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  • OECD International Transport Forum  (65)
  • Reisen, Helmut  (45)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (110)
  • Paris
  • Transport  (65)
  • Development  (45)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.115
    Keywords: Fahrerloses Transportsystem ; Autonomes Fahrzeug ; Güterverkehr ; Welt ; Transport
    Abstract: This report explores how mobility services using automated vehicles might change the transport landscape. How can automated transport services help enable positive outcomes for societies? How will they ensure passenger safety? What rules should apply to such new services that overlap with other, heavily regulated services like taxis and public transport? The report assesses where regulation should adapt and outlines principles for forward-looking regulation. It offers pragmatic recommendations to bring in better transport for citizens.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789282141014
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.191
    Keywords: Dekarbonisierung ; Straßengüterverkehr ; Straßenverkehr ; Transportkosten ; Maut ; Kraftfahrzeugsteuer ; Transport
    Abstract: Policies to mitigate climate change require a fundamental change to taxation in the transport sector. The shift to electric vehicles and continuing improvements in the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engine vehicles will extinguish revenues from fuel taxes. This report assesses the options for reforming vehicle and road-use taxes. It identifies potential packages of taxes and charges that could generate revenue more efficiently and maintain and enhance incentives for the transition to a sustainable transport system.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.112
    Keywords: Personenverkehr ; Stadtverkehr ; Städtischer Wirtschaftsverkehr ; Mobile Anwendung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Regulierung ; ASEAN-Staaten ; Transport
    Abstract: New app-based mobility services have transformed urban passenger transport and goods delivery services. As elsewhere, they have boomed in Southeast Asia, where they have gone largely unregulated. This report investigates regulatory approaches to balance consumer and societal welfare. It looks at how to address safety issues and negative externalities without dissuading innovative business models. It also addresses the impact of Covid-19 on these mobility services to help countries develop their pandemic recovery strategies. This report presents a set of principles for the regulation of both passenger transport and delivery services in ASEAN member states.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.111
    Keywords: Biokraftstoff ; Schifffahrt ; Luftverkehr ; Dekarbonisierung ; Transport
    Abstract: This publication examines the potential of novel fuels to decarbonise aviation and maritime shipping. Fuels like hydrogen, ammonia and synthetic hydrocarbons can be produced from renewable sources. They could also be easier to deploy than other emerging low- and zero-carbon technologies. Yet many uncertainties exist around scaling up their use. These include cost, infrastructure needs, operational requirements and health impacts. The publication reviews the latest understanding of the production and use of novel fuels in the shipping and aviation sectors and highlights the policy requirements needed to accelerate their adoption.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.114
    Keywords: Stadtverkehr ; Personenverkehr ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Digitalisierung ; Messung ; Datenerhebung ; Transport
    Abstract: This report proposes a comprehensive classification of "New Mobility" services and vehicles that are changing the way people travel. It also identifies performance indicators to help set the right policies as New Mobility evolves. It sets out a framework to systematically collect and compare New Mobility-related data. Finally, the report examines how governments and private stakeholders can collaborate to improve their understanding of New Mobility and determine if and where policy interventions are needed.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.189
    Keywords: Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtverkehr ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines strategies to improve accessibility and mobility by integrating land-use and transport policies. It outlines the institutional and legal aspects of ensuring such integration. It also discusses mechanisms for steering new development to locations served by sustainable modes of transport and promoting compact, transit-oriented development. The report draws on discussions among experts at an ITF Roundtable held on 17 and 18 November 2021.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282157626
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Verkehrsmittelwahl ; Güterverkehr ; China ; Kanada ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines why freight carriers and shippers choose one transport mode over others. It analyses the main determinants for using road, rail, inland waterways, coastal shipping or pipelines to move goods and assesses government policies to influence it. The study also reviews how shifting freight to more sustainable modes could reduce the contribution of goods transport to climate change and provides recommendations for more effective policies. The role of mode choice in alleviating congestion and making goods transport safer is also addressed. Three case studies from China, Canada and the Netherlands highlight modal-shift policies.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.102
    Keywords: Kraftstoff ; Verkehrspolitik ; ASEAN-Staaten ; Transport
    Abstract: This report explores how ASEAN member states can mitigate the negative impacts of the rapidly growing number of cars on the region’s roads. More, increasingly larger vehicles consume more energy, emit more CO2 and cause more local air pollution. Among the policies to counter these trends and make mobility in the region more sustainable is the ASEAN Fuel Economy Roadmap. This study provides support for implementing the roadmap. It looks specifically at policies for making light-duty vehicles more efficient and less emitting but also provides insights for other motorised road vehicles. The report explores opportunities for aligning policies across ASEAN, considers the role of trade agreements and recommends measures for a transition towards electrification.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.103
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report provides scenarios for future transport demand and CO2 emissions in Southeast Asia up to 2050 to help decision-makers chart pathways to sustainable, resilient transport. The scenarios reflect existing policy initiatives and specific constraints in the region. They also examine the potential impact of policies addressing the challenges and opportunities for transport from Covid-19.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.99
    Keywords: Verkehrssicherheit ; Straßenverkehr ; Stadtverkehr ; Transport
    Abstract: This booklet presents measures that effectively reduce road traffic deaths and serious injuries in cities. It covers urban street design, traffic management and improving mobility options. Measures are illustrated with examples reported by cities collaborating in the ITF Safer City Streets network and include information on cost and effectiveness.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.101
    Keywords: Verkehrsstatistik ; Personenverkehr ; Daten ; Mobilkommunikation ; Transport
    Abstract: This report explores the issues public authorities must address when establishing data-reporting mandates and policies. Transport systems and the people using them generate an ever-increasing amount of data which can help improve transport system performance. The risks from missing or overly broad reporting policies can be mitigated by following reporting guidelines and principles that focus on the public value of data.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.105
    Keywords: Verkehrsnachfrage ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Zentralasien ; Armenien ; Transport
    Abstract: This report provides scenarios for future transport demand and CO2 emissions in North and Central Asia up to 2050 to help decision makers chart pathways to sustainable, resilient transport. The scenarios reflect existing policy initiatives and specific constraints in the region. They also examine the potential impact of policies addressing the challenges and opportunities for transport from Covid-19.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.106
    Keywords: Frachtschifffahrt ; Containerschifffahrt ; Lieferkette ; Logistik ; Logistikdienstleister ; Linienschifffahrt ; Containerterminal ; Transport
    Abstract: Liner shipping and container ports have repeatedly made headline news since 2020 as companies across supply chains were hit with price hikes and shipment delays. Predictability became a thing of the past. This report assesses these disruptions to containerised maritime transport and analyses their causes and impacts.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.100
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Street space in cities is a rare resource. Much of it is currently allocated to highly space-consuming transport modes without taking into account that demands for that space vary over time. This report looks at how street space has typically been allocated in the past, examines the rationale for street space allocation and describes how to measure space consumption for mobility purposes. The study also explores by way of a simulation how new mobility services and travel modes interact when a limited, dynamic and demand-responsive re-allocation of street space is introduced in a mid-sized city.
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  • 15
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Decarbonising Azerbaijan's Transport System: Charting the Way Forward
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Bu sənəddə Azərbaycanın nəqliyyat sektorundakı istixana qazı emissiyalarının azaldılması üçün imkanlar və problemlər nəzərdən keçirilir. Burada Azərbaycanın nəqliyyat sisteminə ümumi baxış təqdim edilir, ölkənin nəqliyyat sistemində CO2 tullantılarının azaldılması üçün mövcud siyasəti və gələcək planları nəzərdən keçirilir. Sənəddə, həmçinin nəqliyyat fəaliyyəti və Azərbaycan üçün mövcud olan emissiyalar haqqında məlumatlar, eləcə də dövlət qurumları tərəfindən onların qiymətləndirilməsi üçün istifadə olunan alətlər barədə ümumi məlumat verilir. Nəhayət, BNF-nin “İnkişaf etməkdə olan iqtisadiyyatlarda Nəqliyyatın Dekarbonlaşdırılması” (DTEE) layihəsi çərçivəsində növbəti fəaliyyət variantları təklif edilir.
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.96
    Keywords: Containerterminal ; Automatisierung ; Industry and Services ; Transport
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the current state of automation in container ports. It shows which terminal activities have been automated in different ports and which additional activities might be automated in the future. It assesses if automation projects have achieved their objectives and identifies policy issues related to container terminal automation.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789282127018
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.181
    Keywords: Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Personenverkehr ; Welt ; Transport
    Abstract: Managing the growth of urban traffic is vital for improving the liveability of our cities. This report examines how governments can encourage citizens to use alternatives to private cars in order to reduce car dependency, regardless of how they are powered or who drives them. The report analyses fiscal policies and other instruments for managing urban traffic and correcting current policy biases that favour automobile travel over more sustainable and affordable transport options. It also reviews international experience in co-ordinating transport planning with land-use development and in allocating space to walking and cycling in order to make transport more efficient and streets less congested.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.88
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Verkehr ; Indien ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; India
    Abstract: This report presents an analysis of current transport activity in India and reviews key policy instruments set up by Indian institutions to shape transport developments in the coming years. It also investigates future scenarios of transport in India and outlines key aspects that should be considered in the upcoming work on transport decarbonisation. The final section builds on these insights, charting a way forward for a climate change mitigation strategy for the Indian transport sector. In particular, it underlines the importance of taking an approach that is not limited to direct GHG emission reductions but takes into account a lifecycle perspective.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.98
    Keywords: Verkehrssicherheit ; Verkehrsunfall ; Südkorea ; Transport
    Abstract: Motorway crashes kill over 200 people in Korea each year. This report reviews international best practices in motorway safety across ten countries to inform ways to make Korea’s motorways safer. Matching the average safety performance observed across Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom would halve the number of motorway deaths. The report offers recommendations for an action plan to 2030, also taking into account the expected uptake of connected and automated vehicles.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789282155721
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.187
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report examines and determines the most relevant cases for artificial intelligence (AI) use in a transport planning context for crash prevention on an entire road network. It explores the possibility of using computer vision to acquire relevant information and the capability of computer models to map high-risk locations. It offers recommendations to stakeholders on the development and appropriate use of life-saving AI solutions.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789282143346
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.185
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Micromobility offers cities an opportunity to address congestion, emissions and air quality. This report examines micromobility trends and reviews its benefits and social costs, with the aim to help develop governance frameworks and regulations that maximise the contribution of e-scooters, electric bikes and pedal bikes to more sustainable mobility and minimise any negative effects, particularly for pedestrians.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 80
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Energy ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses future energy-use in the shipping sector of the Nordic region. It centres on pathways that could allow the Nordic shipping sector to meet energy and environmental policy goals, including energy diversification, cutting air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It details the feasible technology options currently available, the status of their adoption and government plans aimed at influencing future developments in this sector. Finally, it assesses implications for policy making for a rapid transition to cleaner maritime shipping. The Nordic region is pioneering efforts to reduce the environmental impact of maritime shipping, making the findings of this report relevant around the globe.
    Note: References page 74-88 , Adobe Acrobat Reader.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 79
    Series Statement: Safer city streets
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report tracks the progress in reducing the number of road traffic fatalities and serious injuries in cities since 2010. It presents traffic safety data collected in 48 cities participating in the ITF Safer City Streets network and compares urban with national road safety trends. It provides indicators for the risk of traffic death for different road user groups, thereby enhancing the evaluation, monitoring and benchmarking of road safety outcomes.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 76
    Series Statement: Safer city streets
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents seven case studies of cities that are implementing data-driven road safety policies. It highlights relevant experiences aimed at reducing the number of traffic casualties and protecting vulnerable road users in cities. The case studies from Barcelona, Bogota, Buenos Aires, Fortaleza, London, New York and Rotterdam illustrate the diverse approaches to better understand road crashes and to prevent road traffic deaths and serious injuries.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 77
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews progress on technical standards for heavy vehicles that could enable trucks and buses with zero or near-zero emissions. It focuses on plug-in and fuel cell electric vehicles that use technologies at the forefront of green and inclusive economic development. It includes information on technical standards on charging and refueling infrastructure, and identifies remaining barriers and opportunities for their future development. The report offers valuable insights for all stakeholders involved in the transition to carbon-free mobility and clean energy.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 75
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Transportgewerbe ; Klimapolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Argentinien ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from Argentina’s transport sector. It also identifies the main challenges for that objective, specifically in freight transport. Actions taken at different levels of government are assessed and the impact of policies focused on other priorities - such as lowering logistic costs - is discussed. The paper also highlights what data on transport emissions are available for Argentina and which tools government agencies use for examining them.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 191 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 78
    Series Statement: Case-specific policy analysis
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Industry and Services ; Estonia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report reviews strategic planning in Estonia’s transport sector to support the development of a Transport and Mobility Master Plan 2021-30 for Estonia. It assesses ten key aspects of transport policy with recommendations for reform. The impact of selected proposed reforms are examined under different scenarios modelled for this study.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 159 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 71
    Series Statement: Case-specific policy analysis
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses freight connectivity in Central Asia, focusing on Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It provides recommendations for improving connectivity and the policy processes required to achieve this. The report also offers advice on how regional co-ordination can improve freight efficiency and connectivity. The analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, covers questions related to hard infrastructure, policies and regulatory frameworks.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264874862
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ITF roundtable reports no. 180
    Keywords: Verkehrspolitik ; Regulierung ; Welt ; Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report outlines good practice for regulatory impact assessment (RIA) in transport. It describes the rationale and the benefits of RIA frameworks and offers guidance for the practical implemention of RIA in the transport sector. The report also contains recommendations for governments seeking to implement RIA within their jurisdictions.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264649446
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ITF roundtable reports no. 176
    Keywords: Transportzeit ; Verkehrsökonomik ; Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report revisits the rationale and methods for estimating the value of reductions in travel time. In doing so, it considers changes in the way people use time and specifically explores whether the value of time will fall towards zero as connected technologies allow a wide range of activities while travelling. The report also reviews evidence and methodologies to account for the utility derived from such activities, as well as implications for modelling, appraisal and policy planning. It summarises the findings of an ITF Roundtable held with 30 experts from 14 countries in September 2018 in Paris.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 72
    Series Statement: Case-specific policy analysis reports
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Fahrzeugflotte ; Konsumentenpräferenzen ; Frankreich ; Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents a model that helps to better understand how consumers in France choose their cars. It presents the results for different scenarios for the future development of the French vehicle fleet and projections for related CO2 emissions to 2050. The model distinguishes conventional, plug-in hybrid, battery-electric and fuel cell cars. It looks at the privately-owned as well as company car fleets and considers non-monetary factors for vehicle choice. Among these are personal preferences, the availability of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles, and policy incentives such as subsidies or preferential vehicle use rights. The methodology and the data used for this new passenger car fleet model are described in detail.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 70
    Series Statement: Case-specific policy analysis
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The shipping sector receives subsidies, tax breaks and other forms of financial support from governments. This report gives an overview of direct and indirect subsidies available to maritime transport in OECD countries and assesses whether they provide value for taxpayers’ money. Based on this, the report offers recommendations on how policy-makers can increase the effectiveness of maritime subsidies.
    Note: References page 63-69 , Adobe Acrobat Reader.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers no. 73
    Series Statement: Decarbonising transport
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum policy papers
    Keywords: Postsektor ; Kurierdienst ; Motorrad ; Elektrofahrzeug ; Südkorea ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report evaluates the costs and benefits of replacing postal delivery motorcycles with electric vehicles in eight Korean cities. It compares operating costs, safety performance, and environmental impacts based on data collected from a field trial with both vehicle types. In addition to the economic analysis, qualitative aspects are also discussed based on the findings of a focus group study. The results from the pilot programme provide an evidence base for policy initiatives in the delivery sector in Korea and beyond.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.156
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluer la commodité d'usage des transports publics
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The experience of transport systems users, in terms of comfort, reliability, safety and above all convenience, is critical in determining demand for transport services, at least when there is a choice of alternative ways to travel. Convenience is one of the strongest attractions of the private car for passenger transport. For users of public transport, convenience is also clearly important but not always clearly defined and not often measured in designing transport systems or monitoring their operating performance. In many situations, an increase in public transport convenience reduces the unit costs of travel (euros/dollars per hour or cents per minute) and so provides benefits equivalent to an increase in travel speed. This report focuses on convenience and its importance to the user experience. It reviews operational definitions of convenience, evidence for the willingness of users to pay for convenience and the use of indicators to assess and improve the convenience of public transport, with a view to making it more effective and more competitive.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107706
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.156
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Valuing Convenience in Public Transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’expérience de l’usager, en termes de fiabilité, de confort et surtout de commodité d’usage est un aspect essentiel pour déterminer la demande de services de transports publics, tout au moins là où un choix d’alternatives existe. Le succès pour le moins des politiques pour attirer les usagers urbains de la voiture particulière vers les transports publics repose dans une large mesure sur la commodité d’usage de ces derniers. Les méthodes actuelles d’évaluation dans le domaine des transports tendent cependant à se focaliser sur la vitesse et le prix des services, sous-évaluant ou négligeant la commodité d’usage. Ceci fausse les décisions en matière d’investissements et de planification. Ce rapport vise à faciliter une prise en compte plus systématique de la commodité d’usage dans la planification et la pratique des politiques de transport. Il analyse les définitions opérationnelles de la commodité d’usage et rassemble des informations sur la disposition à payer à cet égard et sur l’utilisation d’indicateurs pour apprécier et améliorer la commodité d’usage des transports publics.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282105955
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Many jurisdictions around the world are trying to retain or increase the share of cycling in urban traffic in order to benefit from the many health and transport efficiency benefits. Safety is a key concern and should be accounted for in these policies. This report of the International Transport Forum's Cycling Safety Working Group monitors international trends in cycling, safety and policy, and explores options that may help decision makers design safe environments for cycling. Key messages relate to strategic goal-setting for cycling policy and managing crash risks while increasing health benefits. The report also discusses how to better capture crash and bicycle usage statistics. The safety impacts of a wide range of pro-cycling measures are examined in detail.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789282103975
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.151
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Better Regulation of Public-Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les pouvoirs publics s’efforcent souvent d’attirer le financement privé en s’appuyant sur des partenariats public-privé (PPP), afin de maintenir l’investissement tout en limitant les dépenses publiques. Le bilan des PPP est toutefois mitigé. Dans le secteur des transports, les projets PPP ont dans certains cas permis de réaliser d’importantes économies, mais ils ont plus souvent donné lieu à des dépassements de budget. Les PPP sont exposés à une surestimation des recettes et lorsque les projets rencontrent des difficultés financières, les risques ont tendance à revenir à la charge du contribuable. Le rapport examine la nature des risques et de l’incertitude liés aux différents types de projets PPP ainsi que les conséquences pratiques du transfert des risques aux partenaires privés. Il évalue l’impact budgétaire des PPP et examine les procédures budgétaires et les règles comptables en vue de limiter le passif que les PPP peuvent créer dans les finances publiques. Il fait aussi le point sur les avantages respectifs des péages, des paiements de disponibilité et des modèles de base d’actifs régulés pour attirer les investisseurs privés vers le financement des infrastructures publiques sur une base durable.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103272
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.150
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De meilleures réglementations ; Le rôle du régulateur
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Efficient provision of transport infrastructure is critical to economic growth. The long asset lives of much transport infrastructure indicates governance through regulation, rather than through contract or public ownership. This can ensure predictability in long-term relationships whilst preserving some flexibility to deal with changes in external circumstances. The transparency created by a fully independent regulator is invaluable for ensuring sufficient investment is forthcoming, while maintaining reasonable conditions for user access. Discussion at the Roundtable focussed on how to achieve effective independent regulation and how to reconcile independence with the legitimate control of policy by the executive part of government. Independent regulation is not seen as a universal default governance arrangement. Much of the discussion focused on when to regulate and when to rely on competition, even if imperfect, to drive efficiency. The discussions underscored that there are opportunities to improve performance significantly in the aviation, rail and road sectors, by learning from successful experience in improving governance structures in a range of countries.
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  • 39
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Forum International des Transports 2011-3
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2011/03
    Parallel Title: Engl. Ausg. Better economic regulation
    Keywords: Verkehrssektor ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Dienstleistungsqualität ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regulierung ; Good Governance ; Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: Des services de transport de qualité apportent beaucoup à la productivité d’une économie et élargissent l’éventail des activités accessibles aux consommateurs. Ils requièrent des infrastructures adéquates et des conditions raisonnables d’utilisation de ces infrastructures. Beaucoup d’infrastructures de transport sont lourdes et présentent une intensité capitalistique élevée, ce qui a pour effet de limiter le nombre de prestataires de services. La structure des coûts et la technologie sont parfois telles que la réglementation économique est le meilleur moyen d’optimiser les résultats. La mise en place des structures de gouvernance appropriées – qui consiste notamment à déterminer quand et comment réglementer – est capitale pour les performances du secteur. Elle fait l’objet du présent document qui fait la synthèse des débats menés au cours de la Table Ronde1 de décembre 2010.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789282103098
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.149
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving the Practice of Transport Project Appraisal
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’analyse coûts-bénéfices (ACB) est indispensable pour prendre de bonnes décisions en matière de projets de transports à financer. Elle vise essentiellement à établir quels projets délivrent les meilleurs résultats économiques. Toutefois, d’un point de vue pratique, la pertinence de l’ACB n’est pas toujours à la hauteur de ses vertus de principe ; en effet il y a parfois des désaccords sur ce que l’on doit inclure dans l’analyse, tant du côté des coûts que du côté des bénéfices. En conséquence, la rentabilité des projets n’est pas toujours transparente. Sur un plan plus politique, la rentabilité économique n’est qu’un critère partiel de décision, conduisant à des désaccords sur l’importance relative des résultats de l’analyse coûts-bénéfices par rapport à d’autres considérations propres à un processus décisionnel politique.Ce rapport examine la façon dont ces difficultés peuvent être abordées. En ce qui concerne ce qu’il y a lieu d’inclure dans l’analyse, la discussion porte sur les notions d’équité et de redistribution, les effets en terme de productivité, d’économies d’agglomération et de coûts externes. L’accent est alors mis sur la manière de guider au mieux les décideurs politiques en matière de sélection de projets. Le document comprend des rapports sur la pratique de l’analyse coûts-bénéfices dans trois pays, la France, le Mexique et le Royaume Uni et sur les évolutions dans ces pays en réponse à des priorités politiques qui changent.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789282103081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.149
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la pratique de l'évaluation des projets de transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is indispensable for making good decisions on what transport projects to fund. It essentially aims to figure out which projects offer the best value for money. However, the practical relevance of CBA does not always live up to its appeal in principle. One problem is that there is sometimes disagreement over what to include in CBA, both on the cost side and the benefits side of the analysis. As a result, value for money is not always fully transparent. More politically, value for money is only a partial criterion for decision-making, leading to disagreement about the relative importance of the results from CBA compared to other inputs to the decision-making process. This report examines the extent to which these shortcomings can be addressed. In terms of what to include in CBA, discussion focuses on equity and distributional impacts, productivity effects, agglomeration benefits and external costs. The focus then turns to how best to present guidance on project selection to decision makers. The report includes papers on the way CBA is used in three countries – France, Mexico and the United Kingdom – and how it is evolving in response to changing policy priorities.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103630
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.150
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Better Economic Regulation; The Role of the Regulator
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’efficacité des infrastructures de transport est déterminante pour la croissance économique. La longue durée de vie d’une grande partie de ces infrastructures plaide en faveur de l’adoption de la réglementation plutôt que d’un régime contractuel ou de propriété publique comme mode de gouvernance, afin d’assurer la prévisibilité et les engagements à long terme dans les relations, tout en préservant la flexibilité nécessaire pour pouvoir faire face aux changements de l’environnement extérieur Là où les infrastructures sont réglementées, la transparence que favorise l’indépendance pleine et entière du régulateur est précieuse pour assurer la suffisance des investissements, ainsi que des conditions d’accès raisonnables aux utilisateurs. Une grande partie des débats menés au cours de la Table Ronde a porté sur la marche à suivre pour mettre en place une réglementation indépendante efficace et concilier cette indépendance avec le pouvoir de contrôle dont les organes exécutifs de l’État sont légitimement investis. Une réglementation indépendante n’est pas un mode de gouvernance universel par défaut. La Table Ronde a également abordé les circonstances dans lesquelles il convient de réglementer ou de laisser à la concurrence, si imparfaite soit-elle, le soin de pousser à l’amélioration de l’efficience. Les débats ont montré aussi qu’il était possible d’améliorer de beaucoup les performances des secteurs aérien, ferroviaire et routier en prenant exemple sur les améliorations que plusieurs pays ont réussi à apporter à leurs structures de gouvernance.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789282102558
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion de la mobilité en entreprises; Politiques de transport efficaces
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Many companies and other large employers have put in place initiatives to address the traffic-related nuisances generated by their activities and, in particular, the traffic generated by their workers and customers. Such Corporate Mobility Management (CMM) initiatives are the focus of this report which investigates the success factors in individual best practice cases at the company level as well as the roles, if any, public authorities can play in facilitating the uptake of CMM. The report provides guidance to governments on effective strategies for addressing and mitigating the traffic generated by commuter and customer travel.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789282102671
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.146
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integration and Competition between Transport and Logistics Businesses
    Keywords: Transport ; Seefrachtverkehr ; Schienenverkehr ; Logistikunternehmen ; Unternehmenskooperation ; Wettbewerbsstrategie
    Abstract: De très importantes entreprises multinationales du transport et de la logistique sont apparues avec pour objectif de fournir des services de transport intégrés à destination des chargeurs, le tout dans le contexte d’une économie mondialisée. Ces entreprises échappent-elles en raison de leur taille même au contrôle des autorités nationales de la concurrence ? Portent-elles atteinte à la concurrence lorsqu’elles fusionnent ou acquièrent d’autres entreprises au sein de la chaîne logistique ? La Table Ronde a rassemblé des experts des questions de la concurrence avec des chercheurs des domaines du transport maritime, du fret ferroviaire et de la logistique pour cerner les questions saillantes qui relèvent de la concurrence et les réponses réglementaires appropriées. Un examen des stratégies des entreprises de transport et de logistique révèle qu’une intégration verticale peut certes engendrer des gains d’efficience, mais elle correspond le plus souvent au besoin d’intensifier l’usage des coûteux équipements fixes plus que d’un impératif de contrôler toutes les opérations de la chaîne logistique. Ceci explique que les firmes maritimes se portent acquéreurs d’opérateurs de terminaux. Les acquisitions horizontales, là où des entreprises similaires servant un même marché fusionnent, sont davantage susceptibles de poser des problèmes de concurrence. De tels problèmes peuvent particulièrement se poser au niveau d’équipements congestionnés. Cette Table Ronde dresse un cadre pour l’examen des questions de concurrence au sein des activités de transport et de logistiques globales, elle discute de la pertinence des mesures à la portée des régulateurs, lorsque la concurrence est menacée et elle explore le rôle des autorités de concurrence et des Ministères des Transports dans la poursuite de l’organisation de marchés efficients.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Integration and competition between transport and logistics businesses
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789282102640
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (295 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route ; Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route : Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Каждый год на автомобильных дорогах мира погибает около 1,2 миллиона человек и еще 50 миллионов получают тяжелые травмы. Но аварии в большинстве случаев предотвратимы и есть много методов, позволяющих избавить людей от горя, которое они приносят, и снизить их негативные экономические последствия. Многие страны поставили перед собой задачи по снижению числа жертв на дорогах. Выполняют ли эти страны поставленные задачи? Что можно сделать прямо сейчас и в долгосрочной перспективе для выполнения этих задач? Есть ли предел возможностей у традиционных подходов к обеспечению дорожной безопасности? В данном докладе дается обзор последних событий и инициатив, направленных на выполнение все более амбициозных задач в области повышения уровня дорожной безопасности. Доклад уделяет особое внимание изменениям в системе ведомственного управления, которые необходимо ввести во многих странах для успешного применения мер по повышению безопасности на дорогах. Доклад подчеркивает также необходимость четкой ориентации на результат и рассматривает экономические обоснования для инвестиций в дорожную безопасность. Он призывает страны с высокими результатами по повышению дорожной безопасности сделать еще больше и активно рекомендует принять системный подход к безопасности, в долгосрочной перспективе способный привести к полному устранению жертв на дорогах. Доклад является наиболее значительным международным обзором достижений в области развития системного подхода к безопасности, принятого в настоящее время в небольшом числе стран. Доклад должен быть полезен всем, кто работает в области управления дорожным хозяйством, и тем, в чью сферу интересов входит повышение уровня безопасности дорожного движения.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789282102855
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.147
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mettre en œuvre la tarification de la congestion
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Straßenbenutzungsgebühr
    Abstract: Recent advances in the scientific understanding of urban traffic congestion have only strengthened the already solid case for congestion charges as an element of a successful urban transport policy. But examples of real-world congestion charging systems remain few and far between. What can be done to improve the chances of their more widespread adoption in practice? This report draws lessons from attempts to introduce congestion charges. Technology is not an obstacle, and technologies should serve policy purposes instead of define them. Charging systems are not cheap and thus should only be used where congestion is severe. Public acceptance is seen to be the key to successful implementation. Although environmental benefits and careful deployment of toll revenues may improve acceptance, a charging system should never lose sight of its principal aim, which is to reduce congestion.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789282102763
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Drogues au volant ; Détection et dissuasion
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Drogues au volant : Détection et dissuasion
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Trunkenheit ; Verkehr ; Drogenkonsum ; Verkehr
    Abstract: Driving while impaired by drugs – whether licit or illicit – has emerged as an important road safety issue. This report provides a state-of-the-art review of the role and impact of drugs in road accident risk. It reviews the legislation, deterrence and roadside detection practices in member countries as well as preventative measures to combat drug use while driving. It provides recommendations on strategies to adopt in addressing this issue, with a view to contributing to a safe system approach and saving further lives on the roads.
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  • 48
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: [Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports] [2010-15]
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2010/15
    Keywords: Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Le présent rapport expose des données et une réflexion sur les évolutions récentes des marchés mondiaux des transports, et analyse les politiques qui semblent les plus prometteuses pour stabiliser les émissions de CO2 des véhicules légers. Au lendemain de la crise économique, la reprise encore incertaine n’est pas uniformément répartie sur l’ensemble de la planète. Cette conjoncture peut avoir des répercussions sur les structures des échanges et les flux de produits au niveau mondial, et donc sur les principaux flux de transport de marchandises. Il y a fort lieu de penser, d’après notre analyse, que la maîtrise des émissions futures de gaz à effet de serre dues aux transports passera par le recours aux technologies permettant de réduire…
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Transport outlook 2010 : the potential for innovation , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789282102442
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Reliability on Surface Transport Networks
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Tant les passagers que les chargeurs pour les transports de marchandises souhaitent disposer de services de transports fiables. Peu de recherches ont cependant été entreprises pour incorporer la fiabilité dans l’évaluation des projets de transports et ceci en dépit de l’importance croissante accordée à la synchronisation temporelle des activités économiques. Ce rapport fournit aux décideurs politiques un cadre d’analyse pour appréhender la question de la fiabilité, pour l’incorporer dans l’évaluation des projets et pour élaborer des politiques à partir de cette notion. Il propose également tout un éventail d’indicateurs de performances en matière de fiabilité. Des études de cas au sein des pays de l’OCDE et du FIT fournissent des exemples de plusieurs instruments politiques fondamentaux qui peuvent être utilisés pour aboutir à des réseaux de transports plus fiables, et ce d’une manière économiquement efficiente. Ce rapport accomplit des progrès significatifs pour identifier les méthodologies adéquates pour incorporer la fiabilité dans l’évaluation des politiques et projets et souligne les erreurs qui doivent être évitées dans ce domaine.
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  • 50
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 S.) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2010-11
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2010/11
    Parallel Title: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T. The future of interurban passenger transport - bringing citizens closer together
    Keywords: Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Le Symposium a réuni des spécialistes des transports de haut vol venant de partout dans le monde pour débattre des perspectives du transport interurbain de voyageurs. Un premier ensemble de rapports traite des déterminants de la demande de transport interurbain de voyageurs et du sens dans lequel elle pourrait évoluer dans le futur. Les autres rapports s’étendent sur les principales questions auxquelles l’évolution à long terme de la demande contraindra la politique des transports à trouver une réponse, c’est-à-dire quand investir dans la grande vitesse ferroviaire, quelles règles adopter pour assurer l’efficience de l’exploitation, comment répartir l’infrastructure entre ses différentes catégories d’utilisateurs (par exemple les voitures et les camions), quel rôle attribuer à l’information et comment…
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789282102619
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.146
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégration et concurrence entre le transport et les activités logistiques
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Integration and competition between transport and logistics businesses
    RVK:
    Keywords: Frachtschifffahrt ; Schienenverkehr ; Logistikdienstleister ; Fusion ; Wettbewerb ; OECD-Staaten ; Transport ; Seefrachtverkehr ; Schienenverkehr ; Logistikunternehmen ; Unternehmenskooperation ; Wettbewerbsstrategie
    Abstract: Some very large multinational transport and logistics firms have emerged to provide integrated transport services to shippers in the globalised economy. Do these firms escape regulatory oversight from national competition authorities because of their sheer scale? Do they pose additional threats to competition when they merge with or acquire other companies in the supply chain? The Round Table brought competition experts together with researchers on maritime shipping, rail freight and logistics to identify critical competition issues and appropriate regulatory responses. An examination of the strategies of transport and logistics companies reveals that vertical integration can yield efficiencies, but usually reflects a need to improve the use of expensive fixed assets rather than control all parts of the supply chain. This usually explains why shipping lines acquire terminal operators. Horizontal acquisitions, where similar companies serving the same market merge, are more likely to raise competition concerns. Problems are particularly prone to arise at bottleneck infrastructure facilities. The Round Table report provides an economic framework for examining competition in global transport and logistics businesses, discusses the adequacy of the remedies available to regulators when competition is threatened, and explores the role of competition authorities and Transport Ministries in ensuring markets are efficient.
    Note: Enth. 4 Beitr. - Literaturangaben , Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Intégration et concurrence entre le transport et les activités logistiques
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789282102978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.148
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stimuler les technologies pour les véhicules à faibles émissions de carbone
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Kohlendioxidbelastung
    Abstract: Governments around the world are increasingly intervening in automobile markets to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions of CO2 from new vehicles. This report reviews the rationale for such intervention and examines measures for maximum effectiveness and minimum cost. The Round Table brought together economists, policy makers and auto engineers with the aim of advancing understanding of why car markets currently fail to deliver sufficient fuel economy. It started by questioning whether any additional measures would be necessary once an appropriate price for carbon dioxide is established via fuel taxes. It confirmed that there are indeed market imperfections that merit additional government intervention. Fuel economy and CO2 regulations are an essential part of the package. The key to maximising the benefits of such regulations is long-term planning. The longer the timeframe, the less industry investment is handicapped by uncertainty. Subsidies to electric vehicles are more problematic because of the risks of prematurely picking winning technologies and creating subsidy dependence. And electricity production has yet to be decarbonised. However, intervention to steer innovation in this direction is merited so long as the risks of not attaining climate policy targets are seen as higher than the risks of intervention.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789282101988
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Politik
    Abstract: Chaque année, environ 1.2 million de personnes dans le monde sont tuées sur les routes et 50 millions sont blessées. Mais les accidents ne sont pas une fatalité. Beaucoup peut être fait pour réduire les immenses souffrances qu’ils entraînent ainsi que leurs conséquences économiques. Ce rapport fait le point sur les évolutions et les initiatives récentes pour atteindre des objectifs de sécurité routière de plus en plus ambitieux. Il constitue un examen majeur au niveau international de l’approche pour un « système sûr », qui a déjà été adoptée par quelques pays.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Towards zero : ambitious road safety targets and the safe system approach
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789282102329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international ; Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international : Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Security is critical to transport systems as they are often appealing targets for terrorist attacks. The significant costs of potential damage make effective security policies a key concern for transport decision makers. This Round Table examines the contribution economic analysis can make to improving security in aviation and maritime shipping by identifying methods for quantifying the benefits of security measures and assessing their effectiveness, and examining techniques to allocate resources targeting the highest risks.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789282102299
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Port Competition and Hinterland Connections
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Hafenwirtschaft ; Hinterland
    Abstract: Cette publication de la série Tables Rondes examine les défis stratégiques et réglementaires que pose l’évolution rapide de l’environnement portuaire. L’innovation technologique et organisationnelle, ainsi qu’une très forte expansion des échanges, ont en effet radicalement transformé le secteur portuaire au cours des dernières décennies. Bien que les ports desservent aujourd’hui des arrière-pays qui s’étendent profondément à l’intérieur des continents, la concurrence interportuaire ne cesse de s’intensifier, affaiblissant le pouvoir de négociation des ports dans la chaîne logistique. L’accroissement du débit portuaire se heurte à une résistance de plus en plus forte des collectivités locales en raison de la pollution et de la congestion qu’il entraîne. La réglementation locale est justifiée, mais sa mise en œuvre est compliquée par la répartition du pouvoir de négociation entre les parties prenantes. Des autorités d’un niveau plus élevé seraient en mesure de formuler des politiques plus efficaces.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Port competition and hinterland connections
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789282102343
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport; Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport: Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La sûreté est un élément fondamental des systèmes de transport : ces derniers sont souvent pris pour cible dans les attaques terroristes. Les coûts significatifs des dommages potentiels font des politiques de sûreté une préoccupation majeure pour les autorités responsables des transports. Cette Table Ronde examine le rôle que peut jouer l’analyse économique pour renforcer la sécurité des transports aérien et maritime en quantifiant les avantages associés et en appréciant leur efficacité et la valeur des techniques qui visent à orienter les ressources vers l’atténuation des risques les plus importants.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789282102480
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Verkehrsmittel ; Wettbewerb ; Luftverkehr ; Wettbewerb ; Hochgeschwindigkeitszug
    Abstract: Comment réglementer les aéroports de façon à limiter leur pouvoir de marché ? Ce rapport part du principe que la question préalable à se poser est de savoir s’il est indiqué de réglementer. La réglementation étant imparfaite et coûteuse, les pouvoirs publics devraient chaque fois que c’est possible établir les conditions propices au développement de la concurrence entre aéroports en lieu et place d’une réglementation détaillée. Lorsque la réglementation économique se justifie, par exemple pour des aéroports très encombrés, le rapport examine les différentes approches réglementaires possibles pour déterminer celle qui est, en définitive, la plus adaptée. Il évalue aussi les stratégies de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En intégrant l’aviation aux systèmes ouverts d’échange de droits d’émission, on pourrait réduire efficacement les émissions, mais on ne saurait en attendre des réductions importantes des émissions de CO2 dans le transport aérien proprement dit. Enfin, le rapport recense les conditions économiques dans lesquelles le train à grande vitesse peut devenir un substitut concurrentiel de l’avion. Cependant il conclut que le rail offre seulement des possibilités limitées en matière de réduction des ; émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur la partie correspondante du marché des transports.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Competitive interaction between airports, airlines and high-speed rail
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment mieux exploiter l'ITIE ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI, www.eitransparency.org) aims to improve transparency and accountability by the full publication and verification of company payments and government revenues. The revenues flowing from natural resources extraction are huge. EITI is one of the international soft-law tools most supported by the international community to curb corruption and help the 3.5 billion people – half the population of the planet – living in resource-rich countries to benefit from the sale of their natural resources. Almost six years after the initiative was launched, the results are elusive for several countries. Figure 1 below shows that governments’ public endorsement of the EITI principles does not, on average, improve the perception of corruption levels in their countries. Moreover, according to the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, corruption control in EITI countries is worse than in non-EITI resource-rich countries. EITI countries’ scores deteriorated between 2002 and 2007. While these corruption indices are not limited to extractive industries, given their importance in the countries concerned, one would expectmore visible improvements in these indicators.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports ; Vers une accessibilité pour tous
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport; Design with Everyone in Mind
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Pour la partie de plus en plus nombreuse de la population qui est atteinte de déficiences cognitives ou d’un problème de santé mentale, l’utilisation des transports publics peut être vécue comme un défi. La publication analyse ce domaine négligé en proposant des solutions allant de la formation des personnels de services à l'utilisation d'une meilleure signalétique, à des changements dans la présentation des horaires ainsi qu'à une présence accrue de personnel pour aider les voyageurs à prendre confiance.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Extracting More From EITI
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’Initiative pour la transparence dans les industries extractives (ITIE) vise à accroître la transparence et la responsabilité des acteurs de ce secteur à travers la publication intégrale et la vérification des paiements effectués par les entreprises et des recettes encaissées par les États.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789282101629
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Long-Life Surfaces for Busy Roads
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les revêtements à longue durée de vie peuvent diminuer les coûts d’entretien des réseaux routiers de manière significative, et ceci en y incluant les pertes de temps causées par ces travaux pour les usagers, notamment sur les routes encombrées à fort trafic. Ces revêtements ont recours à de nouveaux matériaux qui sont plus coûteux que l’asphalte et qui requièrent des traitements spécifiques. Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une recherche collective destinée à évaluer le potentiel technique et économique des revêtements à longue durée de vie les plus prometteurs et propose à l’intention des gouvernements une façon de peser les risques et avantages liés à l’introduction de tels revêtements sur les routes à fort trafic.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282101209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des chaussées à longue durée de vie pour routes à forte circulation
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Long-life surfaces could substantially cut the costs of road works, including the delays they cause, especially on congested routes with heavy traffic. These surfaces use new materials that cost more than conventional asphalt and require special handling. This report presents the results of collaborative research to evaluate the technical and economic potential of the most promising long-life surfaces (epoxy asphalt and high performance cementitious materials) and assist governments in weighing up the risks and advantages of introducing them on busy roads
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789282101865
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.140
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Wider Economic Benefits of Transport; Macro-, Meso- and Micro-Economic Transport Planning and Investment Tools
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’analyse coûts-avantages classique des projets d’investissement dans les infrastructures de transport consiste à mettre en balance les coûts des projets avec les avantages que l’on peut en escompter pour l’usager. Cette démarche a été remise en question au motif qu’elle ne tient pas compte des effets économiques plus larges de ces projets. À l’occasion de cette Table Ronde, d’éminents universitaires et professionnels ont échangé leurs vues sur la question et ont examiné diverses méthodes possibles pour évaluer les effets plus larges – négatifs comme positifs. Ils sont ainsi parvenus à la conclusion que pour les projets de petite envergure, il est préférable de privilégier l’obtention de résultats dans les délais voulus, même s’il faut pour cela renoncer à une analyse plus poussée des effets plus larges des projets. En revanche, s’agissant de projets ou de programmes d’investissement de plus grande ampleur, une analyse spécifique de leurs effets plus larges se justifie davantage. L’élaboration de procédures d’évaluation uniformes doit être un domaine de recherche prioritaire.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789282101773
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (505 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17th International ITF/OECD Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy; Benefiting from Globalisation; Transport Sector Contribution and Policy Challenges
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les entreprises et les personnes peuvent d’autant plus profiter de la mondialisation que les réseaux de transport sont efficaces et rentables. Un secteur des transports compétitif, réactif et bien organisé facilite les échanges. Mais pour créer les conditions qui rendent ceci possible, il faut relever un certain nombre de défis politiques. C’est ainsi que les transports pourront pleinement contribuer à la mondialisation. Tel était précisément la thématique principale du 17ème Symposium FIT/OCDE.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fonds d'État et richesse des nations : Tout s'explique ..
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Development economics can explain both saving sources and motives that have led to the recent SWF boom, thus helping avoid investment restrictions in OECD countries. As the economics underlying funds from oil exporting countries are different from the economics of East Asian funds, so are the appropriate policy answers.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.83
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La crise financière et ses retombées (1) : Les marchés émergents à l'épreuve
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The contagion of the global credit crisis from the industrialised countries to the emerging markets has taken some time to develop. Then, in October 2008, it spread rapidly, afflicting all emerging markets, without any distinction or regard to their so-called “fundamentals”. For believers in “decoupling”, the high growth rates, massive foreign exchange (FX) reserves, balanced budgets and rising consumerism in the emerging markets at first reassured investors. It is now clear that the diagnosis of emerging-market policy performance suffered from hyperbole. In the end, all emerging market asset classes were hit: stocks, bonds and currencies.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.38
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How to Spend It: Commodity and Non-Commodity Sovereign Wealth Funds
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les fonds souverains sont devenus des acteurs de premier plan sur les marchés financiers mondiaux. Mais leurs investissements ont régulièrement nourri des craintes, d’espionnage industriel ou d’ordre géopolitique notamment. Pour l’auteur de ce Cahier de politique économique, la raison même de la création de ces fonds devrait permettre de prendre du recul. L’économie du développement vient expliquer les sources de l’épargne comme les motifs à l’origine de la vogue récente des fonds et invite les pays de l’OCDE à renoncer à imposer des restrictions aux investissements. En posant des limites aux fonds souverains des pays riches en pétrole, le protectionnisme va réduire le rendement ajusté au risque pour les pays exportateurs et pourrait provoquer une augmentation des cours, alimentée par une réduction de l’offre.
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  • 71
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.72
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. En Route to Accra: The Global Development-Finance Non-System
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’architecture internationale du financement du développement se complique avec l’arrivée de nouveaux acteurs et instruments. Les doublons entre donneurs, la dérive des objectifs des projets en cours (« mission creep ») et l’érosion de leur impact remettent en question l’efficacité de l’aide. Des mesures spécifiques concernant les contributions multilatérales aux objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement pourraient élargir la responsabilité des acteurs et réduire la complexité du processus.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.72
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rendez-vous d'Accra : Réformer le 〈〈 non-système 〉〉 mondial de financement du développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: New actors and instruments have increased the complexity of the international development-finance architecture Efficient aid delivery confronts challenges: multilateral duplication, mission creep and loss of leverage. Specific measures of multilaterals’ contributions to the MDGs could promote accountability and reduce complexity.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.57
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. From Old-Donor Debt Relief to Emerging Lenders in Africa
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La croissance de nombreux pays africains attire, à un niveau sans précédent, les capital-risqueurs et les investissements boursiers sur le continent. Cet engouement nouveau des investisseurs est favorisé par un environnement, économique et politique, qui devrait aller en s'améliorant.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.268
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Over recent years, a number of emerging creditors have increased their aid and lending to Africa’s Low-Income Countries (LICs). This has fed worries that new official lenders may be undoing years of international efforts to rein in over-indebtedness in Africa, to reduce the continent’s exposure to foreign-currency denominated debt and to encourage good governance by making loans conditional on political and economic reforms. These worries are reflected in the G8 Action Plan for Good Financial Governance in Africa, which attempts to include emerging lenders in the DSF framework — the Joint Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Framework. The empirical analysis of debt dynamics distinguishes three country groups: African HIPC, HIPC-China (High China Presence), and Resource-rich IDA-only. All groups display marked trends of lower debt ratios (in net present value terms, NPV), in most cases below debtdistress level for even the lowest governance groups. Evidence on links between growth and lending may even suggest that African HIPC are currently under-leveraged. Generally, there is very little evidence of “imprudent lending” to debt relief beneficiaries in the figures up to 2006. The Asian giants lower debt ratios a little through debt relief, but they do this even more through stimulating exports and growth. This holds in particular for those countries towards which their lending is mostly directed: the resource-rich countries, rather than the debt-relief beneficiaries.
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  • 75
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.83
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Fallout from the Financial Crisis (1): Emerging Markets under Stress
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La crise mondiale du crédit qui a frappé les pays industrialisés n’a contaminé les marchés émergents que tardivement. Cependant, en octobre 2008, elle s’est rapidement étendue à tous ces pays, sans distinction ni considération pour ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler leurs « fondamentaux ». Les investisseurs adeptes du « découplage » ont d’abord été rassurés par les taux de croissance élevés, les réserves colossales de devises étrangères, l’équilibre des budgets et le consumérisme naissant. Mais il est désormais clair que l’évaluation de la performance des politiques publiques de ces États a péché par optimisme. En définitive, toutes les classes d’actifs ont été touchées : actions, obligations et monnaies.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.57
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des donateurs traditionnels aux prêteurs émergents en Afrique
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: China helps growth and debt sustainability in Africa through debt relief, infrastructure investment and higher exports. China and other emerging lenders should engage in a debt transparency initiative that considers such growth effects. This will encourage emerging lenders to co-operate with the ‘international community’ on Africa’s debt sustainability.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How to Spend It: Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Wealth of Nations
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’économie du développement peut expliquer à la fois les sources de l’épargne et les motivations ayant conduit à l’essor récent des Fonds d’État, permettant ainsi d’éviter les restrictions d’investissement pour les pays de l’OCDE. De même que les fonds économiques sous-jacents en provenance des pays exportateurs de pétrole diffèrent de ceux provenant d’Asie de l’Est, il en va de même pour les réponses politiques appropriées.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.44
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Annuler la dette ? Oui. Renoncer aux prêts ? Non
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Cancelling of poor-country debt does not mean that the best way to give aid is through grants only. Aid through loans may often prove superior, provided that it maintains debt sustainability. A new scheme for soft loans is suggested, with higher interest rates and cancellation provisions if bad shocks occur, to minimise moral hazard and strengthen debt sustainability
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.44
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Forgive Debt, but Keep Lending
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’annulation de la dette des pays pauvres ne signifie pas que les dons soient la meilleure et unique solution pour allouer l’aide. L’aide sous forme de prêts pourrait se révéler bien souvent préférable, pourvu que la dette reste soutenable. Un nouveau système de prêts subventionnés, assortis de taux d’intérêt supérieurs et de dispositifs d’annulation en cas de mauvais chocs, minimiserait l’aléa moral et améliorerait la soutenabilité de la dette.
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  • 80
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Rise of China and India: What's in it for Africa?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La forte demande d’énergie et de minerais par la Chine et l’Inde a poussé à la hausse les prix internationaux des matières premières, ainsi que le volume et la valeur des exportations africaines.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Insights no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'essor de la Chine et de l'Inde : Quels enjeux pour l'Afrique ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: China’s and India’s strong appetite for energy and metal has boosted international prices and the volume and value of African exports. China in particular has become the main trade partner for a number of African countries providing cheap manufactured goods and reducing Africa's dependence from its traditional trading partners. Despite the push for exports, terms of trade and growth that the Asian giants provide to Africa, risks for sustainable poverty reduction are visible in higher raw material dependence and rent-seeking activities.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. After Gleneagles: What Role for Loans in ODA?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Supposons qu’un bailleur du CAD (Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE) alloue un milliard de dollars de ses recettes fiscales à l’aide publique au développement (APD). Ce bailleur peut faire appel à deux instruments : soit un don pur et simple, soit un don associé à un prêt aux conditions du marché, qui revient à accorder un prêt concessionnel de 2 milliards de dollars avec un élément-don de 50 pour cent. Nombreux sont ceux qui estiment aujourd’hui que le choix est évident : l’aide doit prendre la forme de dons et laisser les prêts au marché. L’objectif de ce Cahier de politique économique est de qualifier et éclairer ce choix....
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Après Gleneagles : La place des prêts dans l'APD
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Suppose a DAC donor earmarks $1 billion of taxpayers’ money for official development assistance (ODA). The donor may use two instruments as an outright grant or in combination with a market loan to produce a concessional loan of $2 billion with a percentage grant element of 50 per cent. Many nowadays think the choice should be clear: provide grants only, leave loans to the market. The purpose of this Policy Brief is to qualify and inform this choice....
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.241
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Three novel macroeconomic policy challenges are discussed in this paper: the macroeconomic implications of China’s emergence; the implications of intensifying financial integration; and the interaction of Asia’s foreign exchange regime with monetary policy in the OECD area. First, China may now be regarded as a price maker on some international commodity and energy markets. Its global impact nowadays stretches importantly not just into goods and commodity markets, but equally into world financial markets. The acquisition by the Chinese official sector of large amounts of foreign assets has raised the country’s global cyclical, financial and macroeconomic importance. Hence, China should not just be perceived as a producer of low-priced goods, but likewise of “cheap savings”. China as a swing exporter/importer could destabilise commodity markets, with important repercussions for developing countries. Variations in China’s output gap will have important repercussions on key global ...
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.232
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The present level of ODA falls short of the amount needed to finance the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The figure of additional $50 billion per year, roughly the present total of ODA spent by DAC donors, is often quoted (e.g. by the Zedillo Report); it results from the sum of the fight against communicable diseases ($ 7-10 billion), primary schooling ($10 billion), infant and maternal mortality ($12 billion) and halving world poverty ($20 billion). The scarcity of public resources raises the importance of investing in international public goods as the cost of lifting one person out of income poverty, for example through agricultural research and global trade expansion, is estimated to be much lower than the cost of the same impact through traditional aid to poor countries. This raises important issues for donor strategies, in particular principles of aid allocation, which this paper aims to address. First, should aid be partly earmarked towards international public goods? ...
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Financer les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement
    Keywords: Development ; Millenniumsziele
    Abstract: • Despite post-Monterrey donor initiatives, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are underfinanced. • The revenue potential, the additionality and the speed of availability of new finance sources, and their political feasibility, are of particular importance. • On these criteria, it is unlikely that global taxes will be introduced in time. • The International Finance Facility, strengthened use of public guarantees and Global Premium Bonds, perhaps in combination, may stand a better chance of providing additional funds for the MDGs. • The most straightforward way to avoid underfunding of the Goals is to raise ODA further.
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  • 87
    Language: French
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Après Monterrey, en dépit des initiatives des bailleurs de fonds, les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement manquent de financements. • Les critères de sélection de nouvelles ressources sont : leur rendement potentiel, leur complémentarité et la rapidité de leur mobilisation, ainsi que la faisabilité politique de cette mobilisation. • Au vu de ces conditions, il est peu probable qu’une taxation au niveau mondial puisse être mise en place à temps. • La Facilité de financement international, des garanties publiques et l’émission de titres obligataires au niveau mondial pourraient être utilisées conjointement et sont davantage susceptibles de procurer les fonds nécessaires à la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire. • Augmenter l’APD est le moyen le plus simple et le plus sûr d’éviter que les Objectifs manquent de ressources.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.214
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The increased importance of rating agencies for emerging-market finance has brought their work to the attention of a wider group of observers — and under criticism. This paper evaluates whether the importance of ratings for developing-country finance has changed since the Asian Crisis and whether rating agencies have modified the determinants for their rating decisions. It also provides an analysis on recent suggestions by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision as these are very important for gauging the future role of sovereign ratings for foreign debt finance in developing countries. While the explanatory power of conventional rating determinants has declined since the Asian crisis, recent rating performance for Argentina and Turkey can still be qualified as lagging the markets, as variables of financial-sector strength and the endogenous effects of capital flows on macroeconomic variables seem to remain underemphasised in rating assessments. The market impact of sovereign ...
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.218
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The so-called “accession economies” preparing to enter the European Union are experiencing increased inward capital flows based upon positive interest spreads and expectations of currency appreciation. While the authorities of these countries have tried to manage these flows and to prevent unjustified appreciation of their currencies, the policy mix they may be tempted to apply can benefit from experiences elsewhere. Episodes of heavy capital inflows are well known to emerging markets and have often ended in tears. The 1990s saw three separate regional currency crises: the European crisis of 1992-93, the Latin American crisis 1994-95, and the Asian crisis 1997- 98 followed by crises in Russia and Brazil, and recently by Turkey and Argentina. Obviously, a major currency crisis every 24 months is too much for policy makers’ comfort. The virulence, speed and contagion of financial crises that have hit prospective entrants to rich-country clubs repeatedly over the past two decades have ...
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.201
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Concerns about corporate governance standards have often centred on emerging markets, notably after the 1997-98 Asian crisis. A series of corporate scandals have now raised investor concerns over the quality of earnings and opaque balance sheet structures in the US and other developed countries. The paper assesses the impact of higher risk on developed-country corporate assets on the prospects for private capital flows and their composition to emerging-market economies. While investors have been paying a higher premium (in terms of higher price/earning ratios and lower interest rates) for US assets partly because of the perceived superiority in the quality of their earnings reporting, one could expect a shift away from asset classes with rising risk to assets where risks were already high — emerging-market debt and equity, for example. Higher flows to emerging markets, however, can be impeded by the negative repercussion of lower asset prices in the developed markets on the real ...
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taux de change ; Ni fixe, ni flottant
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taux de change : Ni fixe, ni flottant
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Don´t Fix, Don´t Float is a book about credibility, or lack thereof. It deals with questions pertaining to international financial architecture from the perspective of developing countries, emerging markets and transition economies. Should the monetary authority fix the exchange rate of the national currency? Should it instead let the currency float in foreign exchange markets? What about bands, baskets and crawls between the fix and the float corners? Answering these questions is of significance to the national economy involved and, with regard to global finance, often beyond. In the same way that there may never be a pure float, even among key currencies, an instant fix does not provide a fast lane to credibility. Credibility is earned abroad as the development process reinforces institution building in monetary, financial and budgetary matters. Indeed, rules for budgetary adjustment (such as the zero deficit in Argentina or the EU Stability and Growth Pact) are necessary for any exchange-rate regime to deliver economic growth and development. In Don´t Fix, Don´t Float, the case for intermediate regimes is made for five country groups in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Developing countries, emerging markets and transition economies, together with the OECD area, are facing the consequences of a worsening global economic outlook. In this environment, the development perspective underlying Don’t Fix, Don’t Float is clearly essential.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264295520
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Don't Fix, Don't Float
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Taux de change : ni fixe, ni flottant parle de crédibilité, et de l’absence de crédibilité. Cet ouvrage traite des questions relatives à l’architecture financière internationale du point de vue des pays en développement, des marchés émergents et des économies en transition. Les autorités monétaires doivent-elles fixer le taux de change de la monnaie nationale ? Doivent-elles au contraire laisser flotter leur monnaie sur le marché du change ? Entre les solutions extrêmes - fixer ou laisser flotter - n’y a-t-il pas de place pour des marges de fluctuation, des paniers de monnaie, des parités ajustables ? Les réponses à ces questions sont bien évidemment primordiales pour les économies concernées mais, compte tenu de la globalisation des marchés financiers, leur portée va bien au-delà.Si l’institution d’un régime purement flottant peut sembler chimérique, même parmi les monnaies dominantes, la mise en place d’un régime à taux fixe n’ouvre pas nécessairement la voie rapide vers la crédibilité. C’est par un processus de développement qui renforce les institutions monétaires, financières et budgétaires qu’une économie obtient cette crédibilité vis-à-vis de l’étranger. Il est vrai que des règles d’ajustement budgétaire (telles que le déficit zéro en Argentine ou le pacte de stabilité et de croissance de l’UE) sont des conditions nécessaires pour qu’un régime de taux de change donné puisse assurer développement et croissance économique. Taux de change : ni fixe ni flottant, présente des propositions argumentées de régimes intermédiaires pour cinq groupes de pays en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique latine.Les pays en développement, les marchés émergents et les économies en transition, de concert avec les pays de la zone OCDE, doivent faire face aux conséquences d’une conjoncture économique mondiale qui se détériore. Dans ce contexte, les questions de développement qui sous-tendent cet ouvrage acquièrent une importance capitale.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Pensionskasse ; Altersversorgung ; Kapitalmarkt ; Portfoliomanagement
    Abstract: This books explores the international aspects of pension reform, private savings and volatile capital markets and clarifies how they relate to each other. Building the case for the pension-improving benefits of global asset diversification, analysing the implications of financial reform for stimulating savings, and exploring both the benefits and risks of global capital flows to emerging markets, Pensions, Savings and Capital Flows will inform policy and academic debates on financial globalisation.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.148
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The 1990s have witnessed pronounced boom-bust cycles in emerging-markets lending, culminating in the Asian financial and currency crisis of 1997-98. By examining the links between sovereign credit ratings and dollar bond yield spreads over 1989-97, this paper aims at broad empirical content for judging whether the three leading rating agencies — Moody’s, Standard ' Poor’s and Fitch IBCA — can intensify or attenuate boom-bust cycles in emerging-market lending. First, an event study exploring the market response for 30 trading days before and after rating announcements finds a significant impact of imminent upgrades and implemented downgrades for a combination of ratings by the three leading agencies, despite strong anticipation of rating events. Second, a Granger causality test, by correcting for joint determinants of ratings and yield spreads, finds that changes in sovereign ratings are mutually interdependent with changes in bond yields. These findings are based on many more ...
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. After the Great Asian Slump: Towards a Coherent Approach to Global Capital Flows
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Le repli massif des capitaux étrangers investis en Asie — plus de 10 pour cent du PIB des pays en crise — les place devant un problème de transfert. Pour favoriser la relance en Asie, les pays créanciers devraient impliquer leurs banques domestiques dans les opérations de sauvetage financier, ce qui réduirait les aléas de moralité dans les activités de prêt du secteur privé. • Pour les pays d’Asie, la priorité est de résoudre le problème du surendettement domestique. Financer le coût budgétaire inhérent à la restructuration exige que les gouvernements des pays asiatiques élargissent la base d’imposition tout en adoptant une politique d’abondance monétaire. • Les pays en développement doivent s’assurer du bon équilibre financier des établissements bancaires et non bancaires et être plus exigeants sur la qualité des capitaux étrangers investis. Toutefois, une réglementation « à la chilienne » ne peut être efficace que dans un contexte politique approprié. • Pour évoluer vers un système financier international moins vulnérable aux crises, il importe d’agir sur les risques excessifs pris par les banques. Les Accords de Bâle induisent des distorsions favorisant les prêts bancaires à court terme qui devraient être corrigées.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Au lendemain de la crise asiatique : Comment gérer les flux de capitaux ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • The unprecedented withdrawal of foreign private capital from Asia, more than 10 per cent of GDP in the crisis countries, confronts them with a transfer problem. Creditor governments should induce their home banks into financial rescue operations to reduce moral hazard in private-sector lending, and to encourage Asia’s recovery. • The resolution of Asia’s domestic debt overhang must be the overriding policy concern for Asia’s governments; paying the inevitable fiscal cost in Asia’s restructuring process requires tax-base broadening, supported by easy monetary policy. • Progress towards a less crisis-prone international financial system will hinge on how to correct the excessive risk taking by banks. Regulatory distortions through the Basle Accord which bias bank lending towards the short term should be corrected. • Developing countries should strengthen bank and non-bank balance sheets and raise the quality of inflows; Chile-type regulatory measures, however, will only be effective in an appropriate policy context.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.136
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The recent currency crises in Latin America and Asia have hit countries with strong macroeconomic fundamentals but weak domestic financial systems. Private capital flows, attracted by disorderly financial liberalisation and exchange rate pegs, reversed abruptly when financial-sector weaknesses became apparent. Often, domestic financial systems have proved too weak a conduit for heavy capital inflows, resulting in declining credit quality and financial vulnerability to speculative currency attacks. Developing countries are therefore advised to pay close attention to indicators of financial vulnerability, in particular to short-term debt levels as a fraction of official foreign exchange reserves, as well as to currency and maturity mismatches in private-sector balance sheets. This paper points to the avenues that can be pursued to avoid a rise in the vulnerability indicators above critical levels ... Some of these avenues are uncontroversial, but deceptively hard to implement. Good ...
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.132
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Large current account deficits are often assumed to play an important role in the propagation of financial crises in emerging markets in receipt of heavy private capital inflows. This paper reaches some major conclusions. First, the Lawson Doctrine — according to which current account deficits that result from a shift in private-sector behaviour should not be a public policy concern — has been discredited by recent currency crises in Latin America and Asia. Second, it is possible to define the size of current account deficits that should be sustainable in the long run. Third, the intertemporal approach to the current account does not provide a reliable benchmark to define when deficits become “excessive”. Fourth, large external deficits should be resisted if unsustainable currency appreciation, excessive risk-taking in the banking system and a sharp drop in private savings are seen to coincide ...
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.137
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: How and to what extent can a high degree of global financial integration help the fast-ageing OECD benefit from the delayed ageing process in the non-OECD area? The question is being raised with increasing urgency as it is slowly understood that even fully funded pension schemes will not escape demographic pressures in the absence of considerable capital flows between the ageing OECD and the younger part of the world. A simulation with a two-region neo-classical economic-demographic model reaches two basic conclusions of importance to policy makers. First, capital flows from fast-ageing, mostly OECD countries to slowly ageing, mostly developing countries can only slightly attenuate, but not reverse, the consequences of an ageing population on falling returns to capital. Second, significant distributional effects are likely to arise from the interaction of population ageing and financial integration. Global financial integration benefits elderly lifetime savers, but hurts elderly ...
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.130
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper provides statistically significant international evidence on the interaction between funded pensions and aggregate savings, after controlling for country-specific effects and for other saving determinants that have typically been identified in earlier cross-country studies. Using panel data for eleven countries (both OECD and non-OECD), this study goes beyond earlier work which has been based on individual country studies only (which have suffered from a small number of degrees of freedom). Building several proxies of pension wealth based on internationally comparable pension fund and life insurance data, the paper estimates the relationship between aggregate saving rates and pension wealth using ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares over the 1982-93 period. The empirical analysis supports the predictions of a simple two-period life-cycle saving model that incorporates tax treatment of pension returns, population heterogeneity, capital market imperfection and ...
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