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  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (490)
  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (319)
  • Safari, an O'Reilly Media Company.
  • Environment  (517)
  • Development  (305)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264304505 , 9789264307223 , 9789264307230
    Language: English
    Pages: 200 p. , 21 x 28cm
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Enhancing connectivity through transport infrastructure
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Private Investition ; Welt ; Development
    Abstract: Transport infrastructure is crucial to connect developing countries and help them to boost trade, growth and regional integration. This is because cross-border or long-distance roads and railways as well as international ports and airports are needed to move products and people around in a globalised world. What can bilateral and multilateral development partners do to help connect developing countries through transport infrastructure? This report takes stock of continental and regional transport plans in Africa, Asia, Latin America and parts of Europe to place development co-operation in context. It then examines the strategies and activities of development partners for transport connectivity. It also takes a hard look at the allocation of official development finance for transport connectivity, particularly in relation to the distribution of private investment for the same types of infrastructure. How large is the financing gap for transport connectivity to meet the Sustainable Development Goals? What can development partners do to fill this gap? How can they create an environment that can help mobilise more private resources? The report provides a comprehensive picture of the current state of play as well as food for thought on what can be done to move forward. It also features 16 profiles of development partners and their activities for improving transport connectivity.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264167513
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD International drivers of corruption
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Weltwirtschaft ; Globalisierung ; Korruption
    Abstract: Corruption and other governance problems result primarily from processes generated within the domestic political economy. There are major international factors, however, that interact with domestic processes: international drivers of corruption. This report introduces an analytical tool to help readers understand how these international drivers of corruption affect governance and corruption at the country level. It provides a means for identifying those drivers that matter most for domestic governance, as well as opportunities for international actors to work more effectively to improve governance in specific country contexts.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264130807
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Abstract: The book presents a major meta-analysis of 'value of a statistical life' (VSL) estimates derived from surveys where people around the world have been asked about their willingness to pay for small reduction in mortality risks. The analysis seeks to explain the differences in the estimates, for example across countries. Differences in incomes and the magintude of the risk reduction people have been asked to value were found to be the factors having the strongest impact on VSL, but a number of other policy-relevant factors are also important. Based on the meta-analysis, and a broad review of the literature, the book also presents clear advice on how VSL values best can be used in assessments of environmental, health and transport policies, such as in cost-benefit analyses. Using explicit VSL estimates to quantify the benefits to society of fatality risk reductions can play an important role in the development of more cost-effective public policies.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264166745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strategic environmental assessment in development practice
    Keywords: Umweltverträglichkeit ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: The principles of sustainable development play an integral role in making development assistance work at the level of policies, plans and programmes. In response to the Paris Declaration call to “… develop and apply common approaches for ‘Strategic Environmental Assessment’ at sector and national levels” among donors and partners, the Guidance on Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment was endorsed in 2006 by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, representatives of developing countries receiving aid, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and many other agencies. Since then, a growing number of countries at all levels of development have legislation or regulations prescribing the application of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)  and many more are introducing it as part of their policy tools. This is creating unique opportunities for better policy making and planning by incorporating environmental considerations into high-level decision-making and opening new mechanisms to build consensus on development priorities within governments themselves and between governments and societies. Many development co-operation agencies and their partners are already making good progress in applying SEA. This publication presents the nine most interesting case studies of SEA in progress, selected from a total 100. These nine cases highlight that SEA can:• Safeguard environmental assets for sustainable poverty reduction and development;• Build public engagement in decision making;• Prevent costly mistakes by alerting decision-makers to potentially unsustainable development options at an early stage in the decision-making process;• Speed up implementation of projects and programmes;• Facilitate co-operation around shared environmental resources and contribute to conflict prevention.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264171848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This publication explores current global security issues, their development in West Africa and their potential impact on regional stability. It takes a close look at issues such as terrorism and trafficking, climate change, and the links between “security and development”. Some of these issues are still the object of heated debate. This book draws attention to the risk of oversimplified analyses and biased perceptions of security risks. It also highlights the need for coordinated policies and dialogue between West Africa, North Africa and OECD countries.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264121850
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2011; (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2011: (Slovak version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Le programme d’examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d’environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l’action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l’apprentissage entre pairs, d’encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d’améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s’appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Cet ouvrage est le deuxième examen effectué par l'OCDE des performances environnementales de la République slovaque. Le précédent examen a été publié en 2002.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264168541
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (225 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Israel 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Israel 2011
    Keywords: Environment ; Israel
    Abstract: Depuis quelques années, Israël renforce sa politique d’environnement et devrait maintenant mettre au point un plan de croissance verte regroupant les politiques environnementale, économique et sociale. Telle est la principale recommandation formulée par l’Examen des performances environnementales de l’OCDE : Israël 2011. Ce rapport constitue le premier examen de l’OCDE consacré à la politique de l'environnement d’Israël depuis l’adhésion du pays à l’Organisation, l’année dernière. Compte tenu de sa superficie relativement petite, de ses faibles ressources en eau, de la densité de sa population et de son taux élevé d’urbanisation, Israël doit faire face à des défis environnementaux pressants. Le pays a réalisé des progrès appréciables en ce qui concerne la pollution atmosphérique et l’utilisation de l’eau notamment. Ce faisant, Israël a développé un secteur des « technologies propres » dynamique. Cependant, sa forte croissance économique et démographique fait peser sur l’environnement des pressions de plus en plus fortes, imputables à la production de déchets, à la dégradation des habitats et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre. L’Examen présente 41 recommandations pour aider le pays à relever ces défis.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264119598
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Tourism
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Undertaken jointly with United Nations Environment Programme, the report analyses policies and issues related to climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector. It provides policy recommendations, with the objective to identify priority areas to be included in a framework for action in the area of climate change and tourism. A review of the state of policy-making on this important issue clearly indicates that greater efforts could be made by countries to understand the likely impacts of climate change on tourism; there is a low awareness of the tourism sector's climate change mitigation and adaptation needs; and that current policy, with few exceptions, is inadequate to the scale of the challenge, both on mitigation and adaptation.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264112520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 2010 peer review of New Zealand's development assistance programmes and policies. This review assesses the extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of New Zealand meet the standards set by the DAC. Members provide constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264046993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aide multilatérale 2010
    DDC: 332.1/53
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: More than 200 multilateral donors receive or serve as a channel for 40% of all aid. To help meet the challenge of ensuring effective and co-ordinated multilateral aid efforts, Multilateral Aid 2010 covers trends in and total use (core and non-core) of the multilateral system, with a special focus on trust funds from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the World Bank. It explores development perspectives of the climate change funding architecture and provides an overview of the response of multilaterals to the financial and economic crisis. While the OECD’s annual Development Co-operation Report serves as a key reference for statistics and analysis on the latest trends in international aid, the Multilateral Aid report – as the name implies – takes a specific look at trends in multilateral aid only.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264100817
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Benefits of investing in water and sanitation
    DDC: 628.1
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; Abwasserwirtschaft ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Wasserversorgung ; Sanitäranlage ; Wasserversorgung ; Sanitäranlage ; Abwasserbeseitigung
    Abstract: The provision of water supply, sanitation and wastewater services generates substantial benefits for public health, the economy and the environment. Benefit-to-cost ratios can be as high as 7 to 1 for basic water and sanitation services in developing countries. Wastewater treatment interventions, for example, generate significant benefits for public health, the environment and for certain economic sectors such as fisheries, tourism and property markets. The full magnitude of the benefits of water services is seldom considered for a number of reasons, including the difficulty in quantifying important non-economic benefits such as non-use values, dignity, social status, cleanliness and overall well-being. Also, information about the benefits of water services is usually hidden in the technical literature, where it remains invisible to key decision-makers in ministries. This report draws together and summarises existing information on the benefits of water and sanitation.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bratislava : Ministry of Environment, Slovak Republic
    ISBN: 9788088833567
    Language: Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République slovaque 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République slovaque 2011
    Keywords: Environment ; Slovak Republic
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264122802
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 456; H295R Steroidogenesis Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 456: H295R Steroidogenesis Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un essai in vitro permettant de détecter les effets de produits chimiques sur la stéroïdogenèse, en particulier la production de 17β-œstradiol (E2) et de testostérone (T). La lignée cellulaire H295R de carcinome surrénalien humain, utilisée pour cet essai, exprime les gènes qui codent toutes les enzymes clés pour la stéroïdogenèse. Après une période d’acclimatation de 24 h dans les plaques de culture multi-puits, les cellules sont exposées pendant 48 h à sept concentrations du produit chimique d’essai, au moins en triplicat. Le solvant ainsi qu’un inhibiteur et un inducteur connus de la production des hormones sont employés à une concentration fixe comme témoins négatifs et positifs. À la fin de la période d’exposition, on analyse la viabilité des cellules de chaque puits. Plusieurs méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer la concentration des hormones dans le milieu, notamment les trousses commerciales de dosage des hormones ou des techniques instrumentales comme les systèmes combinés de chromatographie en phase liquide et spectrométrie de masse. Les données sont exprimées sous la forme d’un facteur multiplicatif de changement par rapport au témoin solvant et d’une concentration minimale avec effet observé. Si l’essai est négatif, la plus forte concentration testée est indiquée sous la dénomination de «concentration sans effet observé».
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264122642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 456 ; Essai de stéroi͏̈dogenèse H295R
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 456 : Essai de stéroi͏̈dogenèse H295R
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro screen for chemical effects on steroidogenesis, specifically the production of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T). The human H295R adreno-carcinoma cell line, used for the assay, expresses genes that encode for all the key enzymes for steroidogenesis. After an acclimation period of 24 h in multi-well plates, cells are exposed for 48 h to seven concentrations of the test chemical in at least triplicate. Solvent and a known inhibitor and inducer of hormone production are run at a fixed concentration as negative and positive controls. At the end of the exposure period, cell viability in each well is analyzed. Concentrations of hormones in the medium can be measured using a variety of methods including commercially available hormone measurement kits and/or instrumental techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data are expressed as fold change relative to the solvent control and the Lowest-Observed-Effect-Concentration. If the assay is negative, the highest concentration tested is reported as the No-Observed-Effect-Concentration.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264096875
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique de l'environnement et comportement des ménages
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Greening household behaviour
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konsumentenverhalten ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Umweltschutz ; Haushalt ; Privater Verbrauch ; Ressourcenmanagement ; Wirtschaftliches Verhalten ; Environment ; Australien ; Kanada ; Tschechien ; Frankreich ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Mexiko ; Niederlande ; Industriestaaten ; Haushalt ; Privater Verbrauch ; Verbraucherverhalten ; Umweltbelastung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Developing growth strategies that promote greener lifestyles requires a good understanding of what factors affect people’s behaviour towards the environment. Recent OECD work based on periodic surveys of more than 10 000 households across a number of countries and areas represents a breakthrough by providing a common framework to collect unique empirical evidence for better policy design. This publication presents responses from the most recent round of the OECD survey implemented in 2011 in 5 areas (energy, food, transport, waste and water) and 11 countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Analysis comparing the data across countries, policy conditions and households’ characteristics reveals which measures most effectively change behaviour. Each round of the survey also allows to track changes over time and to explore new emerging issues. The new survey confirms the importance of providing the right economic incentives for influencing our decisions. The findings indicate that “soft” measures such as labelling and public information campaigns also have a significant complementary role to play. Spurring desirable behaviour change requires a mix of these instruments. This book is a milestone for all those interested by the challenging question of ways to promote greener behaviour, from policy makers to individual citizens.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264122581
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 443; Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 443: Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est élaborée en vue de permettre l’évaluation des effets pré- et postnataux d’une exposition aux produits chimiques, sur la reproduction et le développement, ainsi que l’examen de la toxicité systémique chez les femelles gravides et allaitantes ainsi que chez la descendance (petits et adultes). Dans cet essai, des groupes de rongeurs mâles et femelles sexuellement matures (génération parentale P) sont exposés en continu à une gradation de doses de la substance d’essai. L’exposition commence 2 semaines avant l’accouplement et se poursuit pendant la période d’accouplement, la gestation et jusqu’au sevrage des portées (génération F1). Au moment du sevrage, les petits F1 sont sélectionnés et affectés au hasard à une cohorte d’animaux pour effectuer des essais de toxicité pour la reproduction/le développement (cohorte 1), des essais de neurotoxicité pour le développement (cohorte 2) et des essais d’immunotoxicité pour le développement (cohorte 3). La descendance F1 reçoit encore la substance d’essai du sevrage jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Tous les animaux subissent un examen clinique et pathologique destiné à mettre en évidence des signes de toxicité ; cet examen s’attache particulièrement à l’intégrité et au fonctionnement des appareils reproducteurs mâles et femelles ainsi qu’à la santé, la croissance, le développement et la fonction reproductrice de la descendance. Une partie de la cohorte 1 (cohorte 1B) peut ensuite être étendue à des animaux de génération F2 ; dans ce cas, les protocoles pour les animaux F1 seront les mêmes que pour les animaux P.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264098473
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environmentaux de l'OCDE; Norvège 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environmentaux de l'OCDE: Norvège 2011
    Keywords: Environment ; Norway
    Abstract: This report presents the third OECD review of Norway’s environmental policy performance. Previous reviews were published in 2001 and 1993. Topics covered in this report include greening growth, implementation of environmental policies, international cooperation, climate change, waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and nature and biodiversity.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264074989
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 p.)
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Soutenir le renforcement de l'État dans les situations de conflit et de fragilité ; Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Soutenir le renforcement de l'État dans les situations de conflit et de fragilité : Document d'orientation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Functioning states are essential for reducing poverty, sustaining peace and achieving agreed development goals. Despite receiving growing international attention in recent years, fragile states are falling behind other low-income countries in human development. Fragility – and its negative consequences – can destabilise entire regions and have global repercussions. Tackling the challenges associated with fragility requires a concerted international effort to support sustainable statebuilding processes, based on robust state-society relations. Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Policy Guidance presents new thinking on statebuilding and clear recommendations for better practice. It provides an internationally accepted conceptual framework for statebuilding, informed by today’s realities of conflict-affected and fragile situations. Building on good practices already being successfully applied on the ground, this guidance lays out how developing and developed countries can better facilitate positive statebuilding processes and strengthen the foundations upon which capable and legitimate states are built. The recommendations in this guidance address critical areas for better international engagement from strategy development and programme design and delivery to day-to-day operations in the field and at headquarters.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264098268
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (121 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: This publication presents the Development Assistance Committee peer review of the aid programmes and policies of Belgium for 2010. The policies and programmes of each DAC member are critically examined approximately once every four or five years. Five members are examined annually. The OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate provides analytical support and is responsible for developing and maintaining the conceptual framework within which the Peer Reviews are undertaken. The Peer Review is prepared by a team, consisting of representatives of the Secretariat working with officials from two DAC members who are designated as “examiners”. The country under review provides a memorandum setting out the main developments in its policies and programmes. Then the Secretariat and the examiners visit the capital to interview officials, parliamentarians, as well as civil society and NGO representatives of the donor country to obtain a first-hand insight into current issues surrounding the development co-operation efforts of the member concerned. Field visits assess how members are implementing the major DAC policies, principles and concerns, and review operations in recipient countries, particularly with regard to poverty reduction, sustainability, gender equality and other aspects of participatory development, and local aid co-ordination. The Secretariat then prepares a draft report on the member’s development co-operation which is the basis for the DAC review meeting at the OECD. At this meeting senior officials from the member under review respond to questions formulated by the Secretariat in association with the examiners. This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264122390
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 235; Chironomus sp., Acute Immobilisation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 235: Chironomus sp., Acute Immobilisation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un essai aigu d’immobilisation de chironomes, conçu pour compléter les les Lignes directrices pour des essais de toxicité chroniques sur chironomes (LD 218, 219 et 233). La méthode d’essai s’appuie sur la LD 202 : Daphnia sp., essai d’immobilisation immédiate. Des chironomes au premier stade larvaire sont exposés à une gamme de concentrations de la substance d’essai dans un récipient contenant uniquement de l’eau, pour une période de 48 heures. C. riparius est l’espèce préférrée, mais il est aussi possible d’utiliser C. dilutus ou C. yoshimatsui. Il convient d’utiliser, pour chaque concentration d’essai et pour les témoins, au moins 20 animaux, répartis de préférence en quatre groupes de cinq animaux. Au moins cinq concentrations sont utilisées pour l’essai définitif, avec un témoin pour l’eau de dilution et un pour le solvant (le cas échéant). L’immobilisation est enregistrée à 24 et 48 heures. La CE50 est calculée à 24 et 48 heures (si les données le permettent). Un essai limite à concentration unique peut être conduit à 100 mg/l de substance d’essai ou jusqu’à sa limite pratique de solubilité (Si cette valeur est la plus basse), de façon à démontrer que la CE50 est supérieure à cette concentration.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264120204
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reducing the Involvement of Youth in Armed Violence; Programming Note
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire l'implication des jeunes dans la violence armée ; Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reducing the Involvement of Youth in Armed Violence: Programming Note
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire l'implication des jeunes dans la violence armée : Note de programmation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Con el fin de ayudar los expertos en desarrollo a hacer frente al problema de la violencia armada, tres notas de programación han sido elaboradas con el fin de sacar todo el partido a la publicación de 2009 Reducir la violencia armada: Hacer posible el desarrollo. Estas tres notas cubren los siguientes temas: • La violencia armada en zonas urbanas • La juventud y la violencia armada • Los vínculos existentes entre la reducción de la violencia armada y la reforma de los sistemas de seguridad
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264122826
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 488; Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 488: Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un test in vivo qui détecte les produits chimiques qui peuvent induire des mutations génétiques. Pour ces essais, on utilise des rats ou des souris transgéniques qui comportent de multiples copies de vecteurs navettes de plasmides ou de phages intégrés dans leurs chromosomes. Les transgènes contiennent des gènes rapporteurs pour la détection de différents types de mutations induites par les substances d’essai. Des animaux transgéniques répartis en un groupe témoin négatif et un minimum de 3 niveaux de dose sont traités pendant 28 jours consécutifs. L'administration est généralement suivie d'une période de 3 jours, antérieure au sacrifice, au cours de laquelle la substance n'est pas administrée et au cours de laquelle les lésions d'ADN non réparées se fixent sous forme de mutations stables. A la fin de cette période de 3 jours, les animaux sont sacrifiés et l'ADN génomique est isolé du/des tissus(s) d'intérêt puis purifié. On score les mutations qui se sont produites chez les rongeurs en retrouvant le transgène et en analysant le phénotype du gène rapporteur chez un hôte bactérien démuni du gène rapporteur. On obtient la fréquence des mutants, qui est le paramètre observé dans cet essai, en divisant le nombre de plages/plasmides contenant les mutations qui se produisent dans le transgène par le nombre total de plages/plasmides retrouvés dans un même échantillon d'ADN.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264096684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Better policies to support eco-innovation
    RVK:
    Keywords: Innovation ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Technologietransfer ; Umweltschutz ; Clean Development Mechanism ; Public Private Partnership ; Fallstudie ; Environment ; OECD ; Umwelttechnik ; Forschungsförderung
    Abstract: Eco-innovation is more important than ever on the public policy agenda. It is a major driver for green growth and contributes to the environmental performance and economic development of OECD and developing countries alike. This report takes a pragmatic approach to policies that support the development and diffusion of eco-innovation. Building on the OECD Innovation Strategy, it argues that eco-innovation is not merely about technological developments: non-technical innovations matter as well. It acknowledges that policies do not operate in a vacuum and that they must take account of the contexts that influence the development and diffusion of eco-innovation, such as market structures. It explores links between eco-innovation policies and related fields such as industry, competition, and international cooperation. This work builds on an OECD inventory of eco-innovation policies in OECD countries and in China. It also draws on studies of select environment-friendly innovations, highlighting different patterns of development across countries. It also incorporates extensive international consultation on the topics of eco-innovation and green growth. The results from this publication will contribute to the Green Growth Strategy being developed by the OECD as a practical policy package for governments to harness the potential of greener growth. For more information on OECD work on eco-innovation, visit: www.oecd.org/greengrowth www.oecd.org/environment/innovation www.oecd.org/sti/innovation/green
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264098299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Germany
    Abstract: This publication presents the Development Assistance Committee peer review of the aid programmes and policies of Germany for 2010. The policies and programmes of each DAC member are critically examined approximately once every four or five years. Five members are examined annually. The OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate provides analytical support and is responsible for developing and maintaining the conceptual framework within which the Peer Reviews are undertaken. The Peer Review is prepared by a team, consisting of representatives of the Secretariat working with officials from two DAC members who are designated as “examiners”. The country under review provides a memorandum setting out the main developments in its policies and programmes. Then the Secretariat and the examiners visit the capital to interview officials, parliamentarians, as well as civil society and NGO representatives of the donor country to obtain a first-hand insight into current issues surrounding the development co-operation efforts of the member concerned. Field visits assess how members are implementing the major DAC policies, principles and concerns, and review operations in recipient countries, particularly with regard to poverty reduction, sustainability, gender equality and other aspects of participatory development, and local aid co-ordination. The Secretariat then prepares a draft report on the member’s development co-operation which is the basis for the DAC review meeting at the OECD. At this meeting senior officials from the member under review respond to questions formulated by the Secretariat in association with the examiners. This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264111110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guide OCDE sur le devoir de diligence pour des chaînes d'approvisionnement responsables en minerais provenant de zones de conflit ou à haut risque
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD due diligence guidance for responsible supply chains of minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas
    Keywords: Governance ; Development ; Ratgeber ; Entwicklungsländer ; Krisengebiet ; Mineral ; Abbau ; Industrie
    Abstract: Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources is significant and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, gross human rights violations and hinder economic and social development. The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas provides step-by-step management recommendations endorsed by governments for global responsible supply chains of minerals in order for companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict through their mineral or metal purchasing decisions and practices. The Due Diligence Guidance may be used by any company potentially sourcing minerals or metals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, and is intended to cultivate transparent, conflict-free supply chains and sustainable corporate engagement in the minerals sector.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264097353
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Impacts of International Shipping; The Role of Ports
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Impacts of International Shipping: The Role of Ports
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Il est essentiel que les ports fonctionnent de façon efficiente pour le développement économique de la vaste zone qui les entoure, mais le trafic maritime qui les dessert, la manutention des marchandises dans les installations portuaires et les activités de distribution dans l’arrière-pays peuvent avoir des impacts négatifs sur l’environnement. La présente étude passe en revue un certain nombre d’impacts environnementaux des ports, et elle examine les impacts environnementaux et économiques de divers instruments d’action qui sont ou peuvent être utilisés pour remédier à ces impacts. Elle s’appuie essentiellement sur les résultats d’études de cas consacrées à cinq des plus grands ports de la zone OCDE, – à savoir ceux de Los Angeles et Long Beach aux États-Unis, Rotterdam aux Pays-Bas, Vancouver au Canada et Busan en Corée. On trouvera dans cette étude des exemples de problèmes environnementaux liés aux activités portuaires (tels que pollution atmosphérique et émissions de gaz à effet de serre, pollution des eaux, bruit, prolifération d’espèces envahissantes, etc.) et la présentation d’un certain nombre d’instruments d’action différents pouvant être utilisés pour limiter les impacts négatifs. A ce titre, ce livre permettra aux décideurs et aux chercheurs de tirer des enseignements des expériences d’autres pays.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264122383
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 235 ; Chironomus sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 235 : Chironomus sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an acute immobilisation assay on chronomids and is designed to complement existing Test Guidelines for chironomid chronic toxicity assays (TG 218, 219 and 233). The test method is based on TG 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. First instar Chironomus sp. larvae are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance in water-only vessels for a period of 48 hours. C. riparius is the preferred species but C. dilutus or C. yoshimatsui may also be used for the test. At least 20 larvae, preferably divided into four groups of five larvae each, should be used for each test concentration and for controls. In the definitive test, at least five test concentrations should be used, with a dilution water control and solvent control (if appropriate). Immobilisation is recorded at 24 and 48 hours, and if data allow, the EC50 is calculated at 24 and 48 hours. A limit test with a single concentration may also be performed at 100 mg/L of test substance or up to the practical limit of solubility (whichever is lowest) in order to demonstrate that the EC50 is greater than this concentration.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264095960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen mutuel de l'efficacité du développement en Afrique 2010 ; Promesses et résultats
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen mutuel de l'efficacité du développement en Afrique 2010 : Promesses et résultats
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The UNECA-OECD 2010 Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in Africa: Promise and Performance provides information on the main commitments made by Africa and its development partners, the extent to which they have been delivered and their results, and future policy priorities.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264097049
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices et ouvrages de référence du CAD
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility; Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Policy Guidance
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La fragilité des États a des conséquences négatives qui mettent en péril la vie de plus d’un milliard d’êtres humains. Si les États fragiles suscitent de plus en plus d’intérêt de la part de la communauté internationale depuis quelques années, ils sont encore à la traîne par rapport aux autres pays à faible revenu en termes de développement humain. La fragilité – et ses conséquences – peuvent déstabiliser des régions entières et avoir des répercussions à l’échelle mondiale. Relever les défis associés aux situations de fragilité exige une action internationale concertée pour soutenir des processus de renforcement de l’État étayés par de solides relations entre l’État et la société. Il est impératif de pouvoir compter sur des États qui fonctionnent pour faire reculer la pauvreté, maintenir la paix et atteindre les objectifs de développement convenus. La publication intitulée Soutenir le renforcement de l’État dans les situations de conflit et de fragilité : Document d’orientation présente les conceptions contemporaines du renforcement de l’État et des recommandations précises de bonne pratique. Elle reprend un cadre conceptuel internationalement accepté en matière de renforcement de l’État, nourri des réalités quotidiennes qui caractérisent les situations de fragilité ou de conflit. S’appuyant sur les bonnes pratiques déjà mises en œuvre sur le terrain, ce document d’orientation définit comment les pays développés et en développement peuvent mieux accompagner les processus de renforcement de l’État et consolider les fondations sur lesquelles se construisent des États légitimes et compétents. Les recommandations contenues dans ce document d’orientation portent sur des aspects essentiels de l’engagement international, de l’élaboration des stratégies aux activités quotidiennes sur le terrain et dans les services centraux, en passant par la conception et la mise en œuvre des programmes.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098114
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accra Agenda for Action
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Destiné à consolider et approfondir la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration de Paris, le Programme d’action d’Accra établit un bilan des progrès accomplis et définit un programme d’action pour améliorer la qualité de l’aide et ses retombées. Il représente une alliance sans précédent de plus de 80 pays en développement, des donneurs membres du Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE, de quelque 3 000 organisations de la société civile, d’économies émergentes, d’institutions des Nations unies, d’institutions multilatérales et de fonds mondiaux.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264124974
    Language: Romanian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (201 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité ; Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Bulgarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité : Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Bulgarian version)
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264122550
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 443 ; Étude étendue de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 443 : Étude étendue de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to provide an evaluation of reproductive and developmental effects that may occur as a result of pre- and postnatal chemical exposure as well as an evaluation of systemic toxicity in pregnant and lactating females and young and adult offspring. In the assay, sexually-mature males and females rodents (parental (P) generation) are exposed to graduated doses of the test substance starting 2 weeks before mating and continuously through mating, gestation and weaning of their pups (F1 generation). At weaning, pups are selected and assigned to cohorts of animals for reproductive/developmental toxicity testing (cohort 1), developmental neurotoxicity testing (cohort 2) and developmental immunotoxicity testing (cohort 3). The F1 offspring receive further treatment with the test substance from weaning to adulthood. Clinical observations and pathology examinations are performed on all animals for signs of toxicity, with special emphasis on the integrity and performance of the male and female reproductive systems and the health, growth, development and function of the offspring. Part of cohort 1 (cohort 1B) may be extended to include an F2 generation; in this case, procedures for F1 animals will be similar to those for the P animals.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264098978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade for growth and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Armut ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Fairer Handel ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Weltmarkt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Weltwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Reduktion
    Abstract: Trade promotes economic growth, alleviates poverty and helps countries reach their development goals. However, developing countries – in particular the least developed – face difficulties in making trade happen and turning trade into economic growth. The Aid for Trade Initiative – launched at the 2005 World Trade Organisation conference in Hong Kong – aims at helping these countries to take advantage of trade opportunities and to reap the benefits of their integration into the world economy. The Initiative has been a success: it has not only raised awareness among both donors and developing countries about the role of trade in development, but also helped secure increased resources. Trade for Growth and Poverty Reduction: How Aid for Trade Can Help explains how Aid for Trade can foster economic growth and reduce poverty, and why it is an important instrument for a development strategy that actively supports poverty alleviation. Unlocking this potential requires carefully designed and sequenced trade reforms. While developing countries have many trade-related needs, but financial resources and political capital for reforms are limited, it is an important priority to tackle the most binding constraints to trade expansion. This report describes the diagnostic tools available, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and suggests a dynamic framework to guide the sequencing of reform and donor support.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264096233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic diversification in Africa
    Keywords: Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Afrika ; Angola ; Benin ; Kenia ; Südafrika ; Tunesien ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics ; Afrika ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: This study provides an empirical review of the role of governments, the private sector, regional economic institutions and the broader international community in driving economic diversification. Individual case studies of five African economies describe both the catalysts of and barriers to diversification. The study is published jointly by the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (UN-OSAA) and the NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264124967
    Language: Bulgarian
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité ; Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Romanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité : Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Romanian version)
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264107199
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir et réduire la violence armée dans les zones urbaines ; Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prevención y reducción de la violencia armada en las zonas urbanas ; Notas de programación
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir et réduire la violence armée dans les zones urbaines : Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prevención y reducción de la violencia armada en las zonas urbanas : Notas de programación
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: To help experts and practitioners working to tackle the problem of armed violence, these three Programming Notes build on the 2009 publication entitled Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development. These three notes cover armed violence in urban areas, youth and armed violence, and the linkages between armed violence reduction and security system reform.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264110618
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (205 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation; Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: As alterações climáticas são uma ameaça séria e a longo prazo que pode afetar todo o globo. Os seus impactes negativos atingirão as pessoas pobres e os países pobres de forma desproporcional e comprometerão a persecução dos seus objetivos de desenvolvimento. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento fornece informação essencial e aconselha o modo de facilitação a integração da adaptação nos processos de desenvolvimento. Os objetivos deste guia para o desenvolvimento de políticas são: i) promover o entendimento das implicações das alterações climáticas na prática do desenvolvimento e a necessidade associada de integrar a adaptação ao clima nas agências de cooperação para o desenvolvimento e nos países parceiros; ii) identificar abordagens apropriadas para integrar a adaptação às alterações climáticas nas políticas de desenvolvimento aos níveis nacional, setorial e de projeto e nos contextos urbanos e rurais; e iii) identificar meios práticos para os doadores apoiarem os países em desenvolvimento parceiros nos seus esforços para reduzir a sua vulnerabilidade à variabilidade e alterações climáticas. Enquanto os esforços para integrar a adaptação aos às alterações climáticas serão conduzidos pelos países em desenvolvimento parceiros, os doadores internacionais têm um papel crítico a desempenhar no apoio a tais esforços. Este guia para o desenvolvimento de políticas é especialmente formatado para os agentes de definição de políticas e para as agências de cooperação e suas contrapartes nos governos dos países em desenvolvimento, bem como para as partes interessadas não governamentais.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264069930
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 201; Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 201: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de cet essai est de déterminer les effets d'une substance sur la croissance d'algues microscopiques dulcicoles et/ou de cyanobactéries. Les organismes d'essai en phase de croissance exponentielle sont exposés à la substance d'essai dans des cultures en lots normalement sur une période de 72 heures. L’effet observé est la réduction de croissance dans une série de cultures d'algues exposées à, au moins, cinq concentrations d'une substance d'essai. Trois réplicats pour chaque concentration d'essai doivent être employées. L’effet est évalué en fonction de la concentration d'exposition, en comparaison avec la croissance moyenne des cultures témoins. On permet la croissance exponentielle sans restriction des cultures dans des conditions suffisamment nutritives (deux milieux de croissance alternatifs: l'OCDE et l'AAP) et un éclairage continu fluorescent. La croissance et l'inhibition de croissance sont quantifiées à partir des mesures de la biomasse des algues en fonction du temps. L'essai limite correspond à un niveau de dose de 100 mg/l. Cette étude inclut la détermination, au moins quotidienne, de la biomasse des algues, la mesure du pH (au début et à la fin) et une observation microscopique. Cette Ligne directrice décrit deux variables : le taux de croissance spécifique moyen, et le rendement.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264113558
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Edition: Versão Condensada
    Keywords: Development
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264122819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 488 ; Essais de mutations génétiques des cellules somatiques et germinales de rongeurs transgéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 488 : Essais de mutations génétiques des cellules somatiques et germinales de rongeurs transgéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo assay that detects chemicals that may induce gene mutations. In this assay, transgenic rats or mice that contain multiple copies of chromosomally integrated plasmid or phage shuttle vectors are used. The transgenes contain reporter genes for the detection of various types of mutations induced by test substances. A negative control group and a minimum of 3 treatment groups of transgenic animals are treated for 28 consecutive days. Administration is usually followed by a 3-day period of time, prior to sacrifice, during which the agent is not administered and during which unrepaired DNA lesions are fixed into stable mutations. At the end of this 3-day period, the animals are sacrificed, genomic DNA is isolated from the tissue(s) of interest and purified. Mutations that have arisen during treatment are scored by recovering the transgene and analysing the phenotype of the reporter gene in a bacterial host deficient for the reporter gene. Mutant frequency, the reported parameter in these assays,is calculated by dividing the number of plaques/plasmids containing mutations in the transgene by the total number of plaques/plasmids recovered from the same DNA sample.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264107205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire l'implication des jeunes dans la violence armée ; Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reducir la implicación de los jóvenes en la violencia armada ; Notas de programación
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire l'implication des jeunes dans la violence armée : Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reducir la implicación de los jóvenes en la violencia armada : Notas de programación
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: These three Programming Notes build on the 2009 publication entitled Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development. These three notes cover: armed violence in urban areas, youth and armed violence, and linkages between armed violence reduction and security system reform.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264122369
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 234 ; Essai de développement sexuel des poissons
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 234 : Essai de développement sexuel des poissons
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an assay that assesses early life-stage effects and potential adverse consequences of putative endocrine disrupting chemicals (e.g. oestrogens, androgens and steroidogenesis inhibitors) on fish sexual development. In the test, fish are exposed, from newly fertilized egg until the completion of sexual differentiation at about 60 days post hatch, to at least three concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water. In each treatment level and control(s) group(s), a minimum of four replicates is recommended. At termination of the test, two core endpoints are measured in each fish: vitellogenin concentration from head and tail or from blood sampling, and proportion of males, females, intersex and undifferentiated fish through gonadal histology. In fish species possessing a genetic sex marker, the genetic sex is identified to determine sex reversal in individual fish. The combination of the two core endocrine endpoints, vitellogenin concentration and phenotypic (and possibly genotypic) sex ratio, enable the test to indicate the mode of action of the test chemical.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789264086920
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidance on Sustainability Impact Assessment
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document constitue une introduction générale aux études d'impact sur la durabilité (EID). Cette méthode permet d'évaluer les incidences économiques, environnementales et sociales combinées d'un éventail de politiques, programmes, stratégies et plans d'action. Ces évaluations peuvent aussi faciliter la prise de décision et la planification stratégique tout au long du cycle des politiques publiques.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9787509007099
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Latin American Economic Outlook 2011; How Middle-Class Is Latin America?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives économiques de l'Amérique latine 2011 ; Une région de classes moyennes ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2011 ; En qué medida es clase media América Latina
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Latin American Economic Outlook 2011: How Middle-Class Is Latin America?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives économiques de l'Amérique latine 2011 : Une région de classes moyennes ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectivas Económicas de América Latina 2011 : En qué medida es clase media América Latina
    Keywords: Development
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264122376
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 234; Fish Sexual Development Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 234: Fish Sexual Development Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne Directrice décrit un essai permettant d’évaluer les effets sur les premiers stades de vie et les conséquences néfastes possibles de produits chimiques potentiellement perturbateurs endocriniens (ex. oestrogènes, androgènes et inhibiteurs de la stéroïdogenèse) sur le développement sexuel des poissons. Dans l’essai, les poissons sont exposés, de l'œuf nouvellement fécondé à l'achèvement de la différenciation sexuelle vers 60 jours après la ponte, à au moins trois concentrations de la substance d'essai dissoute dans de l'eau. A chaque niveau de traitement et dans le(s) témoin(s), il est recommandé d’utiliser au moins quatre réplicats. A la fin de l’essai, deux effets principaux sont mesurés sur chaque poisson: la concentration de vitellogénine à partir d’échantillons biologiques de tête et de queue ou à partir du sang, et la proportion de mâles, femelles, hermaphrodites et de poissons non sexuellement différenciés, à partir de l’examen histologique des gonades. Pour les espèces de poissons possédant un marqueur génétique sexuel, le sexe génétique est identifié chez chaque individu pour déterminer si une réversion sexuelle a eu lieu. La combinaison des deux effets endocriniens principaux, la concentration de vitellogénine et le ratio phénotypique mâles/femelles (et éventuellement le sexe génotypique) permet à l’essai d’indiquer le mode d’action de la substance testée.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264097896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Portugal 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Portugal 2011
    Keywords: Environment ; Portugal
    Abstract: This report presents the OECD review of Portugal’s environmental policy performance for 2011. It finds that environmental policies have been consolidated and strengthened since the last review in 2001, but that meeting the post-Kyoto targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions will be challenging. With energy and climate policies being closely related, the report points out that with less than 50% of hydro capacity currently being exploited, there is potential for further development in that area. It also describes the challenges regarding coastal zone and marine management. Topics covered in the report include greening growth, implementation of environmental policies , international co-operation , climate change, waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and nature and biodiversity. Further information about the Environmental Performance Review programme is available on line via www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264098305
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Japan
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 2010 peer review of Japan's development assistance programmes and policies.This review assesses the extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of Japan meet the standards set by the DAC. Members provide constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264069923
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 201; Algues d'eau douce et cyanobactéries, essai d'inhibition de la croissance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 201: Algues d'eau douce et cyanobactéries, essai d'inhibition de la croissance
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this test is to determine the effects of a substance on the growth of freshwater microalgae and/or cyanobacteria. Exponentially growing test organisms are exposed to the test substance in batch cultures over a period of normally 72 hours. The system response is the reduction of growth in a series of algal cultures exposed to, at least, five concentrations of a test substance. Three replicates at each test concentration should be used. The response is evaluated as a function of the exposure concentration in comparison with the average growth of control cultures. The cultures are allowed unrestricted exponential growth under nutrient sufficient conditions (two alternative growth media: the OECD and the AAP) and continuous fluorescent illumination. Growth and growth inhibition are quantified from measurements of the algal biomass as a function of time. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes: the determination, at least daily, of the algal biomass; the measure of the pH (at the beginning and at the end); microscopic observation. This Test Guideline describes two response variables: average specific growth rate, and yield.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264167100
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC-Reihe Leitlinien und Grundsatztexte; Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quality Standards for Development Evaluation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Normes de qualité pour l'évaluation du développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Directrices y Referencias del CAD (series) Estándares de Calidad para la Evaluación del Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC-Reihe Leitlinien und Grundsatztexte: Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Based on a broad international consultative process, the DAC Quality Standards for Development Evaluation are a reference guide to good practice in development evaluation. With a view to improving the quality of evaluation processes and products, and facilitating collaboration, this reference guide lays out standards for each phase of a typical evaluation process: from defining purpose, to planning, designing, implementing, reporting, and learning from and using evaluation results.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264098329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 2010 peer review of the UK's development assitance programmes and policies. This review assesses extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of the UK meet the standards set by the DAC. Members provide constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789264120501
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linking Security System Reform and Armed Violence Reduction; Programming Note
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Relier la réforme des systèmes de sécurité et la réduction de la violence armée ; Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linking Security System Reform and Armed Violence Reduction: Programming Note
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Relier la réforme des systèmes de sécurité et la réduction de la violence armée : Note de programmation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Con el fin de ayudar los expertos en desarrollo a hacer frente al problema de la violencia armada, tres notas de programación han sido elaboradas con el fin de sacar todo el partido a la publicación de 2009 Reducir la violencia armada: Hacer posible el desarrollo. Estas tres notas cubren los siguientes temas: la violencia armada en zonas urbanas, la juventud y la violencia armada, los vínculos existentes entre la reducción de la violencia armada y la reforma de los sistemas de seguridad.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 63-186
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 124 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Switzerland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 63-186
    Keywords: Development ; Switzerland
    Abstract: La Coopération italienne est confrontée à des problèmes majeurs. Premièrement, une réforme du système de coopération pour le développement s’impose de toute urgence, mais il n’existe pas de consensus au sein de la classe politique sur la manière de procéder. Deuxièmement, l’Italie ne parviendra pas à concrétiser l’engagement qu’elle a pris au plan international de porter son aide publique au développement (APD) à 0.51% de son revenu national brut (RNB) d’ici 2010 et elle a peu de chances d’atteindre le pourcentage de 0.7% d’ici 2015. En 2008, le rapport APD/RNB de l’Italie était de 0.22%. Malgré les problèmes qui subsistent, le CAD constate que des améliorations ont été apportées à la gestion de l’aide italienne depuis 2008. Il se félicite de l’intention qu’a l’Italie d’axer ses efforts sur 35 pays prioritaires, des pouvoirs élargis dont disposent à présent les ambassades et les bureaux techniques en ce qui concerne la participation à la formulation des programmes et leur mise en oeuvre, et l’acheminement de l’aide, ainsi que de l’orientation stratégique définie à haut niveau par le Comité de direction pour la coopération pour le développement. L’Italie doit encore se doter d’une stratégie de coopération pour le développement à laquelle adhèrent toutes les parties prenantes et veiller à ce que l’ensemble des ministères et autorités régionales et locales compétents oeuvrent à la réalisation d’objectifs communs : mise en place de systèmes destinés à promouvoir la cohérence entre la politique de coopération pour le développement et les autres politiques ; réforme de la gestion des ressources humaines pour le noyau de spécialistes du développement ; et suivi et évaluation indépendante réguliers. De plus, la faiblesse du débat politique sur la Coopération italienne et le manque de sensibilisation de l’opinion publique à son action montrent que les autorités italiennes doivent collaborer de toute urgence avec la société civile pour rallier l’adhésion des citoyens à la cause du développement et amener le public à exercer des pressions à l’appui de la réforme de la Coopération italienne.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 3-3
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 2009 OECD Report on Division of Labour
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 3-3
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: ANNEX 3 List of Indicators for the Electronic Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE constitue le cadre de débat privilégié des donneurs bilatéraux, qui assurent plus de 90 pour cent de l’APD mondiale.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 7-61
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 55 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Italy
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 7-61
    Keywords: Development ; Italy
    Abstract: Les pays en développement diffèrent grandement dans leur potentiel de développement et les défis auxquels ils font face. Dans un sens, toutefois, de nombreux ont un problème commun : trop peu d’aide des bailleurs de fonds de trop. Ce rapport retrace jusqu’à 3 700 relations d’aide entre tous les 151 pays bénéficiaire de l’aide et les 46 principaux bailleurs de fonds, couvrant tous les membres du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) et les plus grandes agences multilatérales. Cette réalité complexe est souvent désigné comme la fragmentation de l’aide. Ce rapport 2009 examine la notion de fragmentation de l’aide entre les pays, et ce qui s’est passé depuis l’adoption de la Déclaration de Paris. Il propose également des mesures de la concentration et la fragmentation, et des options pour réduire la fragmentation excessive. Lorsqu’une relation d’aide entre donneur et partenaire n’est pas considérée comme significative du point de vue du donneur ou du bénéficiaire, se présente alors une opportunité pour une certaine rationalisation. Ce rapport montre qu’une diminution de 23% du nombre de relations est possible en réorganisant seulement 4% de l’aide. Cette réorganisation, à son tour, entraînerait une augmentation du volume de la relation d’aide moyenne entre donneurs et partenaires de 30%.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264119994
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence in Urban Areas; Programming Note
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir et réduire la violence armée dans les zones urbaines ; Note de programmation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence in Urban Areas: Programming Note
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir et réduire la violence armée dans les zones urbaines : Note de programmation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Con el fin de ayudar los expertos en desarrollo a hacer frente al problema de la violencia armada, tres notas de programación han sido elaboradas con el fin de sacar todo el partido a la publicación de 2009 Reducir la violencia armada: Hacer posible el desarrollo. Estas tres notas cubren los siguientes temas: la violencia armada en zonas urbanas, la juventud y la violencia armada, los vínculos existentes entre la reducción de la violencia armada y la reforma de los sistemas de seguridad.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264096172
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Armed Violence Reduction; Enabling Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Una media de 740 000 personas muere cada año como resultado de la violencia armada. Esta publicación ayudará a la comunidad internacional a entender las dinámicas de la violencia armada, y resumirá qué se puede hacer para reducirla. Reducir la violencia armada identifica una serie de tendencias emergentes importantes. En primer lugar, el conflicto y el crimen cada vez están más relacionados. En segundo lugar, los niveles de violencia armada son un importante reto en muchos países que no se encuentran en situación de conflicto. En tercer lugar, el aumento de las poblaciones jóvenes en el Sur y la aparición de espacios urbanos infragobernados y de bandas juveniles, son una realidad en muchas partes del mundo. Además, cada vez son mayores los vínculos entre las cuestiones de seguridad local, nacional, regional, y global, por ejemplo, a través del tráfico de drogas, de armas y de personas. Reducir la violencia armada presenta un buen número de posibilidades que pueden ayudar a responder a los retos planteados y, en última instancia, facilitar el desarrollo.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264113565
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Space applications have become an important part of everyday life. Weather forecasting, air traffic control, global communications and broadcasting, disaster management -- these and many other key activities would be almost unthinkable today without satellite technology. The space industry itself is relatively small compared to other manufacturing sectors, but its technological dynamism and strategic significance mean that it plays an ever more critical role in modern society. This book assembles information on the space economy from a wide range of official and non-official sources. Together these paint a richly detailed picture of the space industry, its downstream services activities, and its wider economic and social impacts. Who are the main space-faring nations? How large are revenues and how much employment is there in the sector? How much R&D goes on, and where? What is the value of spin-offs from space spending? Answers to these and other questions are provided in this second OECD statistical overview of the emerging space economy. A dynamic link (StatLink) is provided for graphs, which directs the user to a web page where the corresponding data are available in Excel® format.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264117082
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: This review assesses the extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of Denmark in 2011 meet the standards set by the DAC.The review provides constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264098312
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (121 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Portugal
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 2010 peer review of Portugal's development assistance programmes and policies. This review assesses the extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of Portugal meet the standards set by the DAC. Members provide constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264088726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Advancing the aquaculture agenda
    Keywords: Aquakultur ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Aquakultur ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Fischereipolitik
    Abstract: Aquaculture now provides more than 50% of the global supply of fisheries products for direct human consumption. This conference proceedings addresses key policy challenges of the aquaculture sector. Policy makers, academics, industry representatives, NGOs and international organisations gathered to discuss the critical economic, environmental and social aspects of aquaculture. This publication presents a selection of key issues covered by the workshop and includes a large number of country case studies, which provide specific examples of national approaches to aquaculture management.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264090965
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 439; In Vitro Skin Irritation; Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 439: In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une procédure in vitro qui peut être utilisée pour identifier les dangers présentés par les produits chimiques irritants (substances et mélanges) conformément à la Catégorie 2 du Système général harmonisé de classification et d’étiquetage (SGH) de l’ONU. Elle s’appuie sur un épiderme humain reconstitué, qui dans sa conception globale, reproduit les propriétés biochimiques et physiologiques de la partie supérieure de la peau humaine. La viabilité cellulaire est mesurée par la conversion enzymatique du colorant vital MTT en un sel de formazan bleu, qui est mesuré quantitativement après extraction des tissus. Les substances d’essai irritantes sont identifiées par leur capacité à réduire la viabilité cellulaire au dessous d’un seuil défini (inférieur ou égal à 50% pour la Catégorie 2 du SGH de l’ONU). Cette Ligne directrice comprend aussi des normes de performance pour l’évaluation de méthodes d’essai similaires ou modifiées sur épiderme humain reconstitué. Trois méthodes d’essai validées sont conformes à cette Ligne directrice. En fonction du cadre législatif et du système de classification utilisé, cette procédure peut être utilisée pour déterminer l’irritation cutanée de substances d’essai, en tant qu’essai de substitution d’essai d’irritation cutanée in vivo, ou en tant qu’essai de substitution partiel, dans le cadre d’une stratégie d’essai à plusieurs niveaux.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264090897
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 223 ; Oiseaux, essai de toxicité orale aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 223 : Oiseaux, essai de toxicité orale aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes procedures designed to estimate the acute oral toxicity of substances to birds, and it provides three testing options: (1) limit dose test, (2) LD50-slope test, and (3) LD50-only test. The LD50-slope and LD50-only options are sequential testing procedures. The test method selected will depend on whether or not a definitive median dose (LD50) and slope of the dose-response curve are both needed. The limit dose test is the preferred test when toxicity is expected to be low and lethality is unlikely at the limit dose. The limit dose should be adequate for assessment purposes, and it is usually 2000 mg/kg-bwt. Five or ten birds are tested at the limit dose in addition to a control group. The LD50-slope test is the preferred test when regulatory or other requirements determine that the slope of the dose-response curve and/or the confidence interval is required in addition to an estimate of the LD50. This is a 3- or 4-stage test with 24 or 34 birds in addition to a control group. The LD50-only test is the preferred test when regulatory or other requirements determine that only the median lethal dose is required but neither the slope of the dose response curve or the confidence interval for the LD50 is required. This may be the appropriate test to estimate a percentile of a species sensitivity distribution of LD50s and to provide information for product labelling purposes. This test has two stages, with 14 birds in addition to a control group. Software to be used with TG 223. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264096158
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.)
    Series Statement: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Safety assessment of transgenic organisms ; Vol. 4
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: The books on “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms” constitute a compilation of the OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents. When published, Volume 1 and 2 contained the documents issued before 2006; Volume 3 and 4 are a continuation of the compilation up to 2010. The OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries and some non members associated with the work. This is intended to encourage information sharing, promote harmonised practices, and prevent duplication of effort among countries. These books offer ready access to those consensus documents which have been issued on the website thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms (crops, trees, microorganisms), to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264090941
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 317; Bioaccumulation in Terrestrial Oligochaetes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 317: Bioaccumulation in Terrestrial Oligochaetes
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice pour les essais décrit les procédures à suivre pour évaluer la bioaccumulation de substances chimiques dans les oligochètes du sol. Les paramètres qui caractérisent la bioaccumulation d’une substance se composent du facteur de bioaccumulation (FBA), de la constante de vitesse d’absorption (ks) et de la constante de vitesse d’élimination (ke). L’essai consiste en deux phases, la phase d’absorption (exposition) et la phase d’élimination (post-exposition). Une phase d’élimination est toujours nécessaire sauf si l’absorption de la substance d’essai au cours de la phase d’exposition s’avère non significative. Les organismes d’essai sont exposés à la substance d’essai durant la phase d’absorption. La substance d’essai est incorporée dans le sol; il est recommandé d’utiliser le sol artificiel décrit dans la Ligne directrice de l’OCDE 207 (Ver de terre, essai de toxicité aiguë). La phase d’absorption dure 14 jours (enchytrées) ou 21 jours (vers de terre) sauf s’il est prouvé que l’état stationnaire a été atteint. Pour la phase d’élimination, les vers sont transférés sur un sol dépourvu de la substance d’essai. La phase d’élimination dure généralement 21 jours.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264083899
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 p)
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The State's Legitimacy in Fragile Situations; Unpacking Complexity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The State's Legitimacy in Fragile Situations: Unpacking Complexity
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La légitimité revêt de l’importance car elle transforme le pouvoir en autorité politique, ce qui permet de gouverner par des moyens non coercitifs. Dans les situations de fragilité, un défaut de légitimité compromet l’existence de relations constructives entre l’État et la société, ce qui affaiblit les capacités de l’État et contribue ainsi à sa fragilité. Des sources multiples de légitimité entrent souvent en concurrence ou en conflit, ce qui place l’État dans l’incapacité en fin de compte d’imposer des règles du jeu. Les donneurs qui opèrent dans des situations de fragilité s’intéressent relativement peu à la légitimité, et concentrent leur effort sur le renforcement des capacités et des institutions comme moyens de renforcer l’efficacité de l’État. La légitimité de l’État dans les situations de fragilité fait valoir l’argument selon lequel les donneurs doivent accorder bien plus d’attention à la légitimité, et élargir leur vision afin d’inclure certains aspects de la légitimité qui découlent des convictions et traditions communes des individus, et non pas seulement d’un modèle d’État occidental. Les donneurs doivent aussi suivre de près l’impact de leurs interventions afin d’éviter de porter atteinte à la légitimité de l’État. En conclusion, la présente publication propose des recommandations concrètes sur la façon dont les donneurs peuvent favoriser de meilleures relations entre l’État et la société dans les situations de fragilité.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264090903
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 223; Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 223: Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit les procédures à suivre pour évaluer la toxicité orale aiguë de substances chez les oiseaux selon trois types d’essais : (1) essai de dose limite, (2) essai de détermination de la pente de la DL50, (3) essai de détermination de la DL50 seule. Les essais de pente de la DL50 et de DL50 seule sont des procédures d’essai séquentielles. La méthode d’essai choisie dépend du besoin que l’on a ou non de déterminer la dose médiane (DL50) définitive et la pente de la courbe dose-effet. L’essai de dose limite est privilégié en cas de faible toxicité attendue et de létalité improbable à la dose limite. La dose limite, qui doit être adaptée aux fins de l’évaluation, est en général de 2 000 mg/kg de poids corporel. Cinq ou dix oiseaux et un groupe témoin sont utilisés pour l’essai de dose limite. L’essai de détermination de la pente de la DL50 est privilégié lorsque des exigences réglementaires ou d’une autre nature imposent de déterminer, outre une estimation de la DL50, la pente de la courbe dose-effet et/ou l’intervalle de confiance. Il se déroule en 3 ou 4 étapes avec 24 ou 34 oiseaux et un groupe témoin. L’essai de détermination de la DL50 seule est privilégié lorsque des exigences réglementaires ou d’une autre nature imposent de déterminer la dose létale médiane mais non la pente de la courbe dose-effet ni l’intervalle de confiance pour la DL50. Il peut convenir pour estimer un centile de la distribution de la sensibilité d’une espèce et pour fournir des informations aux fins d’étiquetage des produits. Cet essai se déroule en deux étapes, avec 14 oiseaux et un groupe témoin. Logiciel à utiliser pour l'essai 223. Cliquer ici. Logiciel non couvert par l’Acceptation Mutuelle des Données.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264077225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'éco-innovation dans l'industrie ; favoriser la croissance verte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'éco-innovation dans l'industrie : favoriser la croissance verte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eco-innovation in industry
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    Keywords: Industrie ; Innovationsmanagement ; Umwelttechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Industrie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD
    Abstract: Eco-innovation will be a key driver of industry efforts to tackle climate change and realise “green growth” in the post-Kyoto era. Eco-innovation calls for faster introduction of breakthrough technologies and for more systemic application of available solutions, including non-technological ones. It also offers opportunities to involve new players, develop new industries and increase competitiveness. Structural change in economies will be imperative in coming decades. This book presents the research and analysis carried out during the first phase of the OECD Project on Sustainable Manufacturing and Eco-innovation. Its aim is to provide benchmarking tools on sustainable manufacturing and to spur eco-innovation through better understanding of innovation mechanisms. It reviews the concepts and forms an analytical framework; analyses the nature and processes of eco-innovation; discusses existing sustainable manufacturing indicators; examines methodologies for measuring eco-innovation; and takes stock of national strategies and policy initiatives for eco-innovation.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264097322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport 2008 du CAD sur l'aide multilatérale
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Multilateral aid accounts for over a third of total official development aid. The scale at which the multilateral system is used reflects donors’ views of it as an important aid channel. However, a clearer picture of the multilateral system is needed to analyse this channel, and the first ever OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) report on multilateral aid aims to address this gap. The report provides a snapshot of the multilateral aid architecture, from the funding of multilateral organisations by DAC members to their own multilateral aid strategies and policies. The report also highlights issues such as fragmentation, multilateral effectiveness, reform processes and partner country views.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264070097
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 209; Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test (Carbon and Ammonium Oxidation)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 209: Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test (Carbon and Ammonium Oxidation)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est conçue pour évaluer les effets d’une substance sur les microorganismes de boue activée de station d’épuration en mesurant le taux de respiration (oxydation du carbone et/ou de l’ammonium) par la consommation d’oxygène. Les résultats de l’essai peuvent servir d’indicateurs de concentrations non inhibitrices à utiliser dans les essais de biodégradation. L’essai permet de déterminer les valeurs CEx et ou CSEO pour la substance d’essai. L’inhibition de trois différentes consommations d’oxygène peut être déterminée: totale, hétérotrophique seulement, et celle due à la nitrification en absence et présence de N-allylthiourée, un inhibiteur spécifique de nitrification. Pour obtenir une CSEO et une CEx, il est recommandé d’utiliser 5 concentrations d’essai appartenant à une série géométrique avec 5 réplicats et 6 témoins. Dans chaque récipient d’essai, des mélanges d’essai contenant de l’eau, de l’eau usée reconstituée et la substance d’essai sont incubés à pH 7.5 ±0.5 et à une température de 20±2°C, sous aération forcée, pour maintenir la concentration en oxygène dissous au dessus de 60-70% de saturation. La consommation d’oxygène est mesurée après 3 heures d’exposition et des mesures supplémentaires de 30 minutes peuvent être ajoutées au cas où la substance soit dégradée rapidement.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264087637
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La fiscalité, l'innovation et l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation, innovation and the environment
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    Keywords: Ökosteuer ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Emissionshandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Umweltabgabe ; Umweltschutz ; Innovation ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltsteuer ; Innovationsförderung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Solving the world’s environmental problems could take a significant toll on economic growth if only today’s technologies are available. We know that innovation – the creation and adoption of new cleaner technologies and know-how – provides a means to achieve local and global environmental goals at significantly lower costs. Innovation is also a major driver of economic growth. OECD governments are increasingly using environmentally related taxes because they are typically one of the most effective policy tools available. Exploring the relationship between environmentally related taxation and innovation is critical to understanding the full impacts of this policy instrument as well as one potential facet of “green growth.” By putting a price on pollution, do environmentally related taxes spur innovation? What types of innovation result? Does the design of the tax play a critical role? What is the effect of this innovation? In analysing these questions, this report draws on case studies that cover Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Israel and others. It covers a wide set of environmental issues and technologies, as well as the economic and policy contexts. The research methods range from econometric analysis to interviews with business owners and executives. The report also explores the use of environmentally related taxes in OECD countries and outlines considerations for policymakers when implementing these taxes. Green growth policies can stimulate economic growth while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use. The results from this publication will contribute to the Green Growth Strategy being developed by the OECD as a practical policy package for governments to harness the potential of greener growth.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264079526
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Ireland 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Ireland 2010
    Keywords: Environment ; Ireland
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage s'inscrit dans le programme d'examens environnementaux concernant ses pays membres. Les efforts menés pour atteindre les objectifs nationaux et satisfaire aux engagements internationaux y sont évalués en détails. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales et conduisent à des recommandations sur les progrès à faire dans les domaines de l'environnement et du développement durable. Le second cycle d'Examens environnementaux de l’OCDE de ses 30 pays membres sera achevé en 2010. Celui-ci met l’accent sur la gestion de l’environnement, le développement durable et les engagements internationaux.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264095434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.)
    Series Statement: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Safety assessment of transgenic organisms ; Vol. 3
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    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: The books on “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms” constitute a compilation of the OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents. When published, Volume 1 and 2 contained the documents issued before 2006; Volume 3 and 4 are a continuation of the compilation up to 2010. The OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries and some non members associated with the work. This is intended to encourage information sharing, promote harmonised practices, and prevent duplication of effort among countries. These books offer ready access to those consensus documents which have been issued on the website thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms (crops, trees, microorganisms), to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264091955
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Suivi des Principes pour l'engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires ; Hai͏̈ti
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Suivi des Principes pour l'engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires : Hai͏̈ti
    Keywords: Development ; Haiti
    Abstract: This report reviews the implementation in Haiti of the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations two years after they were endorsed by ministers of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, and identifies priority areas to improve the collective impact of international engagement. The Haiti Country Report reflects the findings from a national consultation among stakeholders representing both national and international institutions, complemented by interviews and data collection.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264091672
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Keywords: Development ; Timor-Leste
    Abstract: This report reviews the implementation in Timor-Leste of the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations two years after they were endorsed by ministers of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, and identifies priority areas to improve the collective impact of international engagement. The Timor-Leste Country Report reflects the findings from a national consultation among stakeholders representing both national and international institutions, complemented by interviews and data collection.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264094949
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (series); Quality Standards for Development Evaluation (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC-Reihe Leitlinien und Grundsatztexte; Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quality Standards for Development Evaluation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Normes de qualité pour l'évaluation du développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (series): Quality Standards for Development Evaluation (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC-Reihe Leitlinien und Grundsatztexte: Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Basado en un extenso proceso internacional de consulta, los Estándares de Calidad para la Evaluación del Desarrollo constituyen una guía de referencia en cuanto a buenas prácticas de evaluación de desarrollo. Con el objeto de mejorar la calidad de los procesos y productos de evaluación, y facilitando la colaboración, esta guía de referencia establece normas en cada una de las fases que conforman un típico proceso de evaluación : desde la definición del propósito hasta la planificación, diseño, implementación, notificación y aprendizaje de los resultados de la evaluación.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264087781
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (99 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Interim Report of the Green Growth Strategy; Implementing our commitment for a sustainable future
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Interim Report of the Green Growth Strategy: Implementing our commitment for a sustainable future
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La croissance verte apparaît de plus en plus aux yeux des pays comme un moyen de poursuivre la croissance économique et le développement, tout en prévenant la dégradation de l’environnement, l’appauvrissement de la biodiversité et l’exploitation non viable des ressources. Une vision stratégique est nécessaire pour faire un sorte que les politiques que les gouvernements mettront en place, durant la sortie de crise et au-delà soient les mieux adaptées en termes d’efficience économique, d’intégrité environnementale et d’équité sociale, et qu’elles soient cohérentes aux plans tant national qu’international. Le rapport intérimaire de 2010 de la Stratégie pour une croissance verte OCDE présente des réflexions initiales concernant un certain nombre de problèmes importants auxquels sont confrontés les décideurs désireux de promouvoir une croissance verte. La croissance verte prend appui sur les initiatives lancées dans de nombreux pays soucieux de parvenir à un développement plus durable, et vise à identifier des sources plus propres de croissance, tout en tirant parti des possibilités de développer de nouveaux secteurs d’activité, technologies et emplois verts et en gérant les changements structurels qu’impliquera la transition vers une économie plus verte. Il conviendra de saisir ces nouvelles opportunités tout en maîtrisant les conséquences de la transition pour l’emploi et ses autres effets redistributifs dans les secteurs plus traditionnels. D’importants outils de mesure ainsi qu’un panel d’indicateurs seront nécessaires pour surveiller l’avancée vers une croissance verte et en saisir ses principaux aspects. www.oecd.org/croissanceverte
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9787511103338
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (227 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance; Trends and Good Practices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faire respecter les normes environnementales ; Tendances et bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance: Trends and Good Practices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Faire respecter les normes environnementales : Tendances et bonnes pratiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264085183
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (series); Quality Standards for Development Evaluation (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quality Standards for Development Evaluation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Normes de qualité pour l'évaluation du développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Directrices y Referencias del CAD (series) Estándares de Calidad para la Evaluación del Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (series): Quality Standards for Development Evaluation (Arabic version)
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Aus umfassenden internationalen Beratungen wurden die DAC Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung formuliert, die als Leitlinien zur guten Praxis im Bereich der Evaluierung der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit dienen sollen. Um die Qualität von Evaluierungsprozessen und -produkten zu verbessern und die Zusammenarbeit zu erleichtern, umreißen diese Standards entscheidende Aspekte jeder Phase eines typischen Evaluierungsprozesses: von der Festlegung des Zwecks über die Planung, Gestaltung, Durchführung und Berichterstattung bis hin zur Phase des Lernens aus den Evaluierungsergebnissen und zu deren Nutzung.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264092181
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Partenariat pour la gouvernance démocratique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Contracting Out Government Functions and Services in Post-Conflict and Fragile Situations
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: L’externalisation des fonctions et des services à des prestataires externes est une pratique établie dans de nombreux pays développés et en développement. D’une part, l’externalisation peut offrir un soutien essentiel aux États qui doivent fournir d’urgence des services de base. D’autre part, elle risque de contourner les États et nuire à leur relèvement à long terme. Le Partenariat pour la gouvernance démocratique de l’OCDE a été formé en 2007 afin d’aborder dans une optique plus stratégique cette question majeure. Le guide ne prend pas position en faveur ou contre l’externalisation. Ce n’est pas non plus un manuel technique. Ce guide est destiné aux praticiens de terrain et aux décideurs des politiques publiques dans les États qui sortent d’un conflit ou qui sont considérés comme fragiles. Son but est d’aider les décideurs et les praticiens à faire des choix éclairés sur les types d’externalisation les mieux adaptés à leur pays. C’est un outil permettant aux décideurs d’évaluer la viabilité de l’externalisation — de façon temporaire ou sur le long terme — dans la prestation d’un service essentiel (tel que l’éducation de base, la santé, l’eau et l’assainissement) ou d’une fonction gouvernementale (telle que la gestion des finances publiques et les ressources humaines). Le guide illustre ces points à l’aide d’études de cas tirées des expériences acquises dans de nombreux États fragiles, allant de l’Afghanistan à Haïti et au Libéria.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264091016
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 ; Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 : Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro micronucleus test is a genotoxicity test for the detection of micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Micronuclei may originate from acentric chromosome fragments (i.e. lacking a centromere), or whole chromosomes that are unable to migrate to the poles during the anaphase stage of cell division. The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance. This Test Guideline allows the use of protocols with and without the actin polymerisation inhibitor cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B allows for the identification and selective analysis of micronucleus frequency in cells that have completed one mitosis, because such cells are binucleate. This Test Guideline also allows the use of protocols without cytokinesis block provided there is evidence that the cell population analysed has undergone mitosis.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264090996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 442B ; Sensibilisation cutanée ; Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques; BrdU- ELISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 442B : Sensibilisation cutanée : Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques: BrdU- ELISA
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Local Lymph Node Assay: BrdU-ELISA (LLNA:BrdU-ELISA) is a non-radioactive modification to the LLNA method for identifying potential skin sensitizing test substances and measuring the proliferation of lymphocytes they induce in the auricular lymph nodes. The method described in mouse is based on the use of measuring 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) content, an analogue of thymidine, as an indicator of this proliferation. A minimum of four animals is used per dose group, with a minimum of three concentrations of the test substance, plus a concurrent negative control group and a positive control group. The experimental schedule is during 6 days. Thereafter, the animals are killed and a single cell suspension of lymph node cells (LNC) is prepared. The procedure for preparing the LNC is crucial, in particular for the small lymph nodes in NC animals. Then the BrdU content in DNA of lymphocytes is measured by ELISA using a commercial kit of by Flow Cytometry (FCM). This study includes: measurements (weighing, BrdU) and clinical daily observations. The results are expressed as the Stimulation Index (SI) obtained by calculation from the mean BrdU labelling index. The SI should be ≥1.6 for the ELISA method or ≥2.7 for the FCM method for identifying the test material as a potential skin sensitizer.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264091375
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cities and climate change
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    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Stadt ; Kommunalpolitik ; Kommunalverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Klima ; Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Klima ; Klimakatastrophe ; Klimaveränderung ; Klimawandel ; Stadt ; Klimaänderung
    Abstract: As the hubs of economic activity, cities drive the vast majority of the world’s energy use and are major contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Because they are home to major infrastructure and highly concentrated populations, cities are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, warmer temperatures and fiercer storms. At the same time, better urban planning and policies can reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions and improve the resilience of urban infrastructure to climate change, thus shaping future trends. This book shows how city and metropolitan regional governments working in tandem with national governments can change the way we think about responding to climate change. The chapters analyse: trends in urbanisation, economic growth, energy use and climate change; the economic benefits of climate action; the role of urban policies in reducing energy demand, improving resilience to climate change and complementing global climate policies; frameworks for multilevel governance of climate change including engagement with relevant stakeholders; and the contribution of cities to “green growth”, including the “greening” of fiscal policies, innovation and jobs. The book also explores policy tools and best practices from both OECD and some non-member countries. Cities and Climate Change reveals the importance of addressing climate change across all levels of government. Local involvement through “climate-conscious” urban planning and management can help achieve national climate goals and minimise tradeoffs between environmental and economic priorities at local levels. The book will be relevant to policy makers, researchers, and others with an interest in learning more about urbanisation and climate change policy.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789264090910
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 233 ; Essai de toxicité sur le cycle de vie des chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé ou eau chargée-sédiment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 233 : Essai de toxicité sur le cycle de vie des chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé ou eau chargée-sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the life-cycle of the sediment-dwelling freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment-water systems. The test substance is spiked into the water or alternatively the sediment, and first instar larvae are subsequently introduced into test beakers in which the sediment and water concentrations have been stabilised. Chironomid emergence, time to emergence, and sex ratio of the fully emerged and alive midges are assessed. Emerged adults are transferred to breeding cages, to facilitate swarming, mating and oviposition. The number of egg ropes produced and their fertility are assessed. From these egg ropes, first instar larvae of the 2nd generation are obtained. These larvae are placed into freshly prepared test beakers (spiking procedure as for the 1st generation) to determine the viability of the 2nd generation through an assessment of their emergence, time to emergence and the sex ratio of the fully emerged and alive midges. All data are analysed either by a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause X% reduction in the relevant endpoint, or by using hypothesis testing to determine a No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC).
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070882
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 417; Toxicocinétique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 417: Toxicocinétique
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes in vivo studies that provide information on mass balance, absorption, bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolism, excretion, and basic toxicokinetic parameters [e.g. AUC], as well as supplemental approaches that may provide useful information on toxicokinetics. Information from toxicokinetic studies helps to relate concentration or dose to the observed toxicity and to understand its mechanism of toxicity. The test substance ("unlabelled" or "radiolabelled" forms) is normally administered by an oral route, but other routes of administration may be applicable. Single dose administration of the substance (preferably a minimum of two dose levels) may be adequate, but repeated dose may be needed in some circumstances. Toxicokinetic studies should preferably be carried out in the same species as that used in other toxicological studies performed with the substance (normally the rat, a minimum of 4 animals of one sex for each dose). Initial estimation of absorption can be achieved by mass balance determination, but further investigations such as intravenous (IV) administration and biliary excretion studies might be necessary. Bioavailability can be determined from plasma/blood kinetics of oral and IV groups. The percent of the total dose in tissues should at a minimum be measured at the termination of experiment,but additional time points may also be needed. Metabolites present at 5 % or greater of the administered dose should be identified. The rate and extent of excretion of the administered dose should be determined by measuring the percent recovered dose from urine, faeces and expired air.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264071117
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 429; Skin Sensitisation; Local Lymph Node Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 429: Skin Sensitisation: Local Lymph Node Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques (ELGL) chez la souris repose sur le principe suivant: les sensibilisants induisent une prolifération primaire de lymphocytes dans les ganglions lymphatiques auriculaires qui drainent le site de l'application de la substance chimique. Cette prolifération est proportionnelle à la dose appliquée et fournit une mesure de la sensibilisation. La méthode décrite s’appuie sur l'utilisation du marquage radioactif pour mesurer la prolifération cellulaire. Quatre animaux au minimum sont utilisés par groupe de dose, avec au minimum trois concentrations de la substance d'essai, plus un groupe contrôle négatif traité avec le véhicule, et, au besoin, un contrôle positif. Le programme expérimental dure 6 jours. Ensuite, les animaux sont tués et une suspension de cellules de ganglion lymphatique est préparée. L'incorporation de la 3H-méthylthymidine se mesure par comptage à ß scintillation en désintégrations par minute (DPM). La Ligne directrice comprend des normes de performance pour la validation de méthodes d’essai nouvelles et/ou modifiées, similaires à l’ELGL sur le plan fonctionnel et mécanistique. Une version simplifiée de l’ELGL, optionnelle, permet de réduire de 40% le nombre d’animaux utilisés. Cette étude inclut des mesures (pesée, DPM) et des observations cliniques quotidiennes. Les résultats sont exprimés par l'indice de stimulation (IS). L’IS est obtenu par calcul et justifie une classification de la substance d’essai comme sensibilisant de la peau s’il est ≥3.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264085930
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire les coûts de gestion des produits chimiques ; Comment l'OCDE aide les gouvernements et l'industrie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire les coûts de gestion des produits chimiques : Comment l'OCDE aide les gouvernements et l'industrie
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The chemicals industry - including industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food and feed additives and cosmetics - is one of the world’s largest industrial sectors. Many chemical products are traded internationally. Varying national requirements can mean duplication of efforts and significant costs for the chemicals industry, as well as posing barriers to trade. By agreeing on test methods and data quality and sharing the workload of chemical safety testing and assessments, countries together achieve environmentally sustainable and cost-effective results. For non-clinical health and safety testing, for example, the results of such studies carried out on a chemical product in one OECD country must be accepted by the others as long as it was carried out in accordance with the OECD Test Guidelines and Principles of Good Laboratory Practice. This saves the chemicals industry the expense of duplicative testing for products that are marketed in more than one country. This report analyses the rigorous and comprehensive system for assessing and managing chemicals that helps governments and industry save about EUR 150 million each year, through “work sharing” facilitated by the OECD.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264090972
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 442A ; Sensibilisation cutanée ; Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques; DA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 442A : Sensibilisation cutanée : Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques: DA
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Local Lymph Node Assay: DA (LLNA: DA) is a non-radioactive modification to the LLNA method for identifying potential skin sensitizing test substances and measuring the proliferation of lymphocytes they induce in the auricular lymph nodes. The method, described in mouse (CBA/J strain), is based on measurement of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content by bioluminescence as an indicator of this proliferation. A minimum of four animals is used per dose group, with a minimum of three concentrations of the test substance, plus a concurrent negative control group and, if appropriate, a positive control group. The experimental schedule is during 8 days. The time from animal sacrifice to measurement of ATP should not exceed 30 min. The procedure from excision of lymph nodes to ATP measurement should be kept uniform for each animal and completed within 20 minutes. The luciferin/luciferase method is applied to measure the bioluminescence in Relative Luminescence Units (RLU). This study includes: measurements (weighing, RLU), and clinical daily observations. The results are expressed as the Stimulation Index (SI) obtained by calculation. The SI should be ¡Ý1.8 before further evaluation of the test material as a potential skin sensitizer is warranted.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264091948
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations; Haiti
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations: Haiti
    Keywords: Development ; Haiti
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un bilan du degré de mise en œuvre en Haïti des Principes pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires,deux ans après que les ministres du Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE les aient approuvés. Il s’agit également de définir les actions prioritaires destinées à améliorer l’efficacité de l’engagement international dans le pays. Le Rapport Pays sur Haïti rend compte des conclusions issues d’une consultation nationale entre des parties prenantes représentant des institutions tant nationales qu'internationales, enrichies d’entretiens et de collectes de données.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264091009
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 442B; Skin Sensitization; Local Lymph Node Assay; BrdU-ELISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 442B: Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay: BrdU-ELISA
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques: BrdU-ELISA (ELGL: BrdU-ELISA) est une variante non radioactive de la méthode ELGL qui vise à identifier les substances chimiques sensibilisantes et à mesurer la prolifération lymphocytaire qu’ils induisent dans les ganglions lymphatiques auriculaires. Cette méthode décrite chez la souris se base sur la quantification de la 5-bromo-2- désoxyuridine (BrdU), un analogue of thymidine, dans l’ADN des lymphocytes, comme indicateur de cette prolifération. Quatre animaux au minimum sont employés par groupe de dose, avec au minimum trois concentrations de la substance d'essai, plus un groupe contrôle négatif traité avec le véhicule seul, et un contrôle positif, au besoin. Le protocole expérimental dure 6 jours. Ensuite, les animaux sont euthanasiés et une suspension unicellulaire de cellules de ganglions lymphatiques (CGL) est préparée. La procédure de dispersion des CGL est une étape cruciale, en particulier pour les ganglions lymphocytaires très petits chez le animaux du groupe contrôle négatif. Ensuite la BrdU dans l’ADN des lymphocytes est quantifiée à l’aide d’un kit de dosage ELISA ou par cytométrie de flux (FCM). L’essai inclut des mesures (pesée, BrdU) et des observations cliniques quotidiennes. Les résultats sont exprimés par l’Indice de Stimulation (IS) obtenu par calcul à partir des indices moyens de marquage BrdU pour les différents groupes. Un SI ≥1.6 pour la méthode ELISA ou un SI ≥2.7 pour la cytométrie de flux justifie l’évaluation de la substance d’essai comme sensibilisant potentiel.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.13
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Debates exist between those who claim that environmental policy will impose additional burdens and costs on industries, thus impairing their competitiveness, and those who claim that improved environmental performance can spur competitiveness. These arguments often surface when new environmental policy regulation are considered, e.g. when the REACH Directive was introduced in Europe, or when a government is considering the introduction of a carbon tax. The report develops a conceptual framework to shed some light on this difficult debate. Competitiveness impacts of environmental policies may derive from the policy itself, or from the improvements of the environmental performance that derives from the policy. These impacts can be analysed at either firm or industry levels; they may differ over the short and long term. Globalisation, with the increasing role of MNEs and mobile capital and labour, is adding more complexity. This framework is used to decipher some of the messages that come out of empirical studies on these issues. Empirical evidence is mixed, and the paper identifies methodological and substantive reasons why empirical research fails to determine the relationship between environmental policy and competitiveness. Lessons derive from this literature review. Typically, even when implementing the environmental policy is clearly in the overall interest of society, the costs and benefits of the policy are unlikely to be equally shared among economic agents. While some win, individual firms or industries may stand to lose. Policy design should make sure that the adverse competitiveness impacts are not unnecessarily large, for example by paying attention to predictability, transition periods, and transaction costs. Specific measures to support the losers in their adjustment can also be developed. Sometimes measures to mitigate the adverse competitiveness impacts of an environmental policy are necessary to achieve political support for the policy. In those instances, the planned measures should be carefully analysed from several angles to ensure that they do not inadvertently hurt the efficiency and effectiveness of the original policy. More work is required to further explore these issues, which are consequential for the design, the implementation and the enforcement of environmental policies.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264091245
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Keywords: Development ; Afghanistan
    Abstract: This report reviews the implementation in Afghanistan of the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations two years after they were endorsed by ministers of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, and identifies priority areas to improve the collective impact of international engagement. The Afghanistan Country Report reflects the findings from a national consultation among stakeholders representing both national and international institutions, complemented by interviews and data collection.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264070080
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 209; Boue activée, essai d'inhibition de la respiration (oxydation du carbone et de l'ammonium)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 209: Boue activée, essai d'inhibition de la respiration (oxydation du carbone et de l'ammonium)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of a substance on micro-organisms from activated sludge of waste-water treatment plants by measuring their respiration rate (carbon and/or ammonium oxidation) as oxygen consumption. The test results may also serve as an indicator of suitable non-inhibitory concentrations of test substances to be used in biodegradability tests. The test allows the determination of ECx and/or NOEC values of the test substance. The inhibition of three different oxygen uptakes may be determined, i.e. total, heterotrophic only, and that due to nitrification in the absence and presence of N-allylthiourea, a specific nitrification inhibitor. For obtaining both NOEC and ECx, six controls and five treatment concentrations in a geometric series with five replicates are recommended. In each test vessel, test mixtures containing water, synthetic sewage feed and the test substance are incubated at the pH of 7.5 ±0.5 and the temperature within 20±2°C under forced aeration to keep the dissolved oxygen concentration above 60-70% saturation. The oxygen consumption is measured after 3 hours of exposure and additional measurements at 30 minutes of exposure can be performed in the case that the test substance is rapidly degraded.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264056824
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (229 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 2008 DAC Report on Multilateral Aid
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’aide multilatérale représente plus du tiers de l'aide publique au développement totale. L'ampleur de l'utilisation du système multilatéral reflète combien les donneurs considèrent ce canal de l’aide important. Néanmoins, une image plus claire du système multilatéral est nécessaire pour analyser ce canal, et ce premier rapport du Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE (CAD) sur l’aide multilatérale tente de combler cette lacune. Ce rapport donne un aperçu de l’architecture de l’aide multilatérale, du financement des organisations multilatérales par les membres du CAD à leurs propres stratégies et politiques en matière d'aide multilatérale. Le rapport met en évidence les questions comme la fragmentation, l’efficacité des multilatéraux, les processus de réforme et les points de vue des pays partenaires.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264091993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (165 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Partnership for Democratic Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guide sur l'externalisation des services et fonctions de l'État dans les situations post-conflit et de fragilité
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: The contracting out of government functions and services to external providers is an established practice in many developed and developing countries. On the one hand, it can offer essential support to states that have to deliver basic services urgently; on the other, it risks bypassing governments and undermining their long-term recovery. The OECD’s Partnership for Democratic Governance was formed in 2007 to gather evidence on this issue. This handbook does not take a view for or against contracting out; nor is it a technical manual. The handbook is for field practitioners and government policy makers in countries that are either emerging from conflict or are otherwise considered to be fragile. Its aim is to help them make more informed choices about the types of contracting that are best suited to their country. It is a tool to assess whether contracting out might be a possible way forward – either temporarily or over a longer period of time – for delivering a core service (such as basic education, healthcare, water and sanitation) or a government function (such as managing public finances and human resources). The handbook illustrates these points with the aid of case studies ranging from Afghanistan to Haiti and Liberia.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264090934
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 317 ; Bioaccumulation chez les oligochètes terrestres
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 317 : Bioaccumulation chez les oligochètes terrestres
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes procedures designed to assess bioaccumulation of chemicals in soil oligochaetes. The parameters which characterise the bioaccumulation of a substance include the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), the uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke). The test consists of two phases: the uptake (exposure) phase and the elimination (post-exposure) phase. An elimination phase is always required unless uptake of the test substance during the exposure phase has been insignificant. The test organisms are exposed to the test substance during the uptake phase. The test substance is incorporated into the soil; it is recommended to use the artificial soil described in the OECD Test Guideline 207 (Earthworm, acute toxicity test). The uptake phase should be of 14 days (enchytraeids) or 21 days (earthworms) unless it is demonstrated that steady state has been reached. For the elimination phase, the worms are transferred to a soil free of test substance. The elimination phase is generally of 21 days.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264092198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Fragile states lag far behind meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, representing 75% of the MDG deficit. Fragile states already lacked the institutional strength to adequately respond to both financial and environmental shocks. The effects of three consecutive and inter-related shocks – food, fuel and the secondary effects of the financial crisis – risk reversing progress achieved by some post-conflict states, and further entrenching insecurity in others. Although official development assistance to fragile states is growing in real terms, it is increasingly concentrated, and half of fragile states face the prospects of declining aid. There is a need to maintain aid levels and meet aid pledges, but also to improve the quality of support to fragile states. This report serves as a tool to better monitor the levels, timing and composition of resource flows to fragile states, and presents salient facts on aid flows to fragile states, the impact on fragile states of the three crises and the need for a whole-of-government response.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264083882
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 p)
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La légitimité de l'État dans les situations de fragilité ; Analyser la complexité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La légitimité de l'État dans les situations de fragilité : Analyser la complexité
    Keywords: Failed State ; Begrenzte Staatlichkeit ; Nationenbildung ; Staat ; Legitimation ; Konzeption ; Gesellschaft ; Elite ; Interesse ; Global Fragile Staaten/Gescheiterte Staaten ; Nationen- und Staatenbildung ; Staat ; Legitimation ; Konzeption ; Weber, Max ; Verhältnis Gesellschaft - Staat ; Elite ; Interessen ; Development ; Erde
    Abstract: State legitimacy matters because it transforms power into authority and provides the basis for rule by consent, rather than by coercion. In fragile situations, a lack of legitimacy undermines constructive relations between the state and society, and thus compounds fragility. Multiple sources of legitimacy often compete and conflict, leaving the state unable to impose the ultimate rules of the game. Donors working in fragile environments have paid relatively little attention to legitimacy, instead concentrating their efforts on capacity development and institution building as a way of strengthening state effectiveness. The State’s Legitimacy in Fragile Situations urges donors to pay much more attention to legitimacy. It also invites them to broaden their understanding to encompass aspects of legitimacy that derive from people’s shared beliefs and traditions, not just from Western state models. Finally, it encourages donors to monitor the impact of their interventions so as to avoid undermining state legitimacy. The publication concludes with practical recommendations on how donors can support better relations between state and society in fragile situations.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264087026
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cutting Costs in Chemicals Management; How OECD Helps Governments and Industry
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cutting Costs in Chemicals Management: How OECD Helps Governments and Industry
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: L’industrie chimique, qui comprend les produits chimiques industriels, les produits pharmaceutiques, les pesticides, les additifs alimentaires et les cosmétiques, est l’un des plus grands secteurs industriels mondiaux. Nombre de produits chimiques font l’objet d’échanges internationaux. Des exigences différentes selon les pays peuvent être à l’origine d’efforts redondants et de coûts significatifs pour l’industrie chimique, et peuvent créer des obstacles aux échanges. En convenant de méthodes d’essais et de la qualité à atteindre en matière de données et en partageant la charge de travail que représentent les essais et évaluations de sécurité des produits chimiques, les pays obtiennent ensemble des résultats écologiquement durables et économiquement efficaces. Pour les essais d’hygiène et de sécurité non cliniques, par exemple, les résultats des études réalisées sur un produit chimique dans un pays de l’OCDE doivent être acceptés par les autres, du moment qu’elles ont été menées conformément aux Lignes directrices de l’OCDE pour les essais et aux Principes de l’OCDE relatifs aux bonnes pratiques de laboratoire. L’industrie chimique peut ainsi éviter les dépenses occasionnées par la duplication des essais pour des produits commercialisés dans plusieurs pays. Ce rapport analyse le système rigoureux et complet d’évaluation et de gestion des produits chimiques, qui aide les pouvoirs publics et les industriels à économiser près de 150 millions EUR par an grâce à un « partage de la charge de travail » auquel l’OCDE apporte son concours.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264056534
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations; Global Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations: Global Report
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Deux ans après que le Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE, réuni au niveau des ministres, ait approuvé les Principes pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires, six États - Afghanistan, Haïti, République centrafricaine, République démocratique du Congo, Sierra Leone et Timor-Leste – ont décidé de faire le point sur la qualité et l’impact de l’engagement international. L’enquête qui s’est appuyée sur six consultations nationales, a suivi une approche faisant appel à plusieurs méthodes pour promouvoir un dialogue entre les parties prenantes nationales et internationales et pour dégager un consensus plus solide sur les objectifs et priorités clés. Le Rapport global fait la synthèse des principales conclusions et recommandations émanant de ces six pays et met ainsi directement en évidence ce qui fonctionne et ce qui ne fonctionne pas.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264094857
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Better Aid
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The evaluation of official development programmes has grown tremendously over the past two decades; the public and taxpayers increasingly demand credible assessments of whether aid “works” to improve the lives of the world’s poorest. Global efforts to hold donors and partners accountable for the outcomes of development co-operation have also contributed to the growing interest in evaluation. In this context, this study describes the role and management of evaluation in development agencies and multilateral banks, based on questionnaires, findings from peer reviews by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), interviews and a literature review. The study includes information about the specific institutional settings, resources, policies and practices of each of the DAC Evaluation Network’s 32 members. The study identifies major trends and current challenges in development evaluation, covering: human and financial resources, institutional set-ups and policies, independence of the evaluation function, reporting and use of evaluation findings, management response systems, donor co-ordination, joint evaluation, and the involvement of partner countries in evaluation work. This study is part of the DAC Network on Development Evaluation’s ongoing efforts to increase the effectiveness of development co-operation policies and programmes by promoting high-quality, independent evaluation.
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