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  • 2005-2009  (168)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (141)
  • OECD International Transport Forum  (29)
  • Environment  (129)
  • Transport  (45)
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Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102299
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Port Competition and Hinterland Connections
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Hafenwirtschaft ; Hinterland
    Abstract: Cette publication de la série Tables Rondes examine les défis stratégiques et réglementaires que pose l’évolution rapide de l’environnement portuaire. L’innovation technologique et organisationnelle, ainsi qu’une très forte expansion des échanges, ont en effet radicalement transformé le secteur portuaire au cours des dernières décennies. Bien que les ports desservent aujourd’hui des arrière-pays qui s’étendent profondément à l’intérieur des continents, la concurrence interportuaire ne cesse de s’intensifier, affaiblissant le pouvoir de négociation des ports dans la chaîne logistique. L’accroissement du débit portuaire se heurte à une résistance de plus en plus forte des collectivités locales en raison de la pollution et de la congestion qu’il entraîne. La réglementation locale est justifiée, mais sa mise en œuvre est compliquée par la répartition du pouvoir de négociation entre les parties prenantes. Des autorités d’un niveau plus élevé seraient en mesure de formuler des politiques plus efficaces.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Port competition and hinterland connections
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102299-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Zéro tué sur la route : Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101988
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Politik
    Abstract: Chaque année, environ 1.2 million de personnes dans le monde sont tuées sur les routes et 50 millions sont blessées. Mais les accidents ne sont pas une fatalité. Beaucoup peut être fait pour réduire les immenses souffrances qu’ils entraînent ainsi que leurs conséquences économiques. Ce rapport fait le point sur les évolutions et les initiatives récentes pour atteindre des objectifs de sécurité routière de plus en plus ambitieux. Il constitue un examen majeur au niveau international de l’approche pour un « système sûr », qui a déjà été adoptée par quelques pays.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Towards zero : ambitious road safety targets and the safe system approach
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101988-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents : A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version) (2009)
    Seoul : National institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079847
    Language: Korean
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 440; Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents; A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 ; Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs ; Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents: A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 : Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs : Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079847-ko
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071186
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 ; Études de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a long-term carcinogenicity study is to observe test animals for a major portion of their life span for the development of neoplastic lesions during or after exposure to various doses of a test substance by an appropriate route of administration. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rats and mice, and for oral administration. Both sexes should be used. Each dose group and concurrent control group should contain at least 50 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used. Animals are dosed with the test substance daily (oral, dermal or inhalation administration) and the mode of exposure should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the study will normally be 24 months for rodents. For specific strains of mice, duration of 18 months may be more appropriate. Termination of the study should be considered when the number of survivors in the lower dose groups or the control group falls below 25 per cent. The results of these studies include: measurements (weighing, food consumption), and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071186-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats : A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076334-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gestión de velocidad (2009)
    MADRID : Dirección General de Tráfico, Spain
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102374
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (277 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Speed Management
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion de la vitesse
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102374-es
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076211
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 ; Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for fish reproduction where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). The short term reproduction assay was validated in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and this is the recommended species. The assay is run with three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. For the fathead minnow, four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). During the conduct of the assay, the egg production is measured quantitatively daily in each test vessel. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, two biomarker endpoints are measured in males and females separately, as indicators of endocrine activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Gonads of both sexes are also preserved and histopathology may be evaluated to assess the reproductive fitness of the test animals and to add to the weight of evidence of other endpoints.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076211-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing Environmental Management Capacity: Towards a Common Reference Framework (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 113 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.8
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness calls upon donor and partner countries to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of country systems in a way that guarantees ownership and sustainable results. Within this context, the current paper provides a synthesis of major elements and approaches of institutional assessment that may be applied to environmental management. It suggests that while a large number of diagnostic tools are in use, their level of elaboration is not sufficient for systemic sector-specific capacity assessments that would match partners’ and donors’ needs. In order to facilitate the improvement of these tools, the paper provides an inventory of core functions for environmental management. This inventory may be used by those involved in capacity assessments to consider more amply specifics of the environmental sector. Each function will need to be associated with benchmarks reflecting the multifaceted nature of institutional capacity. The evolving approaches to environmental management, as well as changes in the international and country context, impose the need to regularly update both the list of functions and complementary benchmarks.
    DOI: 10.1787/224131752784
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 452: Chronic Toxicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 ; Études de toxicité chronique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of these chronic toxicity studies is to characterize the profile of a substance in a mammalian species (primarily rodents) following prolonged and repeated exposure. The Test Guideline focuses on rodents and oral administration. Both sexes should be used. For rodents, at least 20 animals per sex per group should normally be used at each dose level, while for non-rodents a minimum of 4 per sex per group is recommended. At least three dose levels should be used in addition to the concurrent control group. Frequency of exposure normally is daily, but may vary according to the route chosen (oral, dermal or inhalation) and should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the exposure period should be 12 months. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071209-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Water for All : An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Water is vital for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. The situation is becoming more urgent due to increasing pressure, competition and even conflict over the use of water resources. The OECD has been working for many years to address these challenges. The results of recent work are summarised in Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation. The report examines: strategic financial planning for water supply and sanitation that balances the key sources of revenues for the water sector – the“3Ts” of taxes, tariffs and transfers; the design and implementation of water pricing strategies that balance financial sustainability with other policy objectives; recent developments in private sector participation in the water sector; and trends and the future outlook of water use in agriculture. It considers both developing and OECD countries and offers concrete recommendations and checklists for action. The report is an invaluable resource for policy makers, academics, NGOs and all others interested in the challenges facing the water sector today. The key messages for policy makers are summarised in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060548-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport : Design with Everyone in Mind (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports ; Vers une accessibilité pour tous
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102183-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports : Vers une accessibilité pour tous (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport; Design with Everyone in Mind
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Pour la partie de plus en plus nombreuse de la population qui est atteinte de déficiences cognitives ou d’un problème de santé mentale, l’utilisation des transports publics peut être vécue comme un défi. La publication analyse ce domaine négligé en proposant des solutions allant de la formation des personnels de services à l'utilisation d'une meilleure signalétique, à des changements dans la présentation des horaires ainsi qu'à une présence accrue de personnel pour aider les voyageurs à prendre confiance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102213-fr
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 403: Acute Inhalation Toxicity (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test article (gas, vapour or aerosol/particulate test article) by inhalation. The revised Test Guideline describes two studies: a traditional LC50 protocol and a Concentration x Time (C x t) protocol. It can be used to estimate a median lethal concentration (LC50), non-lethal threshold concentration (LC01) and slope, and to identify possible sex susceptibility. This Test Guideline enables a test article quantitative risk assessment and classification according to the Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. In the traditional LC50 protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or to three concentrations, at least, for a predetermined duration, generally of 4 hours. Usually 10 animals should be used for each concentration. In the C x T protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or a series of concentrations over multiple time durations. Usually 2 animals per C x t interval are used. Animals (the preferred species is the rat) should be observed for at least 14 days. The study includes measurements (including weighing), daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070608-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jóvenes conductores : El camino hacia la seguridad (2009)
    MADRID : Dirección General de Tráfico, Spain
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102350
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Young Drivers; The Road to Safety
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jeunes conducteurs ; La voie de la sécurité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Young Drivers: The Road to Safety
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jeunes conducteurs : La voie de la sécurité
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102350-es
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay : A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 ; Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons ; un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for certain endocrine active substances where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). This assay covers the screening of oestrogenic and androgenic activity, and aromatase inhibition. The assay was validated on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio); however zebrafish does not allow the detection of androgenic activity. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, depending on the species used, one or two biomarker endpoint(s) are measured in males and females as indicators of oestrogenic, aromatase inhibition or androgenic activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka only.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076228-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 302C: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070400-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076037-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076303-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102466-en
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  • 20
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    Port Competition and Hinterland Connections (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102251-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 21
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    Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102480
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift ; Verkehrsmittel ; Wettbewerb ; Luftverkehr ; Wettbewerb ; Hochgeschwindigkeitszug
    Abstract: Comment réglementer les aéroports de façon à limiter leur pouvoir de marché ? Ce rapport part du principe que la question préalable à se poser est de savoir s’il est indiqué de réglementer. La réglementation étant imparfaite et coûteuse, les pouvoirs publics devraient chaque fois que c’est possible établir les conditions propices au développement de la concurrence entre aéroports en lieu et place d’une réglementation détaillée. Lorsque la réglementation économique se justifie, par exemple pour des aéroports très encombrés, le rapport examine les différentes approches réglementaires possibles pour déterminer celle qui est, en définitive, la plus adaptée. Il évalue aussi les stratégies de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En intégrant l’aviation aux systèmes ouverts d’échange de droits d’émission, on pourrait réduire efficacement les émissions, mais on ne saurait en attendre des réductions importantes des émissions de CO2 dans le transport aérien proprement dit. Enfin, le rapport recense les conditions économiques dans lesquelles le train à grande vitesse peut devenir un substitut concurrentiel de l’avion. Cependant il conclut que le rail offre seulement des possibilités limitées en matière de réduction des ; émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur la partie correspondante du marché des transports.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Competitive interaction between airports, airlines and high-speed rail
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102480-fr
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  • 22
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Finland 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Finlande 2009
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Finlande 2009
    Keywords: Environment ; Finland
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of Finland's environmental programs and policies covers air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055582-en
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  • 23
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    Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076242
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 ; Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an amphibian metamorphosis assay intended to screen substances which may interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The assay was validated with the species Xenopus laevis, which is recommended for use in the Guideline. The assay uses three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. The assay starts with tadpoles at the development stage 51 on the Nieuwkoop and Faber scale and is extended for a duration of 21 days. Four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). After 7 days of exposure, a sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is sampled for the measurement of the length of the hind-limb. At termination of 21-day exposure period, developmental stage, snout-to-vent length and hind limb length are measured on all remaining tadpoles. A sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is fixed (whole-body or dissected) for histopathology of the thyroid gland.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076242-en
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  • 24
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    Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076372
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 ; Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro assay, which provides mechanistical information, and can be used for screening and prioritization purposes. The test system utilises the hERalpha-HeLa-9903 cell line derived from a human cervical tumor and stably transfected. This cell line can measure the ability of a test chemical to induce hERalpha-mediated transactivation of luciferase gene expression. The cells are exposed to 7 non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test chemical for 20-24 hours to induce the reporter gene products. Four reference chemicals should be included in each experiment: a strong estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a weak estrogen (17alpha-estradiol), a very weak estrogen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and a negative control (corticosterone). The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076372-en
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  • 25
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    Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070783-en
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  • 26
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    Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 ; Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study is to identify carcinogenic and the majority of chronic effects, and to determine dose-response relationships following prolonged and repeated exposure. The rat is typically used for this study. For rodents, each dose group and concurrent control group intended for the carcinogenicity phase of the study should contain at least 50 animals of each sex, while for the chronic toxicity phase of the study should contain at least 10 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels should be used, in addition to the concurrent control group for both the chronic toxicity phase and the carcinogenicity phase of the study. The three main routes of administration are oral, dermal, and inhalation. The Test Guideline focuses on the oral route of administration. The period of dosing and duration of the study is normally 12 months for the chronic phase, and 24 months for the carcinogenicity phase. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology. All these observations permit the detection of neoplastic effects and a determination of carcinogenic potential as well as the general toxicity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071223-en
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  • 27
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    Test No. 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070806
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 ; Toxicité subchronique par inhalation ; 90 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 : Toxicité subchronique par inhalation : 90 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a period of 90 days, and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 10 male and 10 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 90 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test chemical. The results of the study include measurement and daily and detailed observations (haematology and clinical chemistry), as well as ophthalmology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. This Test Guideline allows the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, interim sacrifices, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070806-en
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  • 28
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    Guidance Manual for the Control of Transboundary Movements of Recoverable Wastes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060753-en
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  • 29
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    Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Environment ; Development ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Abstract: The negative impacts of climate change will hit poor people and poor countries disproportionately, and further compromise the achievement of their development objectives. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation provides essential information and advice on how to facilitate the integration of adaptation into development processes. The objectives of this policy guidance are to: i) promote understanding of the implications of climate change on development practice and the associated need to mainstream climate adaptation in development co-operation agencies and partner countries; ii) identify appropriate approaches for integrating climate change adaptation into development policies at national, sectoral and project levels and in urban and rural contexts; and iii) identify practical ways for donors to support developing country partners in their efforts to reduce their vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. While efforts to integrate climate change adaptation will be led by developing country partners, international donors have a critical role to play in supporting such efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054950-en
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  • 30
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    Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076457
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 ; Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Crop field trials are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to: (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice; (2) determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) determine residue values such as the “Supervised Trial Median Residue” and “Highest Residue” for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). This Test Guideline requires one sample from treated plots at each sampling interval for crops that have eight or more crop field trials. The test substance(s) should be stored under appropriate conditions for the study duration and applied soon after preparation or mixing. Test substance applications should not be made in strong wind, during rain or when rainfall is expected shortly after application. For all applications, the application rate should be expressed in terms of amount of product and/or active ingredient per unit area. At the end of each crop field trial, the (stored) samples are analysed for residue level (expressed for example in mg/kg).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076457-en
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  • 31
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    Terrorisme et transport international : Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102343
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport; Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorism and International Transport: Towards Risk-based Security Policy
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La sûreté est un élément fondamental des systèmes de transport : ces derniers sont souvent pris pour cible dans les attaques terroristes. Les coûts significatifs des dommages potentiels font des politiques de sûreté une préoccupation majeure pour les autorités responsables des transports. Cette Table Ronde examine le rôle que peut jouer l’analyse économique pour renforcer la sécurité des transports aérien et maritime en quantifiant les avantages associés et en appréciant leur efficacité et la valeur des techniques qui visent à orienter les ressources vers l’atténuation des risques les plus importants.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102343-fr
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  • 32
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    Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076273
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 ; Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproduction of collembolans in soil. The parthenogenetic Folsomia candida is the recommended species for use, but an alternative species such as sexually reproducing Folsomia fimetaria could also be used if they meet the validity criteria. This Guideline can be used for testing both water soluble and insoluble substances but it is not applicable to volatile ones. The Guideline aims to determine toxic effects of the test substance on adult mortality and reproductive output expressed as LCx and ECx respectively, or NOEC/LOEC value. The number of treatment concentrations varies depending on endpoints to be determined. For a combined approach to examine both the NOEC/LOEC and ECx, eight concentrations in a geometric series with four replicates for each concentration as well as eight control replicates should be used. In each test vessel, 10 juveniles F. candida (or 10 males and 10 females adults F. fimetaria) should be placed on 30 g of modified OECD artificial soil using a 5 % organic matter content. The duration of a definitive reproduction test is 4 weeks for F. candida or 3 weeks for F. fimetaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076273-en
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  • 33
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    Terrorism and International Transport : Towards Risk-based Security Policy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international ; Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international : Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Security is critical to transport systems as they are often appealing targets for terrorist attacks. The significant costs of potential damage make effective security policies a key concern for transport decision makers. This Round Table examines the contribution economic analysis can make to improving security in aviation and maritime shipping by identifying methods for quantifying the benefits of security measures and assessing their effectiveness, and examining techniques to allocate resources targeting the highest risks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102329-en
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  • 34
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    Cognitive impairment, mental health and transport : design with everyone in mind (2009)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102183
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 32 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport
    DDC: 388
    Keywords: Cognition disorders ; Mental health ; Transport ; Wahrnehmungsstörung ; Mentaler Zustand
    Abstract: Cognitive impairment and mental health affect a large number of people, for whom the use of public transport can present a challenge. This book examines this neglected area, presenting various suggestions from transport staff training to better signage, clearer timetables, and increased staff presence to help build users' confidence
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminaries; Contents; Acknowledgements; Foreword; Introduction; How many people? Who are they?; What are the transport issues?; What can be done?; Conclusions and recommendations;
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports : vers une accessibilité pour tous , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102183-en
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  • 35
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    Intermodal Transport : National Peer Review: Turkey (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Transport ; Turkey
    Abstract: Turkey’s continuing economic expansion depends on the diversification of its transport modes and especially on the development of efficient multimodal services. Its role as a hub for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and as a facilitator of global exchange will be enhanced with a strategy and measures to support a range of intermodal logistic and transport services. This work analyses the current situation and sets forth some of the actions and policies needed to stimulate the development of a truly multimodal transport system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102237-en
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  • 36
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    Déficience cognitive, santé mentale et transports : vers une accessibilité pour tous (2009)
    Paris : OCDE
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102213
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 32 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cognitive Impairment, Mental Health and Transport: Design with Everyone in Mind
    Keywords: People with mental disabilities Transportation ; Transportation Planning ; Transport ; Wahrnehmungsstörung ; Mentaler Zustand
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Cognitive impairment, mental health and transport : design with everyone in mind , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102213-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 37
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    Transport Infrastructure Investment : Options for Efficiency (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101568
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Investissements en infrastructures de transport ; Vers plus d'efficience
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Investissements en infrastructures de transport : Vers plus d'efficience
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport ; Innovationsförderung ; Public Private Partnership
    Abstract: Surface transport plays a fundamental role in nearly all social and economic activity. Providing and maintaining the infrastructure consumes enormous resources. Thus, it is essential that this be carried out in the most efficient and effective way possible. Many options are available to provide surface transport infrastructure – public ministries and agencies, public-private partnerships (PPPs), state-owned companies, private and non-profit entities, and outright privatisation. There are also various means of paying for it, including user charging, subsidies, public borrowing or private financing. This report examines key principles that should be considered by governments in deciding how to provide and pay for surface transport infrastructure, with a view to best serving societies’ needs and employing public resources. It also considers the key issues that must be resolved in making more use of private financing and expertise.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101568-en
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    Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water : Improving Approaches and Methods (Arabic version) (2008)
    Riyadh : Ministry of Higher Education King Saud University, Translation Center, Saudi Arabia
    Details
    ISBN: 9789960552095
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: Online-Ressource (431 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water; Improving Approaches and Methods
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods
    Keywords: Environment
    DOI: 10.1787/9789960552095-ar
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  • 39
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    Test No. 508: Magnitude of the Pesticide Residues in Processed Commodities (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 ; Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 : Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes how to plan and carry out processing studies, i.e. determine residue levels in primary processed commodities following pesticide application on raw agriculture commodities (RAC) under conditions likely to lead to maximum residues. It provides the distribution of residues (active ingredient, and/or metabolites, degradation products), and preferential accumulation in various processed products resulting from the processing of a commodity. Used RACs (of plant origin and animal origin) should contain field-treated quantifiable residues, at sufficient levels so that concentration/dilution factors for the various consumed products and non-consumed intermediates can be determined. Pesticides residues to be measured are determined by the residue definition based on studies on the nature of the residue in processing and/or in plant and livestock. For each field test site (at least two independent) the processing factor (Pf) is calculated as the ratio between the residue level in the processed commodity and in the RAC or the commodity to be processed. If a given commodity has two or more significantly different commercial procedures, two trials for each procedure are necessary. Spiked samples should be run concurrently with those from the processing study to ensure the method validity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067622-en
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  • 40
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    Eco-Efficiency (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report evaluates strategies to improve the efficiency with which environmental resources are used to meet human needs. Many firms in OECD countries have developed strategies that involve:- developing goals to reduce resource use and pollutant release while improving customer service;- working towards the goals through innovation in technology, practices, and ways of thinking; and- designing indicators to monitor progress.Similar approaches have been used outside business, for example by governments, communities and groups of households. Such strategies have achieved improvements in material and energy efficiency in the region of 10% to 40%. The full potential for improving eco-efficiency is much greater, but it is only likely to be achieved through coherent government policies for sustainable development. The report identifies policies that can encourage innovation by firms and communities, and provide an economy-wide framework of economic and regulatory incentives for the adoption of more sustainable patterns of production and consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040304-en
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  • 41
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    Das chaussées à longue durée de vie pour routes à forte circulation (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101629
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Long-Life Surfaces for Busy Roads
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les revêtements à longue durée de vie peuvent diminuer les coûts d’entretien des réseaux routiers de manière significative, et ceci en y incluant les pertes de temps causées par ces travaux pour les usagers, notamment sur les routes encombrées à fort trafic. Ces revêtements ont recours à de nouveaux matériaux qui sont plus coûteux que l’asphalte et qui requièrent des traitements spécifiques. Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une recherche collective destinée à évaluer le potentiel technique et économique des revêtements à longue durée de vie les plus prometteurs et propose à l’intention des gouvernements une façon de peser les risques et avantages liés à l’introduction de tels revêtements sur les routes à fort trafic.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101629-fr
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  • 42
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    Bénéfices économiques élargis du secteur des transports : Instruments d'investissement et d'évaluation macro-, méso- et micro-économiques (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101865
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.140
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Wider Economic Benefits of Transport; Macro-, Meso- and Micro-Economic Transport Planning and Investment Tools
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’analyse coûts-avantages classique des projets d’investissement dans les infrastructures de transport consiste à mettre en balance les coûts des projets avec les avantages que l’on peut en escompter pour l’usager. Cette démarche a été remise en question au motif qu’elle ne tient pas compte des effets économiques plus larges de ces projets. À l’occasion de cette Table Ronde, d’éminents universitaires et professionnels ont échangé leurs vues sur la question et ont examiné diverses méthodes possibles pour évaluer les effets plus larges – négatifs comme positifs. Ils sont ainsi parvenus à la conclusion que pour les projets de petite envergure, il est préférable de privilégier l’obtention de résultats dans les délais voulus, même s’il faut pour cela renoncer à une analyse plus poussée des effets plus larges des projets. En revanche, s’agissant de projets ou de programmes d’investissement de plus grande ampleur, une analyse spécifique de leurs effets plus larges se justifie davantage. L’élaboration de procédures d’évaluation uniformes doit être un domaine de recherche prioritaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101865-fr
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  • 43
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    Biofuels: Linking Support to Performance (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/07
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper summarizes and organizes presentations in the Round Table's presentations and discussions, draws conclusions when possible, and points out where opinions differ. It is divided in three main sections. First, the presentations and discussions provided an overview of the advances, promises, and pitfalls of current research on the economic impacts of investments in transport infrastructure. a first recurring theme was that advances in the analysis of "wider impacts" were acknowledged, but their transferability across projects was questioned, so there are "no simple rules" for generalizing results. Moreover, routine analysis is difficult because of shortcomings both in data availability and in the analytical framework. This theme is developed in some detail in section two. A second recurring issue was the major differences in the approach to transport project appraisal between countries. The impact of economic appraisal on policy decisions varies greatly from one region to another and this has consequences for the way wider economic impacts might be taken into account.
    DOI: 10.1787/235412177684
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  • 44
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    Transport Outlook 2008 : Focusing on CO2 Emissions from Road Vehicles (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/13
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This short outlook is designed to test the potential for key policy instruments for mitigating emissions from road transport, and particularly from light duty vehicles, the largest source of CO2 emissions from transport (see Figure 1 and Table 1). It also examines uncertainties in the baseline scenario for the development of CO2 emissions from the sector. In contrast to the OECD’s Economic Outlook and the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, the Transport Outlook is produced making use of external modeling tools. The work uses the most transparent and robust model developed to date for the sector, the MoMo modeli constructed and maintained by the International Energy Agency and initially developed for the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. We are grateful to the MoMo-team for their willingness to share this product. The present document is only a first step towards the development of a full-fledged Transport Outlook. It is limited in scope, with its focus on road transport and on emissions of CO2. Despite the limitations, this mini-Outlook provides elements of a useful framework for discussions on the policy challenges presented by the risk of costly consequences from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. As will become clear, permanent reductions of CO2-emissions from transport are difficult to achieve because of strong underlying global growth in transport demand. At the same time, our scenarios suggest that emissions could be stabilized even with strong growth of demand, given immediate and continued efforts to reduce the sector’s carbon intensity. If stabilization is the goal, then finding cost-effective ways of achieving it becomes the critical issue.
    DOI: 10.1787/235320486412
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  • 45
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    Space Technologies and Climate Change : Implications for Water Management, Marine Resources and Maritime Transport (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054196
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: This book examines the contributions that space technologies can make in tackling some of the serious problems posed by climate change. Focusing on examples of water management, marine resources and maritime transport, it sets out the rationale for further developing satellite systems to measure and monitor climate change and help mitigate its consequences. The report underlines the need to consider satellites not just as research and development systems, but as an important component of a critical communication- and information-based infrastructure for modern societies. The tool box for decision makers that concludes the book reviews different methodological options for deciding on investments in space-based earth observation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054196-en
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  • 46
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    The Costs and Effectiveness of Police to Reduce Vehicle Emissions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/09
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Transport sector policies already contribute to moderating greenhouse gas emissions from road vehicles and are increasingly designed to contribute to overall societal targets to mitigate climate change. The Round Table investigated the effectiveness and costs of various mitigation options. The question of how to decide on the distribution of abatement efforts across sectors of the economy was also discussed. Within the broad topic of addressing greenhouse gas emissions from transport, the Round Table focused on emissions of CO2 from road transport and in particular from light-duty passenger vehicles. Policies that reduce fuel consumption below non-intervention levels are in place in most countries, many adopted for reasons other than reducing CO2 emissions. In the US, both fuel taxes and fuel economy regulations have been in force for some decades. European governments have adopted high fuel taxes but are now considering introducing fuel economy regulations. A first core question for the Round Table was whether such a combination of instruments is justified. A second question was whether current policies, and the level of taxes and standards, are in line with societal climate change mitigation goals and, more generally, how such goals ought to be defined.
    DOI: 10.1787/235407601737
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  • 47
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    The Wider Economic Benefit of Transport : Macro-, Meso and Micro Transport Planning and Investment Tools (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/06
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper summarizes and organizes presentations and discussions of the Round Table on Macro-, meso and micro infrastructure planning and assessment tools, that took place at Boston University, on 25 and 26 October 2007. The goal of the meeting was to investigate how recent research on direct and wider economic impacts of investment in transport infrastructure can be used to improve the practice of transport projects appraisal. While the potential importance of “wider benefits” is clear, it is less obvious that attempts to quantify them should be part of all projects appraisals. Timely availibilty of results of simpler approaches might approve the quality of decision-making just as much. And when wider impacts are part of appraisal, their quantification should follow consistent procedures. Policy-oriented research should focus on these procedures, not on producing general results, as the latter are thought to be irrelevant to policy, to the extent they exist.
    DOI: 10.1787/235472836885
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  • 48
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    17e Symposium International FIT/OCDE sur l'économie des transports et la politique : Tirer parti de la mondialisation : Contribution du secteur des transports et enjeux politiques (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101773
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (505 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17th International ITF/OECD Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy; Benefiting from Globalisation; Transport Sector Contribution and Policy Challenges
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les entreprises et les personnes peuvent d’autant plus profiter de la mondialisation que les réseaux de transport sont efficaces et rentables. Un secteur des transports compétitif, réactif et bien organisé facilite les échanges. Mais pour créer les conditions qui rendent ceci possible, il faut relever un certain nombre de défis politiques. C’est ainsi que les transports pourront pleinement contribuer à la mondialisation. Tel était précisément la thématique principale du 17ème Symposium FIT/OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101773-fr
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  • 49
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    Oil Dependence: Is Transport Running out of Affordable Fuel? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/05
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The transport sector’s demand for oil is less price sensitive than any other part of the economy. This is partly because demand for transport services is relatively insensitive to price and partly because substitutes for oil in road transport are currently far from cost-effective. Evidence from the USA suggests that as incomes rise, transport sector oil demand becomes even less price sensitive. This implies that oil consumption is set to become increasingly concentrated in the transport sector. It also implies that relatively limited fluctuations in demand can have increasingly significant effects on oil prices.
    DOI: 10.1787/235517712500
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  • 50
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Hungary 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049284
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Hongrie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary; (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Hongrie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary: (Hungarian version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Hungary
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of Hungary's environmental programs and policies, covering air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049284-en
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    The Polluter Pays Principle (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044845
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: As the Polluter-Pays Principle is a fundamental principle of cost allocation, its analysis covers a substantial part of the vast field of environmental resource allocation. This report, originally published in 1975, presents a selection of relevant theoretical and practical analyses now that the Polluter-Pays Principle must be regarded as a mainstay of Member countries’ environmental policies. First, in the matter of definitions of the Polluter-Pays Principle, the definition officially adopted by the OECD is outlined, together with an answer to the questions which consequently arise. With regard to analysis of the Polluter-Pays Principle, one study deals in detail with the economic foundations of the Principle and possible effects of its application, such as on behaviour of the polluting firm. Lastly, the important problem of implementing the PolluterPays Principle is discussed at some length.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044845-en
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  • 52
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    Climate Change Mitigation : What Do We Do? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059610
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique ; Que faire?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique : Que faire?
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Climate change is a fact of life. We need to act urgently if we are to avoid an irreversible build-up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming at a potentially huge cost to the economy and society worldwide. OECD analysis suggests that if we act now, we have 10 to 15 years’ “breathing space” during which action is possible at a relatively modest cost. But every year of delay reduces this breathing space, while requiring ever more stringent measures to make a difference. Current financial turmoil is not a reason to delay. Indeed, its macroeconomic consequences will be resolved in a relatively short time, after which growth will resume, while the consequences of inaction on global warming will continue to grow more and more costly over time...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059610-en
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  • 53
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    The Cost and Effectiveness of Policies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.142
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coût et l'efficacité des mesures visant à réduire les émissions des véhicules
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrspolitik ; Emissionsverringerung
    Abstract: Transport sector policies already contribute to moderating greenhouse gas emissions from road vehicles. They are increasingly designed to contribute to overall societal targets to mitigate climate change. While abatement costs in transport are relatively high, there are plausible arguments in favour of further abatement in this sector. The empirical basis to decide upon combinations of fuel economy standards and fuel taxes, however, remains weak. This Round Table investigates the effectiveness and costs of various mitigation options in road transport, and discusses the distribution of abatement efforts across sectors of the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102138-en
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  • 54
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    Test No. 228: Determination of Developmental Toxicity of a Test Chemical to Dipteran Dung Flies(Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Scathophagidae), Musca autumnalis De Geer (Muscidae)) (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 ; Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 : Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to estimate the developmental toxicity of a test chemical to the dung dwelling life stages of dung-dependent dipteran species. Two test species can be used. The test chemical is mixed with bovine faeces, to which either 10 eggs of Scathophaga stercoraria or 10 larvae of Musca autumnalis are added. The test will be terminated 5 days after emergence of the last adult in the control (〉 18 days for S. stercoraria, 〉13 days for M. autumnalis). Then the possible impacts of the test chemical on the following measurement endpoints are assessed under controlled conditions: sex and total number of emerged adult flies, retardation of emergence indicated by the developmental rate and morphological change. Depending on the experimental design, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) or the Effect concentration for x percent effect (ECx) can be determined. This Guideline can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but is not applicable to volatile substances. If the toxicity of the chemical is unknown, five nominal test concentrations should be conducted. A positive control should be tested periodically. The test is considered valid if in the controls hatching of larvae is superior or equal to 70% of the number of introduced eggs, emergence of adults is superior or equal to 70% and superior or equal to 50% of the respectively hatched and introduced larvae and if the emergence of adult flies starts after 18 +- 2 days (S. stercoraria) or after 13 +- 2 days(M. autumnalis).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067479-en
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    Long-Life Surfaces for Busy Roads (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des chaussées à longue durée de vie pour routes à forte circulation
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Long-life surfaces could substantially cut the costs of road works, including the delays they cause, especially on congested routes with heavy traffic. These surfaces use new materials that cost more than conventional asphalt and require special handling. This report presents the results of collaborative research to evaluate the technical and economic potential of the most promising long-life surfaces (epoxy asphalt and high performance cementitious materials) and assist governments in weighing up the risks and advantages of introducing them on busy roads
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101209-en
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  • 56
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    The Wider Economic Benefits of Transport : Macro-, Meso- and Micro-Economic Transport Planning and Investment Tools (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101834
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.140
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bénéfices économiques élargis du secteur des transports ; Instruments d'investissement et d'évaluation macro-, méso- et micro-économiques
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The wider economic benefits of transport
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2007 ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung
    Abstract: The standard cost-benefit analysis of transport infrastructure investment projects weighs a project’s costs against users’ benefits. This approach has been challenged on the grounds that it ignores wider economic impacts of such projects. At this International Transport Forum Round Table, leading academics and practitioners addressed these concerns and examined a range of potential approaches for evaluating wider impacts – negative as well as positive. They concluded that for smaller projects, it is better to focus on timely availability of results, even if this means forgoing sophisticated analysis of wider impacts. For larger projects or investment programs, customized analysis of these effects is more easily justifiable. Creating consistent appraisal procedures is a research priority.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101834-en
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  • 57
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    Le coût et l'efficacité des mesures visant à réduire les émissions des véhicules (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102152
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.142
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost and Effectiveness of Policies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les politiques du secteur des transports contribuent déjà à modérer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des véhicules routiers. Elles sont de plus en plus conçues pour participer aux objectifs sociétaux de lutte contre le changement climatique. Bien que le coût de réduction des émissions soit relativement élevé dans les transports, nombre d’arguments plausibles en faveur de tels abattements voient le jour au sein de ce secteur. Il n’y a toutefois pas d’éléments solides pour étayer le recours à une combinaison de normes de consommation et de taxation des carburants. La Table Ronde analyse l’efficacité et le coût de différentes options de réduction des émissions des transports routiers et examine la répartition des efforts au travers des différents secteurs de l’économie.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The cost and effectiveness of policies to reduce vehicle emissions
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102152-fr
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    Test No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 425; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale; méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 425: Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale: méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method permits estimation of an LD50 with a confidence interval and the results allow a substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals. It is easiest to apply to materials that produce death within couple of days. This Test Guideline is intended for use with rodents (rat female preferably). There are a limit test and a main test. The limit test can be used efficiently to identify chemicals that are likely to have low toxicity. The test substance is administered generally in a single dose by gavage to animals fasted prior to dosing. Single animals are dosed in sequence usually at 48h intervals. The first animal is dosed a step below the best preliminary estimates of the LD50. The second animal receives a lower dose (if the first animal dies) or a higher dose (if the first animal survives). Animals are observed with a special attention given during the first 4 hours and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days generally. Weights Animals should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy. Globally the LD50 is calculated using the maximum likelihood method. Following this, it may be possible to compute interval estimates for the LD50; most narrow is the interval and better is LD50 estimation. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071049-en
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    Gender and Sustainable Development : Maximising the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049901
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Sustainable development depends on maintaining long-term economic, social, and environmental capital. In failing to make the best use of their female populations, most countries are underinvesting in the human capital needed to assure sustainabilitly. This market and systems failure is discussed in this publication in terms of gender constraints, which are based on the socially-constructed and historically developed roles of men and women. It also illuminates how female contributions can be better realized at present and how strategies can be developed for meeting the needs of future generations. This report is a contribution by the OECD to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development and its cross-cutting work on gender.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049901-en
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    Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 211; Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 211: Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test method described in this Test Guideline assesses the effect of chemicals on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna Straus. To this end, young female Daphnia are exposed to the test substance added to water at a range of concentrations (at least five). For semi-static tests, at least 10 animals at each test concentration and for flow-through tests, 40 animals divided into four groups of 10 animals at each test concentration, are used. The test duration is 21 days. Reproductive output of the parent animals and the total number of living offspring produced per parent alive at the end of the test should be reported. The study report should also include: the daily counting of the offspring, the daily recording of the parent mortality, the weekly measurement of oxygen concentration, temperature, hardness and pH values and the determination of the concentrations of test substance. Optionally, the sex ratio of the offspring may be recorded. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and hence the no observed effect concentration (NOEC). In addition, and as far as possible, the data are analyzed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause an x % reduction in reproductive output.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070127-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Turkey 2008; (Turkish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008: (Turkish version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Turkey
    Abstract: This edition of OECD's periodic review of Turkey's environmental policy finds that Turkey has achieved consolidation of environmental progress and its environmental legislation is increasingly incorporating the EU environmental aquis. But pollution, energy, and resource intensities still need to be reduced and environmentally related health problems need to be addressed. This review systematically looks at air, water, nature and biodiversity, the environmental-economic interface, the environmental-social interface, and international co-operation, making 45 specific recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049161-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Denmark 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: This systematic review of environmental policies and programmes in Denmark finds progress in tackling environmental challenges over the last ten years, but insists the country must green its economy (e.g. transport, agriculture, energy sectors and fiscal policies) and must face special challenges associated with health, biodiversity, and marine protection.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039582-en
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  • 63
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    Riesgos Ambientales y Seguros : Un análisis comparativo del papel de los seguros en la gestión de riesgos relacionados con el medio ambiente (2008)
    Madrid : Ministry of Environment, Spain
    Details
    ISBN: 9788483203941
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Risks and Insurance; A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assurance et risques environnementaux; Une analyse comparative du rôle de l'assurance dans la gestion des risques liés à l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Risks and Insurance: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assurance et risques environnementaux: Une analyse comparative du rôle de l'assurance dans la gestion des risques liés à l'environnement
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Desde la creciente incidencia de la contaminación ambiental y la contaminación del suelo hasta las catástrofes naturales, los riesgos producidos por la constante interacción entre las actividades humanas y el medio ambiente son diversos, numerosos y, a menudo, con consecuencias catastróficas. Por lo tanto, la elaboración de planes eficaces de gestión de riesgos, dirigidos a la formulación de estrategias de respuesta viables, requiere la contribución de todos los actores económicos involucrados: grupos privados, instituciones financieras, gobiernos y organizaciones internacionales. Este informe se centra en el papel de las compañías aseguradoras y reaseguradoras en la gestión de riesgos ambientales, en particular, el riesgo de contaminación ambiental y el riesgo de catástrofes naturales. Se discute la asegurabilidad de tales riesgos, se analiza el aumento del riesgo de responsabilidad por contaminación ambiental y las tendencias subyacentes en el desarrollo de regímenes de responsabilidad ambiental en los países de la OCDE. También presenta una visión general de los diversos productos de seguro medioambiental y de las técnicas desarrolladas en respuesta a la evolución legal y fáctica. Además, describe las características especiales de los riesgos por catástrofes naturales, el funcionamiento tradicional del mercado de seguros en la cobertura de tales peligros y opciones alternativas de cobertura, desde los planes gubernamentales contra el riesgo de desastres hasta los nuevos instrumentos financieros de mercado.
    DOI: 10.1787/9788483203941-es
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    OECD-Umweltausblick bis 2030 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043329
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (522 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives de l'environnement de l'OCDE à l'horizon 2030
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Der OECD-Umweltausblick bis 2030 liefert Analysen ökonomischer und ökologischer Trends bis 2030 sowie Simulationen politischer Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der wichtigsten Herausforderungen. Wenn keine neuen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, laufen wir Gefahr, die Umwelt und die natürliche Ressourcenbasis, die zur Sicherung von Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand notwendig ist, irreversibel zu schädigen. Bei politischer Untätigkeit drohen hohe Kosten. Der Ausblick zeigt allerdings, dass es sowohl möglich als auch finanzierbar ist, die größten ökologischen Probleme der heutigen Zeit – darunter Klimawandel, Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt, Wassermangel und Gesundheitsschädigungen durch Umweltverschmutzung – zu bewältigen. Er richtet das Augenmerk auf den Policy Mix, mit dem diesen Herausforderungen auf kosteneffiziente Weise begegnet werden kann. Im Vergleich zur Ausgabe 2001 wurde der Blickwinkel dieses Ausblicks erweitert, da nicht nur auf die Entwicklungen in den OECD-Ländern, sondern auch auf Brasilien, Russland, Indien, Indonesien, China sowie Südafrika (BRIICS) und insbesondere auf die Frage eingegangen wird, wie die Länder im Hinblick auf globale und lokale Lösungen für ökologische Probleme besser zusammenarbeiten können.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043329-de
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    Environmental Policy, Technological Innovation and Patents (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique environnementale, innovation technologique et dépôts de brevets
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental policy, technological innovation and patents
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Patent ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Papierindustrie ; Wasseraufbereitung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Technological innovations Environmental aspects ; Technological innovations Patents ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Umweltpolitik ; Umwelttechnik ; Technische Innovation ; Patentdokumentation
    Abstract: This report presents three case studies to illustrate the relationship between environmental policy and technological innovation. The case studies cover abatement technologies for wastewater effluent from pulp production, abatement of motor vehicle emissions, and development of renewable energy technologies. On the basis of patent data, the nature, extent, and causes of innovation in each of these areas have been explored. While a particular focus has been placed on the role of environmental policy in bringing about the innovation documented, it is recognised that other factors play a key role in inducing innovation that has positive environmental implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046825-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Australia 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Australia
    Abstract: OECD's periodic review of Australia's environmental policies and programmes. This edition reviews progress since the last review in 1998 and in relation to the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. It systematically examines environmental management (water, air, nature), sustainable development (environment-economy interface, environment-agriculture interface, environment-social interface) and international commitments. In each area, it makes a series of recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039612-en
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    Test No. 316: Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water Direct Photolysis (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 ; Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau - Photolyse directe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 : Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau Photolyse directe
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes studies on phototransformation in water to determine the potential effects of solar irradiation on chemicals in surface water, considering direct photolysis only. It is designed as a tiered approach. The Tier 1 is based on a theoretical screen. The rate of decline of a test chemical in a direct photolysis study is generally assumed to follow pseudo first-order kinetics. If the maximum possible losses is estimated to be superior or equal to 50% of the initial concentration over a 30-day period, an experimental study is proceeded in Tier 2. The direct photolysis rate constants for test chemicals in the laboratory is determined using preferably a filtered xenon arc lamp capable of simulating natural sunlight in the 290 to 800 nm, or sunlight irradiation, and extrapolated to natural water. If estimated losses are superior or equal to 20%, the transformation pathway and the identities, concentrations, and rate of formation and decline of major transformation products are identified. An optional task is the additional determination of the quantum yield for various types of water bodies, seasons, and latitudes of interest. The test chemical should be directly dissolved in the aqueous media saturated in air at a concentration which should not exceed half its solubility. For linear and non-linear regressions on the test chemical data in definitive or upper tier tests, the minimum number of samples collected should be 5 and 7 respectively. The exact number of samples and the timing of their collection is determined by a preliminary range-finding. Replicates (at least 2) of each experimental determination of kinetic parameters are recommended to determine variability and reduce uncertainty in their determination.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067585-en
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    Test No. 226: Predatory mite (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) reproduction test in soil (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067455
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 ; Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 : Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the effects of chemical substances in soil on the reproductive output of the soil mite species Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae). It can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but not with volatile substances. Adult females of similar age are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into 20 g dry mass of artificial soil 28-35 days after the start of the egg laying period. Depending on the endpoint (ECx, NOEC or both), five to twelve concentrations should be tested. At least two to four replicates for each test concentrations and six to eight control replicates, of 10 animals each, are recommended. At 20¡ãC, the test lasts 14 days after introducing the females, which usually allows the control offspring to reach the deutonymph stage. The number of surviving females (mortality ¡Ü 20% for a valid test) and the number of juveniles per test vessel (at least 50 for a valid test) are determined. The fecundity of the mites exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels should be recorded.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067455-en
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    Test No. 314: Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability of Chemicals Discharged in Wastewater (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 ; Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 : Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the extent and kinetics of primary and ultimate biodegradation of organic chemicals whose route of entry into the environment begins with their discharge to wastewater. It consists of five simulation tests in a) sewer systems, b) activated sludge, c) anaerobic digester sludge, d) treated effluent in the mixing zone of surface water, and e) untreated wastewater that is directly discharged to surface water. These tests are appropriate for chemicals released continuously or episodically to wastewater. The five test methods described are open batch systems or closed gas flow-through batch systems. The principle objectives are to i) measure the rate of primary biodegradation, ii) measure the rate of mineralization and iii ) follow the formation and decay of major transformation products when appropriate. Typically, a test chemical, radiolabelled (14C) in an appropriate position, is incubated with a representative environmental sample. Abiotic and biotic treatments are prepared for each test chemical and condition. The level of parent and degradation products is determined using chromatographic separation and radio-analytical detection methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067493-en
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    17th International ITF/OECD Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy: Benefiting from Globalisation : Transport Sector Contribution and Policy Challenges (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17e Symposium International FIT/OCDE sur l'économie des transports et la politique ; Tirer parti de la mondialisation ; Contribution du secteur des transports et enjeux politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 17e Symposium International FIT/OCDE sur l'économie des transports et la politique : Tirer parti de la mondialisation : Contribution du secteur des transports et enjeux politiques
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Verkehrspolitik ; Verkehrsmarkt ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur
    Abstract: The opportunities for individuals and businesses to benefit from globalisation are increased by efficient, cost-effective transport networks. A competitive, responsive, well-organised transport sector facilitates trade, but creating the conditions for this poses policy challenges that must be tackled if transport is to contribute fully to globalisation. This was the main theme of the 17th ITF/OECD Symposium. These conference proceedings contain summaries of the opening session ceremonies and discussions and the full text of the 16 papers presented as introductory reports for the discussions. The reports cover such fields as data and trends, globalisation and transport sector development, transport policy and regional integration, trade and infrastructure, and international transport and domestic policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101780-en
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    Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 407; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 407: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest during one limited period (one dose level daily during 28 days). This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 10 animals (5 female and 5 male) should be used for each dose level. Three tests groups, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The report of this study will include results from clinical and functional observations, body weight and food/water consumption measurements, hematology and clinical biochemistry; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070684-en
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    Towards Zero : Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route ; Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero; Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Zéro tué sur la route : Un système sûr, des objectifs ambitieux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach (Russian version)
    DDC: 629.28304
    Keywords: Traffic safety ; Transport ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Umsetzung
    Abstract: Each year around 1.2 million people are killed and 50 million are injured on roads around the world. But crashes are largely preventable and much can be done to reduce the burden of pain they cause and their economic impact. This report takes stock of recent developments and initiatives to meet increasingly ambitious road safety targets, and constitutes a major international review of progress in developing Safe System approaches, now adopted in a small number of countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101964-en
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    Privatisation and Regulation of Urban Transit Systems (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.141
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation et réglementation des systèmes de transports publics urbains
    RVK:
    QR 800
    RVK:
    QR 860
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2008 ; Stadtverkehr ; Transitverkehr ; Verkehrsplanung ; Verkehrspolitik ; Regulierung ; Privatisierung
    Abstract: Urban public transport services generally run at a large deficit. This has led public authorities to seek efficiencies, notably through private sector involvement. Support for the sector traditionally seeks to provide basic mobility services to all segments of society, including low-income users. Intervention is also required to manage the natural tendency towards concentration and market power in the provision of these transport services. Policy towards urban public transport is increasingly aimed at managing congestion on the roads and mitigating CO2 emissions by substituting for travel by car. Achieving coherent transport networks that are efficient and financially sustainable is a challenge for any public authority. This Round Table examines experience in integrating private management and capital with public transport policy objectives in a number of developed economies. For network operators, the Round Table concludes that innovation is the key to surviving the rapidly changing policy and regulatory environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102008-en
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    Biocarburants : Lier les politiques de soutien aux bilans énergétiques et environnementaux (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101827
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.138
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biofuels; Linking Support to Performance
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: En 2007, les biocarburants ont reçu 15 milliards USD de subventions dans les pays membres de l’OCDE. Ont-ils pour autant apporté des bénéfices en termes de protection du climat ou de sécurité énergétique ? Dans le cadre des politiques actuelles, le soutien aux biocarburants n’est pas lié à leurs performances environnementales, alors même que tous les biocarburants sont loin d’afficher le même bilan écologique. A vrai dire, il se pourrait qu’une grande partie de l’éthanol et du biodiesel produit aujourd’hui engendre au bout du compte davantage d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre que les carburants traditionnels que sont l’essence et le diesel. Les rapports réunis dans cet ouvrage examinent la dimension économique des biocarburants et évaluent les perspectives de production de biocarburants conventionnels dans les pays de l’OCDE, les possibilités d’exportation de l’éthanol brésilien et le potentiel de certains biocarburants de seconde génération dans l’optique de l’approvisionnement des marchés mondiaux en carburants. La Table ronde dont ils sont issus a analysé les aspects essentiels qui doivent guider les gouvernements dans la détermination du soutien apporté aux biocarburants, notamment les émissions de gaz à effet de serre produits par ces carburants sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie et l’impact plus général des cultures énergétiques sur l’environnement. Sont également analysés, les progrès intervenus récemment en matière d’élaboration de systèmes de certification pour les biocarburants, sachant que ces systèmes sont un outil essentiel pour lier le soutien à l’abaissement effectif des émissions de gaz à effet de serre – qui ne saurait toutefois pas empêcher la destruction des forêts tropicales et leur remplacement par des surfaces consacrées à la production de biocarburants. En conclusion, l’ouvrage présente une courte liste de réformes préconisées pour faire en sorte que les politiques de soutien aux biocarburants contribuent véritablement à l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101827-fr
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    Investissements en infrastructures de transport : Vers plus d'efficience (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101896
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure Investment; Options for Efficiency
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Transport
    Abstract: Les transports terrestres jouent un rôle crucial dans presque toutes les activités sociales et économiques. La fourniture et l'entretien des infrastructures nécessitent des ressources considérables. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de les aborder selon les modalités les plus efficaces et rentables possibles. De nombreuses options peuvent être envisagées pour la fourniture des infrastructures de transport terrestre : ministères et organismes publics, partenariats public-privé (PPP), entreprises publiques, sociétés privées à but non lucratif ou privatisation pure et simple. Il existe également plusieurs moyens de financer ces infrastructures, notamment la tarification de l’utilisation, les subventions, les emprunts publics ou le financement privé. Ce rapport passe en revue les principes clés que les gouvernements doivent prendre en considération dans leurs décisions relatives aux modalités de mise à disposition et de financement des infrastructures de transport terrestre, avec l'objectif de répondre aux besoins de la société et d'utiliser au mieux les ressources publiques. Il examine également les questions clés qui doivent être résolues pour faire davantage appel aux capacités de financement et au savoir-faire du secteur privé.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101896-fr
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  • 76
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    Reconciling Development and Environmental Goals : Measuring the Impact of Policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reconciling development and environmental goals
    RVK:
    QT 000
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Economic development Government policy ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Environment ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Umweltpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Policy coherence is increasingly in the interest of OECD countries and developing countries alike, given their growing economic, social and environmental interdependence. This report presents scenarios showing numerical results of changes to individual policies as well as policy packages implemented simultaneously by OECD and developing countries. The results can be used to anticipate the outcomes of decisions and implement the appropriate set of policies. The scenarios also show how policy combinations could substantially improve both economic and environmental outcomes together, confirming the need for policy coherence.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050099-en
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  • 77
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    Biofuels : Linking Support to Performance (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.138
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biocarburants ; Lier les politiques de soutien aux bilans énergétiques et environnementaux
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Biofuels received USD 15 billion in subsidies in OECD Member countries in 2007, but did they deliver benefits in terms of climate change or oil security? Present policies make no link between support for biofuels and their environmental performance, and biofuels do not all perform equally well. In fact, much of the current ethanol and biodiesel production may result in higher overall emissions of greenhouse gases than using conventional transport fuels - gasoline and diesel. The papers published in this report examine the economics of biofuels and assess the potential of conventional biofuel production in OECD countries, Brazilian ethanol exports and some second generation biofuels to supply world markets with transport fuels. This Round Table analyses the critical issues for governments in determining support for biofuels, particularly the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life-cycle of these fuels and the wider environmental impacts of farming biomass. It also reviews recent progress in developing certification systems for biofuels – an essential tool for tying support to achievement in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, although certification cannot be expected to prevent rainforest destruction for the development of biofuel crop plantations. The report concludes with a short list of recommendations for policy reform if support for biofuels is to contribute effectively to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101803-en
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  • 78
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    Oil Dependence : Is Transport Running Out of Affordable Fuel? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.139
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pétrole et transports ; La fin des carburants à prix abordable ?
    DDC: 333.8/23213
    RVK:
    QQ 800
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Oil consumption is increasingly concentrated in transport and relatively limited fluctuations in transport demand can have increasingly significant effects on oil prices. This Round Table assesses the policy instruments available to address oil security and climate change and examines their interaction with measures to manage congestion and mitigate local air pollution. A number of incompatibilities and trade-offs are identified underlining the importance of integrated policy making. The report includes an examination of the factors that drive oil prices in the short and long term and a discussion of the outlook for oil supply.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102527-en
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  • 79
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    Pétrole et transports : La fin des carburants à prix abordable ? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102534
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.139
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Oil Dependence; Is Transport Running Out of Affordable Fuel?
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: La consommation de pétrole se concentre de plus en plus dans le secteur des transports. Ainsi, des variations relativement limitées de la demande dans ce secteur peuvent avoir des effets de plus en plus sensibles sur les cours du pétrole. Cette table ronde évalue les mesures dont disposent les pouvoirs publics pour sécuriser les approvisionnements pétroliers et freiner le changement climatique. Elle examine leur interaction avec les mesures destinées à gérer la congestion et réduire la pollution atmosphérique locale. Elle met aussi en évidence un certain nombre d’incompatibilités et d’arbitrages nécessaires, soulignant ainsi l’importance d’une approche intégrée dans l’élaboration des politiques. La table ronde examine aussi les facteurs qui déterminent les prix du pétrole à court et long terme, ainsi que les perspectives concernant les approvisionnements pétroliers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102534-fr
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  • 80
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    Privatisation et réglementation des systèmes de transports publics urbains (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102022
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.141
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation and Regulation of Urban Transit Systems
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les services de transports publics urbains connaissent une exploitation largement déficitaire dans une majorité de cas. Ceci a conduit les autorités publiques à rechercher des gains d’efficience, en particulier par la participation du secteur privé à l’offre de tels services. Traditionnellement, le subventionnement de tels services vise à procurer une mobilité de base à toutes les catégories de la population, en particulier pour celles défavorisées. Une intervention publique vise également à contrecarrer les tendances naturelles à la concentration et à l’apparition de positions dominantes dans les services de transports publics. Les politiques en matière de transports urbains veillent également de plus en plus à offrir des alternatives à l’usage de la voiture particulière pour combattre la congestion et réduire les émissions de CO2. Construire des réseaux de transports publics cohérents qui soient viables financièrement est un défi pour toutes les autorités publiques. Cette Table Ronde a examiné les expériences d’intégration d’une gestion privée et de capital privé dans des objectifs de politique des transports publics au sein de nombres d’économies développées. A destination des opérateurs de ces réseaux, la Table Ronde a conclu que l’innovation est un élément clef pour faire face à des environnements politiques et réglementaires en mutation rapide.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102022-fr
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  • 81
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    Test No 506: Stability of Pesticide Residues in Stored Commodities (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061927
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 506; Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 506: Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The aim of these studies is to demonstrate the time period for which stability has been shown in representative commodities from crops. Freezer storage stability studies should include sufficient starting material and should have a sufficiently high concentration of residue to allow for any observed decline during storage to be quantified. Samples could either be from crops (or animals) that have been treated with pesticides in the field, or from the spiking of control commodities with known amounts of each component of the residue definitions. Freshly spiked control samples of the stored commodities should be analysed at each of the time points when aged/stored commodities are removed from frozen storage for analysis. The control samples used for procedural recovery determinations will be the same commodity. At least two sampling intervals (time zero and other) should be used; the sampling interval depends on the stability of the residues. Duplicate samples of every commodity at each time point for all components of the residue definitions need to be analysed. The report should include the residue results and the statistical treatments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061927-en
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  • 82
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    Environmentally Harmful Subsidies : Policy Issues and Challenges (Chinese version) (2007)
    Taipei City : Association of Taiwan Agenda 21
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037687
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies; Policy Issues and Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les subventions dommageables à l'environnement ; Problèmes et défis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies: Policy Issues and Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les subventions dommageables à l'environnement : Problèmes et défis
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037687-zh
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  • 83
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    Introduction to Other Test Guidelines (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (2 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Introduction aux autres lignes directrices
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are a collection of about 100 of the most relevant internationally agreed testing methods used by government, industry and independent laboratories to identify and characterise potential hazards of new and existing chemical substances, chemical preparations and chemical mixtures. They are a basic set of tools used primarily in regulatory safety testing and subsequent chemical and chemical product notification and chemical registration. In addition, they can also be used for the selection and ranking of candidate chemicals during the development of new chemicals and products and in toxicology research. They cover tests for physical-chemical properties of chemicals, human health effects, environmental effects, as well as degradation and accumulation in the environment. Adopted in 1981, the Guidelines have become the recognised reference tool for professionals working on the testing of chemicals and the assessment of their potential hazards.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061811-en
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    Test No. 426: Developmental Neurotoxicity Study (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 ; Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 : Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: A developmental neurotoxicity study will provide information on the effects of repeated exposure to a substance during in utero and early postnatal development. The test substance is administered daily, generally orally, to mated females (rats are preferred) from the time of implantation (GD 6) throughout lactation (PND 21). At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used and a total of 20 litters are recommended at each dose level. Dams are tested to assess effects in pregnant and lactating females and may also provide comparative information. Offspring are randomly selected from within litters for neurotoxicity evaluation. All dams and all offspring should be carefully observed at least once daily with respect to their health condition, including morbidity and mortality. The evaluation consists of observations to detect gross neurologic and behavioural abnormalities, and the evaluation of brain weights and neuropathology during postnatal development and adulthood. The report should include the body weight, the food/water consumption; the detailed clinical observations, the necropsy findings, a detailed description of all behavioural, the number of animals at the start and at the end of the study and the toxic response data by sex and dose level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067394-en
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  • 85
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    Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007 (2007)
    Berne : Office fédéral de l'environnement OFEV, Switzerland
    Details
    ISBN: 9783905822014
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Rapporto sulle performance ambientali
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Switzerland 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Switzerland
    DOI: 10.1787/9783905822014-it
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  • 86
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    Test No. 504: Residues in Rotational Crops (Limited Field Studies) (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264013384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 504 ; Résidus dans les cultures en rotation (Etudes en conditions limitées sur le terrain)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 504 : Résidus dans les cultures en rotation (Etudes en conditions limitées sur le terrain)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to determine the amount of pesticide residues which may be accumulated into rotational crops via soil uptake following realistic agricultural practices. These data may be used to establish crop rotation restrictions, for dietary risk assessment and to determine whether maximum residue limits will be needed in rotational crops. Three representative crops should be tested to determine the uptake of residues: these are root and tuber vegetables; leafy vegetables; and small grains. The test uses three rotational intervals. The rotated crops should be planted after the minimum rotational interval that could be expected as part of agricultural practice: 7-30 days, and 270-365 days for crops rotated the following year. The limited field trials should be conducted at two diverse geographical regions. The pesticide should be applied to primary crop or bare soil by the method specified on the pesticide label or proposed label at the maximum label rate and the maximum number of applications. Residues should be analyzed within 30 days of harvesting (and should be stored frozen prior to analysis).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264013384-en
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  • 87
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    Test No. 507: Nature of the Pesticide Residues in Processed Commodities - High Temperature Hydrolysis (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 507; Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 507: Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method conducted as model studies to predict the degradation pathway of the active ingredient under hydrolytic conditions, to identify the degradation products, and to determine the relative amount of degradation products. Three representative hydrolysis conditions should be investigated. Radiolabelled active test substance are used to elucidate the possible degradation pathway and for quantitation of the extent of degradation. The use of tritium (3H) as a label is not permitted due to the possibility of hydrogen exchange with the water. The proposed value for the concentration of a water soluble active ingredient in the studies required here is 1.0 mg/L. Samples may be analysed directly by chromatography or may be extracted with a series of solvents or solvent mixtures with various polarities and other characteristics depending on the nature of the expected residues. The characterisation and identification of extractable residues is made. Ideally samples should be stored at/or below -18°C. The report should include the routes of degradation observed, the degradation pathway, the composition of total radioactive residues, the limit of quantification for radioactivity determination and chromatographic separation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067431-en
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  • 88
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    Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents : A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067417
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 ; Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs ; Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 440; Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents; A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 : Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs : Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents: A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Uterotrophic Bioassay is an in vivo short-term screening test. It is based on the increase in uterine weight or uterotrophic response. The Uterotrophic Bioassay relies for its sensitivity on an animal test system in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is not functional. Two oestrogen sensitive states in the female rodent meet this requirement: i) immature females after weaning and prior to puberty and ii) young adult females after ovariectomy with adequate time for uterine tissues to regress. The test substance is administered daily by oral gavage or subcutaneous injection. Each treated and control group should include at least 6 animals. Graduated test substance doses are administered to a minimum of two treatment groups of experimental animals using one dose level per group and an administration period of three consecutive days for immature method and a minimum administration period of three consecutive days for ovx-adult method. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last dose. For oestrogen agonists, the mean uterine weight of the treated animal groups relative to the vehicle group is assessed for a statistically significant increase. A statistically significant increase in the mean uterine weight of a test group indicates a positive response in this bioassay. The report should include: the daily body weights, the daily record of status of animal, the wet and blotted uterine weight, the daily food consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067417-en
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  • 89
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    The Environmental Certification of Biofuels (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2007/06
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Bioenergy, including biofuels, could become a substantial tool for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, locally and globally, possibly providing a large fraction of global primary energy supply by 2020. Exactly how large that share will be is not possible to predict with any precision, being dependent on a complex array of physical, social, economic, technical (innovation) and environmental factors. In addition, there will be competition for biomass resources between the different bioenergy sectors (electricity, heat, transport) and alternative uses e.g. for chemical feedstocks and materials. There will be synergies too, particularly arising through advanced polygeneration and biorefinery supply chains that could help to raise primary productivity and raise resource-use-efficiencies. However, assessing the actual environmental impacts of increased bioenergy and in particular, biofuel usage, will depend sensitively on the scale and mix of technology options employed and on the location. Location is important the fundamental factors that govern biomass productivity vary significantly according to site e.g. soil type, climate, including water availability and temperature. Across a range of indicators, one biofuel may not be the same as another, even where the final fuels are chemically and physically identical e.g. anhydrous ethanol derived from wheat, sugarcane, sugar beet, cassava or from residues.
    DOI: 10.1787/234807606851
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  • 90
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    Test No. 501: Metabolism in Crops (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 ; Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 : Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Studies of Metabolism in Crops are used to elucidate the degradation pathway of the active ingredient and require the identification of the metabolism and/or degradation products when a pesticide is applied to a crop directly or indirectly. A Metabolism in Crops study should be submitted for each type of crop group. Five categories for crop metabolism studies can be considered: root vegetables, leafy crops, fruits, pulses and oilseeds, and cereals. The active ingredient should be administered such as foliar, soil/seed, or post-harvest treatments to reflect its intended use pattern. It should be labelled, to allow for quantification; the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. The study should be performed using a sandy loam soil treated with the radiolabelled test substance. It may be performed either in a greenhouse or in an outdoor test plot or plant growth chambers. The maximum application rate (the proposed Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) application rate) should be utilized. Samples of all raw agricultural commodities are collected for characterization and/or identification of residues and determination of the total radioactive residue.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061835-en
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  • 91
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    Test No. 505: Residues in Livestock (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 ; Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 : Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The residues in Livestock studies are conducted in order to quantify levels of residues in meat, milk, eggs and edible meat by-products following the use of a pesticide product. The situations to which such studies apply include application of a pesticide to raw agricultural commodities (RACs), and the feeding by livestock; pesticides that may be directly applied to livestock; and pesticides that are used in livestock premises. The primary purposes of the Residues in Livestock study are to provide: the basis for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) and for conducting dietary intake assessments for consumer safety. Separate feeding studies should be conducted for a ruminant (lactating dairy cows) and poultry (egg-laying hens). The test substance(s) should be applied daily (during at least 28 days) preferably by capsule. A Residues in Livestock study will normally comprise 3 different dose levels, 1X, 3X and 10X. Three animals per dose group (and one for the control) should be used for ruminants. For hens 9-10 animals per dose group (and 3 to 4 animal for control per study) should be used. The study report should include: daily feed consumption, bodyweights measurement, milk or egg production and analyse (after and before dosing), detailed observations (health problems…) and tissues analyse.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061903-en
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  • 92
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    Aquatic Biotechnology and Food Safety (Japanese version) (2007)
    Tokyo : Japan Bioindustry Association
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264032675
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264032675-ja
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  • 93
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    Test No. 313: Estimation of Emissions from Preservative - Treated Wood to the Environment : Laboratory Method for Wooden Commodities that are not Covered and are in Contact with Fresh Water or Seawater (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 313; Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement ; Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 313: Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement : Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is intended for testing the emissions from wood and wooden commodities that are not covered and are in contact with fresh water or seawater. Preservative treated wood test specimens are immersed in water. The recommended wood species are Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Pinus resinosa Ait. (red pine), or Pinus spp (Southern pine). Wood test specimens are recommended to be sets of five according to EN 113 size blocks. Control with untreated wood specimens allows for the determination of background levels for emissates from wood other than the preservative used. The number of sets of wood test specimens used for analysing is at least five: three sets of specimens are treated with preservative, one set of specimens is untreated and one set of specimens for the estimation of the oven dry moisture content of the test specimens before treatment. The water (emissate) is collected and chemically analyzed multiple times over the exposure period sufficient to perform statistical calculations (6 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 15 days, 22 days, 29 days). Tests with untreated samples can be discontinued if there is no background detected in the first three data points.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067370-en
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  • 94
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    OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators : A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (Chinese version) (2007)
    Taipei City : Association of Taiwan Agenda 21
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037663
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators; A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité ; Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators: A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité : Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037663-zh
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  • 95
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    OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response : (Chinese version) (2007)
    Taipei City : Association of Taiwan Agenda 21
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037670
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037670-zh
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  • 96
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    Directrices y obras de referencia del CAD : La Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica : Una guía de buenas prácticas en la cooperación para el desarrollo (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037861
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment; Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique ; Guide de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment: Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique : Guide de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: La Meta de Desarrollo del Milenio 7 convoca a asegurar la sostenibilidad ambiental mediante la integración de los principios del desarrollo sostenible en las políticas y los programas de los países. La Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) es una de las principales herramientas disponibles para lograr esta integración. La Declaración de París sobre la Efectividad de la Ayuda al Desarrollo, acordada y suscrita por más de 100 donantes y países en desarrollo en marzo de 2005, compromete conjuntamente a los donantes y los países socios a "desarrollar y aplicar enfoques comunes para la evaluación estratégica ambiental a nivel de sector y nación". Esta Guía explica los beneficios de usar la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica en la cooperación para el desarrollo, y presenta los pasos clave para su aplicación, basándose en experiencias recientes. El documento identifica 12 diferentes puntos de ingreso para la aplicación práctica de la EAE en la cooperación para el desarrollo. Para cada punto de ingreso, ofrece una nota guía, una lista de control de preguntas y estudios de caso prácticos. La Guía también aborda la evaluación y el desarrollo de capacidades para los procesos de la EAE. Aunque la publicación de esta Guía va dirigida ante todo a los profesionales que trabajan en las agencias de desarrollo y los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo, también resultará valiosa para otros analistas de políticas y planificadores. La Guía contiene un prólogo realizado por Rt, Hon. Hillary Benn, Secretario de Estado para el Desarrollo Internacional del Reino Unido; Kemal Dervis, Administrador, PNUD, y Richard Manning, Presidente del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD). El Equipo de Trabajo sobre la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica, responsable de la preparación de esta Guía, recibió el Institutional Award de la Asociación Internacional para la Evaluación de Impactos (IAIA, por sus siglas en inglés).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037861-es
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  • 97
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    Test No. 225: Sediment-Water Lumbriculus Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067356
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 225; Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 225: Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure to sediment-associated chemicals on the reproduction and the biomass of the endobenthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller). The method is described for static test conditions. Worms of similar physiological state are exposed to a series of toxicant concentrations applied to the sediment phase of a sediment-water system (artificial sediment amended with a food source and reconstituted water). Test vessels without the test substance serve as controls. The test animals are exposed to the sediment-water systems for a period of 28 days. The endpoints of this type of study are the ECx for reproduction and biomass. In addition the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) may be calculated. The purpose of the study, ECx or NOEC derivation, will determine the test design. At least five concentrations and a minimum of three replicates for ECx, or four replicates for NOEC/LOEC, for each concentration should be tested. The test is conducted with at least 10 worms for each replicate. The report should include the total number and the dry weight of the worms, the observations of abnormal behaviour, of mortalities, the water characteristics within the test vessels and the total organic content.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067356-en
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  • 98
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    Instrument Mixes Addressing Mercury Emissions to Air (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This study deals with "instruments used to address mercury emissions to air", by which is meant all legislation, regulation and other measures intended to control or reduce anthropogenic, atmospheric mercury emissions. As the links are complex between actual inputs of mercury to society (consumption for intended use and mobilisation of mercury-impurities via industrial processes) and the final release sources, all types of measures addressing any phase in the life-cycle of mercury which may ultimately lead to atmospheric mercury emissions are included here. Due to its volatility, most forms of mercury released or discarded as waste - as vapour, as liquid elemental mercury, as compounds, as integrated in products, consumer waste or flue-gas cleaning residues - may lead to emissions to air.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art25-en
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  • 99
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    Mobilising Finance for Environmental Priorities : Recommendations for the Future (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper argues that the sustained provision of adequate financial resources for the environment is a prerequisite for addressing environmental challenges in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and South-Eastern Europe (SEE). It sets out options for how optimal use could be made of the various available sources of environmental finance, including domestic public expenditure, private sector participation and official development assistance. Recommendations are provided for Ministers on priority actions for ensuring that financial resources are made available for the environment. EECCA and SEE governments need to continue to prioritise the environment in policy and public expenditure frameworks, and make better use of incentive-based instruments. They also need to create a suitable climate for the private sector to participate in environmental financing. The international community must ensure that IFI loans for environmental investments are more accessible, especially for low-income countries, including by providing adequate grant co-financing. Finally, EECCA and SEE countries should strengthen their capacity to prepare environmental investment projects, with effective support from IFIs and donors.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art11-en
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  • 100
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    Progress in Modernising Environmental Regulation and Compliance Assurance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: In 2003, by endorsing the Guiding Principles for Reform of Environmental Enforcement Authorities in Transition Economies, the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) agreed on a reference model to guide the modernisation of their systems for environmental regulation and compliance assurance. This report reviews their progress in implementing the Guiding Principles. The main conclusion is that countries took action to comply with the Guiding Principles, mostly to elevate the status of environmental enforcement authorities, clarify responsibilities, and provide training and a better infrastructure. While such improvements are an important basis for further reform, continued lack of progress in modernising strategies and instruments of work will inhibit institutional and environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art10-en
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