularly for the benefit of women and young people, who can often be marginalized in socially and economically disadvantaged areas. However, there have been several examples globally, and in Lao PDR, where communities with modest attractions and difficult accessibility were promised large numbers of tourists and resulting incomes, with nothing materializing. This report seeks to assess the potential for NBT, identify barriers to sustainable NBT development, and formulate potential solutions and actions that contribute to the country's green growth ambitions
    DOI: 10.1596/33095
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Malawi Economic Monitor, June 2019 : Charting a New Course (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. This edition was published in June 2019. It follows eight previous editions of the MEM and is part of an ongoing series, with future editions to follow twice each year. The aim of the publication is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve high rates of stable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The MEM consists of two parts: Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook and risks. Part 2 focuses on a special topic relevant to Malawi's development prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/31929
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tajikistan Country Economic Memorandum : Nurturing Tajikistan's Growth Potential (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: This Country Economic Mem ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31936
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investing in Opportunities for All : Croatia Country Gender Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The Croatia Country Gende ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31937
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Argentina : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco legislation, use, and taxation in Argentina. Argentina is the only country in Latin America which did not become a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Still, many of the FCTC provisions are included in the legislation. The prevalence of smoking was quite high in 1970-1990s ranging between 40-58 percent among men and 20- 25 percent among women. After tobacco control measures were implemented, the prevalence of smoking decreased. Tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence in Argentina decreased due to the implementation of comprehensive tobacco control policies and some economic factors, which reduced cigarette affordability in the country. In Argentina, cigarette affordability and tobacco consumption reduction were observed in: (1) 1999-2002; (2) 2014-2015; (3) 2016. In the first case (1999-2002), it was mainly caused by the reduction in population income during the economic recession. In 2014-2015, tax rates were not changed, and the main factor of the affordability reduction was the pricing policy of the tobacco industry. The largest decline in affordability was achieved by the government taxation policy implemented in May 2016: the effective excise tax rate was actually increased by about 100. Cigarette sales in 2016 declined by 5 billion sticks or by 12 percent. Tobacco taxation system should be simplified to one excise tax with a unified ad valorem rate for all tobacco products and specific minimum excise rates for each tobacco product. The specific tax rates should be set high enough to prevent the sales of very cheap tobacco products, and these specific rates should be annually increased above the inflation rate to ensure both the reduction of tobacco consumption and the increase of governmental revenue. Subsidies for tobacco growers through the Special Tobacco Fund are counterproductive from both public health and economic perspectives. Tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be further developed in Argentina, including regular surveys with a collection of comprehensive information on tobacco products consumed in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31960
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uruguay : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31959
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  • 18
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    Costa Rica : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. Costa Rica ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2008. General Law for the Control of Tobacco and its Harmful Effects on Health was adopted in March 2012, and it regulates smoke-free places; tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, as well as tobacco packaging and labeling in line with FCTC guidelines. This law also sets several norms on tobacco taxation, and it substantially increased the tax burden for cigarettes. In 2012, cigarette prices in Costa Rica increased by 49 percent, and in 2013, the tobacco excise revenue increased by 96 percent. Tobacco taxation and other tobacco control policies in Costa Rica were very successful in terms of public health. The prevalence of smoking both among adults and adolescents declined, and after 2012, the rates of decline increased. In 2015, only 5.8 percent of the adult population smoked daily. In 2018, cigarette production in the country was closed. The tobacco industry claimed that the closure had been caused by increased cigarette smuggling. However, there are no independent estimates of illicit cigarette share on the market, while the tobacco industry used to exaggerate the volumes of smuggled cigarettes. The difference in cigarette prices between Costa Rica and neighboring countries is rather small and is unable to encourage large smuggling. Thus, the observed illicit cigarette sales are likely caused by the factors, which are not related directly to tobacco taxation
    DOI: 10.1596/31964
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  • 19
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    China/Russia 2030 : Implications for the Horticulture Sector in Central Asia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: In China, changing demographics, rising incomes and shifting consumer preferences have resulted in an ever-growing demand for food that is more varied, healthier and of higher quality and this demand is set to persist well into the future. According to International Monetary Fund projections (2019), by 2024, Chinese per capita gross domestic product (GDP, in current prices) will increase to dollar 28,450, from dollar 13,130 in 2019, and the population will increase to 1.5 billion people (United Nations, 2019). The projected urbanization rate will reach 67 percent by 2030, compared to 56 percent in 2015 (Goh and others, 2014). The growing number of consumers in China, that are increasingly more affluent and educated, will continue shifting their dietary preferences to include more protein, fruits and vegetables. Central Asian countries are well placed to be more competitive in satisfying fruit import demand in the growing Chinese markets and will reap economic and social development benefits along the way. For centuries, Central Asia has occupied a position of strategic importance in trade between the East and the West. The region's geographic location, natural resources, untapped yield potential, and the possibility of greater private sector investment through policy reform create the necessary preconditions for the Central Asian countries to increase their agricultural exports to China. As China places an important role on meeting its growing food needs on dynamic agricultural trade and investment cooperation with the Central Asian countries, this results in significant opportunities for the region to increase its presence in the Chinese fruit markets brought by improved infrastructure and higher cross-border investment. For example, according to the recent World Bank report (World Bank, 2019), Belt and Road Initiative transport projects are estimated to increase trade by up to 9.7 percent. Countries that have a comparative advantage in time-sensitive sectors, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, are expected to be the biggest winners
    DOI: 10.1596/33115
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  • 20
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    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update, No.9, Fall 2019 : Strong Growth Led by the Gold Sector - With a Special Focus on Public Investment Management (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Gold production increased substantially in 2019, providing a strong boost to economic growth. Output from the country's largest gold mine, Kumtor, rose by 33 percent year on year in January-October, a reversal from the 8 percent contraction in the same period of 2018. As a result, real GDP grew by 5.7 percent in January-October, up from 3.5 percent in 2018 as a whole. Gold exports, which increased by almost 55 percent year on year, contributed to strong export earnings and a narrower current account deficit. Monetary policy easing and continued remittance inflows also supported GDP growth. Real GDP is projected to grow by 4.2 percent in full-year 2019, as gold production growth is slowing in the last three months of the year. Economic activity is likely to keep the same pace in the medium term as gold production volume will stay at the current level. The current account deficit is expected to remain wide despite rising remittances. The fiscal deficit widened slightly in January-September 2019 owing to lower tax revenues as a percentage of GDP (mainly due to reduced receipts from import taxes). As investment spending accelerates in the second half of the year-and a 30-percent wage increase for teachers took effect in October- the budget deficit is likely to widen to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2019 from 1.6 percent of GDP in 2018. The government plans to reduce the fiscal deficit to 3 percent of GDP in 2020 in line with the fiscal rule; the latter is currently pending parliamentary approval. Improving expenditure management has been a key challenge in the Kyrgyz Republic, especially in the context of the need to create the much-needed fiscal space for investment in infrastructure and human capital. The special focus section explores the main issues related to public investment management and discusses how to enhance the selection, assessment, and evaluation processes of public investment projects
    DOI: 10.1596/33122
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  • 21
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    Turning Smallness into Uniqueness : Six Key Challenges to Unlock Sao Tome and Principe Growth's Potential (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: Economic growth in Sao Tome and Principe (STP) has long been driven by an unsustainable reliance on public expenditures, especially grant- and loan-financed public investment. STP needs to turn its smallness into uniqueness to unlock its growth potential. to accomplish this transformation, this image must be matched by a more balanced growth in which the private sector plays a larger role and with a more effective government. Tourism, agriculture, and fisheries could drive the country's transition to a more balanced growth pattern. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) highlights six key challenges that STP must overcome as it transitions to a more balanced growth pattern and it offers policy recommendations for addressing each challenge. Accomplishing this rebalancing will require STP to address six key challenges at the macroeconomic, structural, and sectoral level. These include: (i) The twin budget and current-account deficits; (ii) Weak trade connectivity by both air and sea; (iii) Credit constraints caused by a high level of non-performing loans and difficulties enforcing commercial contracts; (iv) Uncertainty surrounding property rights and land tenure; (v) Poor-quality infrastructure, especially in the energy and transportation sector; and (vi) The overexploitation of marine resources
    DOI: 10.1596/32143
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  • 22
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    Tanzania Economic Update, July 2019 : Human Capital - The Real Wealth of Nations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Investing in human capital is essential for Tanzania. to generate future income and achieve sustainable development, people are the most important asset countries have. Part two of this economic update discusses where Tanzania stands in terms of its investments in human capital for both children and adults. The analysis is part of the World Bank Human Capital Project (HCP), which relies on both the Human Capital Index (HCI) and data on human capital wealth (HCW)
    DOI: 10.1596/32177
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  • 23
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    Afghanistan Development Update, June 2019 : Building Confidence Amid Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Afghanistan faced severe economic headwinds in 2018, with the economy growing by an estimated 1.8 percent. Slow growth was driven by two major factors. Firstly, severe drought had a strong negative impact on agricultural production. Agricultural growth slowed to 0.8 percent as low snowfall during late 2017 and early 2018 led to the loss of grain crops and livestock productivity. Secondly, business and investor confidence deteriorated significantly in the context of elevated uncertainty around: i) the level and duration of international security assistance; ii) the outcome of upcoming presidential elections (now delayed until September); iii) prospects of continued or worsening election-related violence (civilian deaths reached their highest level since 2001); and iv) ongoing peace negotiations with the Taliban. Real GDP growth is expected to have accelerated during the first half of 2019, mainly driven by the easing of drought conditions and improved agricultural production. Intensifying political uncertainties, however, are expected to have continued to dampen private sector confidence and investment. Poverty is estimated to have increased and deepened. The rate of economic growth substantially lagged population growth, leading to declining per capita incomes. The drought negatively impacted livelihoods of many of the 82 percent of the poor living in rural areas, including those reliant on poppy cultivation (poppy production declined by 30 percent). Reflecting widespread hardship, drought-induced displacement reached record levels of 298,582 individuals, mainly to urban areas in adjacent provinces
    DOI: 10.1596/32144
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    Moldova Policy Notes 2019 : Sustaining Stability and Reviving Growth (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, Moldova has achieved major development results: with average annual growth of 4.6 percent since 2000, poverty has decreased dramatically, and the growth has also benefitted more citizens: Inequality, as measured by the Gini Index, has declined from 36.4 in 2000 to 26.3 in 2016. Macroeconomic stability has been maintained despite the 2014 banking crisis, and monetary and the exchange rate policies have led to a declining inflation protecting the living standard of Moldova's citizens. The country has benefitted from its unique assets, such as a strategic European location and growing global integration. The authorities' focus on investment policy put the country on investors' map: commitment demonstrated in investment promotion and the level of service and attention that was given to investors led to attracting manufacturing FDI. They on the other hand helped reorient exports towards more technology-intensive products and allowed for a stronger contribution of exports to growth and employment generation. Moldova has also significantly reformed its business environment, ranking today 47th of the 190 countries measured on ease of doing business. There was also effort to improve the quality of human capital. The education system reform led to improvement of student learning outcomes in Moldova, as measured by the Program for International Students Assessment (PISA), although there are still major gaps in learning outcomes that need to be addressed. The preprimary enrollment rates increased substantially, and labor force participation rate increased to historical highs, albeit at 43 percent still comparatively low
    DOI: 10.1596/32183
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    Maximizing Finance for Development in Agriculture and Food Systems in Ethiopia : An Analysis of Beef, Coffee, and Maize (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: The World Bank Group has developed a new diagnostic approach called Maximizing Finance for Development (MFD). This study pilots the use of the World Bank's MFD approach to identify areas along value chains (VCs) where the private sector is involved. More important may be the identification of where the private sector is currently not involved or only involved peripherially. The results provide a range of opportunities to consider, with the purpose of crowding in more private sector investment and sustainable solutions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and meet the highest environmental, social, and fiscal responsibility standards. Under each function, the underlying causes of market failure are assessed, helping inform a range of possible opportunities for private sector to participation. The ouputs of this report can be used for further stakeholder engagement to prioritize issues and assess solutions. The focus is on the three VCs of beef, coffee, and maize. These commodities account for over 50 percent of Agricultural GDP and over 80 percent of foreign exchange revenue for the country and possess the potential for greater development impact through enhanced private sector activity. The nature of these commodities differs in terms of commercialization. Coffee, a pure cash crop, has close to 95 percent of its product sold by the farmer. In contrast, maize is primarily a food crop and 89 percent of maize produced is consumed by farming households. Cattle, on the other hand, are sold by pastoralists when cash is needed, cattle are no longer serve a productive purpose or meeting social obligations. In highland areas, the commercialization aspect of cattle is much greater. This has implications for private sector engagement in the respective value chains. This report identifies the issues and constraints in these three selected VCs and suggests opportunities for: (a) the public sector to amend policy, regulations, and provide inducements for greater private sector activity; and (b) the private sector to take on a greater level of responsible agricultural investment aligned with global good practice
    DOI: 10.1596/32102
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    Togo Decentralized Service Delivery : Status and Way Forward for Strengthening Communes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note constitutes an integral part of the policy dialogue with the Government of Togo in support of its ongoing decentralization process. The note recognizes the potential of decentralization to enhance local service delivery, if done well. Hence, the policy note assesses the current state of decentralization in Togo, with a specific focus on decentralization from central government to communes, the lowest level of government, and front-line for local service delivery. The note provides a set of recommendations for reform actions that can be implemented in short, medium, and long-term that will place the Togolese decentralization process and intergovernmental system on an optimal path, given the status of reforms as of the date of preparation of the policy note. This policy note is of equal importance for subnational stakeholders such as the prefects, and the special delegates, as well as the Secretaries-General of communes and other core staff. Finally, it will be of use to citizens, and to civil society organizations involved in initiatives to improve the delivery of communal services, as well as to the range of donors that are actively working to support the decentralization process in Togo
    DOI: 10.1596/32099
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    New Perspectives on Results-Based Blended Finance for Cities (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: There is clear evidence on the need for cities to rapidly scale-up their investments in climate change mitigation programs and build strong foundations for climate-resilient communities. Investing in low carbon infrastructure and climate resilience can generate competitive returns and is crucial for preventing a reversal of the development gains made in low-income countries up until now. Overcoming the barriers in financing climate-smart infrastructure in cities means adjusting their currently unattractive and inadequate risk-return investment profile. Our analysis explains that well-targeted concessional funding can derisk the financing structure of a project and turn a typical non-bankable project to financial viable one. Additionally, it makes the case for results-based blended finance approaches that strengthen the accountability in project development by linking financing to the achievement of measurable, pre-agreed results. Addressing the lack of creditworthiness, the limited accountability and capacity in institutions and service delivery practices should be at the center of urban investment strategies. The report highlights the need for technical assistance and capacity building programs that will support cities bring order to their financing and accounting practices, support shadow credit ratings and help them become creditworthy. It is estimated that only 20 percent of the 500 largest cities in developing countries are considered creditworthy. Cities and development partners face a common challenge: Making the most effective use of available public finance instruments and disburse scarce public (concessional) funds in a way that maximally leverages private sector co-investments
    DOI: 10.1596/32192
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    Republic of Philippines : Mindanao Skills Development Strategy for Poverty Reduction (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report consolidates written outputs from the Technical Assistance to Support the Elaboration of Mindanao Human Resource Development (HRD) Strategy, which was requested by the Mindanao Development Authority (MinDA) and undertaken by the World Bank under the auspices of the Australia-World Bank Partnership Development Trust Fund. The task was to provide technical assistance and advice to MinDA and other government agencies with HRD related mandate, to develop a medium to long-term skills development strategy for Mindanao, as a critical imperative in securing jobs and enhancing productivity that will redound to poverty reduction in the island-region. Launched in 2017, the World Bank's Mindanao Jobs Report presented a comprehensive strategy for regional development in Mindanao that will support sustainable peace and development, including job creation. Based on extensive consultations with stakeholders in Mindanao, one of the core recommendations of the report is to boost human development, specifically by addressing the growing skills shortage and rising inequality. Building on these efforts, the World Bank has been working closely with MinDA to generate discussions and identify priority actions on HRD, which were not highlighted in the Mindanao 2020 Peace and Development framework. This report enumerates a set of priority actions to prepare the human resource needed for the development of Mindanao, across its different subregions' contexts and economic corridors. It can serve as both a blue print and a springboard for subsequent collaboration with various development partners to support interventions and long-term programs in Mindanao. On 13 June 2019, MinDA Undersecretary Janet M. Lopoz apprised the Department of Finance (DOF) about a potential partnership with the World Bank to support a long-term program on skills development and employment agenda in Mindanao
    DOI: 10.1596/33182
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    Rwanda Systematic Country Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic analysis of growth, structural transformation, poverty reduction, and inclusion suggest that Rwanda will need to target the following outcomes to maintain rapid progress toward poverty reduction and shared prosperity: - a shift to a productivity-led growth through structural transformation, supported by increased agricultural productivity, agglomeration, and rural-to-urban transition; - an increase in the growth elasticity of poverty for inclusive growth by investing in human capital, promoting private entrepreneurship, improving accountability for service delivery, and addressing vulnerability; - increased sustainability through addressing environmental degradation, building resilience to climate change, and maintaining debt sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/32113
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    Toward Scaled-Up and Sustainable Agriculture Finance and Insurance in Uganda (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: In March 2018, Uganda's Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) formally requested technical assistance from the World Bank Group (WBG) to conduct a technical and diagnostic review of the Uganda Agricultural Insurance Scheme (UAIS) with the objective of providing recommendations to enhance the scalability and sustainability of the scheme going forward. This technical report covers the rapid assessment of agriculture finance and its recommendations, the findings of the situation and gap analysis of the UAIS, and where appropriate, presents the WBG's recommendations for strengthening the scheme; it also includes a proposal for two additional insurance programs, one for crop and one for livestock, targeted at small-scale farmers. Section one is comprised of four chapters that provide important background information: chapter one provides context for the study; chapter two describes the agricultural sector in Uganda, including the constraints and risk exposure faced by small-scale farmers; chapter three offers an overview of the agriculture finance landscape; and chapter four describes past and present agricultural insurance initiatives, including the UAIS. Section two includes the remaining chapters that present findings and make recommendations for scaling up agriculture insurance in Uganda and making programs sustainable. Specifically, chapter five describes in detail the situation and gap analysis carried out for UAIS insurance products, operating systems and procedures, and underwriting results, and it identifies possible ways to strengthen the scheme for the public-private partnership (PPP) stakeholders to consider. Chapter six presents options for the development of large-scale Area Yield Index Insurance (AYII) to complement the existing UAIS crop insurance products and programs, and it includes fiscal costings for GoU to consider. Chapter seven presents options for the development of large-scale Satellite-Based Pasture Drought Index Insurance (SPDII) for open-grazed livestock in semi-arid regions of Uganda, most notably the Karamoja subregion
    DOI: 10.1596/32331
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    Somalia Economic Update, August 2019 : Building Education to Boost Human Capital (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The economy is recovering slowly from drought, but Somalia continues to face significant challenges.The Somali economy rebounded in 2018 from the 2016/17 drought.Public finances continued to strengthen in 2018.Credit to the private sector grew rapidly in 2018, and Somalia's financial sector supervisory capacity continued to strengthen.The current account deficit declined slightly.The medium-term outlook is for a moderate increase in GDP growth.This outlook is subject to significant risks and depends on continued policy reforms. Key risks to medium-term growth prospects include security concerns, weather and climatic shocks, and political uncertainty. The authorities have been developing a track record of reform in areas of revenue mobilization, expenditure control, and financial sector regulation. Important challenges remain, however.A slowdown in the reform momentum would not only undermine medium-term economic growth, but also could delay the normalization of Somalia's relations with international financial institutions and access to critical external resources needed for development.Finally, Somalia needs to accelerate economic growth and reorient government spending towards public investment, particularly investment to boost human capital
    DOI: 10.1596/32347
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    Governance in Irrigation and Drainage : Concepts, Cases, and Action-Oriented Approaches-A Practitioner's Resource (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Irrigated farming is central to meeting the world's food and fodder needs and will be even more important in delivering on food security and water sustainability development priorities in the future. High population growth, climate change, increasing socio-economic growth, and water stress are key drivers of change. Although irrigation covers only 6.5 percent of the total land used for agriculture, it supports production of forty percent of the world's food and fodder output, with a gross value of fifty-five percent of global agricultural produce. Improving irrigation performance is a priority strategy in addressing rural poverty and in mitigating climate -change impacts, especially for the most vulnerable. Investment in irrigation has seen renewed interest in the past decade, and irrigation and drainage (I and D) governance emerging as a key focus for improved performance. Institutional failures and poor irrigation performance have been blamed on low capacity, perverse incentives, misdirected policies, and weak implementation but these are only contributing factors. Investments in institutions of the past have aimed to fix the institutions, with a focus on form and on organizational structure. The central message of this resource book is that functions, processes, and related capabilities must be the priority focus of all irrigation institutional interventions
    DOI: 10.1596/32339
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    Women in Water Utilities : Breaking Barriers (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Women are significantly underrepresented in the water workforce. Multiple barriers, ranging from social norms, to inadequate HR policies, to an unwelcoming work environment, pose challenges to female water professionals' entering, staying and advancing in the water sector. This study explores these barriers and provides utilities with practical approaches to advance their gender diversity
    DOI: 10.1596/32319
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    Creating Markets in Burkina Faso : Growing Burkina Faso's Private Sector and Harnessing it to Bolster Economic Resilience (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: A small landlocked economy in the heart of West Africa's French-speaking Sahel, Burkina Faso is characterized by its modest economic size, with a rapid population growth, with one of the highest per capita birth rates in the world. Burkina Faso needs to create 300,000 jobs annually to match its demographic growth, while about ninety percent of its workers are in the informal sector. Despite sustained robust economic growth over the past two decades driven by cotton and gold exports, private investment is low. Compounding the considerable development challenges that it faces, Burkina Faso is currently confronted by acute security and climatic threats, together with emerging fiscal risks. This country private sector diagnostic (CPSD) therefore investigates whether opportunities exist for the private sector to contribute more substantially to Burkina Faso's development. The CPSD proposes a platform for action aimed at boosting Burkina Faso's development through greater private sector investment. The remainder of the report provides an overview of: (i) the private sector environment; (ii) the cross-cutting constraints to the private sector; (iii) the critical enabling sector bottlenecks to the private sector; (iv) the opportunities for the private sector; and (v) a series of priority private sector focused recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/32401
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    Monitoring Occupational Shortages : Lessons from Malaysia's Critical Occupations List (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Many emerging economies have skills shortages but fail to effectively deploy students andjob seekers towards filling those shortages. In emerging economies, new technologies,digitization, automation, and other trends like Industry 4.0 result in a constantly changing demandfor sophisticated skills. In this environment, there are often students and job seekers who couldpotentially fill skills gaps but face significant challenges in identifying job opportunities andthe skills needed to obtain them. The schools, training centers, and public service providers thatare responsible for preparing the workforce to fill skills gaps often face similar challenges in terms of deploying attention and resources towards filling those gaps. In Malaysia, the Critical Skills Monitoring Committee (CSC) is charged with producing a Critical Occupations List to serve as a platform for coordinating human capital development policies. The CSC is a specialized interagency body that was established as part of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan to monitor skills imbalances in Malaysia. To do so, the CSC created an annual Critical Occupations List (COL) of occupations that are middle- or highskilled, sought-after, and strategic. The COL has evolved during the last several years to become a best-practice tool for monitoring skills. The COL is updated regularly and improved continually, is based on rigorous evidence, and is widely circulated. The production of the list is undertaken by the CSC and incorporates a wide range of input from both the public and private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/32413
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    Ecuador Macroeconomic Stability and Competitiveness Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Ecuador faces the challenge of consolidating the social gains achieved during the last decade while addressing the excesses committed the commodity boom period, when the state was the main drive of economic growth and the private sector remained subdue. This policy note diagnoses the nature of the imbalances faced by Ecuador's economy and identifies key areas for reform that will contribute to reestablishing macroeconomic stability and increase the competitiveness, while safeguarding recent social gains. Increasing competitiveness and productivity will require complementing fiscal efforts with core supply side reforms to create a flexible and conducive regulatory environment for the private sector. Pursuing the integration and internationalization of the Ecuadorian economy is a key to foster a private sector-led and productivity-driven economic model going forward. This note identifies key areas that can be considered as part of a medium-term reform agenda to reestablish macroeconomic stability and increase the competitiveness of the Ecuadorian economy, while safeguarding recent social gains. It systematically presents a brief diagnostic together with policy options to be consider within each policy area
    DOI: 10.1596/32429
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    Guinea - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis Update : 43678 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Guinea is at moderate risk of external debt distress with some space to absorb shocks. All external debt burden indicators under the baseline scenario lie below their policy-dependent thresholds. Stress tests suggest that debt vulnerabilities will increase if adverse shocks materialize. Under the most extreme stress tests, all solvency and liquidity indicators breach their thresholds for prolonged periods. The overall risk of public debt distress is also assessed to be moderate, with the application of judgement regarding a brief and marginal breach for the PV of total public debt to GDP ratio over 2019-20, reflecting the one-off impact of the recapitalization of the central bank. Guinea's external and public debt position at end-2018 improved compared to the December 2018 DSA, owing to upward revisions of growth estimates in 2016-17, lower-than-anticipated external loan disbursements in 2018, and a stable exchange rate in 2018. A prudent external borrowing strategy aimed at maximizing the concessionally of new debt, limiting non-concessional loans to programmed amounts and strengthening debt management will be key to preserving medium-term debt sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/32560
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    Result Oriented Review of Delivery of Justice in Montenegro (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Legal and Judicial Sector Assessment
    Abstract: This functional review presents a comprehensive, results-oriented assessment of the functioning of Montenegro's judicial system from 2014 through 2017, and the country's compliance with the requirements of chapter 23 (Justice and human rights) of the European Union's Acquis Communautaire. More specifically, the Functional Review (FR) is intended to assist Montenegro authorities in developing its strategy for the reform of the Judiciary 2019-2023, and an accompanying action plan. This report is structured as follows: Section 1 presents the overall conclusions and priority recommendations from the functional review; Section 2 presents governance and management over the system; Section 3 presents efficiency and effectiveness of justice services; Section 4 presents quality of justice services; Section 5 access to justice services; Section 6 presents financial resource management; Section 7 presents human resource management, Section 8 presents ICT management and Section 9 presents infrastructure management
    DOI: 10.1596/33418
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    Republic of Madagascar - Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Madagascar is assessed at low risk of external debt distress. This marks a change from moderate risk in the June 2018 DSA, despite a broader definition of external debt, and reflects an upgrade in Madagascar's debt carrying capacity rather than a change in the debt path. Under the baseline, external public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) debt is well below applicable thresholds. Stress tests do not breach the threshold applicable to countries with medium debt-carrying capacity. Total (external plus domestic) PPG debt is below the benchmark under the baseline, but growth shocks drive the present value of the ratio of debt to GDP above the benchmark. Shocks could also introduce liquidity problems, as the debt-service to revenue ratio could exceed 100 percent over the long term. The overall rating, of moderate debt distress, remains consistent with the 2018 DSA. These assessments continue to be supportive of Madagascar's current plans to scale up its borrowing to meet its investment needs, though other factors are also critical
    DOI: 10.1596/32569
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    Secured Transactions, Collateral Registries and Movable Asset-Based Financing : Knowledge Guide (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The main objective of this Knowledge Guide is to provide guidance to the World Bank Group (WBG) staff, donor institutions, government officials and other practitioners on the objectives and implementation of secured transactions reforms, as well as the factors that affect the implementation. Chapter one contains a discussion of the economic rationale for modern secured transactions systems, providing a background on the utility of the reforms and their roles within the broader credit infrastructure, as well as a detailed section on various secured lending products. Chapter two charts some recent trends that impact secured transactions that may have more profound effects in the regulatory space, especially prudential regulation of financial institutions with respect to the deployment of various credit products, or initiatives that have the potential to disrupt existing processes, such as distributed ledger and blockchain technologies. Chapter three provides lessons from the implementation of the reforms, highlighting the key elements of international best practices and the challenges to their implementation on the ground. The chapter goes beyond secured transactions laws and examines their impact on other legislation, highlighting the need for proper integration within the broader legal frame-work. Chapter four addresses a number of aspects of the core building block of modern secured transactions regimes, an electronic registry for notices of security rights (collateral registry). This Chapter focuses on various design considerations and their implementation. Finally, chapter five outlines the key elements of public awareness and capacity building that are essential to the successful deployment of a reform that is designed to increase access to credit
    DOI: 10.1596/32551
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    The National Payment Systems Oversight Framework for the Maldives Monetary Authority (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This report aims at assisting Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) to establish an effective oversight framework to monitor the different payment and settlement systems, payment instruments and payment service providers in the Maldives. The framework for oversight is based on the Bank for International Settlement-International Organization of Securities Commissions (BIS-IOSCO) 24 principles and analyzing the payments development in the Maldives, while emphasizing the importance of overseeing several critical aspects of payment systems which are not within the radar of the present oversight unit. The BIS-IOSCO principles that are specifically on oversight function are set out in section one. Section two discusses the background and the present payment landscape, legal status, and critically review the present oversight arrangement by MMA, its mandate and suggest areas of improvement for an improved and effective oversight function. Section three outlines the present and future challenges for payment and settlement oversight unit (PSSOU) and provides guidelines to overcome some of the challenges. Section four sets out recommendations to be adopted by PSSOU and section five articulates the most urgent tasks that should be undertaken by PSSOU and MMA to ensure an effective oversight on the national payments system (NPS) in the Maldives
    DOI: 10.1596/32616
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    Thailand - Assessment of Observance of the IOSCO Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This is an assessment of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Thailand (SEC) and, secondarily, of certain self-regulatory organizations (SRO) that participate in the regulation of the capital markets of Thailand. This assessment was conducted in February, 2019 as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) conducted jointly by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The financial sector of Thailand shows strong growth and is dominated by banks, which are a major force in other components of the financial sector through separately licensed subsidiaries. The financial system's assets are equal to 259 percent of GDP (February 2018), with Thailand's 30 commercial banks (including 15 foreign branches or subsidiaries) holding 46 percent of financial sector assets and eight specialized (state-owned) financial institutions (SFIs) holding 15 percent. The three largest commercial banks account for 46 percent of banking sector assets, lower than that of its peer comparators. Banking sector growth, however, has been stagnant, growing to 156 percent of GDP (2018) from 153 percent (2012). Other segments of the financial sector have experienced higher growth in recent years. The market capitalization of the SET has grown to 104 percent of GDP (up from 67 percent of GDP in 2005, and from 37 percent of GDP in 2008). Insurance sector assets have grown from 10 percent of GDP in 2006 to over 22 percent of GDP in 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/32613
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    Agricultural Transformation and Inclusive Growth : The Malaysian Experience (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The Malaysian story involves a farsighted leadership that has mobilized the considerable assets of a resource-rich country to translate a long-term vision of nation building into action and transformational results. This report analyzes what Malaysia did to achieve transformative results in agriculture. It focuses on four main areas in which the Malaysian experience is distinctive and which have been critical to its success, as follows: (1) The role of the public sector, encompassing national leadership, vision, and government action; (2) The main drivers of transformation and inclusive growth; (3) The role of value chains; (4) The inclusiveness of Malaysia's agricultural transformation
    DOI: 10.1596/32642
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    Nepal Environment Sector Diagnostic : Path to Sustainable Growth Under Federalism (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The 2015 Constitution ushered in not only a comprehensive transformation of Nepal's government structure, but also a shift from a protection-focused approach to natural resources management to one that aims to harness resources sustainably. Nepal's rich water, forest and biodiversity resources would thus fuel economic growth and prosperity and help achieve the goal becoming a middle-income country by 2030.The objective of this Environment Sector Diagnostic (ESD) is to inform policies, investments and institutional capacity building measures in key areas of natural resources use and environmental management to support sustainable growth and prosperity in Nepal in the context of federalism. Thus, the ESD aims to inform investment projects and government policies and facilitate the implementation of the World Bank's new Environmental and Social Framework in the context of the projects it supports.The key themes of natural resource use addressed in the ESD are forest management, nature-based tourism, hydropower development, agricultural intensification, and river quarrying. For each theme, the ESD highlights the economic gains of more productive use of the associated natural resources, where possible through quantitative modelling, and points to investments and policy and institutional measures to ensure sustainability. In terms of adverse environmental impacts, the ESD focuses on pollution, including air pollution, solid waste including hazardous substances, as well as, road construction. It estimates the cost of pollution to the economy and provides recommendations to lower this cost. These themes were selected based on their current and potential role in the economy and their current and potential impact on the environment
    DOI: 10.1596/32645
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste for the Period FY2020 - FY2024 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) outlines the principles underlying the World Bank Group's engagement with Timor-Leste from FY2020 to FY2024. The CPF responds to Timor-Leste's strategic directions and its timeframe coincides with the expected tenure of the current parliament and government - the VIII Constitutional Government - and its Five-Year Implementation Plan (2018-2023) that supports Timor-Leste's Strategic Development Plan (SDP) 2011-2030. The CPF covers three focus areas: (i) strengthen the foundation for private sector-led growth and economic stability; (ii) invest in human capital, service delivery and promote gender equity; (iii) raise productivity through investments in connective infrastructure; and a cross-cutting theme on governance, focusing on strengthening institutional and implementation capacity in government
    DOI: 10.1596/32790
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    Lesotho Poverty Assessment : Progress and Challenges in Reducing Poverty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: This report examines progress and challenges in reducing poverty in Lesotho. Lesotho's poverty rate is lower today than it was 15 years ago. However, with a poverty rate of 49.7 percent in 2017, poverty remains widespread. Economic vulnerability is high, with more than 75 percent of the population either poor or vulnerable to poverty. This suggests that most of the population lack economic opportunities and are deprived on multiple fronts. Urban areas experienced greater poverty reduction due to improvements in education and increases in incomes from well-paying jobs, largely in the services sector. In rural areas, poverty stagnated due to slow growth in agricultural incomes, a fall in remittances and vulnerability of the rural population to weather shocks. Despite the growing urban-rural poverty divide, inequality fell as a result of expansion of social protection and an increase in wage incomes among the poor. In spite of this, Lesotho remains one of the 20 percent most unequal countries in the world. A combination of policies that improve human capital, promote job creation and address high unemployment, increase agricultural productivity, together with those that build resilience against economic and environmental shocks, would boost shared prosperity and accelerate poverty reduction in Lesotho
    DOI: 10.1596/33030
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    World Bank Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Incentive Framework (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This document presents an incentive framework aiming to improve knowledge sharing (KS) and reusing behaviors at the World Bank. Given the nature of the Bank's work, evidence suggests that effective and efficient knowledge sharing might be the biggest predictor of success. To approach KS in a holistic and evidence-based manner, past work was built on by assessing the psychological drivers of and barriers to knowledge sharing. The authors carried out a behavioral diagnostic which confirmed the existence of five key structural barriers to knowledge sharing that had been identified in previous World Bank work. This report presents these drivers, as well as the associated incentives, and readers will learn how to transform these insights into concrete actions to help their teams share knowledge better and more often, and ultimately to use KS to achieve better outcomes for their teams, the Bank, its clients, and partners
    DOI: 10.1596/32624
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    Speed Variation Analysis : A Case Study for Thailand's Roads (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Research shows that vehicle speed affects the severity of all road crashes. Higher speed crashes involve more kinetic energy: the more energy that is dispersed in a crash, the more severe that crash will be. Speed also affects the likelihood of a crash occurring in the first place. The likelihood of a serious or fatal crash increases significantly even with small increases in vehicle speed. Field studies demonstrate that a one percent increase in mean average speeds results in a roughly two percent increase in the frequency of crashes involving injury, a three percent increase in severe crashes, and a four percent increase in deaths. The safety of infrastructure is heavily influenced by traffic speed, to the extent that without a detailed understanding of speed limits and vehicle operating speeds, it is difficult to assess the safety performance of infrastructure at a given location. This report seeks to highlight the central role of speed management in the Safe System approach and how a simple speed variation can improve safety for all types of road user. At the core of this report lies the experience derived from iRAP assessments undertaken under the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS) on 867 km of national roads in Thailand and 258 km of streets in Bangkok, between 2015 and 2019. This also involved capacity building activities with local partner, Chulalongkorn University, which led to almost 700 specialists being trained on road safety engineering during this period. The importance of speed in influencing road user risk is highlighted in two case studies on different road types in Thailand - the Outer Ring Road and Hathai Rat Road in Bangkok - to demonstrate the effects of different speeds on the iRAP Star Ratings. These ratings objectively quantify the likelihood of a crash, and its severity, whereby a person's risk of injury is highest on a 1-star road, and lowest on a 5-star road. Among a series of simulations and results, this report shows that enforcing a 10 kph speed limit reduction could prevent one in three fatal and serious injuries (FSIs) on both those roads
    DOI: 10.1596/33097
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    Kazakhstan Economic Update, December 2019 : Sustaining Growth Momentum (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Kazakhstan's economy in 2019 is expected to grow at a modest rate. But growth is expected to ease in 2020, with greater risks from the external environment and vulnerability to shocks. Recently, the economy expanded amid the slacking external environment. Policy stimulus has helped domestic demand, but structural weakness is constraining the economy from expanding further. Continuing with structural reforms is critical to sustain higher and more inclusive economic growth. The special topic of this report is Kazakhstan's export diversification. Trade plays an important role in Kazakhstan's development, and the country is positioned to benefit from the growing markets of China, Europe, and Central Asia. Trade offers opportunities for Kazakhstan's economic growth and for diversifying away from oil. The special topic section of this report highlights the fact that, although Kazakhstan has made progress in diversifying its export destinations, product quality outside commodities is still relatively low and has less than a fifty percent survival rate beyond the first year if a product was exported beyond the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) or Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) markets. OECD data on trade in value added indicate that Kazakhstan's exporters used fewer imported inputs compared to a decade earlier, which suggests a declining participation in global value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/33066
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    Air Pollution Management in Kosovo (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Many cities in Kosovo suffer from poor air quality, with ambient concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) significantly exceeding the national and European Union (EU) standards and global air quality guidelines for PM2.5 established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The air pollution in the capital city of Prishtina rivals that of big cities like Beijing, Mumbai, and New Delhi. Especially in winter, urban areas face severe smog episodes, caused by the increased demand for heat from the residential and commercial sector, which is mainly provided by burning solid fuels. Such levels of air pollution are unsafe for Kosovo's population of 1.9 million and cause significant deleterious health impacts. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management (AQM) in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia. It examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Kosovo. It provides estimates of the health burden and the economic cost associated with the health impacts of AAP, that is, PM2.5, in Kosovo. It also analyzes of the roles of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in Kosovo at a national level. The institutional and policy framework for AQM in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting Kosovo in addressing air pollution. Furthermore, the report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in Kosovo
    DOI: 10.1596/33041
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Period FY20-25 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: 2019 was a year of political transition and conditions are in place for continuing stability in the country. Economic and financial crises in 2008 and 2014-16 have shown Kazakhstan's vulnerability to external shocks and altered its very strong growth path. This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) comes at a time when Kazakhstan faces growing challenges. Institutional and governance reforms have been identified by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as the main constraint to achieving Kazakhstan's development goals. This CPF incorporates shifts in the World Bank Group (WBG) program that are intended to directly support Kazakhstan's development objectives and assist it in IBRD graduation
    DOI: 10.1596/33049
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    Malawi Public Expenditure Review 2019 : Putting Fiscal Policy on a Sustainable Path (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Malawi's economic growth has historically been undermined by exogenous, climate-induced shocks, as well as economic policies and management that have often exacerbated the impact of shocks. Yet since 2017, Malawi has been enjoying a period of economic stability, with double-digit inflation tamed, and a stable exchange rate for the first time since 2011. This is the first module of a programmatic Public Expenditure Review
    DOI: 10.1596/33047
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    Ghana : Economic Diversification Through Productivity Enhancement (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: After nearly a decade of strong growth fueled by the boom in commodity prices, Ghana's economy remains undiversified and vulnerable to external shocks.This report strives to analyze the main challenges for economic diversification from a productivity angle.In looking at a set of high-growth economies of the past, the Growth Report 2008 identified common characteristics of successfully applied growth models-the "ingredients of growth"-to inform policy formulation around the world.However, since independence in 1957, Ghana's long-term growth dynamics have been mixed and can be divided into three distinct periods.Drivers of the economic expansion of Ghana changed significantly over the years; currently, the service and natural resources sectors provide the main sources of growth.As a consequence of the change in input factors for growth, the contribution of total factor productivity to growth is on a declining path.The structural shift of the Ghanaian economy into services and natural resource sectors comes with two key economic management challenges. First , Ghana's shift to services sectors only marginally contributes to labor productivity growth.Second, concentration of economic activity in natural resources increase economic volatility and complicate macro-management.The provision of basic public services remains a challenge according to private sector executive surveys.Economic diversification is a key element of economic development in which a country moves to a more diverse production and trade structure
    DOI: 10.1596/33067
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    A Brief Overview on the Road Safety Approach in Singapore (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The report introduces how the Safe System Approach works, with a focus on road infrastructure and road safety engineering best practices from one of the best performing countries in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Singapore. Singapore roads are not only considered the safest in the region, they rank among the safest globally. Road safety management rules and regulations implemented in the country have resulted in significant strides in managing the effects of collision factors related to roadway design, human behavior, and vehicle attributes. As a result, road safety statistics have shown that fatalities on the Singapore road network have been steadily declining over the past decade. This is leading to a desire on the part of neighboring countries to follow Singapore's example and learn from its experience. In order to mitigate collisions attributed to vehicle inadequacies or defects, one of the measures taken in Singapore was to enforce a strict vehicle import policy. Vehicle imports are permissible from countries that have adopted and comply with recognized high vehicle safety standards. Vehicle safety compliance is particularly focused on 52 items specified by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). In addition to strict vehicle import standards, Singapore enforces a strict vehicle quota system, which regulates the number of vehicles on the road network. Additionally, vehicles are required to undergo frequent inspections. Cars between 3 and 10 years old are required to have a biennial inspection, and cars older than 10 years are required to undergo annual inspections. Furthermore, taxis are required to undergo inspections every six months. Road safety education and driver education are core tenants of Singapore's roads safety strategy. Road safety education is predominately undertaken by the Singapore Traffic Police, but nongovernmental organizations such as the National Security Coordination Secretariat contribute significantly to road safety education in Singapore
    DOI: 10.1596/33085
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    Lesotho Disaster Risk Financing Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: This diagnostic study is prepared at the request of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Government of Lesotho (GoL)and aims to identify options to strengthen the country's financial resilience to disasters. It includes a review of disaster response costs and the current disaster risk financing (DRF) arrangements of the GoL, including institutional and legal frameworks, and proposes some recommendations. Lesotho is prone to weather-related perils such as droughts, floods, and storms. Drought affects the largest number of people. For instance, a drought in 2015/16 affected almost half of the population. Over two-thirds of the population-71 percent-is involved in some form of agricultural activity. The majority of the rural population engages in subsistence agriculture, working on small rain-fed farms or are livestock producers. Disasters can severely impact agriculture, thus devastating livelihoods and increasing food insecurity in a country already characterized by low agricultural productivity and reliance on food imports. Natural disasters in Lesotho jeopardize efforts to eliminate extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity Poverty in the country is declining slowly, and as of 2017 remained high, at 49.7 percent (at the national poverty line). Disasters disproportionally impact poor and vulnerable households, pushing them back or further into poverty (Hallegatte and others 2017). According to the World Bank (forthcoming) Poverty Assessment, without the 2015/16 drought, poverty in Lesotho would have decreased twice as fast over the past 15 years. Natural disasters can also impact the macro-fiscal situation of the country. The average annual cost of disaster response is estimated at US
    DOI: 10.1596/33141
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    Subnational Public Expenditure Review 2019 : Fostering Decentralization in Myanmar (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Myanmar's decentralization of governance, financing and service delivery is taking place against aparticularly challenging backdrop. Myanmar is a country with considerable geographic and socialdiversity and a history of isolation, conflict and underdevelopment. Decades of civil conflict and tight military rule have marked Myanmar's political, social and economic life since its independence from British rule in 1948, and left a host of historical institutional legacies including underrepresentation of women, civil service norms that prioritize compliance over performance, bureaucratic silos and weak public investment management, that still impact the country today. Political and economic transitions, begun in 2011, have promoted growth and improved welfare outcomes, though the benefits have not been equally shared with all groups or geographic areas. There remain extreme variations in the provision and quality of public infrastructure and services, reflected in large disparities per capita income and humandevelopment outcomes. These inequalities are widening, economic growth is spatially concentratedin the growth poles of Yangon and Mandalay, while rural and remote areas, such as those on the Shanplateau, are isolated from the centers of growth. The Myanmar subnational PER examines Myanmar's nascent subnational institutions, focusing on governance, union-local administrative and fiscal relations and service delivery from a local perspective. The aim is to identify pragmatic and practicable policy options for incrementally strengthening the institutional capacity and inclusiveness of subnational governments within the confines of the current constitution. While political debate on the future shape of a federal Myanmar continues, reforming local governance institutions, within the considerable space available in the current constitution, as suggested throughout the PER, is an important way to support "federalism from below", promoting a more sustainable, inclusive and accountable system of governance and fiscal management that better reflects Myanmar's considerable social and economic heterogeneity
    DOI: 10.1596/33118
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    Vietnam Development Report 2019 : Connecting Vietnam for Growth and Shared Prosperity (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Development Policy Review
    Abstract: Globally, Vietnam is among the most open economies with a trade-to-GDP ratio of 190 percent in 2018. Through the removal of both tariff and non-tariff barriers and fulfilling its commitment in several regional trade agreements, the country has made remarkable achievements in trade liberalization. Vietnam's major trade partners located in East Asia, North America, and Europe are reached mostly by sea or air. Trade with bordering neighbors is limited and thus trade across border-crossing points is minimal except for northern borders with China, which has seen growth in recent years. The country's trade flows are concentrated at twelve of its 48 border gates-two airports, five seaports and five border crossing points-which collectively handled 86 percent of total trade value in 2016.1 As the trade grows, congestion at and near these international gateways and border-crossing points has also increased. In addition to the current major trade partners, various regional trade relations and connectivity initiatives are relevant to Vietnam, including with Southeast Asian neighbors, and South Asia-particularly India-over land, given the rapidly growing trade relationships. In the meantime, Vietnam's transport network has undergone a significant expansion over the past decades. The most remarkable development in network expansion has occurred in the road sector. As of 2016 the total length of the road network, excluding village roads, reached over 300,000 km, including about 1,000 km of expressways-a fully access-controlled toll road system. Vietnam is endowed with an extensive network of natural waterways, including nearly 16,000 km of managed navigable routes carrying significant traffic around the Red River Delta and Mekong Delta areas. However, only about 2,600 km of the waterways can reliably handle barges greater than 300 deadweight tons, with rudimentary terminal infrastructure at most of its numerous river portraits Vietnam's century-old railway system is mostly single-tracked and non-electrified, which has remained unchanged over the past decades with very limited capital investments
    DOI: 10.1596/33139
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    A Sure Path to Sustainable SolarVers une energie solaire durable : Guide pour le deploiement du solaire; Solar Deployment Guidelines (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Achieving global goals for access to energy and mitigation of climate change will require a quadrupling of present levels of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation in the developing world by 2025 to reach around 950 gigawatt (GW)1. This represents an investment of more than US
    DOI: 10.1596/33026
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    Uzbek Population Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: As part of the collaboration between the Government of Uzbekistan and the World Bank in improving the effectiveness of social protection, the Bank conducted a diagnostic study on the main risk's households face and the main strategies adopted to reduce vulnerability and cope with such risks. The main objective of the study is to determine the extent to which social protection is addressing such risks and in which areas gaps remain. This could inform areas of potential further work and collaboration between the Government of Uzbekistan and the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/33162
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    Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Accounting and AuditingShqiperi - Raport mbi Vleresimin e Standardeve dhe Kodeve te Kontabilitetit dhe Auditimit : Albania Update (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Abstract: Albania's remarkable economic transformation has been affected by the global financial crisis. The country's main challenges include maintaining macro-fiscal and financial sector sustainability, improving the investment climate and unleashing private sector growth, removing barriers to employment for job creation, and improving governance and public service delivery. Improving the business climate and addressing gaps in infrastructure and labor force skills are necessary to reap the early benefits of European Union (EU) accession and make Albania attractive for foreign direct investments. This report on the observance of standards and codes in accounting and auditing (ROSCA and A) seeks to assist with the further development of the financial reporting institutional framework in Albania. The report summarizes key findings, identifies gaps, and makes recommendations for consideration by the authorities to improve alignment with international standards and good practice
    DOI: 10.1596/33305
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    Energy Vulnerability in Female-headed Households : Findings from the Listening to Citizens of Uzbekistan Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Uzbekistan has the second-most-energy-intensive economy in Europe and Central Asia as measured according to energy intensity per unit of gross domestic product. This study assesses the sex-disaggregated effect of access to energy across the country. The analysis focuses on three main factors: the challenges that female-headed households (FHHs) face in accessing reliable electricity and heating services; whether FHHs struggle more than male-headed households (MHHs) to pay for utilities; and how often FHHs use coping mechanisms such as reducing food, health care, and other purchases to meet basic needs. The analysis suggests that FHHs have similar access to energy as MHHs but find it harder to pay for utilities and basic needs. FHHs are more likely than MHHs to reduce their food consumption and borrow money to pay for basic needs. Poor FHHs with employed household members are more likely to reduce their food consumption than MHHs with no employed household members
    DOI: 10.1596/33314
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    ID Enrollment Strategies : Practical Lessons From Around The Globe (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Providing universal coverage and barrier-free access to ID systems is one of the three pillars of the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development and is vital to achieving Target 16.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to "provide legal identity for all" by 2030. Large-scale registration campaigns can help achieve this objective by making identification accessible to large segments of the population within a short timeframe and by often being able to reach individuals and population groups who, for various reasons, face difficulties in obtaining IDs in the absence of concerted outreach efforts. Without sufficient planning, coordination, and the adoption of appropriate policies and measures for inclusion and building trust in the system, however, registration drives may be unable to boost the coverage of the system to achieve a critical mass and can thus became a waste of (public) resources, while exacerbating exclusion. This note aims to help practitioners learn from past efforts, promote the adoption of good practices, and reduce the risk of failure
    DOI: 10.1596/33402
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    Optimising Investments in the Tuberculosis Response of Gauteng Province, South Africa : Findings from a Pilot Application of the Optima TB Model (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: South Africa remains a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) with an underlying generalised HIV epidemic. TB funding must therefore be allocated to interventions which provide high impact to prevent TB transmission, identify TB cases and treat them successfully. This report presents the findings from a pilot application of the Optima TB model in Gauteng Province, where many challenges remain to sustainably reduce TB. The modelling analysis focused on relevant intervention scenarios and optimal resource allocation to achieve the 2022 TB targets, using the mathematical optimisation feature of the tool. Findings suggest that further reductions in TB prevalence and deaths are possible through improved allocative efficiency. Several scenarios highlight opportunities especially in HIV negative populations by improving the TB care cascade with higher diagnosis rates, enhanced linkage to treatment and better MDR treatment outcomes using shorter drug regimens. The same budget allocated differently could, by 2022, reduce active TB infections by up to 40 and reduce TB deaths by up to 30 perent among HIV positive and HIV negative populations. The study provided valuable input into the refinement of the Optima TB model, especially for the HIV/TB co-epidemic setting. The model outputs support Gauteng's focus on improving the care cascade and innovating MDR-TB treatment
    DOI: 10.1596/33377
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  • 64
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    West Bank and Gaza : Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment, 2018 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment is intended to enhance the effectiveness of West Bank and Gaza's (WB and G) PFM systems and to aid the Palestinian Authority to consolidate its ongoing and planned reforms. More specifically, the assessment has undertaken an independent review of the quality and performance of PFM systems in WB and G for the financial years 2015, 2016 and 2017, and of the medium-term budget for 2018-21. In doing so, it provides a diagnostic analysis that can be used as the basis for dialogue on PFM reforms that will inform future updates and design work on the PFM reform strategy and subsequent action plans. Additionally, this work will inform the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and will enhance the dialogue between the WB and G and its Development Partners and other key stakeholders
    DOI: 10.1596/33420
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  • 65
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    Household Over-Indebtedness in Russia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: In the last three years, household debt has risen by a third as disposable income declined. Declining interest rates, ease of access to credit for consumers and poorly regulated microfinance lending practices led to fast growth in consumer debt. Consumer lending in the banking and microfinance segments has been growing in double digits in 2017-2018, reaching a total of RUB 14,90 trillion (USD 230,8 million), or 14 percent of the Russian GDP. At the same time, real disposable income has been declining: as of 2018, it is 13 percent below 2014 levels. Accelerated consumer lending has been monitored by the Central Bank of Russia to adjust the supply side of consumer finance, but no in-depth assessment has been made on how this has been affecting households. To provide a demand-side assessment, the World Bank Group in cooperation with the Russian Consumer Protection Service (Rospotrebnadzor) and the International Confederation of Consumer Societies (CONFOP) conducted an over-indebtedness study in 2018-2019. The objective of the study was to take a deeper look at the increasing levels of indebtedness of` individuals in Russia, provide a demand-side view on the issue and assess potential social and economic implications. The results of the study afford a unique perspective on the issue of consumer over-indebtedness in Russia and provide Russian financial-sector regulator and consumer-protection authorities with additional context for reviewing and adjusting their existing policies in the area of consumer protection, responsible lending and related areas. The study was conducted in a form of a survey covering over 4,000 individuals in 16 Russian regions
    DOI: 10.1596/33495
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    Including Institutions : Boosting Resilience in Europe (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The 2008 crisis marked the beginning of a lost decade for many countries - and many people - in the European Union (EU). The crises of 2008 and 2012 halted, and in some countries undid, a decade of growth and economic convergence across the EU. This report argues that the economic shocks revealed large differences in the resilience of individual economies, associated with differences in the quality of country-level institutions that shaped the absorption and response to these shocks. The report is in two parts. Part one uses an inclusive growth framework that assesses the trends in economic growth, the sharing of that growth, and its resilience. Part two looks closer at a key aspect of resilience: what are the key institutions that affect an economy's resilience or capacity to respond to shocks. This report finds that in many European countries, growth was shared with low-income households; but these households were shielded less well during downturns. During the crises, the poorest fifth of households in both Central Europe and Southern Europe saw deeper drops in incomes and for longer periods than the median household. The report puts a special emphasis on a country's membership of the European Monetary Union (EMU) - the eurozone. The report finds that resilience of inclusive growth varied across EU countries, when faced with the global financial crisis of 2008 and the euro crisis of 2012, because of the quality of institutions. This report finds that boosting resilience of EU member states should start with improving the real exchange rate institutions. Resilience and flexible and coordinated real exchange rate adjustments are short-term measures to cushion shocks and support adjustment
    DOI: 10.1596/33463
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  • 67
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    Vietnam Agriculture Finance Diagnostic Report : Financial Inclusion Support Framework - Vietnam Country Support Program (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Agriculture remains economically and socially important in Vietnam despite agriculture's declining share of gross domestic product (GDP). The share of primary agricultural activity in the GDP has fallen to 13 percent, compared with more than 30 percent two decades ago. The active labor force in agriculture remains as high as 45 percent. Chapter one presents an overview of the agriculture and financial sectors. Chapter two presents an analysis of farmers` financial access and use of financial services. Chapter three discusses key trends in agriculture credit and agriculture insurance markets. Chapter four discusses the key institutions and instruments of public sector support for agriculture finance. Chapter five identifies key challenges that are constraining the growth of agriculture finance, and lastly, chapter six identifies major opportunity areas and makes key recommendations to capitalize on the identified opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/33630
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  • 68
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    Ukraine 2019 Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Performance Assessment Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the Government of Ukraine with an objective and up-to-date diagnostic of the national-level public financial management performance based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. The 2019 PEFA is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system and monitors the results achieved through PFM reforms undertaken since the 2015 PEFA assessment. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service. The assessment covers the central government. It also includes the Ministry of Economy as the authorized body for Procurement Service, State Audit Service, Budget Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament), State Fiscal Service of Ukraine (revenue administration), and Accounting Chamber of Ukraine (supreme audit body). It also assesses aspects of the three extra-budgetary funds and qualifying state-owned enterprises in terms of the relevant indicators. A substantial number of government officials participated in the assessment
    DOI: 10.1596/33626
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    Assessment of the Public Procurement Systems of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Procurement Assessment
    Abstract: This report provides the results of the assessment of the Public Procurement system of the Republic of Kazakhstan using the Methodology for Assessing Procurement Systems (MAPS)1 and its various steps, including the validation process. Kazakhstan has a dual public procurement system, in which there are separate systems for a) the government procurement conducted by the general public administration and b) procurement conducted by Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna, which accounts for the majority of public procurement spending. This MAPS assessment covers both. Due to the nature of the system, this MAPS assessment has to integrated parts and assessments of a) the government procurement system and b) of Samruk-Kazyna's procurement system. This assessment report identifies key findings, lays out the strengths of the analyzed procurement systems and the remaining challenges, and provides a series of recommendations to address those challenges and allow for future improvement
    DOI: 10.1596/33790
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    Assessing Drought Hazard and Risk : Principles and Implementation Guidance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Urban areas in drought-prone regions face serious water shortages affecting its citizens, businesses, and industries. The greater frequency of droughts and more erratic nature of rains in many countries, combined with underlying economic, social, and environmental vulnerabilities, result in increasing impacts to at-risk populations. A first and indispensable step toward adapting to drought is to undertake a drought risk assessment and disclose knowledge that focuses both on specific sectors and users as well on the overall economy. A drought risk assessment is a formal step toward identifying vulnerabilities and taking mitigative and adaptive actions to reduce risk. Drought hazard and risk assessments are often established for the current climate situation; these assessments make use of historical datasets of drought hazards, drought impacts, and information about exposure and vulnerability to drought. This document provides guidelines for assessing drought hazard as well as short- and long-term risks to specific sectors and a country's overall economy. This document consists of two main sections. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two presents basis for the drought guidance. Chapter three describes the key principles of drought hazard and risk assessments; chapter four consists of an implementation guideline for drought risk assessment, providing a step-by-step overview of all activities that need to be done in order to carry out a thorough assessment of drought hazard and or risk. Finally, chapter five presents three examples of the application of the guidelines
    DOI: 10.1596/33805
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    Unlocking Jobs and Growth Through Productivity : A Firm-Level Diagnostic of Albania (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This note takes stock of productivity trends of the Albanian non-agricultural private sector using granular firm-level data. To understand better the sources of jobs and productivity growth, this note analyzes firm-level data from the Albanian annual Structural Business Survey (SBS) collected by INSTAT, the national statistical agency, as well as customs data. This dataset covers all firms with more than ten employees and a representative sample of smaller firms, from all sectors, except for agriculture, financial services and public administration. Despite impressive growth and job creation, both employment and productivity gaps remain. Between 2006 and 2016 the country has seen a doubling of its formal private sector, creating 270,000 jobs. Part of these jobs were genuinely new - total employment in Albania increased by 100,000 jobs in the same time period - while other jobs were the result from people switching from agriculture to manufacturing and services jobs and formalization of informal activities. Employment gaps with the EU remain, even though they have been narrowing in Albania, 40 percent of the labor force works in the formal non-agricultural private sector, against 51 percent in the European Union. To meet the country's aspirations, the need to create more and especially better jobs prevails. Wages remain the lowest in the region and many young Albanians move abroad to find better job opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/33893
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    Guinea Bissau Citizen Engagement : Policy Note on Inclusive on Inclusive Service Delivery (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Despite higher levels of poverty and extreme poverty in rural areas, access to basic services outside the capital is limited in Guinea-Bissau. The state's weak presence beyond Bissau has meant that donors, working in partnership with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have become an alternative service provider, leaving the country heavily dependent on development partners. Only 1 percent of its investment program is financed by domestic finances and there is little coordination of donors, leading to gaps and duplication. Despite decentralization efforts, local governments lack the capacity to provide basic services. Therefore, in the short term, the focus should be on creating a development partnership framework (DPF) to establish a system for planning, monitoring, and evaluating development efforts. This framework should be set up in an incremental fashion, starting with (i) establishing a transitory DPF while the government puts in place the enabling actions needed; (ii) establishing an Aid Coordination Unit within the office of the Prime Minister to support the overall implementation of the DPF; (iii) creating an Aid Management Information System to act as a single repository for all aid information; and (iv) institutional development and capacity building to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of development programs and ensure a transparent and accountable planning and budget process
    DOI: 10.1596/33967
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    Anticorruption Initiatives : Reaffirming Commitment to a Development Priority (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Corruption continues to have a disproportionate impact on the poor and most vulnerable, increasing the cost of, and reducing access to, health, education, justice, electricity and other basic services, thereby exacerbating inequality. It reduces private investment as it increases risks for investors, with consequent effects on growth and jobs. It distorts public spending decisions and weakens the quality of public investments as substandard infrastructure gets built and the regulatory systems for quality control and safety are bypassed. It erodes public trust in governments, undermining their legitimacy and posing a threat to peace and stability. This paper draws on these lessons and proposes a new approach, both in terms of what we work on and how we work, focusing on initiatives to be led by the Bank's EFI vice presidency to reaffirm the Bank's commitment to anticorruption. The initiatives refresh approaches that are showing results, scale up those that are emerging and show promise, or experiment and innovate where fresh thinking is needed in our support to client countries to help them control corruption. In this note, corruption is seen as both a symptom of underlying governance challenges and a problem in and of itself. For practical purposes, and to keep the focus on corruption, the initiatives do not expound on the many aspects of governance that influence corruption. The paper also does not focus on efforts to control corruption risk in World Bank operations, but rather focus on the support that the EFI Vice Presidency will provide to countries in their efforts to control corruption
    DOI: 10.1596/34010
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    SME Upgrading Program : Exploring Initiatives that Combine Market Linkages and Capability Strengthening (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Papers
    Abstract: This paper examines interventions that seek to address firm-level capabilities and access to markets in an integrated fashion. Examples of such interventions include supplier development programs (linking domestic SMEs in developing countries with large buyers, such as foreign investors that are part of global or regional value chains) and export development efforts (which work with firms beyond purely funding activities to explore and pursue opportunities in foreign markets). These programs aim to assist firms with upgrading, targeted toward the specific market opportunities in the value chains in which they operate or aim to compete
    DOI: 10.1596/33909
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    Growth and Jobs in Slavonia, Baranja, and Srijem : Rapid Diagnostics (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: Slavonia's economy is now amongst the poorest in the European Union (EU) and has been growing more slowly than comparable regions. Some Polish and Romanian counties were less advanced until 2013 but have now overtaken Slavonia. Achieving a turnaround is difficult: only 9 percent of lagging regions in the EU have managed to graduate. Part of the answer lies in smart use of EU funds, as demonstrated by Pomorskie region in Poland. Top priority actions to seize these opportunities can be taken by ministers, county prefects, and regional coordinators. Each opportunity is constrained by several issues: a lack of collaboration within Slavonia; a need for national reforms; and alignment of ministries around shared priorities. The decisions to unlock these constraints are outlined in the report
    DOI: 10.1596/34182
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    Ghana Digital Economy Diagnostic (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Universal adoption and effective application of digital technologies are expected to characterize economies of the future, shaping their ability to succeed in the global marketplace and offer a better quality of life for their citizens. Disruptive technologies are already altering traditional business models and pathways to development, yielding significant gains, increased convenience, as well as supporting better access to services for consumers. In 2016, the digital economy was worth an estimated 11.5 trillion dollars worldwide, equivalent to 15.5 percent of global GDP. It is forecast to reach 25 percent in less than a decade, far outpacing the growth of the 'traditional' economy (Huawei and Oxford Economics 2016). Mobile money is driving financial inclusion, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the number of accounts doubling to 21 percent between 2014-17. African e-commerce is also rapidly growing, at an estimated annual rate of 40 percent. Over the past five years, there has been a tenfold increase across the region in the supply of new intermediaries such as incubators, accelerators, and technology hubs, amongst others, numbering more than 400 across Africa today. The digital economy in Africa is expected to grow to over 300 billion dollars by 2025 (McKinsey 2013). Ghana has made substantial progress on financial inclusion, due in large part to growth in DFS. According to the World Bank's Global Findex, the share of Ghanaian adults (over 15 years of age) with a formal financial account increased by 42 percent between 2014 and 2015. As a result, nearly 6 in 10 adults had formal access in 2017. With mobile account ownership increasing by nearly 200 percent between 2014 and 2017, mobile money has become the preferred payment alternative to cash when measured in terms of transaction volumes. In May 2018, the Bank of Ghana mandated that all mobile money providers connect to GHLink, with full interoperability between mobile money providers and banks introduced in December 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/34366
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    Macroeconomic Stability, Fiscal Policy and Taxation : National Development Strategy Croatia 2030 Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Public Sector Reform ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Croatia has made significant economic progress since independence, but the global financial crisis has exposed weaknesses in its economy and growth model. While growth has resumed in 2015, income convergence has been thrown back by the crisis and by the prolonged recession that followed and is currently proceeding only slowly. Low growth potential, deriving from low productivity growth, an ageing society, emigration, and a pace of capital accumulation lower than before the crisis, needs to be boosted for sustainable and reasonably rapid income convergence with the EU28. To this end, the export sector merits particular attention. Integration in global value chains and exposure to international competition would help to strengthen firm-level productivity, investment, and wages. Croatia has the smallest goods export sector among its peers in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and while exports of services are strong thanks to a vibrant tourism industry, the potential for productivity improvements there is limited. Fiscal policy will need to remain tight, as high public debt, to a significant extent denominated in foreign currency, needs to be reduced and fiscal space rebuilt. However, there is scope for using expenditure policies, for instance better targeting of social assistance, to increase incentives for labor force participation, which would help counter adverse demographic trends, reduce the need for fiscal transfers and increase the scope for raising public investment, and reduce inequality and poverty. Lastly, the effectiveness and efficiency of public sector service delivery across almost the entire public sector will need to be raised. This will also serve to make Croatia a more attractive destination for investments, which in turn would help boost output, reduce unemployment, and provide more revenue
    DOI: 10.1596/36560
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    Trends and Linkages in Schooling and Work Among Cambodian Youth : A Synthetic Panel Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: During the decades following the Khmer Rouge regime of the 1970's and Vietnamese occupation in the 80's, the Cambodian government focused on rebuilding what had been destroyed during that time. There was a renewed focus on the education sector: the 90's and 2000's saw large-scale reconstruction of schools and policies which increased access to schooling. Reports estimating schooling outcomes have found corresponding increases in schooling enrollment. To add to existing literature we analyze 11 years of nationally-representative cross-sectional data in a new way: using a cohort panel approach developed by Deaton in his 1985 paper (Deaton 1985). We construct a panel of 19 cohorts spanning birth years 1980 to 1998 and estimate their life cycle trajectories as these cohorts aged from youth into early adulthood. This approach allows us to control for contemporaneous time effects and trace out the smoothed cohort and age trends in schooling and work outcomes. We answer the question "For a given age, have schooling and work outcomes improved or declined with more recent versus older cohorts? Are there differences in improvement or decline when comparing males versus females, rural versus urban youth?" Using the variation in experiences across cohorts, we are additionally able provide evidence on how early youth experiences translate to outcomes later in life
    DOI: 10.1596/31680
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    Madagascar Economic Update, Spring 2019 : Managing Fuel Pricing (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Welcome to the Spring 2019 edition of the World Bank's Madagascar Economic Update, which presents recent economic developments and our medium-term outlook. The economy has continued to perform well, with growth in 2018 estimated at 5.2 percent, above regional and global averages. External demand for Malagasy goods and services remains strong, with exports such as cash crops, metals and business process outsourcing performing well. A small but dynamic private sector is responding to this increased economic activity with banking, logistics and services to support companies all under expansion. This edition of economic update focuses on managing fuel pricing
    DOI: 10.1596/31707
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  • 80
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    Poland : Development of Capital Markets and Pension Funds (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: Poland's capital markets can play a crucial supporting role to the ongoing economic development and efficient allocation of credit. Capital markets will become increasingly important to meet the long-term funding needs of strategic sectors, including large, medium and small entities. Expansion and diversification of capital market instruments and hedging tools will also be essential to provide adequate investment and risk management vehicles to much needed long-term savings. While capital market offers different sources of financing, this note focuses primarily on the fixed income markets. This technical note is structured as follows. Section II covers each of the main market segments, including money markets, government and non-government bond markets and derivatives markets. Section III provides an examination of the investor base, the current participation of the different investor segments in the bond markets, and recommendations to reach broader and more effective investor diversification. The Section IV is focusing on the critical reform of the Employee Capital Plan (PPK), as one critical group of institutional investors
    DOI: 10.1596/31708
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    Timor-Leste Economic Report, April 2019 : Moving Beyond Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Timor-Leste Economic Report provides an up-to-date assessment of key economic developments, presents the World Bank's forecasts and outlook for Timor-Leste and provides an in-depth examination of selected policy issues relevant to Timor-Leste. The TLER is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Timor-Leste's evolving economy
    DOI: 10.1596/31706
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    Disruptive Technologies in the Credit Information Sharing Industry : Developments and Implications (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note analyzes the evolution of Credit Information Systems, including the emergence of new technologies that use alternative data in credit decisioning and the opportunities and risks associated with these trends. This paper also predicts the potential development effect of these disruptive technologies and proposes a role for the World Bank Group in leveraging these technologies to promote inclusion and stability
    DOI: 10.1596/31714
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    Republic of Poland Financial Sector Assessment Program : Cooperative Banks and Credit Unions (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This technical note reviews the cooperative bank and credit union sectors. It focuses on: (i) thesituation of the two sectors that are both in states of transition; (ii) the regulatory and supervisory arrangements; and (iii) the safety net and resolution regime within the context of the crisis management framework. In addition, key perspectives are provided as to the sustainability ofinstitutional models and the sectors within a modernizing and competitive banking sector. This note was prepared using information from the authorities and market participants that was received in the first semester of 2018 at the time of the visit of the authors. Although in some instances there is subsequent improvement in the performance of some cooperative banks and credit unions, the authors believe such changes do not modify substantially the main conclusions and recommendations made. Most cooperative banks and credit unions are stable, but each sector has its own issues. The FSAP is broadly supportive of the policy direction for cooperatives, while it questions whether the credit union sector should remain standalone. Combined, cooperative banks and credit unions represent less than 8 percent of deposit takers, though more importantly they serve about 18 percent of the population
    DOI: 10.1596/31809
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  • 84
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    Sindh Social Protection Policy Note (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan shifted the administrative paradigm from centralized to decentralized structures. The added obligations require major policy and institutional reforms in an otherwise weak social protection (SP) sector at provincial levels, generally characterized by limited planning, coordination, execution, and monitoring capacities. SP has become a salient feature of social policy, nationally as well as internationally. The basic components of a SP framework include safety nets or social assistance, social care for children and the elderly, social insurance and labor market interventions for productive employment generation. SP is conferred as an entitlement in the Pakistani Constitution, and the Government of Sindh (GoS) has demonstrated political commitments to this. This note outlines the key considerations of a policy on SP as part of the GoS commitment to reduce poverty, inequality, and vulnerability in the province. Section one gives introduction. Some of the key development challenges that a SP policy may need to consider prioritizing is described in section two. Sections three and four describes critical design principles of SP policies and programs, respectively. Section five reviews the current de facto SP programming in Sindh, while section six delineates a way forward for policy development
    DOI: 10.1596/31834
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  • 85
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    Montenegro Public Finance Synthesis Report : Restoring Sustainability and Strengthening Efficiency of Public Finance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Benefiting from successful economic transformation after independence and the start of EU accession negotiations, economic activity in Montenegro has been solid, supporting the rise in incomes their convergence with the ones in the European Union. Inflation has been modest and kept in check. However, the import dependence of the growth model and the excessive reliance on the state to stimulate the economy have contributed to widening of external and internalimbalances as well as indebtedness. There have been recent efforts at fiscal tightening, but more needs to be done to address structural rigidities and boost the commitment to the objectives of economic policies. This is particularly the case with respect to the medium-term budget plans, public sector restructuring, pension and health reforms, improvements of market competition, and the labor market. Montenegro confronts today the need for further fiscal adjustment to turn the deficit into surplus and bring public debt below the Maastricht level. This would help creating the fiscal space for strengthening its convergence prospects with the EU and with the alignment with the rules in the eurozone, given the country's use of euro as the local currency. Fiscal and structural policies in an economy without monetary policy levers are of paramount importance to protect stability and competitiveness. This Public Finance Synthesis Report is a summary of policy discussions over the last few years carried out under the various World Bank activities, including the Policy-Based Guarantee, the analytical work under the topic of Jobs and Growth and on pharmaceutical reform issues). While the Government has already taken major efforts to address some of the critical bottlenecks in the economy, this synthesis report summarizes and outlines pathways to further strengthen the sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness of public finances in Montenegro
    DOI: 10.1596/31840
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  • 86
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    Digital Economy for Africa : Country Diagnostic of Senegal (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The rapid technological advancement is now disrupting the global economy and creating new business and development models, offering countries opportunities to leapfrog over traditional paths for economic growth. Over the past years, digital technologies have been spreading throughout the world at a faster pace than previous waves of technological innovation, re-shaping consumer behavior, social interaction, businesses and governments. The digital economy (DE), which encompasses a wide range of new applications of information technology in business models and products, can spur economic growth, productivity and employment and, with appropriate policies to mitigate inherent risks, has a potential to support inclusive outcomes. In this global context, digital transformation of the economy has become a major objective for the government of Senegal (GoS). This report provides a snapshot of the state of DE in Senegal and uses several World Bank tools and international best practices to provide actionable recommendations to the GoS
    DOI: 10.1596/31841
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  • 87
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    Impact of Cigarette Price Increase on Health and Financing Outcomes in Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This paper is part of additional efforts supported by the World Bank Global Tobacco Control Program to inform the Government of Vietnam on options for tobacco taxation by providing estimates of the impact of cigarette price increase across five income groups for the period 2020-2022 under two scenarios. Vietnam is an important country for global tobacco control, and currently has about 15 million males who smoke. to support government efforts to strengthen tobacco controlpolicies, most notably through a substantial increase in the excise tax of tobacco, weconducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis to examine the distributional impactof a 32 percent and a 62 percent increase in cigarette prices under Scenario A and Scenario B,respectively. In conclusion, we found that higher cigarette prices would particularly benefit the poorest income quintile of the population, in terms of deaths averted, life-years saved, out of pocket expenditures for treating tobacco-attributable diseases, catastrophic health expenditures, and extreme poverty averted. The additional tax burden is, however, borne mostly by the top income group in the 62 percent price increase scenario. Thus, tobacco taxes are an effective way to improve health and reduce poverty in Vietnam
    DOI: 10.1596/31948
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  • 88
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    Mexico : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation in Mexico
    DOI: 10.1596/31962
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  • 89
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    Nicaragua : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. This country brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. Nicaragua became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2008 and was the first country in the world which ratified the FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. Data on smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption in Nicaragua are scarce, and it is difficult to estimate recent tobacco consumption trends among adults. However, the decline in the prevalence of current smoking among GYTS participating adolescents from 20.4 percent in 2003 to 13.8 percent in 2014 among boys and from 12.8 percent in 2003 to 10.3 percent in 2014 among girls may be considered an indicator of tobacco control policy success. In 2009, Nicaragua switched from ad valorem to specific excise system for cigarettes. The specific excise tax rates and cigarette prices increased in 2012-2016. Available data demonstrate some decline in cigarette sales in Nicaragua in 2013-2017, as cigarettes became less affordable after the price increase and the taxation policy was beneficial for public health. Specific excise rates in 2017 and 2018 were increased by only 5 percent annually, and it was insufficient both for the reduction of tobacco affordability and for the increase of the government revenue. In February 2019, Nicaragua adopted rather substantial cigarette excise hikes: by 210 percent in 2019 and further by 25 percent in 2020 and 38 percent in 2021. These tax hikes are able to reduce tobacco consumption in the country and bring additional resources to the government coffers. However, the tobacco industry will probably try to distort positive results of the taxation reform. The government should be ready to counteract these tactics using the experience of other countries and conducting careful and timely monitoring of indicators of cigarette prices, supply, and sales. Tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be developed in Nicaragua, including a regular collection of information on smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption and various economic indicators
    DOI: 10.1596/31966
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  • 90
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    Guatemala : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31965
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  • 91
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    Supply-Side Readiness of Primary Health Care in the Philippines (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Health indicators in the Philippines currently lag well behind what will be expected given the country's level of economic development. Immunization rates are at their lowest point in 10 years, maternal mortality remains very high, one in three Filipino children suffer from malnutrition, and the noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden is growing. The resulting epidemiologic profile is complex, and an adequate response requires a robust primary health care system. With the introduction and subsequent expansion of the social health insurer, administered by the Philippine health insurance corporation (PhilHealth), the central government has sought to ensure access to a number of high-priority health services, including at the primary level. However, much of the responsibility for implementing the publicly funded health system is at the local level, where capacity and resources differ. This paper seeks to understand the extent to which basic service delivery units (specifically rural health units (RHUs)) have the capacity to deliver the primary health care services mandated by the government
    DOI: 10.1596/32021
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  • 92
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    Mexico Policy Notes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Mexico's economy has grown moderately over the last quarter century, with annual per capita GDP growth averaging just 1.2 percent between 1990 and 2017. The country's weak economic performance reflected a decline in productivity, which fell by 8 percent during that period. Mexico's productivity challenges are associated with large and widening regional disparities and the misallocation of resources between sectors and firms. Large productive firms integrated with Global Value Chains have not developed backward linkages to the rest of the economy and lagging regions. Meanwhile, widespread labor and firm informality contributes to the misallocation of productive resources. Reversing the decline in productivity will require an integrated strategy encompassing multiple policy areas and sectors. This broad strategy should include strategies discussed in other policy notes: (i) alleviating rigidities and distortions in labor markets and improving access to credit; (ii) alleviating existing rigidities and obstacles to competition across sectors and sub-sectors while following through with the structural reforms enacted; (iii) designing and implementing effective interventions at the subnational levels to enhance both product and factor markets; (iv) dealing with the financing of social insurance schemes; and (iv) strengthening rule of law institutions at the federal and local levels. This note focuses on critical aspects of the diagnostic around the productivity dynamics in Mexico. It also links the aspects of the strategy above-highlighted to specific policy recommendations on other Policy Notes of this set given the cross-cutting nature of productivity growth. It also focuses on providing policy directions on: (i) strengthening institutions and programs working directly on the productivity agenda; (ii) selected sub-national interventions to ease the regulatory burden; and (iii) proposing a broad and integrated strategy for fostering formalization
    DOI: 10.1596/31989
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  • 93
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    Disparate Outcomes : A Multisectoral Nutrition Assessment and Gap Analysis of Vietnam's Ethnic Minority Populations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: On average, Vietnam has achieved remarkable improvements in nutritional status in recent decades, but improvements in national aggregates mask wide disparities and a persistent 'very high' burden among disadvantaged ethnic minority groups. Between 2000 and 2010, national stunting rates dropped from 36.5 percent to 24.2 percent. The decrease from 2010 to 2015 was not as great, but when the 2015 data are disaggregated according to ethnic group, the Kinh majority has a prevalence of 17.7 percent, whereas the prevalence in other ethnic groups is 32.0 percent. This pattern repeats itself for the prevalence of underweight (a significant drop nationally from 33.8 percent in 2000 to 14.1 percent in 2015 but a 9.7 percent prevalence in the Kinh ethnic group in 2015 versus 21.9 percent in other ethnic groups) and wasting (a decrease from 8.6 percent to 5.6 percent in national prevalence from 2000 to 2015 but a 9.1 percent prevalence for Kinh versus 5.5 percent for other ethnic groups (WB Assessment 2012). The gap between the ethnic majority and minority has persisted despite the multiple government programs aimed at reducing it. As the economy has evolved from predominantly agriculture to a mix of agriculture and technology, the requirements of the workforce have changed as well. Manual labor is still necessary but no longer enough. The need is for intelligent, highly educated and skilled workers. All of these attributes are the product of a healthy, well-nourished population. Deficiencies in nutrition and health, lower levels of education, lack of language skills in the national language, and inability to migrate to jobs in urban centers of ethnic minorities have further hindered their ability to narrow the gap in nutrition and economic well-being
    DOI: 10.1596/32011
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  • 94
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    Developing Gender-Disaggregated Poverty Small Area Estimates : Technical Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Small area estimates of poverty and inequality statistics, through survey-to-census imputation that lets consumption be estimated for each and every household in a census, are useful for at least three reasons. First, they can help improve the effectiveness of public spending, by targeting to prevent the leakage of benefits to the non-poor (and prevent the under-coverage of the poor). If poor people are concentrated in certain areas, spatial targeting by directing extra development projects and public services to those areas, may be more feasible than trying to individually target the poor. Geographic targeting is highly relevant in countries like Timor Leste, where mountainous topography contributes to high levels of heterogeneity. In similar environments, such as Papua New Guinea, the enclave nature of some modern economic development has created high levels of spatial inequality. The basic details are that household survey data are used to estimate a model of consumption, with explanatory variables restricted to those that have overlapping distributions from a census. The coefficients from this model are then combined with the variables from the census, and consumption is predicted for each household in the census. With these predictions available for all households, inequality and poverty statistics can be estimated for small geographic areas (Elbers et al, 2003).2 In the results below, the poverty statistics that are calculated by using the predicted consumption data for each census household are reported at the suco level (n=442). For the headcount poverty rate, the standard errors at the suco level (relative to the poverty index) average one-quarter and so this is a comparable degree of precision to what the survey offered at the municipality level (n=13) for a variable like the poverty severity index
    DOI: 10.1596/32018
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  • 95
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    Guinea - Opportunities for Enhanced Domestic Revenue Mobilization : Value-Added Tax and Excise Taxes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Revenue mobilization is a key constraint to economic development in the Republic of Guinea. The government's five-year development plan (2016-2020) aims at fostering higher and more inclusive growth through public investments that require financing beyond current fiscal capacity. In this context, Guinea is seeking to efficiently raise additional domestic revenues and external investment financing. Development partners are supporting Guinea with technical assistance for revenue mobilization. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Union are supporting authorities with direct tax policy, non-tax revenue, and administration issues. The objective of this report is to shed light on indirect taxes, particularly value-added tax (VAT) and excise taxes. The report provides an overview of the main features of tax policy and administration in Guinea, followed by a more detailed analysis of VAT and excise taxes. The focus on indirect taxation is a result of both its significant revenue potential and coordination with other development partners. The analysis presented fills an important gap in the understanding of how Guinea can increase its tax revenues. On VAT, the study finds that addressing policy and administrative constraints can mobilize additional revenues while improving the business climate. On excise taxation, the study finds that existing excise rates are unevenly applied, with scope for raising rates in the future. to systematically address its revenue challenges across all tax types, Guinea should also consider development of a medium-term revenue strategy (MTRS). The report is structured as follows: in the first section, an overview of the evolution and composition of domestic revenues in Guinea is presented. In the second section, VAT is analyzed. The final section reviews excise tax policy and its implementation on international goods and domestic goods
    DOI: 10.1596/32023
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  • 96
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    Charting a New Course : Priorities for a Vibrant Economy and Jobs - Policy Choices for Malawi 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The start of a new administration offers a tremendous opportunity for Malawi to build upon recent progress to move beyond a history of low growth and limited poverty reduction. This package of policy notes is addressed to Malawian society and to the beginning of a new administration following the May 2019 elections. It provides the World Bank's diagnosis of Malawi's main economic and social development challenges and charts a possible course to address them. The insights offered draw upon a wealth of analysis carried out in the past few years by the World Bank country team, including a comprehensive Systematic Country Diagnostic and a recent Country Economic Memorandum
    DOI: 10.1596/32040
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  • 97
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    Bhutan Forest Note : Pathways for Sustainable Forest Management and Socio-equitable Economic Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The Bhutan Forest Note articulates opportunities for supporting Bhutan's sustainable development aspirations, including its constitutional commitment to maintain at least 60 percent of the country's land area under forest cover and to better respond or prepare for vulnerabilities such as climate change and natural disasters. The note presents a forward-looking business case for Bhutan to support an increase in forest utilization without jeopardizing the integrity of forest and non-forest ecosystems. The business case is based on an analysis of challenges and opportunities for making the forestry sector a dynamic and effective contributor to Bhutan's gross national happiness. The note is intended to serve as a basis for discussions with the government and other partners to work together on making the identified opportunities a reality. The opportunities are sensitive and responsive to Bhutan's uniqueness with regard to size, geography, and focus on forest conservation. The Note is a deliverable under the World Bank`s Forest Action Plan FY16-20
    DOI: 10.1596/32047
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  • 98
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    Using Taxation to Address Noncommunicable Diseases : Lessons from Tonga (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Tonga has experienced a high burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the past two decades. Data indicate the continuing rise of four major NCDs -cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer,and respiratory diseases - as the leading causes of premature death and disability. According to latest data, NCDs accounted for four out of five leading causes of mortality in Tonga, and 99.9 percent of Tongan adults aged 25-64 are at moderate to high risk of developing an NCD. The increase in behavioral-related risk factors such as smoking, poor diet (e.g. high in sugar, salt, trans-fat and saturated fat, and low in fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish et cetera), harmful alcohol intake, and physical inactivity are acknowledged as the major contributing factors to the rise in NCDs in Tonga. According to its 2012 STEPS Survey, Tonga has one of the highest rates of overweight and obesity
    DOI: 10.1596/32063
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  • 99
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    State-Owned Enterprises in the Russian Federation : Employment Practices, Labor Markets, and Firm Performance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Low productivity and the ...
    DOI: 10.1596/32098
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  • 100
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    Republic of Mozambique Agriculture Public Expenditure Review : Assessment and Result-Focused Expenditure Management (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The structure of the report reflects the sequence of topics which comprise the theory of change (ToC) and supporting results framework (RF) with respect to achieving sustainable results from prioritized agricultural public expenditures. Chapter 1 outlines the main macro and sectoral challenges which underpins the rationale for carrying out the agriculture public expenditure review (PER). Chapter 2 outlines the methodological aspects, key sectoral policies/strategies/targets; analyses of agricultural expenditure levels/trends, composition, relevant measures of efficiency, effectiveness and value of money; and criteria for defining the scope of the study. Chapter 3 outlines the Government's budgetary cycle, processes and practices based on relevant budgetary decrees/circulars that guide budgetary priorities and allocations for annual and medium-term agricultural sector expenditure, and management aspects. Chapter 4 conducts a backward assessment through an analyses of the levels, trends, composition, and performance of agricultural including the efficiency, effectiveness and emerging results of agricultural public expenditure, for the period 2013 - 2017. Chapter 5 synthesizes the expenditure performance of three strategic programs: agricultural technology, irrigation, and aspects related to decentralization and adaptation to climate change. Chapter 6 highlights the role, scope, levels/trends and sources of private sector financing in the agricultural sector, and their key determinants. Chapter 7 takes a forward-looking approach to the expenditure assessment by outlining: (a) key elements and emerging issues; (b) the approach used for estimating and using their medium-term expenditure framework; (c) good practices; and (d) alignment between the forward sectoral expenditure and priority agricultural sector policies and targets. Chapter 8 synthesizes the main findings and priority recommendations in the form of a roadmap, including a supporting proposed results-focused agriculture expenditure action plan
    DOI: 10.1596/32100
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