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  • 2025-2025
  • 2005-2009  (15)
  • 1985-1989  (3)
  • Nicoletti, Giuseppe  (18)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (18)
  • Dordrecht : Springer
  • 1
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    Ten Years of Product Market Reform in OECD Countries : Insights from a Revised PMR Indicator (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.695
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes patterns and developments of regulation that potentially affect product market competition in OECD countries over the past decade. It uses the 2008 update and revision of the OECD indicators of product market regulation (PMR) that integrate to a larger extent than in the past information on sector-specific regulation and adapt a simpler and more transparent aggregation technique. The results show that OECD countries have extensively liberalised product markets over the past ten years and – as a consequence - convergence of regulation across OECD countries can be observed. However, reforms appear to have slowed in the most recent period (2003-2008) as compared with the earlier period (1998- 2003). Easing of product market regulation appears to have been driven to a considerable extent by reforms in sector-specific regulation, notably as regards the gas, electricity and telecommunications markets. Countries appear also to have followed consistent reform approaches. However, scope for further reform remains, especially as regards controls of governments over businesses, and as regards certain sectors such as professional services and retail trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/224255001640
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  • 2
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    La fiscalité et l'environnement des entreprises comme déterminants des investissements directs étrangers (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 9-44
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taxation and business environment as drivers of foreign direct investment in OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 9-44
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Dans quelle mesure les différences d’imposition des entreprises influent-elles sur les décisions d’investissement des entreprises multinationales (EMN) ? Depuis une dizaine d’années, on accorde un intérêt croissant à cette question, parallèlement à l’accroissement de la mobilité du capital et à l’internationalisation des entreprises. Les modèles standards portant sur les EMN prévoient que la fiscalité des entreprises peut influencer l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) en créant un effet de ciseaux entre la rentabilité des investissements avant et après impôt. Ce coin fiscal dépend cependant de la nature de l’investissement, à savoir s’il est additionnel ou s’il intervient dans le cadre de la création d’établissements entièrement nouveaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art8-fr
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  • 3
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    Regulation, Allocative Efficiency and Productivity in OECD Countries : Industry and Firm-Level Evidence (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.616
    DOI: 10.1787/241447806226
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  • 4
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    Analyse empirique des facteurs d'économie politique influant sur les réformes structurelles dans l'OCDE (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 97-154
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 67 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An empirical investigaton of political economy factors behind structural reforms in OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 97-154
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: À l’origine, ce document a été élaboré à l’intention du Groupe de travail n° 1 de l’OCDE, sous l’autorité du Comité de politique économique de l’OCDE. Jens Høj et Giuseppe Nicoletti travaillent pour le Département des affaires économiques de l’OCDE en qualité d’économiste en chef de la branche des études nationales et de chef de division, Division de l’analyse des politiques structurelles 1, respectivement. Vincenzo Galasso est Professeur associé d’économie à l’Université Bocconi, en Italie, et Thai-Thang Dang est consultant dans le secteur privé. Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Jean-Philippe Cotis, Jørgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, Christopher Heady, Nick Johnstone et de nombreux collègues du Département des affaires économiques de l’OCDE, ainsi que des représentants des pays membres de l’OCDE pour leurs précieux commentaires sur une version antérieure de ce document.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art3-fr
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  • 5
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    Taxation and business environment as drivers of foreign direct investment in OECD countries (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 7-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La fiscalité et l'environnement des entreprises comme déterminants des investissements directs étrangers
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 7-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: How important are differences in corporate taxation for the investment decisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs)? Over the past decade, interest in this issue has been growing in parallel with the increasing mobility of capital and internationalisation of businesses. Standard models of the MNEs predict that corporate taxation can influence foreign direct investment (FDI) by creating a wedge between the pre- and post-tax returns on investment. The relevant tax wedge, however, depends on whether MNEs’ investment is incremental or involves the creation of entirely new plants.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art8-en
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  • 6
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    An empirical investigaton of political economy factors behind structural reforms in OECD countries (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 87-136
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analyse empirique des facteurs d'économie politique influant sur les réformes structurelles dans l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 87-136
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper was originally prepared for the OECD Working Party No. 1 under the authority of the OECD’s Economic Policy Committee. Jens Høj and Giuseppe Nicoletti work for the OECD Economics Department as a senior economist in the Country Studies Branch and as Head of the Structural Policy Analysis Division 1, respectively. Vincenzo Galasso is an Associate Professor of Economics at Università Bocconi in Italy and Thai-Thang Dang is a private sector consultant. The authors wish to thank Jean Philippe Cotis, Jørgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, Christopher Heady, Nick Johnstone and many other colleagues in the OECD Economics Department as well as representatives from OECD member countries for useful comments on a previous version of the paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art3-en
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  • 7
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    Product market regulation and productivity convergence (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 39-76
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réglementation des marchés de produits et convergence de la productivité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 39-76
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Product market regulation in the OECD area has generally become less restrictive of competition over recent years. This has lead to a degree of convergence in regulatory policies, but nonetheless, the productivity performance of OECD countries has become increasingly disparate. Indeed, according to some measures, the growth rates and levels of labour productivity have recently begun to diverge. Recent developments in the theory and empirics of growth suggest that cross-country productivity patterns may partly reflect differences in the policy and institutional environment (Acemoglu et al., 2004; Aghion and Griffith, 2005; Nicoletti and Scarpetta, 2003).
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art9-en
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  • 8
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    Product Market Competition in the OECD Countries : Taking Stock and Moving Forward (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.575
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Based on 18 country reviews performed over the 2003-2005 period, this paper examines, the cross-country differences in policy approaches to product market competition and their consequences for product market rents. Against this background, the paper summarises OECD recommendations to further strengthen competition in various sectors and areas. These include: removing remaining barriers to trade and inward foreign direct investments; better securing deterrence of cartels through effective sanctions; facilitate market access to inherently competitive industries by easing zoning laws (the retail sector), abolishing reserved monopolies (sales of tobacco and alcohol), limiting the scope of trade associations’ self-regulation and easing residency or nationality requirements (professional services); meet competition challenges in network industries by facilitating the effective separation of monopoly components from competitive activities, reducing public ownership, clearly separating the government’s ownership and regulatory functions and creating the right incentives for investing in infrastructures.
    DOI: 10.1787/108734233645
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  • 9
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    Product Market Regulation in the Non-Manufacturing Sectors of OECD Countries : Measurement and Highlights (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.530
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Product market regulation in the non-manufacturing sectors of OECD countries: measurement and highlights This paper describes a new set of indicators that measure differences in the regulation of non-manufacturing sectors of OECD countries over the past three decades. The indicators focus on regulations that affect competitive pressures in areas where competition is economically viable and on the potential costs that these regulations entail for economic activities that use the output of regulated sectors as intermediate inputs in production. The paper illustrates the methodology used to compute the indicators and the patterns of product market regulation and regulatory reform that emerge from the analysis. The robustness of results is assessed in three ways: comparing the indicators to other available data covering the same areas; computing confidence intervals around the indicator values; and listing econometric results obtained by linking the indicators to measures of competition and economic performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/362886816127
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  • 10
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    The Political Economy of Structural Reform : Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.501
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In an empirical investigation, the paper identifies the main political economy drivers of structural policy changes in OECD countries' labour and product markets over the 1985-2003 and 1973-2003 periods respectively. Some of the drivers are beyond the control of governments (i.e., that are exogenous to the political process) while there are others over which governments may have some leverage. The core empirical results, based on a set of policy indicators that cover 21 countries, suggest that the former set of factors has an important influence on the implementation of structural reform, including economic crises, exposure to foreign competition, and government?s duration in office. Nonetheless, the latter set of factors, including budgetary conditions and spillovers across policy areas -- in particular from the product to the labour market -- is also important to both initiate and sustain reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/881353527404
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  • 11
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    Taxation, Business Environment and FDI Location in OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.502
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of taxation on foreign direct investment contributing to the literature in two ways. First, it relates bilateral FDI among OECD countries over the 1990s to a new set of estimates of corporate tax wedges that include many relevant aspects of FDI taxation. Second, it controls for a large set of additional policy and non-policy factors that may affect the attractiveness of a country for foreign investors. Furthermore, the empirical approach is novel in that it focuses on a semi-parametric estimation methodology that accounts for a number of unobserved effects possibly impinging on the choice of investment location by multinational enterprises. Consistent with previous findings, the estimation results suggest that corporate taxation has a non-negligible impact on FDI location choices. However, the results suggest that focusing only on taxation in home and host countries and omitting other policies (such as border policies and labour and product market settings) may lead to a serious overestimation of tax elasticities and their relevance for policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/874058477248
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  • 12
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    Regulation, Competition and Productivity Convergence (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.509
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of product market regulations on the international diffusion of productivity shocks. The empirical results indicate that restrictive product market regulations slow the process of adjustment through which best practice production techniques diffuse across borders and new technologies are incorporated into the production process. This suggest that remaining cross-country differences in product market regulation can partially explain the recent observed divergence of productivity in OECD countries, given the emergence of new general-purpose technologies over the 1990s. The paper also investigates two channels through which product market regulations might affect the international diffusion of productivity shocks, namely the adoption of information and communications technology and the location decisions of multi-national enterprises. In both cases the effect of anticompetitive product market regulation is found to be negative and significant.
    DOI: 10.1787/431383770805
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  • 13
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    Product Market Reforms and Employment in OECD Countries (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.472
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We estimate the employment effects of product market reforms aimed at increasing competitive pressures and easing government controls in a sample of OECD countries over the past two decades. We control for several labour market policies and institutions that are thought to influence equilibrium employment rates, and check whether there are interactions between these policies and product market reforms. We find cross-country evidence that some labour and product market policies may be complementary and adjust for this in regressions. Consistent with the implications of the imperfect competition/bargaining model of Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003), our estimates suggest that restrictive regulations have curbed employment rates significantly in countries where no product market reforms were implemented. These effects appear to have been magnified by the interaction of such regulations with labour market settings that provide a strong bargaining power to insiders, suggesting that rent sharing tends to depress employment. The implication is that significant employment gains can be obtained by deregulating product markets in overly regulated countries. Moreover, these employment gains are likely to be higher in countries that have rigid labour markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/463767160680
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  • 14
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    Product Market Regulation in OECD Countries : 1998 to 2003 (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.419
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes trends in product market regulation in OECD countries over the period 1998 to 2003. The analysis is based on summary indicators of product market regulation that measure the degree to which policies promote or inhibit competition. The results suggest that regulatory impediments to competition have declined in all OECD countries in recent years. Regulation has also become more homogenous across the OECD as countries with relatively restrictive policies have, in some areas, moved towards the regulatory environment of the more liberalized countries. Within some countries product market policies have become more consistent across different regulatory provisions, although relatively restrictive countries still tend to have a more heterogeneous approach to competition. In general, domestic barriers to competition tend to be higher in countries that have higher barriers to foreign trade and investment, and high levels of state control and barriers to competition ...
    DOI: 10.1787/783417550348
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  • 15
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    Regulation and Economic Performance : Product Market Reforms and Productivity in the OECD (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.460
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the implications of past and ongoing reforms in OECD product markets for the labour productivity gap, a key component of cross-country differences in GDP per capita. After a brief review of the theoretical literature, we bring together the results obtained in some of our empirical work over the past few years, discussing econometric approaches and their drawbacks. We then use these results to gauge the likely effect of further reforms. We distinguish effects on capital deepening and technical progress by examining the impact of regulations on investment (domestic and foreign) and multi-factor productivity. We focus on the effects of policies aimed at strengthening private governance (e.g. through privatization) and opening up access to markets where competition is economically viable. The results suggest that pro-competitive reforms tend to increase both investment and multifactor productivity and, through both these channels, they can lead to higher growth in GDP per capita.
    DOI: 10.1787/726517007575
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  • 16
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    Ageing Populations : Economic Effects and Implications for Public Finance (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.61
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Recent swings in fertility rates, combined with anticipated increases in life expectancy, are expected to result in a significant increase in the number and proportion of elderly persons in the first half of the next century. This "ageing" of OECD populations is expected to have widespread impacts, affecting labour markets, the composition and level of consumption and output, national rates of saving and the rate of capital accumulation, etc. A widely recognized effect of ageing will be the pressures it will place on public sector finances as the share of future output transferred to a large dependent population rises. This paper discusses some of the potential economic impacts of ageing. It also presents an analysis of its impacts on public pension financing requirements, with particular emphasis on selected OECD countries -- Germany, Japan, Sweden and the United States. It is shown that, where desirable, future increases in retirement age and benefit reductions could help reduce ...
    DOI: 10.1787/401111720150
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  • 17
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    The Economic Dynamics of an Ageing Population : The Case of Four OECD Countries (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.62
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Demographic changes, such as those anticipated in most OECD countries, have many economic effects that impinge on a country's fiscal viability. Evaluation of the effects of associated changes in capital-labour ratios and the welfare and behaviour of different generations requires the use of a dynamic general equilibrium model. This paper uses an overlapping generations demographic simulation model, which incorporates bequest behaviour, technological change, the possibility that the economy is open to international trade, and government consumption expenditures that depend on the age composition of the population. The model has been further adapted to study the effects of anticipated demographic changes in Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden and the United States. The simulation results indicate that these changes could have a major impact on rates of national saving, real wage rate and current accounts. One of this paper's fundamental lessons is that allowing for general ...
    DOI: 10.1787/054502801660
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  • 18
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    Private Consumption, Inflation and the "Debt Neutrality Hypothesis" : The Case of Eight OECD Countries (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 99 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.50
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the empirical basis for the debt-neutrality hypothesis in an international cross-section of eight major OECD countries over the period 1961-85. The analysis uses a dynamic demand system for durable and non-durable goods derived from individual optimizing behaviour. The model nests three specifications corresponding to different degrees of consumer rationality: the traditional life-cycle consumption model, the case of inflation-adjustment of disposable income (no money illusion) and the case of full "tax discounting" (no fiscal illusion). In addition, the model incorporates explicitly the role of a variable interest rate and substitution between public and private consumption. The model is estimated using three different consumption aggregates at the single-country level and over the pooled data set. Estimates of the inflation-adjustment and fiscal illusion parameters are provided and specification tests opposing the three versions of the model are performed. The ...
    DOI: 10.1787/012554655282
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