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  • OECD  (784)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (784)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Science and Technology  (784)
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potential spatial impacts of the war in Ukraine : A case study from Italy (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2022/08
    Keywords: Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: The impacts of the war in Ukraine will be felt severely within OECD economies, especially in border regions on the front-line of the humanitarian refugee crisis. The economic impacts, in particular those driven by rising energy prices, will also be spatially differentiated, affecting some regions more than others. Italy is no exception, with gas-intensive industries concentrated in northern regions, and wheat-based food and farming prevailing in southern regions and islands. While, overall, Russia accounted for a minor share of Italian exports, some regions and industries are more vulnerable than others to falls in bilateral trade, including destinations popular with high per-capita expenditure Russian tourists.
    DOI: 10.1787/b7dae4e9-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Developments in spectrum management for communication services (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.332
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Spectrum is a limited national resource that enables our digital world. Mobile broadband services rely on these invisible airwaves to function, making spectrum indispensable to bridge connectivity divides. It also supports the provision of wireless services across the economy, from education to healthcare to industry, and enables applications such as satellites, GPS and the Internet of Things. Spectrum must be efficiently managed to achieve broader social and economic goals. As such, the stakes of spectrum management decisions are high and the challenges complex. This report discusses the effective stewardship of this essential asset in the context of wireless communication services, presents trends in policy, and discusses future considerations for management. It finds that well-designed and transparent licensing regimes, including auctions, foster investment and innovation, and that flexible frameworks (e.g. sharing or unlicensed spectrum) can promote efficient use.
    DOI: 10.1787/175e7ce5-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The role of online marketplaces in protecting and empowering consumers : Country and business survey findings (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.329
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Online marketplaces matching third-party sellers with consumers are now key e-commerce channels globally. Despite their popularity and the benefits they bring to consumers, they do present a number of risks, for example when their third-party sellers engage in misleading marketing and fraud, or supply unsafe products. This report summarises results from a 2021 OECD survey of 28 countries and 15 platform businesses examining the role of online marketplaces in enhancing consumer protection. The report highlights a range of encouraging initiatives by many participating countries and online marketplaces to better protect consumers, often taken in co-operation with one another, but also identifies several key areas where more action is needed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9d8cc586-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dark commercial patterns (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.336
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: There is mounting concern that dark commercial patterns may cause substantial consumer detriment. These practices are commonly found in online user interfaces and steer, deceive, coerce, or manipulate consumers into making choices that often are not in their best interests. This report proposes a working definition of dark commercial patterns, sets out evidence of their prevalence, effectiveness and harms, and identifies possible policy and enforcement responses to assist consumer policy makers and authorities in addressing them. It also documents possible approaches that consumers and businesses may take to mitigate dark commercial patterns.
    DOI: 10.1787/44f5e846-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The OECD Going Digital Measurement Roadmap (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.328
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD Going Digital Measurement Roadmap is an important tool to align countries’ priority areas for measuring digital transformation using common methodologies and approaches. It was developed in partnership with all relevant OECD statistical bodies in 2019 and amended in 2022. The Roadmap identifies ten actions to enhance the capacity of countries to monitor digital transformation and its impacts. The Roadmap reflects a recognition that national statistical systems need to adapt and expand to adequately reflect the digitalisation of our economies and societies, including from a gender perspective. It also highlights the need for new, complementary data infrastructures capable of monitoring digital activities and data flows on a timely basis wherever they happen.
    DOI: 10.1787/bd10100f-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 106
    Online Resource
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    L’établissement de rapports de transparence sur les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents en ligne : Une mise à jour sur les 50 principaux services de partage de contenus (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (221 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.313
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online: An update on the global top 50 content sharing services
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Ce rapport examine l’évolution des approches des 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne face aux contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents depuis la publication du premier rapport en 2020. Des progrès tangibles sont à noter : 11 services publient des rapports de transparence spécifiquement dédiés à ce type de contenus (soit 6 de plus qu’en 2020) ; et les 5 services qui en publiaient déjà fournissent désormais des informations supplémentaires. Pourtant, les rapports de transparence traitant expressément des contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents sont encore rares et les services restent hétérogènes dans leurs indicateurs, définitions et fréquences de publication. Il n’est pas encore possible de dégager une perspective claire, à l’échelle sectorielle, sur l’efficacité des mesures prises par les entreprises pour lutter contre ces contenus et leur impact sur les droits humains. Le manque de coordination dans les exigences de transparence entre juridictions pose un risque grandissant de divergence des normes et met en lumière le besoin urgent de publier des rapports de transparence plus complets et comparables.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1a12ade-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 107
    Online Resource
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    Communication regulators of the future (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.333
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The communication sector is undergoing high-paced developments driven by the digital transformation of our economies and societies. Technological convergence has led to an evolving competitive landscape and new challenges arise around privacy and security concerns. Communication regulators are increasingly acknowledging the positive and negative effects of communication infrastructures and services on the environment. Moreover, there is a growing need to ensure the resilience of networks, stemming partially from the effects of climate change. In consequence, the key question for OECD policymakers is no longer whether regulatory structures need to change, but rather how. This report explores the critical role communication regulators play in an increasingly connected society. It identifies the challenges stemming from the digital transformation of our societies, the main policy objectives pursued by communication regulators, measures to address current and future challenges, as well as the importance of strengthening the capabilities of communication regulators of the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/f02209e6-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 108
    Online Resource
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    Security of the Domain Name System (DNS) : An introduction for policy makers (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.331
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) underpins the very functioning of the Internet and today’s global economy. As a result, the impact of unintentional incidents as well as cyberattacks on the DNS can be significant. This report focuses on DNS security, i.e. the area of cybersecurity that covers incidents disrupting the availability, integrity and confidentiality of parts of the DNS ecosystem. It analyses the roles and vulnerabilities of actors in the DNS ecosystem, highlights common misconceptions, and discusses the role of governments in enhancing DNS security. The report notably underlines that there is no panacea for DNS security and that promising technical solutions often come with trade-offs.
    DOI: 10.1787/285d7875-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 109
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Good practice principles for ethical behavioural science in public policy (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: For the past decade, behavioural science has been influencing public policy by applying principles of psychology, cognitive and social sciences, neuroscience and economics, to put individuals at the forefront of policy goals, and with an accurate rather than imagined understanding of human behaviour. Like any policy-making tool, the use of behavioural insights must be subject to ethical considerations that can arise at any point from scoping to policy scaling. This good practice guide offers practitioners and policy makers step-by-step guidance to prompt deliberations into how to use behavioural science ethically for public policy. It is designed to be a practical resource to promote the responsible use of behavioural science in the public sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/e19a9be9-en
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  • 110
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    Impacts géographiques potentiels de la guerre en Ukraine (version abrégée) : Etude du cas de l'Italie (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Potential spatial impacts of the war in Ukraine (Abridged version): A case study from Italy
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Les conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine seront sévèrement ressenties au sein des économies de l'OCDE, en particulier dans les régions frontalières qui se trouvent en première ligne de la crise humanitaire des réfugiés. Les conséquences économiques, en particulier celles liées à la hausse des prix de l'énergie, seront également différenciées au niveau géographique, touchant certaines régions plus que d'autres. L'Italie ne fait pas exception, les industries les plus consommatrices de gaz étant concentrées dans les régions du nord, tandis que les productions alimentaires à base de blé et l'agriculture prédominent dans les régions du sud et les îles. Bien que, dans l'ensemble, la Russie ne représente qu'une part mineure des exportations italiennes, certaines régions et industries sont plus vulnérables que d'autres à la baisse des échanges bilatéraux, notamment les destinations prisées par les touristes russes, dont les dépenses par habitant sont élevées.
    DOI: 10.1787/79eb47d6-fr
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  • 111
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    OECD-Berichte zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022 : Agile Ansätze für erfolgreiche Transformationen (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264383036 , 9789264884533 , 9789264986152
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (374 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Germany 2022: Building Agility for Successful Transitions
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Coronapandemie und der Krieg in der Ukraine haben Schwachstellen in Deutschlands Wirtschaftsmodell aufgezeigt: zu wenig diversifizierte Energieversorgung, zu starke Abhängigkeit von fossilen Energieträgern, zu langsame Digitalisierung und störanfällige Lieferketten. Die digitalen Technologien können im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe, in dem Deutschland seit Jahrzehnten eine führende Stellung einnimmt, zu erheblichen disruptiven Veränderungen führen und die künftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gefährden. Darüber hinaus verlangt die ökologische Transformation der Industrie große Anpassungsmaßnahmen ab. Deutschland kann auf eines der fortschrittlichsten Innovationssysteme der Welt zurückgreifen, um diese Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, im Bereich der WTI-Politik ist jedoch ein agilerer Ansatz mit mehr Experimentierfreude erforderlich. Der OECD-Bericht zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022 beschreibt, wie ein solcher Ansatz entwickelt werden kann und worauf sich die WTI-Politik konzentrierten sollte: die Schaffung von Märkten für künftige Innovationen, umfangreichere und risikotolerantere Finanzierung für Innovationen, interdisziplinärer Wissensaustausch sowie bessere Dateninfrastruktur und -kapazitäten. Da die mit den Transformationen verbundenen Herausforderungen auch andere Länder betreffen, dürften die in diesem Bericht dargelegten Erkenntnisse nicht nur für politische Entscheidungsträger*innen, beteiligte Akteure und Politikberater*innen in Deutschland, sondern auch für andere OECD-Länder von großem Interesse sein.
    DOI: 10.1787/9d21d68b-de
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 112
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    Bâtir des sociétés meilleures grâce aux politiques du numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.338
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Building better societies through digital policy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Construyendo mejores sociedades a través de las políticas digitales : Documento de referencia para la conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Construire des sociétés plus équitables, connectées, cohésives et durables figure en tête des priorités politiques, mais plusieurs défis se dressent sur la voie de la réalisation de cet objectif. Le rapport se concentre sur trois défis clés auxquels les décideurs sont confrontés dans la quête de sociétés meilleures : combler les fractures numériques, lutter contre les contenus préjudiciables diffusés en ligne et utiliser efficacement les technologies numériques pour lutter contre le changement climatique et d'autres problèmes environnementaux. Ce rapport donne un aperçu des tendances clés dans les pays de l'OCDE et les économies partenaires, et propose des actions politiques qui peuvent aider les décideurs à aborder ces trois défis critiques, ainsi qu'une meilleure mesure. Le rapport s'appuie sur des travaux antérieurs sur le sujet et vise à éclairer le débat et la discussion sur la manière de garantir que les fractures, biais et inégalités d'aujourd'hui ne se perpétueront pas à l'avenir.
    DOI: 10.1787/87374dde-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 113
    Online Resource
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    Responding to societal challenges with data : Access, sharing, stewardship and control (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.342
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data access, sharing and re-use (“data openness”) can generate significant social and economic benefits, including addressing public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. However, data openness also comes with risks to individuals and organisations – notably risks to privacy and data protection, intellectual property rights, digital and national security. It also raises ethical concerns where data access, sharing and re-use undermine ethical values and norms. This report demonstrates how approaches to data stewardship and control that are more balanced and differentiated can maximise the benefits of data, while protecting individuals’ and organisations’ rights and taking into account other legitimate interests and public policy objectives. It presents the mix of technical, organisational and legal approaches that characterises these more balanced and differentiated approaches, and how governments have implemented them.
    DOI: 10.1787/2182ce9f-en
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  • 114
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    Fostering cross-border data flows with trust (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.343
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data flows are critical for our global economic and social interactions, but trust is necessary to facilitate data sharing, especially across borders. The challenge is to foster a global digital environment that enables the movement of data across international borders while ensuring that, upon crossing a border, data are granted the desired oversight and protection – a concept known as ‘data free flow with trust’ (DFFT). This report summarises how different countries and stakeholders are pursuing cross-border data flows with trust through direct and indirect approaches, across different levels, fora and policy communities. It then looks at related issues to promoting DFFT namely: interoperability of privacy and data protection frameworks; government access to personal data held by the private sector; and data localisation measures. The report shows that, although differences remain, there are commonalities, complementarities and elements of convergence that can help to build trust, foster future interoperability, and advance DFFT.
    DOI: 10.1787/139b32ad-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 115
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    Data shaping firms and markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.344
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Firms are at the forefront of digital transformation and drive production, innovation and the greater deployment of digital technologies into economies and societies. As digital transformation progresses, how firms use data, and how that use affects markets and influences competitive dynamics, has risen to the top of policy agendas. This report highlights that too few firms use data, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, despite data’s potential to boost productivity, foster innovation and new business models. This report analyses how this uneven use of data affects productivity dispersion, industry concentration and shape competitive dynamics in markets. Finally, the report outlines key policy lessons to increase the ability of the full business population to thrive in the data-driven age and enhance long-term prosperity and welfare.
    DOI: 10.1787/7b1a2d70-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 116
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    The future of science in Ukraine : Actions now will affect post-war recovery (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Wissenschaft ; Forschung ; Brain Drain ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This policy response reflects on how policy actions can shape the future of Ukraine’s science system and contribute to post-war recovery. It draws on several OECD indicators and highlights the challenge of “brain drain” as a structural problem that is aggravated by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. It then makes the case for international co-ordination on talent circulation and exchange to prevent the irreversible loss of scientific expertise for key industries and the education of future generations in Ukraine. The policy response further argues that OECD countries can put in place new and strengthened scientific relationships with Ukraine, while also implementing temporary measures to assist both displaced scientists and those remaining in their posts under very challenging conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/afbd05df-en
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  • 117
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    Financing Growth and Turning Data into Business : Helping SMEs Scale Up (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935921 , 9789264443891 , 9789264856998
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (195 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Mittelstandspolitik ; KMU ; Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Unternehmenswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that scale up have long raised policy interest for their extraordinary potential in terms of job creation, innovation, competitiveness and economic growth. Yet, little is known about which firms could effectively become scalers, and what policies could effectively promote SME growth. This report is part of a series aiming to help policy makers unleash scalers’ potential. Building on new evidence from microdata work, it rethinks the nature and scope of scale up policies, suggesting the need for a broader and more cross cutting approach. The report then explores two thematic areas that are relevant for SME scaling up, i.e. SME data governance and their access to ‘scale up’ finance. Based on an international mapping of 369 institutions and 1174 policy initiatives across OECD countries, the analysis shows that SME and entrepreneurship policy is not among the core mandates of many implementing institutions, calling for sound coordination across the board and further mainstreaming of SME growth considerations in both policy areas. Moreover, national policy mixes vary significantly across countries, reflecting different approaches to promoting SME growth and to SME targeting, but also revealing possible policy blind spots.
    DOI: 10.1787/81c738f0-en
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  • 118
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    Going Digital Guide to Data Governance Policy Making (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264849952 , 9789264369085 , 9789264644151
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The ubiquitous collection, use, and sharing of data that power today’s economies challenge existing governance frameworks and policy approaches. Drawing on the extensive research and analysis conducted at the OECD on data governance, on countries’ policies and practices, and the OECD legal instruments in this area, the Going Digital Guide to Data Governance Policy Making supports policy makers in navigating three fundamental policy tensions that characterise efforts to develop, revise, and implement policies for data governance across policy domains in the digital age: balancing data openness and control while maximising trust; managing overlapping and potentially conflicting interests and regulations related to data; incentivising investments in data and their effective re-use. The operative part of the guide consists of a checklist of questions to orient policy makers as they develop and revise effective policies for data governance, based on possible policy approaches and real-life examples.
    DOI: 10.1787/40d53904-en
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  • 119
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    Placer l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.339
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Putting people first in digital transformation: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Las personas primero en la transformación digital : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La transformation numérique touche tous les aspects de notre vie, mettant à notre disposition de nouveaux espaces et de nouveaux outils pour communiquer, travailler, consommer et jouir de nos droits. Elle offre une multitude de possibilités, dans le champ économique et social, mais comporte également des risques nouveaux et complexes. Par conséquent, un environnement numérique émancipateur et sûr qui place l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique est un objectif d’action crucial à l’ère actuelle. À travers une famille fictive qui se fraie un chemin entre ces opportunités et ces risques, ce document donne à voir comment la transformation numérique nous touche individuellement, que ce soit en tant que citoyens, consommateurs ou travailleurs. Nous y trouverons une présentation générale de l’environnement réglementaire ainsi qu’une description des efforts internationaux, multipartites et nuancés nécessaires pour parvenir à concilier des droits, intérêts et valeurs différents. Comme référence pour la Réunion ministérielle du Comité de la politique de l’économie numérique de 2022, ce document apporte des éléments d’information utiles pour aider les responsables politiques dans la conception et l’accomplissement d’une transformation numérique centrée sur l’humain.
    DOI: 10.1787/a4754259-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 120
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    Exploiter la puissance de l’IA et des technologies émergentes : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.340
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aprovechando el poder de la IA y las tecnologías emergentes : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Harnessing the power of AI and emerging technologies: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: L’IA et les technologies émergentes sont formidablement porteuses de bien-être, de productivité, de croissance et de solutions aux impératifs sociétaux. Elles n’en soulèvent pas moins des risques pour les droits humains, l'équité et l'agentivité humaine, entre autres exemples. Nombre de pays admettent la nécessité de se doter de politiques tournées vers l’avenir et d'adapter les cadres de gouvernance de façon à ne pas être à la traîne et à profiter des avantages technologiques pour un risque minimum. Le présent rapport s’inscrit dans le prolongement des vastes travaux que l’OCDE consacre aux questions de l’IA, de la gouvernance des données et de la connectivité afin d’accompagner au mieux les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques. Soulignant l’importance de coopérer à l’échelle internationale pour garantir la fiabilité des technologies émergentes, ses auteurs prônent l’établissement d'une conception commune de l’intelligence artificielle et des technologies émergentes, la mutualisation des bonnes pratiques et la création d'un socle factuel afin que les politiques soient conçues, mises en œuvre et évaluées sur la base d’informations précises.
    DOI: 10.1787/7781a262-fr
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    Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic : Towards Greater Well-being for All (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264494510 , 9789264551916 , 9789264609785
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklung ; Dominikanische Republik ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.
    DOI: 10.1787/560c12bf-en
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  • 122
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    Digital enablers of the global economy : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.337
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Digitale Plattform ; Datensicherheit ; Daten ; Außenhandel ; Welt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital technologies have transformed the global economy. This paper discusses three underlying digital enablers of the economy and the challenges they pose for policy makers: (1) Online platforms, which support global transactions and interactions but are also disrupting existing consumer and competition policy frameworks; (2) Cross-border data flows, which facilitate global trade and co-operation but also amplify policy concerns that have motivated countries to place conditions on these data flows; and (3) Digital security, which should be prioritised to embed trust into the digital economy, but has often remained an afterthought owing to knowledge asymmetries across the market. Given that these challenges are all international in nature, a global response is needed to address them. The OECD is well-suited to foster international co-operation on these digital enablers and support countries’ ambitions for global digital policy frameworks.
    DOI: 10.1787/f0a7baaf-en
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  • 123
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    Un chemin court et sinueux jusqu'à 2030 : Mesurer la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les cibles des ODD (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les synthèses de l’OCDE sur le bien-être, l’inclusion et l’égalité des chances no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The short and winding road to 2030: Measuring distance to the SDG targets
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: L'Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable est un ensemble d'objectifs et de cibles qui visent à transformer notre monde dans le sens de la durabilité. Alors qu'il reste moins d'une décennie pour atteindre ces objectifs, la zone OCDE dans son ensemble n'a atteint ou n'est sur le point d'atteindre qu'un quart des objectifs. Cette synthèse explore les principales conclusions de notre rapport Un chemin court et sinueux jusqu’à 2030 : Mesurer la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les cibles des ODD qui examine la lenteur des progrès réalisés par les pays de l'OCDE pour atteindre de nombreuses cibles des ODD et souligne la nécessité d'actions politiques fortes pour réaliser l'ensemble de l'Agenda 2030. Favoriser l'inclusion, inverser la baisse à long terme de la confiance des citoyens dans les institutions et répondre aux pressions environnementales croissantes sont quelques-uns des domaines clés sur lesquels les pays de l'OCDE doivent se concentrer pour progresser davantage.
    DOI: 10.1787/71f2e2c0-fr
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  • 124
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    Perspectives de l'OCDE sur l'éducation numérique 2021 : Repousser les frontières avec l'IA, la blockchain et les robots (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264998643 , 9789264407640 , 9789264513143
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (279 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Digital Education Outlook 2021: Pushing the Frontiers with Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain and Robots
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: De quelle manière les technologies numériques, et en particulier les technologies intelligentes utilisant l’intelligence artificielle (IA), l'analyse des données de l'apprentissage, la robotique et autres, peuvent-elles transformer l'éducation ? Ce livre explore cette question. Il se concentre sur la manière dont les technologies intelligentes modifient actuellement l'enseignement en classe et la gestion des organisations et systèmes éducatifs. Cette publication plonge au cœur des usages bénéfiques des technologies intelligentes telles que la personnalisation de l’apprentissage, le soutien aux élèves ayant des besoins spécifiques et l’accréditation des diplômes en blockchain. Elle s’intéresse également aux défis et aux domaines de recherche futurs. Les résultats offrent des pistes aux enseignants, aux décideurs publics et aux institutions d’enseignement pour numériser l’éducation tout en optimisant l’équité et l’inclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/d5fe6bd0-fr
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  • 125
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    Catalizadores digitales de la economía mundial : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital enablers of the global economy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les leviers numériques de l’économie mondiale : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Las tecnologías digitales han transformado la economía mundial. Este documento analiza tres catalizadores digitales subyacentes de la economía así como los retos que estos plantean a los responsables de la formulación de políticas: (1) las plataformas en línea, que apoyan las transacciones e interacciones mundiales, pero que también están alterando los marcos existentes de la política del consumidor y de la competencia; (2) los flujos de datos transfronterizos, que facilitan el comercio y la cooperación mundiales, pero que también amplifican las preocupaciones políticas que han motivado a los países a imponer condiciones a estos flujos de datos; y (3) la seguridad digital, que debería ser prioritaria para incorporar la confianza en la economía digital, pero que a menudo ha quedado en segundo plano debido a las asimetrías de conocimiento en los mercados. Dado que todos estos retos son de naturaleza internacional, se necesita una respuesta global para abordarlos. La OCDE está bien posicionada para fomentar la cooperación internacional en torno a estos catalizadores digitales y apoyar las ambiciones de los países en materia de marcos globales para las políticas digitales.
    DOI: 10.1787/eaf5082e-es
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  • 126
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    Les leviers numériques de l’économie mondiale : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.337
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital enablers of the global economy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Catalizadores digitales de la economía mundial : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Les technologies numériques ont transformé l’économie globale. Le présent document étudie trois leviers numériques qui sous-tendent l’économie ainsi que les défis et les possibilités qu’ils induisent pour les responsables de l’action publique : (1) les plateformes en ligne, qui abritent les interactions et les transactions mais suscitent également des inquiétudes en termes de concurrence et de protection des consommateurs ; (2) les flux transfrontières de données, qui facilitent les échange internationaux mais sont aussi synonymes de préoccupations accrues pour les pouvoirs publics, les poussant à prendre des mesures politiques pour les conditionner; et (3) la sécurité numérique, qui devrait être prioritisée pour intégrer la confiance dans l’économie numérique, mais qui est souvent au second plan en raison de l’asymétrie d’information sur le marché. Ces défis ont une portée internationale et nécessitent donc une réponse politique à l’échelle mondiale. L’OCDE est bien placée pour favoriser la coopération internationale pour ces leviers numériques et aider les pays à assouvir leur ambition pour des cadres d’action mondiaux en matière de numérique.
    DOI: 10.1787/97fbc441-fr
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  • 127
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    Cross-border Data Flows : Taking Stock of Key Policies and Initiatives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Science and Technology ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: As data become an important resource for the global economy, it is important to strengthen trust to facilitate data sharing domestically and across borders. Significant momentum for related policies in the G7, and G20, has gone hand in hand with a wide range of – often complementary – national and international initiatives and the development of technological and organisational measures. Advancing a common understanding and dialogue among G7 countries and beyond is crucial to support coordinated and coherent progress in policy and regulatory approaches that leverage the full potential of data for global economic and social prosperity. This report takes stock of key policies and initiatives on cross-border data flows to inform and support G7 countries’ engagement on this policy agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/5031dd97-en
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  • 128
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    Skills for the Digital Transition : Assessing Recent Trends Using Big Data (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264969995 , 9789264540491 , 9789264396067
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Big Data ; Qualifikation ; Digitalisierung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report presents the most recent trends in the labour market demand for digital professionals and skills, highlighting where bottlenecks are emerging and policy action is – and will be – needed to support individuals who aim to thrive in the digital transition. The report analyses a wide range of digital occupations and the associated skill and technology demands using a unique set of data collected from millions of job postings published online in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore and Spain. The evidence contained in this report is key for governments to design targeted retraining and upskilling policies, and for workers to fully benefit from the digital transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/38c36777-en
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  • 129
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    OECD Policy Framework on Digital Security : Cybersecurity for Prosperity (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: The OECD Policy Framework on Digital Security charts the economic and social dimension of cybersecurity, highlights the OECD approach to digital security policy and equips policymakers to use OECD digital security Recommendations in developing better policies. The Framework also identifies linkages with other policy areas addressed through existing OECD standards and tools. The OECD has been at the forefront of international efforts on guiding policy makers in the area of digital security since 1990 and has become the primary international standard setter in this area. OECD Recommendations on digital security support stakeholders in developing digital security policies for economic and social prosperity, in line with the OECD’s mandate to help governments develop “better policies for better lives”.
    DOI: 10.1787/a69df866-en
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  • 130
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    OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264662995 , 9789264770300 , 9789264944350
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Bürgerbeteiligung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes are intended for any public official or public institution interested in carrying out a citizen participation process. The guidelines describe ten steps for designing, planning, implementing and evaluating a citizen participation process, and discuss eight different methods for involving citizens: information and data, open meetings, public consultations, open innovation, citizen science, civic monitoring, participatory budgeting and representative deliberative processes. The guidelines are illustrated with examples as well as practical guidance built on evidence gathered by the OECD. Finally, nine guiding principles are presented to help ensure the quality of these processes.
    DOI: 10.1787/f765caf6-en
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  • 131
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    Measuring the value of data and data flows (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.345
    Keywords: Daten ; Messung ; Bewertung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data have become a key input into the production of many goods and services. But just how important? What is the value of data – their contribution to economic growth and well-being? This report discusses different approaches to data valuation, their advantages and shortcomings and their applicability in different contexts. It argues that the value of data depends to a large extent on the data governance framework determining how they can be created, shared and used. In addition, the report provides estimates of the value of data and data flows. Its focus is on the monetary valuation of data produced by private economic actors and their recording in economic statistics. Finally, the report puts forward a draft measurement agenda for the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/923230a6-en
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  • 132
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    How the war in Ukraine is affecting space activities : New challenges and opportunities (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Raumfahrt ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is demonstrating the new role of commercial space systems in crisis management. The improved availability of commercial satellite data and signals is contributing to the quality and resilience of government systems, with telecommunications and follow-ups of military actions and impacts on the ground for civilians. But the war has also revealed vulnerabilities of space infrastructure and in global supply chains. It also unleashed a series of new threats, notably unanticipated third-party uses of satellite data and disruptions of civilian telecommunications. Furthermore, the current geopolitical situation raises questions about the future of international co-operation in space activities, at a time when it is urgently needed to collectively manage the use of orbital resources. This policy note includes OECD recommendations for policy responses to improve the resilience of space infrastructure, manage access to and use of data and signals and ensure long-term sustainability of space activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/ab27ba94-en
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  • 133
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    Measuring the environmental impacts of artificial intelligence compute and applications : The AI footprint (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.341
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Umweltbelastung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can use massive computational resources, raising sustainability concerns. This report aims to improve understanding of the environmental impacts of AI, and help measure and decrease AI’s negative effects while enabling it to accelerate action for the good of the planet. It distinguishes between the direct environmental impacts of developing, using and disposing of AI systems and related equipment, and the indirect costs and benefits of using AI applications. It recommends the establishment of measurement standards, expanding data collection, identifying AI-specific impacts, looking beyond operational energy use and emissions, and improving transparency and equity to help policy makers make AI part of the solution to sustainability challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/7babf571-en
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  • 134
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    Fostering Business Development and Digitalisation in Georgia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264331525 , 9789264707146 , 9789264466579
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Georgien ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Georgia
    Abstract: Fostering SME development and digital transformation helps increase productivity, in turn fostering stronger, more diversified and dynamic economies. The Government of Georgia has made significant policy efforts in recent years to build an environment conducive to private-sector development and entrepreneurship, and to support small and medium-sized enterprises in particular. The OECD has supported this reform impetus, working closely with the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development to help identify gaps and develop relevant measures to create a conducive policy environment for Georgian SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/c6e27d8a-en
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  • 135
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    Interagency Coordination in Economic Crime Investigations in Latvia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264692732 , 9789264720893 , 9789264351639
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wirtschaftskriminalität ; Kriminalitätsbekämpfung ; Kriminalpolitik ; Lettland ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Latvia
    Abstract: Economic and financial crimes are growing in numbers, complexity and reach, making them increasingly difficult to investigate and successfully prosecute. This report details efforts in Latvia to strengthen its criminal justice system against financial and economic crimes. It highlights the range of challenges common to numerous jurisdictions, and describes progress made in Latvia to address these challenges through interagency cooperation mechanisms. Finally, it provides recommendations for areas requiring further attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/79d844e6-en
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  • 136
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    Harnessing the power of AI and emerging technologies : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.340
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: AI and emerging technologies offer tremendous opportunities for well-being, productivity, growth and solving pressing societal challenges. However, they also pose risks to human rights, fairness and human agency, among others. Many countries recognise the need to develop forward-looking policies and adapt governance frameworks to keep pace with these developments and to leverage technological benefits while mitigating risks. This paper builds on the OECD’s extensive work on AI, data governance and connectivity to support policy makers in this process. It highlights the importance of co-operating internationally to ensure that emerging technologies are trustworthy and calls for building a common understanding of AI and emerging technologies, sharing good practices and creating the evidence base to inform policy design, implementation and evaluation.
    DOI: 10.1787/f94df8ec-en
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  • 137
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    Going Digital to Advance Data Governance for Growth and Well-being (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264915756 , 9789264899094 , 9789264649828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Data are generated wherever digital technologies are deployed namely, in almost every part of modern life. Using these data can empower individuals, drive innovation, enable new digital products and improve policy making and public service delivery. But as data become more widely used across sectors and applications, the potential for misuse and harm also grows. To advance data governance for growth and well-being, this report advocates a holistic and coherent approach to data governance, domestically and across borders. It examines how data have emerged as a strategic asset, with the ability to transform lives and confer economic advantage. It explains how the unique characteristics of data can pose complex trade-offs and challenge policies that pre-date the data-driven era. This report provides new insights, evidence and analysis and outlines considerations for better data governance policies in the digital age.
    DOI: 10.1787/e3d783b0-en
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    Las personas primero en la transformación digital : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Putting people first in digital transformation: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Placer l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La transformación digital afecta a todos los aspectos de nuestras vidas: proporciona nuevos espacios y herramientas para comunicar, trabajar, consumir y disfrutar de nuestros derechos. Ofrece numerosas oportunidades sociales y económicas, pero también comporta riesgos nuevos y complejos. Por lo tanto, un entorno en línea seguro y que dé mayor poder a los usuarios y dé prioridad a las personas es un objetivo fundamental de la era digital. A través de una familia ficticia que explora estas oportunidades y los riesgos, este documento analiza la forma en que la transformación digital nos afecta como individuos, ya sea en condición de ciudadanos, consumidores o trabajadores. Esboza el panorama de políticas públicas y describe los esfuerzos internacionales, de múltiples partes interesadas y repletos de matices que se necesitan para alcanzar un equilibrio entre los diferentes derechos, intereses y valores en juego. Como documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial de la Economía Digital de 2022, este documento sirve de apoyo a los responsables políticos para diseñar y lograr una transformación digital centrada en el ser humano.
    DOI: 10.1787/eee97842-es
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  • 139
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    Rights in the digital age : Challenges and ways forward (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.347
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: As our online and offline lives become increasingly interwoven, policy makers have to consider how to protect individual interests and rights. This paper considers the impact of digital transformation on internationally recognised human rights, legal and constitutional rights, and domestically protected interests. It sets out three case studies, freedom of expression, privacy and Internet access, and provides a brief overview of current international and domestic initiatives to protect "rights in the digital age". The paper sets the scene for further discussion on the issue and supports policy makers in designing and achieving a rights-oriented and human-centric digital transformation.
    DOI: 10.1787/deb707a8-en
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  • 140
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    Construyendo mejores sociedades a través de las políticas digitales : Documento de referencia para la conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Bâtir des sociétés meilleures grâce aux politiques du numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Building better societies through digital policy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La construcción de sociedades más equitativas, conectadas, cohesionadas y sostenibles ocupa un lugar destacado en las agendas políticas, pero hay varios obstáculos que se interponen en la consecución de este objetivo. El informe se centra en tres retos clave a los que se enfrentan los responsables políticos en la consecución de mejores sociedades: reducir las brechas digitales, combatir los contenidos nocivos en línea y aprovechar eficazmente las tecnologías digitales para luchar contra el cambio climático y otros problemas medioambientales. Este informe proporciona información sobre las tendencias clave en los países de la OCDE y las economías asociadas, y ofrece acciones políticas que pueden ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones a abordar estos tres desafíos críticos, junto con una mejor evaluación. El informe se basa en trabajos anteriores sobre el tema y pretende informar futuros debates y discusiones sobre cómo garantizar que las divisiones, los prejuicios y las desigualdades actuales no se perpetúen en el futuro.
    DOI: 10.1787/34617e02-es
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  • 141
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    Putting people first in digital transformation : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.339
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Menschen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital transformation affects every aspect of our lives, providing new spaces and tools for us to connect, work, consume, and enjoy our rights. It offers a multitude of social and economic opportunities, but also brings new and complex risks. An empowering and safe digital environment that puts people first is therefore a core policy goal of the digital age. Through the lens of a fictional family navigating these opportunities and risks, this paper looks at how digital transformation impacts us as individuals, be it as citizens, consumers, or workers. It outlines the policy landscape, and describes the international, multi-stakeholder, and nuanced efforts needed to strike a balance between different rights, interests, and values. A background paper for the 2022 Digital Economy Ministerial meeting, this paper supports senior policy makers in designing and achieving a human-centric digital transformation.
    DOI: 10.1787/865f8426-en
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  • 142
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    Disinformation and Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine : Threats and governance responses (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Krieg ; Politische Kommunikation ; Manipulation ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of how the Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine illustrates immediate threats posed by disinformation, as well as governance responses to countering it. It focuses on disinformation in relation to the Russian armed aggression of Ukraine, including actors, tools and narratives used to justify the invasion and maintain support for the war. The paper also identifies government efforts to counter the spread of disinformation, including efforts to ensure the spread of accurate content, promote international co-operation, and support civil society and media actors to build resilience to the spread of false and misleading content.
    DOI: 10.1787/37186bde-en
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  • 143
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    Building better societies through digital policy : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.338
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Building more equitable, connected, cohesive and sustainable societies is at the top of policy agendas, but several challenges stand in the way of achieving this goal. The report focuses on three key challenges policy makers face in the pursuit of better societies: bridging digital divides, combatting harmful content online, and effectively harnessing digital technologies to fight climate change and other environmental problems. This report provides insights into key trends across OECD countries and partner economies, and offers policy actions that can help decision makers tackle these three critical challenges, together with better measurement. The report builds on previous work on the topic and seeks to inform further debate and discussion on how to ensure that today’s divides, biases and inequalities are not perpetuated into the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/07c3eb90-en
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  • 144
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    Building back a better innovation ecosystem in Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine is aggravating the long-term trend of R&D under-investment in Ukraine, as well as accelerating brain drain. In the reconstruction period, science, technology and innovation have the potential to contribute to the societal transformation of Ukraine, feeding into an innovation-centric industrial strategy, which also includes developing linkages with selected parts of the academic sector, which should themselves be strengthened to serve that purpose. It can also significantly contribute to Ukraine’s green transition, through stimulation of grassroots entrepreneurship in co-creation with academia, in particular on the basis of Ukraine’s small but excellent scientific production in the areas of environmental and planetary sciences. The brief provides specific policy recommendations which can help policy makers address the binding constraints towards the attainment of these goals.
    DOI: 10.1787/85a624f6-en
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  • 145
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    Identifying the Main Drivers of Productivity Growth : A Literature Review (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264575561 , 9789264505896 , 9789264861558
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Coronavirus ; Messung ; Bibliometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Education ; Economics ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/00435b80-en
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  • 146
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    OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy, 2nd Edition (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264671157 , 9789264923485 , 9789264632097
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Much has changed in the space economy over the past decade, with an ever-growing number of countries and business enterprises involved in space activities. Despite progress made in the quality and availability of data, the international comparability of space economy statistics remains limited. A decade after its first publication, it is therefore time to provide an up-to-date revision of the OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy to reflect the changing landscape of space activities, space technologies and subsequent evolving user needs. This new edition aims to encourage and facilitate data collection among both incumbents and new actors involved in space activities, respond to the needs of the public agencies that still fund the bulk of space programmes, and support industry and private decision-takers who will also benefit from improved statistics on the space economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/8bfef437-en
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  • 147
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    ロシアの対ウクライナ侵略戦争と虚偽情報 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Disinformation and Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine: Threats and governance responses
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: ロシア政府は、対ウクライナ攻撃に組織的な情報操作と虚偽情報を作戦ツールとして利用している。 ロシア政府と連携した関係者による虚偽情報の拡散と、それに対するウクライナ政府、同盟国政府、国際機関の行動からは、虚偽や誤解を招くコンテンツにどう対抗するかという重要な視点と教訓が得られる。
    DOI: 10.1787/105bd7b2-ja
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  • 148
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    ¿Cómo el COVID-19 transformará la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Medidas políticas clave de la OCDE ante el coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19で科学・技術・イノベーションはどのように変わるか
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comment la pandémie de COVID-19 va-t-elle remodeler la science, la technologie et l'innovation ?
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How will COVID-19 reshape science, technology and innovation?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Este informe de política aborda los efectos que la crisis de COVID-19 podría tener en el futuro de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación (CTI), y en sus políticas. Los factores que dan forma al futuro de la CTI incluyen los efectos desiguales de la crisis en la investigación y desarrollo (I+D) en los sectores, la adopción acelerada de herramientas y técnicas digitales, y cambios en la apertura, inclusión y agilidad de los ecosistemas de investigación e innovación. La política de CTI podría experimentar cambios fundamentales a medida que la resiliencia, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la inclusión se vuelvan objetivos más prominentes de las agendas políticas. La crisis también podría impulsar la experimentación con nuevas herramientas, enfoques de políticas y modelos de gobernanza.
    DOI: 10.1787/047e3689-es
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  • 149
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    Business advice for entrepreneurship and small firms (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.23
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper reviews issues and trends in business advice policies for business start-ups and existing SMEs, including public support for business consultancy and mentoring. Business advice policies aim to improve the growth, survival and productivity performance of new and small firms by strengthening their strategic management capabilities. The paper examines the rationale for government policies in this field, different policy delivery models, recent policy trends - such as increased use of third party delivery and performance management systems - and evidence on policy impacts. It focuses in particular on three key issues faced by policy makers - how to stimulate demand for business development services from firms and entrepreneurs who could benefit; how to target and segment support provided to different types of firms and entrepreneurs; and how to introduce digital business diagnostic tools into the advice system.
    DOI: 10.1787/299705ad-en
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  • 150
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    Administration fiscale : la résilience numérique dans le contexte du COVID-19 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tax Administration: Digital Resilience in the COVID-19 Environment
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Cette note a pour objet de faire un état des lieux des répercussions de la transformation numérique des administrations fiscales sur leur gestion de la crise du COVID-19, en mettant l'accent sur les services aux contribuables, la gestion des risques de conformité, le télétravail, les systèmes informatiques et le soutien aux autres administrations publiques. Elle a été rédigée par le Secrétariat du Forum de l’OCDE sur l’administration fiscale (FTA), en collaboration avec la communauté d’intérêt sur la gestion globale des risques (Enterprise Risk Management) du FTA, et tient compte des contributions fournies par plus d’une trentaine d'administrations fiscales qui ont répondu à l’enquête sur la résilience numérique. Les résultats sont présentés sur une base anonymisée. Ce document ne contient pas de recommandations invitant à adopter des mesures particulières car les circonstances et les considérations à prendre en compte varient énormément selon les pays. Toutefois, les informations qu’il contient peuvent aider les administrations fiscales à traverser la crise actuelle et stimuler la réflexion sur les changements à apporter aux stratégies existantes en matière de transformation numérique des processus des administrations fiscales en vue d'accroître la résilience face aux chocs futurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/addaac0c-fr
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  • 151
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    Tax Administration: Digital Resilience in the COVID-19 Environment (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Administration fiscale : la résilience numérique dans le contexte du COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; Digitalisierung ; Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: During the COVID-19 crisis, many tax administrations had to close offices and move to almost full or partial remote working. For many, this has also coincided with the peak filing season and an increase for some in the administration of benefits affected by COVID-19. This had impacts on normal operations, as some administrations have not been able to carry out business as usual in all areas, including difficulties in dealing with paper communications and forms, physical audits, taxpayer contacts and some aspects of systems maintenance. In addition, many administrations have been asked to undertake new roles providing assistance, including financial assistance, to taxpayers on behalf of the wider government. This note is intended to provide a status/pulse check on the impact of digitalisation of tax administration in dealing with the COVID-19 crisis, with a particular focus on taxpayer services, compliance risk management, remote working, IT systems and providing support for wider government. It has been produced by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration (FTA) Secretariat in collaboration with the FTA Enterprise Risk Management Community of Interest and takes account of input provided by more than thirty tax administrations that completed a digital resilience survey. The results are presented on an anonymised basis.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f3cf2fb-en
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  • 152
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    Enhancing the digital security of products : A policy discussion (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.306
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: From “traditional” software to cloud services and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, our economies and societies are increasingly reliant upon “smart products” that contain code and can connect to each other, e.g. through the Internet. Such products are vulnerable to cyber security risk, and economic factors often play a major role in their relative ‘insecurity’. This report discusses how policy makers can address key challenges that prevent smart products from reaching an optimal level of digital security. Increasing transparency and information sharing, promoting co-operation (including at the international level), and ensuring the duty of care of supply-side actors (e.g. through the principles of security-by-design, security-by-default and responsible end-of-life) are important avenues for policy action. Policy makers can leverage many tools to achieve these objectives, from public procurement, certification and multi-stakeholder partnerships, to labels and ex ante legal requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/cd9f9ebc-en
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  • 153
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    The Impact of the Growth of the Sharing and Gig Economy on VAT/GST Policy and Administration (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264530409 , 9789264760615 , 9789264914780
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’impact de la croissance de l'économie du partage et à la demande sur la politique et l’administration de la TVA/TPS
    Keywords: Gig Economy ; Share Economy ; Umsatzsteuer ; Steuerpolitik ; Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: This report aims at assisting tax authorities in designing and implementing an effective Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) policy response to the growth of the sharing and gig economy. The rise of this phenomenon, powered by digital platforms, has transformed a number of industries within just a few short years. It involves large numbers of new economic operators (often private individuals), who monetise (often) underutilised goods and services by offering these, via digital platforms, for temporary (“shared”) use by primarily private consumers. Questions have been raised whether existing VAT/GST policy and administration frameworks are sufficiently capable of dealing with this new economic reality notably with a view to protecting VAT/GST revenue and minimising economic distortions. This report sets out the core components of a comprehensive VAT/GST policy strategy for tax authorities to consider in response. It analyses the key features of the sharing and gig economy and its main business models; identifies the associated VAT/GST challenges and opportunities; and presents a wide range of possible measures and approaches to support an effective policy response. This includes detailed guidance on the possible role of digital platforms in facilitating and enhancing VAT/GST compliance in the sharing and gig economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/51825505-en
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  • 154
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    The Public Sector Pay System in Israel (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264459359 , 9789264806290 , 9789264633780
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Vergütungssystem im öffentlichen Dienst ; Israel ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Israel
    Abstract: This report analyses the pay system in Israel’s public sector, and provides recommendations to align it with the strategic priorities of the government. It recommends ways to simplify job classification and better match pay to market rates, particularly in areas where the public sector has trouble competing for talent. It also identifies opportunities to better reward performance, productivity and job responsibilities. In Israel, no pay reform is possible without the agreement and active collaboration of public sector unions, and so the second part of this report focuses on public sector labour relations and makes recommendations to improve the functioning of the collective bargaining process in Israel’s public sector. This report contributes to the ongoing work of the OECD’s Public Employment and Management working party, to support the implementation of the Recommendation of Council on Public Service Leadership and Capability.
    DOI: 10.1787/3b6ad37f-en
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  • 155
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    Lobbying in the 21st Century : Transparency, Integrity and Access (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264531536 , 9789264813380 , 9789264690363
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (199 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Interessenpolitik ; Transparenz ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Lobbying, as a way to influence and inform governments, has been part of democracy for at least two centuries, and remains a legitimate tool for influencing public policies. However, it carries risks of undue influence. Lobbying in the 21st century has also become increasingly complex, including new tools for influencing government, such as social media, and a wide range of actors, such as NGOs, think tanks and foreign governments. This report takes stock of the progress that countries have made in implementing the OECD Principles for Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying. It reflects on new challenges and risks related to the many ways special interest groups attempt to influence public policies, and reviews tools adopted by governments to effectively safeguard impartiality and fairness in the public decision-making process.
    DOI: 10.1787/c6d8eff8-en
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  • 156
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    Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d'étape (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264462229 , 9789264948679 , 9789264347151
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (211 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط: تقرير مرحلي
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d’étape analyse les grandes tendances et l’évolution de l’intégration dans la région euro-méditerranéenne. Le rapport examine cinq domaines d’intégration régionale, à savoir l’intégration commerciale, l’intégration financière, l’intégration des infrastructures, la mobilité des personnes, ainsi que la recherche et l’enseignement supérieur. Le rapport présente une analyse originale des modèles et des défis de l’intégration dans la région euro-méditerranéenne, qui met en évidence l’interdépendance des domaines examinés – par exemple, comment accroître le commerce régional sans une connectivité des transports abordable ? Le rapport apporte un nouvel éclairage basé sur l’analyse temporelle d’indicateurs de performances quantitatifs et qualitatifs spécifiques. Près de 100 graphiques et tableaux présentent les données de 42 pays membres de l’Union pour la Méditerranée et, le cas échéant, des pays partenaires de la région. Le rapport fournit des points clés à retenir et des recommandations stratégiques visant à favoriser l’intégration régionale dans chacun des cinq domaines.
    DOI: 10.1787/3a41651e-fr
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  • 157
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    Perspectives de l’économie numérique de l’OCDE 2020 (Version abrégée) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264931480 , 9789264830233 , 9789264518681
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cette version abrégée est la traduction partielle de la version anglaise de l’édition 2020 des Perspectives de l’économie numérique de l’OCDE. Elle contient le résumé de l’ouvrage ainsi que le chapitre 2 où sont analysées les évolutions récentes des stratégies numériques nationales et les principales évolutions liées aux politiques centrées sur la connectivité, l’utilisation du numérique, la gouvernance des données, la sécurité, la protection de la vie privée, l’innovation, le travail et des technologies clés telles que l’intelligence artificielle (IA), la technologie du « blockchain » et l’informatique quantique.
    DOI: 10.1787/3b257711-fr
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  • 158
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    Répercussions du COVID 19 sur le secteur spatial (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The impacts of COVID-19 on the space industry
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Dans le cadre de la transformation numérique de l’économie, les signaux et données satellitaires jouent un rôle de plus en plus déterminant dans le bon fonctionnement de nos sociétés et le développement économique. La croissance récente du secteur a donné lieu à un niveau sans précédent d’activité entrepreneuriale et de création d’entreprises. Toutefois, cette tendance positive pourrait s’inverser sous l’effet de la crise du COVID‑19. De nombreuses entreprises du secteur spatial semblent être en mesure de faire face, mais beaucoup se heurtent à des difficultés, en particulier les petites et moyennes entreprises, qui constituent en l’occurrence la majorité des acteurs commerciaux. Compte tenu du coût élevé de l’entrée dans le secteur, il n’est pas exclu que la crise entraîne un mouvement de concentration, éliminant les entreprises plus petites et plus jeunes qui sont pourtant des sources essentielles d’innovation, d’emploi et de croissance économique. Les agences spatiales et les administrations publiques en général doivent donc prendre pleinement en compte les petits acteurs vulnérables dans leurs réponses globales à la crise.
    DOI: 10.1787/d9b2843e-fr
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  • 159
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    Perspectives de l'OCDE sur les PME et l'entrepreneuriat 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264557031 , 9789264580459 , 9789264671225
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (330 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et les entrepreneurs ont été durement touchés pendant la crise du COVID-19. Les réponses politiques ont été rapides et sans précédent, aidant à amortir le choc et à maintenir la plupart des PME et des entrepreneurs à flot. Malgré l’ampleur du choc, les données disponibles jusqu’à présent indiquent une création soutenue de start-ups, aucune vague de faillites et une impulsion à l’innovation dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cependant, le soutien des gouvernements a été moins efficace pour les travailleurs autonomes, les petites et jeunes entreprises, les femmes et les entrepreneurs issus de minorités. Les pays n’ont pas non plus tous été en mesure de soutenir les PME. Alors que les campagnes de vaccination se déploient et que les perspectives économiques s’éclaircissent, les gouvernements doivent prendre le virage d’une sortie de crise et créer les conditions nécessaires pour reconstruire en mieux. Les Perspectives 2021 de l’OCDE pour les PME et l’entrepreneuriat apportent de nouvelles données probantes sur l’impact de la crise sur les PME et les entrepreneurs et les réponses politiques apportées. Elles réfléchissent à des questions à plus long terme, telles que l’endettement des PME ou le rôle des PME dans des chaînes d’approvisionnement plus résilientes, ou la diffusion de l’innovation. Le rapport contient des profils de pays qui comparent l’impact, les facteurs de vulnérabilité et les sources de résilience dans les pays de l’OCDE, et mettent l’accent sur le soutien à la liquidité et les plans de redressement pour les PME.
    DOI: 10.1787/dbe26a97-fr
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  • 160
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    E-Commerce Challenges in Illicit Trade in Fakes : Governance Frameworks and Best Practices (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264538146 , 9789264407442 , 9789264568297
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Electronic Commerce ; Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This study provides an overview of government- and industry-specific measures to address the abuse of online platforms by counterfeiters. In recent years, trading platforms have been instrumental in the growth in e-commerce, but at the same time, they can be abused by illicit trade networks. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these problems as people turned to e-commerce during lockdowns and shop closures. Governments and industries have recognised these problems and are addressing them in various ways, including providing more transparency, streamlining procedures, and facilitating co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/40522de9-en
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  • 161
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    Improving knowledge transfer and collaboration between science and business in Spain (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (262 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.122
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Spain
    Abstract: This study provides an in-depth assessment of Spain’s innovation system and the current state of knowledge transfer and collaboration. It identifies five priority areas for reform and long-term investment that should provide the basis of a new Roadmap. These include granting greater operational autonomy to universities and public research organisations in return for accountability on outcomes, putting in place a better integrated system of incentives that takes both individuals and organisations into account, and ensuring sustained investment in core capabilities to connect science and business. To put these reforms in motion and sustain them over time, a new type of covenant between science and society is needed in Spain today. This should be based on a ‘new deal’ between actors in the science and innovation system and society at large, committing to place the pursuit of concrete social benefits in return for more stable and predictable support.
    DOI: 10.1787/4d787b35-en
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  • 162
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    Promoting high-quality broadband networks in G20 countries (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; G20-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Connectivity is an essential pillar of ensuring an inclusive digital transformation. The COVID-19 health emergency has further accentuated the awareness of how the quality, capability and resilience of broadband networks are becoming even more critical to ensure an inclusive society as more and more activities, such as work and education, are conducted in a remote manner. Therefore, policies aiming to expand connectivity and increase its quality are of paramount importance. Furthermore, analysing the performance of networks is crucial to inform policy makers and regulators to identify quality gaps and design the right policies and regulation towards closing those gaps. This report focuses on the state of broadband speed quality across the G20 and how to upgrade the speeds of networks further to spur economic recovery. It identifies existing gaps and puts forward policies and regulation towards extending high-quality networks and upgrading the quality of networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/cf0093dc-en
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  • 163
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    Approches actuelles des 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne face aux contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (175 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.296
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Current approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content among the global top 50 online content-sharing services
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Ce rapport dresse un état des lieux des règles et des procédures mises en œuvre par les 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne pour lutter contre les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents, l’accent étant mis sur la transparence. Il en ressort que seuls cinq des 50 services étudiés publient des rapports de transparence dédiés à ce type de contenus, et qu’ils suivent ce faisant des approches diverses. Ils se fondent sur des définitions différentes du terrorisme et de l’extrémisme violent, ne signalent pas les mêmes types d’informations, s’appuient sur des mesures et des méthodes d’estimation disparates et publient leurs rapports à des fréquences et selon des calendriers distincts. Compte tenu du nombre peu élevé d’entreprises publiant des rapports et de l’hétérogénéité de la teneur, des calendriers et des modalités y afférents, il est impossible d’avoir une vision intersectorielle claire et exhaustive de l’efficacité des mesures prises par les entreprises pour lutter contre les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents diffusés en ligne, ou des conséquences que ces mesures pourraient avoir sur le respect des droits humains. Cette situation pourrait s’améliorer si les entreprises étaient plus nombreuses à publier des rapports de transparence et y faisaient figurer des informations plus aisément comparables.
    DOI: 10.1787/eb0b9988-fr
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  • 164
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    Le télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 : tendances et perspectives (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Teleworking in the COVID-19 pandemic: Trends and prospects
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La crise du COVID-19 a créé un besoin soudain pour les entreprises et leurs employés d’instaurer ou de renforcer le télétravail. En facilitant cette transition, les technologies de l’information et des communications ont joué un rôle essentiel en ce qu’elles ont permis aux activités économiques de se poursuivre et à une proportion importante d’individus de continuer à percevoir des revenus. La présente note expose des informations clés sur l’évolution du télétravail au cours de la première année de la pandémie de COVID-19 (2020), en se concentrant sur les données fréquemment actualisées publiées par les organismes statistiques nationaux, ainsi que des données probantes sur la façon dont il pourrait évoluer à l’avenir.
    DOI: 10.1787/e76db9dd-fr
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  • 165
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    Inclusive growth review of Korea : creating opportunities for all (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264490031 , 9789264535565 , 9789264885837
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 179 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Inklusives Wachstum ; Erfolgsfaktor ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In recent years Korea has stepped up efforts to reduce inequalities in recognition that a fairer economic model is also the most sustainable one. In order to support this new policy direction, the OECD has carried out novel analysis of inclusive growth building on its Framework for Policy Action, developed by the OECD to improve the prospects of the groups left behind. The Inclusive Growth Review of Korea applies, for the first time, the Framework at the national level. Using a dashboard of indicators, the Framework presents policy recommendations to sustain and more equitably share the gains of economic growth by investing in people left behind, supporting business dynamism and inclusive labour markets, and building efficient and responsive governments. In addition, the Inclusive Growth Review of Korea finds that digitalisation risks to compound the disparities of Korean labour markets, and calls for renewed efforts to reduce the lack of opportunities for up- and re-skilling of the working-age population (Chapter 2). To improve the business environment, Korea should address the unbalanced growth across sectors and firm size and unequal distribution of productivity gains across population groups (Chapter 3).
    DOI: 10.1787/4f713390-en
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  • 166
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    The digital transformation of SMEs (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264367609 , 9789264906433 , 9789264697300
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 275 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD studies on SMEs and entrepreneurship
    Keywords: KMU ; Digitalisierung ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite potentially tremendous benefits, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag in the digital transformation. Emerging technologies, as diverse as they are, offer a range of applications for them to improve performance and overcome the size-related limitations they face in doing business. However, SMEs must be better prepared, and stakes are high. SMEs make the most of the industrial fabric in many countries and regions, they create jobs (most jobs sometimes) and are the cement of inclusive and sustainable societies. The SME digital gap has increased inequalities among people, places and firms, and there are concerns that the benefits of the digital transformation could accrue to early adopters, further broadening these inequalities. Enabling SME digitalisation has become a top policy priority in OECD countries and beyond. The report looks at recent trends in SME digital uptake, including in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It focuses on issues related to digital security, online platforms, blockchain ecosystems, and artificial intelligence. The report identifies opportunities, risks of not going digital, and barriers to adoption. It looks to concrete policy action taken worldwide to speed the SME transformation and raises a series of considerations to advance the SME digital policy agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/bdb9256a-en
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  • 167
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    Children in the digital environment : Revised typology of risks (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.302
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The digital environment has become an integral part of children’s everyday lives and interactions. The benefits can be tremendous, but there also risks. In 2011, the OECD adopted a Typology of Risks in an effort to broadly categorise those risks. Since then the digital environment has changed significantly, as risks have evolved in nature and new ones have emerged. This report informs the OECD’s broader work on children in the digital environment by examining these trends and presenting an updated Typology of Risks. The Typology provides a high-level overview of the risk landscape, and outlines four risk categories and their manifestations. The Typology also identifies and analyses risks that cut across these four risk categories, and that can therefore have wide-ranging effects on children’s lives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b8f222e-en
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  • 168
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    Digitalizācija Latvijā (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264752016 , 9789264912984 , 9789264574830
    Language: Latvian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Going Digital in Latvia
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Latvia
    Abstract: Digitalizācija Latvijā analizē jaunākās attīstības tendences Latvijas digitālajā ekonomikā, pārskata ar digitalizāciju saistītās politikas un sniedz ieteikumus par politikas saskaņotības palielināšanu šajā jomā, pamatojoties uz ESAO Going Digital integrētās politikas struktūru. Pārskatā tiek izmantots stratēģiska perspektīva, lai izpētītu trīs alternatīvus nākotnes scenārijus, kas var izveidoties globālās ekonomikas un sabiedrības digitālās transformācijas rezultātā. Tajā tiek pētīta arī sakaru tīklu un pakalpojumu pieejamība Latvijā, kā arī saistītās politikas un regulējumi. Turklāt pārskatā tiek aplūkotas fi zisku personu, uzņēmumu un valdības tendences digitālās tehnoloģijas izmantošanas jomā, kā arī izpētītas politikas, lai sekmētu izplatīšanu. Visbeidzot pārskatā tiek analizētas digitalizācijas radītās iespējas un izaicinājumi galvenajās jomās, sākot ar inovācijām un prasmēm un beidzot ar digitālo drošību un datu pārvaldību, kā arī novērtētas politikas reakcijas uz šīm pārmaiņām Latvijā. Šī publikācija ir Going Digital in Latvia tulkojums, kas ir daļa no OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation sērijas, kas publicēts tikai angļu valodā.
    DOI: 10.1787/a58d1c1a-lv
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  • 169
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    Regional integration in the Union for the Mediterranean : progress report (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264504622
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Integration ; EU-Staaten ; Mittelmeerraum ; Internationale Politik ; Mittelmeerpolitik ; Integration ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Fortschrittsbericht ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade ; Mittelmeerraum ; Naher Osten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika
    Abstract: Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report monitors major trends and evolutions of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The Report examines five domains of regional integration, namely trade integration, financial integration, infrastructure integration, movement of people, as well as research and higher education. It presents an original analysis of the patterns and challenges of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which highlights the interdependence of the areas examined – e.g. how to increase regional trade without affordable transport connectivity? The Report offers new insights, based on specific quantitative and qualitative performance indicators that are monitored over time. Almost 100 graphs and tables in the report cover data for the 42 member countries of the Union for the Mediterranean and, when relevant, for partners of the region. The Report includes key takeaways and policy recommendations on how to foster regional integration in each of the five domains.
    DOI: 10.1787/325884b3-en
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 170
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    Report on China’s shipbuilding industry and policies affecting it (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.105
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This report analyses the structural characteristics of China’s shipbuilding industry, notably through comparison of other major shipbuilding economies. Building upon previous reports drafted in 2008 and 2011, it aims to analyse China’s shipbuilding sector from a holistic and multidisciplinary perspective (e.g. the interconnection between trade, competition, monetary, financial, fiscal and industrial policies), with a particular emphasis on government support measures. Key findings from these analyses suggest that: 1) China’s shipbuilding industry has been labelled as a strategic industry, which may equally explain China’s intention to move up the shipbuilding value chain, 2) State-owned conglomerates hold a lot of influence in China’s shipbuilding industry, 3) Government support to the Chinese shipbuilding industry is alleged to have contributed to global excess capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/bb222c73-en
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  • 171
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    State of implementation of the OECD AI Principles : Insights from national AI policies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.311
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Regulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This is the first report on the state of implementation of the policy recommendations to governments contained in the OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence adopted in May 2019. This report presents a conceptual framework, provides findings, identifies good practices, and examines emerging trends in AI policy, particularly on how countries are implementing the five recommendations to policy makers contained in the OECD AI Principles. The report builds both on the expert input provided at meetings of the OECD.AI Network of Experts working group on national AI policies that took place online from February 2020 to April 2021 and on the EC-OECD database of national AI strategies and policies. As policy makers and AI actors around the world move from principles to implementation, this report aims to inform the implementation of the OECD AI Principles. This report is also a contribution to the OECD AI Policy Observatory.
    DOI: 10.1787/1cd40c44-en
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  • 172
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    Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online : An update on the global top 50 content sharing services (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (186 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.313
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This benchmarking report explores the degree to which the world’s top 50 online content-sharing services’ approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC) online have evolved since a first report in 2020. This new edition finds there has been tangible progress: 11 services have issued TVEC-specific transparency reports over the past year (6 more than in 2020); and the 5 services that already issued such reports now provide additional information. However, transparency reports expressly addressing TVEC remain uncommon and services continue to use different metrics, definitions and reporting frequencies. It remains difficult to gain an industry-wide perspective on the efficacy of companies’ measures to combat TVEC online and how they may affect human rights. Meanwhile, there is a growing risk of regulatory fragmentation due to unco-ordinated transparency requirements across jurisdictions. There is an urgent need for increased, and more comparable, TVEC reporting.
    DOI: 10.1787/8af4ab29-en
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  • 173
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    Tools for trustworthy AI : A framework to compare implementation tools for trustworthy AI systems (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.312
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) advances across economies and societies, stakeholder communities are actively exploring how best to encourage the design, development, deployment and use of AI that is human-centred and trustworthy. This report presents a framework for comparing tools and practices to implement trustworthy AI systems as set out in the OECD AI Principles. The framework aims to help collect, structure and share information, knowledge and lessons learned to date on tools, practices and approaches for implementing trustworthy AI. As such, it provides a way to compare tools in different use contexts. The framework will serve as the basis for the development of an interactive, publicly available database on the OECD.AI Policy Observatory. This report informs ongoing OECD work towards helping policy makers and other stakeholders implement the OECD AI Principles in practice.
    DOI: 10.1787/008232ec-en
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  • 174
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    Guidance for a biorefining roadmap for Thailand (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.110
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Thailand
    Abstract: Biorefineries present an alternative to fossil-based production, and can create employment, wealth and the ecosystem needed to make them function. Thailand is establishing a bioeconomy with widespread biorefining as a strategy for future economic growth. There is political will to establish in Thailand, if feasible, small, decentralised biorefineries to which farmers can locally deliver biomass as feedstock, which can then be processed into bio-based products. This would help to relieve rural poverty, which is still a problem in some areas of Thailand despite progress. Developing a biorefining roadmap will help to assess the feasibility of such an initiative.
    DOI: 10.1787/60a2b229-en
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  • 175
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    Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África 2021 : Transformação digital e empregos de qualidade (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264470255 , 9789264724891 , 9789264429338
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (301 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Africa’s Development Dynamics 2021: Digital Transformation for Quality Jobs
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dynamiques du développement en Afrique 2021 : Transformation digitale et qualité de l'emploi
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África usa as lições de cinco regiões do continente – África Central, África Oriental, Norte de África, África Austral e África Ocidental – para desenvolver recomendações em matéria de políticas públicas e partilhar boas práticas. Com base nas estatísticas mais recentes, esta análise das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento visa ajudar os líderes africanos a cumprirem as metas da Agenda 2063 da União Africana a todos os níveis: continental, regional, nacional e local. A edição de 2021, agora publicada no início do ano, analisa a forma como a digitalização pode criar empregos de qualidade e contribuir para a concretização da Agenda 2063, tornando assim as economias africanas mais resilientes à recessão mundial desencadeada pela pandemia do COVID-19. O relatório identifica quatro áreas principais para a transformação digital de África: colmatar o fosso digital, apoiar a inovação local, capacitar os trabalhadores independentes, e harmonizar, aplicar e monitorizar as estratégias digitais. Esta edição inclui um novo capítulo que analisa as perspetivas de financiamento do desenvolvimento de África no contexto da crise económica mundial de 2020. Dinâmicas do desenvolvimento em África tem por vocação alimentar o debate entre os membros da União Africana, assim como os cidadãos e os empreendedores. O seu objetivo é contribuir para um novo modelo de colaboração entre países e entre regiões centrado na aprendizagem mútua e na preservação dos bens comuns. O relatório é o resultado de uma parceria entre a Comissão da União Africana e o Centro de Desenvolvimento da OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/57b4223e-pt
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  • 176
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    Digital Government Review of Slovenia : Leading the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264370104 , 9789264708105 , 9789264948990
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; Slowenien ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This Digital Government Review of Slovenia explores how the Government of Slovenia could enhance and harness digital government to achieve broader strategic goals. It evaluates the efforts made so far by the Slovenian government in shifting towards a digital government approach by looking at institutional governance, institutional digital talent, public service delivery and the strategic use of data. The review provides policy recommendations to allow Slovenia to make the most of digital technologies to foster a citizen and data-driven administration and to enable and sustain the digital transformation of the public sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/954b0e74-en
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  • 177
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    Emerging trends in communication market competition (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.316
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Wettbewerb ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Communication market structures and their effect on delivering efficient and inclusive connectivity is of key interest to policy makers and regulators. This report discusses emerging competition trends in OECD broadband markets that are shaping market structures, covering both fixed and mobile networks. The increasing complementarity of fixed and wireless networks and the convergence of previously separate markets have led to new forms of communication market competition. While convergence has been acting as a driver for market consolidation, there is also increased scrutiny in merger review. Some OECD countries are discussing options to keep mobile communication markets open to new entrants in the context of merger reviews, while others have experienced a recent wave of entry. The report explores the role of horizontal and vertical mergers in communication markets, presents examples of entry in mobile communication markets, and discusses some of effects of entry and consolidation in OECD markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/4ad9d924-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 178
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    Data-Driven, Information-Enabled Regulatory Delivery (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264805118 , 9789264713093 , 9789264503939
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Governance ; Italy
    Abstract: Industries and businesses are becoming increasingly digital, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated this trend. Regulators around the world are also experimenting with data-driven tools to apply and enforce rules in a more agile and targeted way. This report maps out several efforts undertaken jointly by the OECD and Italian regulators to develop and use artificial intelligence and machine learning tools in regulatory inspections and enforcement. It provides unique insights into the background processes and structures required for digital tools to perform predictive modelling, risk analysis and classification. It also highlights the challenges such tools bring, both in specific regulatory areas and to the broader goals of regulatory systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/8f99ec8c-en
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  • 179
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    Misuse of E-Commerce for Trade in Counterfeits (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264821132 , 9789264588769 , 9789264527690
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Illegaler Handel ; Online-Handel ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Networks of illicit trade in counterfeits use many modern solutions, including e-commerce, a tool that offers numerous advantages for consumers and businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated both illicit trade and its misuse of the online environment. This report uses a tailored, statistical methodology to assess the misuse of e-commerce for trade in counterfeit goods. It also presents key government actions and industry initiatives to counter this risk.
    DOI: 10.1787/1c04a64e-en
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  • 180
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    Improving effectiveness of Lithuania’s innovation policy (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.123
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Innovation ; Litauen ; Science and Technology ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This paper concludes the project “Support to Improve Effectiveness of Lithuania’s Innovation Policy” which summarises the findings, policy options and recommended actions. It aimed at providing support to efforts of the Government of Lithuania to better deliver existing policies, and develop and implement appropriate new policies, instruments and institutions in selected areas of science, technology and innovation (STI) policy. The report takes stock of recent policy actions taken since the “OECD Review of Innovation Policy: Lithuania 2016”. Drawing on international good practices it explores the scope for improvement in selected areas of STI policy: a) consolidation of innovation agencies and enhancing Lithuania’s STI Council, b) public procurement of innovation , c) mission-oriented innovation policies, and d) industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence. The project has been aligned with ongoing Lithuanian reform processes, some of which are reflected in the ‘New Generation Lithuania’ plan related to the EU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8fec2ee-en
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  • 181
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    Teachers and leaders in vocational education and training (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264545458 , 9789264390027 , 9789264367715
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 192 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Teachers and leaders in vocational education and training
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Lehrkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; United Kingdom ; United States ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) plays a central role in preparing young people for work, developing the skills of adults and responding to the labour-market needs of the economy. Teachers and leaders in VET can have an immediate and positive influence on learners’ skills, employability and career development. However, when compared to general academic programmes, there is limited evidence on the characteristics of teachers and institutional leaders in VET and the policies and practices of attracting and preparing them. VET teachers require a mix of pedagogical skills and occupational knowledge and experience, and need to keep these up to date to reflect changing skill needs in the labour market and evolving teaching and learning environments. This report fills the knowledge gap on teachers and leaders in VET, and produces new insights into what strategies and policies can help develop and maintain a well-prepared workforce. It zooms in on VET teacher shortages; strategies for attracting and retaining teachers; initial training and professional development opportunities for teachers; the use of innovative technologies and pedagogical strategies; and the important role of institutional leaders and strategies for better preparing and supporting them.
    DOI: 10.1787/59d4fbb1-en
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 182
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    The role of online platforms in weathering the COVID-19 shock (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Online-Handel ; Digitale Plattform ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: This policy brief reports on the activity of online platforms during the COVID-19 crisis. Google Trends data for OECD and other G20 countries indicate that in some areas (such as retail sales, restaurant delivery, and mobile payments) online-platform use increased markedly during the first half of 2020, when most countries imposed lockdown and physical distancing measures. Thus, in this period, some economic transactions may have shifted to online marketplaces as people and businesses increasingly turned to online platforms to pursue economic and social activities. The rise in platform use was however highly heterogeneous across areas of activity and countries. Countries with higher levels of economic and technological development, easier access to infrastructure and connectivity, better digital skills, and wider Internet use tended to experience a larger increase in the use of online marketplaces, possibly mitigating the negative effects on output and jobs of the COVID-19 shock. This highlights the role of policies in strengthening countries’ digital preparedness and their resilience to future shocks.
    DOI: 10.1787/2a3b8434-en
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  • 183
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    Encouraging vulnerability treatment : Overview for policy makers (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.307
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Most digital security incidents are caused by malicious actors (e.g. cybercriminals and state-sponsored groups) exploiting vulnerabilities in organisations’ digital ecosystems. Addressing vulnerabilities before attackers take advantage of them is an effective means of reducing the probability of cybersecurity incidents. This paper discusses vulnerabilities in products’ code such as software and firmware, and in how products are implemented in information systems. It shows that the technical community has progressed in developing good practice for treating vulnerabilities, including through co-ordinated vulnerability disclosure (CVD). However, significant economic and social challenges prevent stakeholders from adopting good practice, such as legal frameworks that do not sufficiently protect “ethical hackers” from legal proceedings. The paper stresses that public policies aimed at removing obstacles and encouraging vulnerability treatment could significantly reduce digital security risk for all. The findings from this paper will inform the development of a new OECD Recommendation in this area.
    DOI: 10.1787/0e2615ba-en
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  • 184
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    How will COVID-19 reshape science, technology and innovation? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Technologiepolitik ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This policy brief discusses the effects that the COVID-19 crisis could have on the future of science, technology and innovation (STI) and its policies. Factors shaping the future of STI include the unequal effects of the crisis on research and development (R&D) across sectors, the accelerated adoption of digital tools and techniques, and changes in the openness, inclusiveness and agility of research and innovation ecosystems. STI policy could see fundamental changes as resilience, environmental sustainability and inclusiveness become more prominent objectives on policy agendas. The crisis could also spur experimentation with new tools, policy approaches and governance models.
    DOI: 10.1787/2332334d-en
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  • 185
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    Reducing the precarity of academic research careers (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.113
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report analyses academic research careers, with a focus on the “research precariat”, defined as postdoctoral researchers holding fixed-term positions without permanent or continuous employment prospects. It identifies policies and practices that aim to improve researchers’ well-being, develop more diverse, equitable and inclusive research systems, attract and retain the best talent in academia, and ultimately improve the quality of science. The report presents a conceptual framework and synthesis of available data and policy information. It draws on a survey of OECD countries that included country notes and interviews with policy officials, funders, representatives of research performing organisations and researchers. It offers recommendations and a set of policy options to improve working conditions and professional development, better link funding to human resource policies, make governance more inclusive, promote equal opportunities and diversity, improve human resource management, promote inter-sectoral and international mobility, and develop the evidence base on research careers.
    DOI: 10.1787/0f8bd468-en
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  • 186
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    Bridging connectivity divides (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.315
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Digitale Spaltung ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; Telekommunikationsrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: As countries weather the COVID-19 health emergency, high-quality connectivity, more than ever, is essential to ensure that economic activities can continue in a remote manner. However, important disparities in terms of connectivity persist, aggravating the consequences of the health emergency. Therefore, policies aiming to reduce connectivity divides are of paramount importance. This report explores policies and regulations in OECD countries that have proven successful to work towards closing connectivity divides. It offers a roadmap to policy makers on the overarching policies and regulatory measures to expand connectivity, as well as the tailored approaches to extend broadband networks in rural and remote areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/e38f5db7-en
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  • 187
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    Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines for developing countries: An equal shot at recovery (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Impfung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: As the roll out of coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines begins, this policy brief asks how to ensure vaccines for all. In doing so, it examines the case for multilateral approaches to access and delivery, maps key challenges, and identifies priority actions for policy makers. The absence of a comprehensive approach to ensure vaccine access in developing countries threatens to prolong the pandemic, escalating inequalities and delaying the global economic recovery. While new collaborative efforts such as ACT Accelerator and its COVAX initiative are helping to bridge current gaps, these are not enough in circumstances where demand far outstrips supply. Based on the current trajectory, mass immunisation efforts for poorer countries could be delayed until 2024 or beyond, prolonging human and economic suffering for all countries. Policy actions to support equitable vaccine access in developing countries include: (i) supporting multilateral frameworks for equitable allocation of vaccines and for crisis response, resilience and prevention; (ii) highlighting the role of development finance; and, (iii) promoting context-driven solutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/6b0771e6-en
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  • 188
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    Implementation toolkit on legislative actions for consumer protection enforcement co-operation (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.310
    Keywords: Verbraucherschutz ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Digitalisierung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Countries have made significant efforts in recent years to develop domestic, regional and international frameworks for consumer protection enforcement co-operation across borders. However, recent work by the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has shown that challenges remain in many countries, in particular a lack of legal authority to fully engage in enforcement co-operation. This toolkit acts a practical resource for consumer protection enforcement agencies that do not currently have the domestic legal authority needed for enforcement co-operation to make the case for obtaining relevant legislative tools. It also provides guidance to ensure related legislative reforms are fit for purpose. The toolkit sets out a range of legislative actions countries may take to improve cross-border enforcement co-operation, covering investigatory powers, enforcement outcomes and co-operation practices. Its annex addresses operational and legal issues, and provides concrete examples of cases and legislation from a broad range of both OECD countries and partner economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eddcdc57-en
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  • 189
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    Un’indagine sulle startup innovative del Trentino : Per la “Start-up Valley” è tempo di cambiare marcia? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe An insight into the innovative start-up landscape of Trentino: Is it time for the “Start-up Valley” to scale up?
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: Questo rapporto fornisce un’indagine approfondita sulle caratteristiche delle startup innovative in Trentino, area montuosa e ad alto reddito situata nel Nord-Est d’Italia. È parte di una serie di rapporti tematici elaborati dal Centro OCSE di Trento per lo Sviluppo Locale sul panorama delle startup nelle regioni italiane. Rappresenta un primo tentativo di analisi degli effetti della strategia italiana per le startup innovative a livello regionale, e segue la pubblicazione OCSE del 2018 “La Valutazione dello Startup Act Italiano”, che adottava una prospettiva nazionale. Il Trentino vanta la più alta densità di startup innovative sul totale delle nuove imprese presenti a livello locale rilevata tra le regioni italiane. Tuttavia, la propagazione delle startup a livello territoriale è avvenuta in modo disomogeneo, con una forte concentrazione nelle aree urbane. Inoltre, tra i fondatori delle startup trentine le donne e i giovani sono gruppi meno diffusi rispetto alla media nazionale. Il dinamismo delle startup, in particolare i tassi di crescita e di mortalità, l’adozione delle tecnologie emergenti e la propensione all’utilizzo degli incentivi nazionali sono altri aspetti al centro di questo studio, che si conclude con una serie di raccomandazioni a favore dei decisori politici basate sull’osservazione delle evidenze empiriche.
    DOI: 10.1787/ecde5b3a-it
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  • 190
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    Implementation and usage of the OECD Recommendation on Broadband Development (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.318
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Without connectivity, there can be no digital transformation of economies and societies. With this in mind, the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Broadband Development was adopted in 2004. Since then, broadband markets, underlying technologies, and the policies in place to spur the development of broadband networks have undergone significant changes. This document summarises the outcome of an extensive questionnaire sent to delegates of OECD countries and stakeholder groups. The questionnaire aimed to gather information on the experience of OECD countries concerning broadband development in general, and more particularly their experience in implementing the 2004 Recommendation. The responses to the questionnaire were used to inform the review and revision of the 2004 Recommendation, which resulted in the adoption of the 2021 OECD Council Recommendation on Broadband Connectivity.
    DOI: 10.1787/64eb0526-en
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  • 191
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    Bridging digital divides in G20 countries (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Keywords: Digitale Spaltung ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Breitbandkommunikation ; G20-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Reliable and high-quality connectivity is fundamental for the digital transformation. Furthermore, the COVID-19 health emergency has shown that access to high-quality broadband services at affordable prices, across different territories is essential to ensure that economic and social activities can continue in an increasingly remote manner. However, important disparities in terms of connectivity persist in G20 countries and especially within countries between different types of regions. Overcoming the territorial divide is essential to ensure that no region and its inhabitants are left behind, regardless of where they live. This report offers a roadmap to policy makers to reduce the digital divides experienced by people living in different places within countries. While this is a key policy goal, the reduction of regional disparities needs to be accompanied with sufficiently high levels of broadband speeds across regions for people to be able to fully benefit from the economic opportunities and services brought about by digitalization.
    DOI: 10.1787/35c1d850-en
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  • 192
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    Mapping data portability initiatives, opportunities and challenges (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.321
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data portability has become an essential tool for enhancing access to and sharing of data across digital services and platforms. This report explores to what extent data portability can empower users (natural and legal persons) to play a more active role in the re-use of their data across digital services and platforms. It also examines how data portability can help increase interoperability and data flows and thus enhance competition and innovation by reducing switching costs and lock-in effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6edfab2-en
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  • 193
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    The OECD Framework for digital talent and skills in the public sector (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.45
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Digitalisierung ; IT-Berufe ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Personalentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The rapid pace of technological advance and associated potential for the use of data have not only changed the way people live but also the way people work. This digital disruption hits all sectors, including the public sector, and this working paper emphasises pathways for developing a public sector workforce with the necessary skills to achieve successful digital transformation. It presents the OECD Framework for Digital Talent and Skills in the Public Sector, which highlights the need to create the right working environment, secure the right skills, and evolve the right workforce to support a progression from e-government to digital government.
    DOI: 10.1787/4e7c3f58-en
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  • 194
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    Understanding the digital security of products : An in-depth analysis (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.305
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Produktsicherheit ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Economies and societies are increasingly reliant upon “smart products” that contain code and can connect to one another, e.g. through the Internet. Recent cyber-attacks such as Mirai, WannaCry, NotPetya and SolarWinds have underlined that the exploitation of vulnerabilities in smart products can have severe economic and social consequences. Such attacks increasingly threaten users’ safety and well-being, as well. This report shows that economic factors play an important role in the relative “insecurity” of smart products. It develops an analytical framework based on the value chain and lifecycle of smart products, and applies the framework to three case studies: computers and smartphones, consumer Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud services. It demonstrates that complex and opaque value chains lead to a misallocation of responsibility for digital security risk management, while significant information asymmetries and externalities often limit stakeholders’ ability to behave optimally.
    DOI: 10.1787/abea0b69-en
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  • 195
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    Promoting research and innovation in the Slovak Republic through an effective use of European funds (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.04
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; EU-Strukturfonds ; Slowakei ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This policy paper analyses current practices related to the implementation of European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) in the Slovak Republic, in particular, the Operational Programme Research and Innovation (R&I). The Slovak Republic benefits from one of the largest shares of European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). However, the country ranks amongst the EU member states with the lowest absorption of R&I ESIF. In 2017, administrative inefficiencies and irregularities resulted in further decommitments by the European Commission. This paper identifies bottlenecks in the ESIF projects’ implementation across the entire project life cycle, from the preparation of calls to the execution of selected projects. It offers the Slovak Republic tailored policy recommendations to support the effective implementation of European funds for research and innovation and avoid further decommissioning. To ensure lasting changes, this policy paper proposes an action plan where all relevant stakeholders would contribute to effectively implementing transformational reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/f0e9d786-en
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  • 196
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    The effects of online disclosure about personalised pricing on consumers : Results from a lab experiment in Ireland and Chile (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.303
    Keywords: Preisdifferenzierung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Unternehmenspublizität ; Online-Handel ; Experiment ; Irland ; Chile ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; Ireland
    Abstract: Online personalised pricing is a form of price discrimination that involves charging different prices to different consumers, often based on a consumer’s personal data. Policymakers are currently discussing ways to protect consumers from potential adverse effects of personalised pricing. One option involves displaying disclosures on the websites of retailers that use personalised pricing, in order for consumers to make informed purchase decisions. This paper summarizes findings from a laboratory experiment on the effects that online disclosures about personalised pricing have on consumers. Results from the experiment suggest that online disclosures have only limited effects on consumers’ ability to identify and comprehend online personalised pricing, and cannot confirm a significant effect on participants’ purchasing behaviour. Results from a questionnaire distributed to participants reveal that on average personalised pricing is considered an unfair practice that should be prohibited.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ce1de63-en
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    التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط : تقرير مرحلي (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264678040
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (189 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d'étape
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط: تقرير مرحلي يرصد الاتجاهات الرئيسية والتكامل في المنطقة الأورو - متوسطية. يحلل هذا التقرير خمسة مجالات للتكامل الإقليمي: التكامل التجاري، والتكامل المالي، وتكامل البنية التحتية، وحركة السكان، والبحث والتعليم العالي. يقدم التقرير تحليلا مبدعا لأنماط وتحديات التكامل في المنطقة الأورو - متوسطية، مما يسلط الضوء على الترابط بين المجالات التي تم بحثها - مثل كيفية تطوير المبادلات في ضل ظروف خصاص بنية تحتية ملائمة. ويقدم التقرير رؤى ثاقبة جديدة تستند إلى مؤشرات أداء كمية ونوعية محددة يجري رصدها بمرور الوقت. ويغطي ما يقرب من 100 رسم بياني وجداول بيانات عن 42 بلدا عضوا في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط وعن شركاء المنطقة. ويتضمن التقرير مقترحات رئيسية وتوصيات تتعلق بالسياسات بشأن كيفية تعزيز التكامل الإقليمي في كل مجال من المجالات الخمسة.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc416437-ar
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    Effective policies to foster high-risk/high-reward research (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.112
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report analyses policies and research funding mechanisms designed to foster high-risk high-reward (HRHR) research, and explores promising practices for fostering HRHR research in a variety of contexts. The underlying concern is that failure to encourage and support research on risky, ‘out-of-the-box’ ideas may jeopardise a country’s longer-term ability to compete economically, harness science for solving national and global challenges, and contribute to the progress of science as a whole. The analysis in this paper is primarily based on a survey of individual HRHR research funding schemes in different countries, complemented by targeted interviews. This survey was supplemented by an analysis of HRHR research-oriented programmes and by the feedback from an international workshop that included all relevant stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/06913b3b-en
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  • 199
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    OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264579316 , 9789264355781 , 9789264593237
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (294 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurs have been hit hard during the COVID-19 crisis. Policy responses were quick and unprecedented, helping cushion the blow and maintain most SMEs and entrepreneurs afloat. Despite the magnitude of the shock, available data so far point to sustained start-ups creation, no wave of bankruptcies, and an impulse to innovation in most OECD countries. However, government support has been less effective at reaching the self-employed, smaller and younger firms, women, and entrepreneurs from minorities. Countries were not all even in their capacity to support SMEs either. As vaccine campaigns roll out and economic prospects brighten, governments have to take the turn of a crisis exit and create the conditions to build back better. The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 brings new evidence on the impact of the crisis and policy responses on SMEs and entrepreneurs. It reflects on longer-term issues, such as SME indebtedness or SME role in more resilient supply chains or innovation diffusion. The report contains country profiles that benchmark impact, factors of vulnerability, and sources of resilience in OECD countries, and give a policy spotlight on liquidity support and recovery plans for SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/97a5bbfe-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 200
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    Online Resource
    Strengthening Economic Resilience Following the COVID-19 Crisis : A Firm and Industry Perspective (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264362857 , 9789264829961 , 9789264668591
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (175 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Renforcer la résilience économique après la crise du COVID-19 (version abrégée) : Une analyse sous l’angle des entreprises et des secteurs
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Coping-Strategie ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has been unlike any other the world has experienced, requiring social distancing and restrictions on mobility, and rendering some economic activity impossible. This publication explores and compares the characteristics that have affected the ability of firms, workers and consumers to maintain production, employment and consumption during the COVID-19 crisis, across industries and countries. It takes an analytical forward-looking perspective, considering a broad collection of indicators and evidence to guide policies. The aspects covered centre around topics of business dynamics; productivity; innovation and digital technologies; interconnectedness; inclusiveness; and skills. The report incorporates both a short-term perspective – analysing the supply restrictions and lockdowns that have characterised containment responses – and a medium- to long-term view, focusing on changes in demand that have arisen through recessionary effects and changes in preferences. The purpose of this publication is to provide insights to policy makers in three ways. First, by providing an overview of the different channels through which the crisis has affected firms differently across industries; then, by identifying country characteristics which may mediate these channels and mitigate or amplify the impacts of this and future shocks on the economy; and finally, by exploring systematic differences in the impact across population subgroups and the implications for policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/2a7081d8-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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