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  • World Bank Group  (185)
  • Nickel, Johanna (1916-1984)
  • Safari Tech Books Online
  • Health, Nutrition and Population  (106)
  • Social Development  (85)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Financial Aid ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Azerbaijan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Azerbaijan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Azerbaijan on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Azerbaijan; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Azerbaijan; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Azerbaijan; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Azerbaijan
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Fiji assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Fiji perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Fiji on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Fiji; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Fiji; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Fiji; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Fiji
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: CHVA ; Climate and Health ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health Risks ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: The objective of this Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment (CHVA) is to assist decision-makers in Colombia with planning effective adaptation measures to deal with climate-related health risks. This assessment includes sub-national considerations for health-related climate action (see Annex A for the methodology). Sub-national considerations are given for Colombia's 32 departments (see Figure 1). It also incorporates data from a Climate and Health Economic Valuation conducted by the World Bank to estimate of the potential economic costs of health impacts arising from projected changes in temperature and precipitation (see Annex B for the methodology). The findings from this CHVA are organized under four sections. Section I characterizes the climatology in Colombia, highlighting observed and projected climate exposures relevant to health. Section II describes key climate-related risks to health, including nutrition and food security, vector-borne diseases (VDBs), water-borne diseases, increasing temperatures, air quality, and zoonotic diseases. Section III analyzes the adaptive capacity and readiness of Colombia's health system to prevent and manage climate-related health risks. Recommendations are discussed in Section IV
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Demographics ; Family Planning Research ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Fertility Rates ; High Population Growth ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Women's Agency
    Abstract: Tanzania has managed to sustain its growth momentum despite the intensifying effects of climate change. While Tanzania's economy continues to expand, recent growth has been concentrated in sectors that employ few workers from poor households, limiting its impact on poverty. The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) has implemented an effective monetary policy designed to curb inflation and alleviate mounting short-term demand pressure on foreign exchange. While Tanzania's recovery continues to accelerate, several serious threats cloud its economic outlook. Key risks include the slow or incomplete implementation of structural reforms, the damaging effects of climate change on the agriculture and tourism sectors, and the possibility of a global recession caused by fiscal and monetary policy tightening in advanced economies and major EMDEs. To mitigate these risks, policymakers must accelerate structural reforms as part of a sustained effort to attract greater private investment and spur resilient and inclusive private-sector-led growth. Over the longer term, one of the country's key challenges will be to complete its structural economic transformation, which will require creating a more favorable business climate to support the growth of the industrial and services sectors while boosting agricultural productivity. Another key long-term growth challenge will be achieving more balanced and inclusive growth
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Cabo Verde assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Cabo Verde perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Cabo Verde on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Cabo Verde; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Cabo Verde; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Cabo Verde; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Cabo Verde
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Mali assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Mali perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mali on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mali; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mali; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mali; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Mali
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Financial Protection ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; SDI ; Service Quality ; Systems and Tools ; Workforce
    Abstract: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) health survey in Moldova serves as a vital tool for assessing and benchmarking the performance of health service delivery. Its primary aim is to evaluate the quality of basic health services. This comprehensive evaluation enables both governments and service providers to pinpoint deficiencies and bottlenecks in health service delivery, monitor progress over time, and make cross-country comparisons. The widespread availability of and public awareness about SDI indicators foster engagement among policy makers, citizens, service providers, donors, and stakeholders, in turn driving efforts to enhance service quality and ultimately development outcomes
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Demographics ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Fetal and Maternal Health ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Government Financing ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Nutrition Services ; Pregnancy ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review (HCR) report presents an in-depth analysis of human capital indicators throughout a person's lifetime, from in utero to productive aging. By examining the various stages of human capital accumulation, the report aims to provide accurate recommendations for specific groups in Sierra Leone. Thus, the report disaggregates data whenever possible. It relies on an extensive consultative process involving various stakeholders such as Government counterparts, development partners, teachers, adolescent girls, students, private sector representatives, and local representatives. The consultation process followed a Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) approach, which facilitates the identification and resolution of problems by local leadership. In addition, this report aims to inform the design and implementation of human capital reforms that will respond to specific challenges identified in the report
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Uzbekistan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Uzbekistan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Uzbekistan on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Uzbekistan; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Uzbekistan; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Uzbekistan; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Uzbekistan
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in the Kyrgyz Republic assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in the Kyrgyz Republic perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in the Kyrgyz Republic on 1) their views regarding the general environment in the Kyrgyz Republic; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in the Kyrgyz Republic; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in the Kyrgyz Republic; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in the Kyrgyz Republic
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Financial Aid ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Algeria assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Algeria perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Algeria on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Algeria; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Algeria; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Algeria; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Algeria
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Zimbabwe assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Zimbabwe perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Zimbabwe on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Zimbabwe; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Zimbabwe; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Zimbabwe; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Zimbabwe
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Jamaica assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Jamaica perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Jamaica on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Jamaica; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Jamaica; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Jamaica; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Jamaica
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Governance ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PHC ; Primary Health Care Performance ; Vital Signs Profile
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the Vital Signs Profile (VSP) assessment conducted by the World Bank and the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI) in collaboration with Fiji's Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MHMS). The VSP provides an opportunity to assess the state of the primary health care (PHC) system in Fiji, highlighting areas of strength and challenges through the lens of the PHCPI framework. The framework organizes various domains and subdomains of primary health care using a logic model approach that encompasses the traditional inputs and outputs of PHC systems and emphasizes the capacity and processes of PHC service delivery and performance. Notably, while PHCPI recognizes the role of social determinants of health and intersectoral health promotion and prevention efforts as important factors influencing population health, the VSP is primarily focused on aspects of health service delivery. Fiji is one of four Pacific countries - alongside Kiribati, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Solomon Islands that have, with support of the World Bank, used PHCPI tools to take stock of current performance, safeguard what works well, and lay out a vision for areas requiring improvement
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Sector ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Financing ; Investments ; Ukraine
    Abstract: The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine has immense local impact and global consequences. Ukraine is experiencing huge human and economic suffering, which will have long-lasting effects. This war has been particularly devastating for the Ukrainian health sector, tremendously increasing the urgent need for specific services and simultaneously obstructing health outcomes and access to health care due to hostilities, disruption of service delivery, and damage and destruction of health facilities. Moreover, the recovery of Ukraine is shrouded in uncertainty as the duration of the ongoing war and the frequency and localization of the attacks are unknown, all occurring against the backdrop of economic challenges within the country and at a global scale. Despite an expected international effort to finance the recovery of Ukraine akin to the Marshall Plan, financial resources may not be easily available or may become more scarce and more expensive. Investments will receive more scrutiny, and competition for funds will increase due to monetary tightening, rising interest rates, and possibly sustained high inflation (International Monetary Fund 2022). However, in the short to medium term, Ukraine is expected to have favorable access to international financing on concessional terms. While Ukraine is struggling with the gruesome immediate impact of the war and a fight for survival, the shared understanding emerges that going back to business as usual will neither be possible nor desirable. This moment may also serve as a window of opportunity for rapid reform and innovation of health service delivery in Ukraine. Improving and reconstructing services while restoring and stabilizing them is critical to aiding a suffering population and to laying strong foundations of governance that will have lasting impacts into the country's future. This document provides a proposal for stakeholdersin the Ukrainian health sector on how service delivery may need to change, how to deal with this change, and how the health sector may come out stronger in the longer term. It focuses on the organization of health care service delivery and shares considerations of how it may develop using a long-term (10+ years) perspective
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Mongolia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Mongolia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mongolia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mongolia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mongolia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mongolia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Mongolia
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Ghana assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Ghana perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Ghana on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Ghana; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Ghana; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Ghana; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Ghana
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impact ; Covid-19 Impact ; Education ; Food Security ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital Accumulation and Utilization ; Inclusive Development ; Long-Term Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report is undertaken as a part of the Human Capital Project (HCP), a globalinitiative of the World Bank Group that aims to increase governments' awarenessof the importance of investing in people (World Bank date of publication not identifiedb). One of the maincomponents of the HCP is a cross-country metric--the Human Capital Index (HCI). The HCI estimates the amount of human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate by the age of 18, thus highlighting how current health and education outcomes shape the work productivity of the next generation. Moreover, given the cumulative nature of human capital, the HCI has clear milestones across the entire human life cycle: at birth, children need to survive; during childhood, they need to be well-nourished; at school age, they must complete all schooling and active adequate learning levels; and in adulthood, they need to stay in good health. Finally, the HCI includes a result: a score that ranges from 0 to 1. A country where an average child has virtually no risk of being stunted or dying before age five, receives high-quality education, and becomes a healthy adult, would have an HCI close to 1. Conversely, when the risk of being ill-nourished or prematurely dying is high, access to education is limited, and the quality of learning is low, the HCI would approach zero
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Access and Coverage ; Equity ; Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PHCPI Framework ; PHP ; Quality
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), an assessment that the World Bank conducted in consultation with the Ministry of Health and Human Services (MHHS) of the government of RMI. The assessment provides an opportunity to understand the performance of RMI's PHC system, highlighting important areas of strengths and opportunities to address ongoing challenges. The assessment uses the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI) framework, which organizes various domains and subdomains of primary care using a logic model approach that encompasses the traditional inputs and outputs of a system, emphasizing service delivery and performance
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Serbia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Serbia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Serbia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Serbia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Serbia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Serbia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Serbia
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Guinea assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Guinea perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Guinea on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Guinea; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Guinea; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Guinea; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Guinea
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; KIRIBATI ; PHP ; PHPCPI ; Vital Signs Profile
    Abstract: The assessment of Kiribati's primary health care (PHC) system, carried out by the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Kiribati under the Primary Health Care Performance Initiative (PHCPI), marks a unique opportunity to identify the system's strengths and gaps and to catalyze further improvements. The PHCPI tools, including the Vital Signs Profile (VSP) methodology, provide important insights into the country's PHC system and generate actionable policy recommendations for improvement
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Attitudes ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Participations and Civic Engagement ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Knowledge ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Kenya assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Kenya perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Kenya on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Kenya; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Kenya; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Kenya; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Kenya
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Turkiye assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Turkiye perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Turkiye on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Turkiye; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Turkiye; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Turkiye; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Turkiye
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Aid Effectiveness ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Sao Tome and Principe assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Sao Tome and Principe perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Sao Tome and Principe on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Sao Tome and Principe; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Sao Tome and Principe; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Sao Tome and Principe; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Sao Tome and Principe
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Montenegro assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Montenegro perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Montenegro on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Montenegro; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Montenegro; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Montenegro; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Montenegro
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access To Educaton ; Becoming Upper-Middle-Income ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Gender and Education ; Gender Inequity ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Girls Education Gap ; High Stunting Rate ; Human Capital Investment ; Skill Utilization ; Social Development
    Abstract: Pakistan can realize major economic growth and development by investing in its people and their human capital. But the reality is that Pakistan's human capital is low and has improved only marginally over the past three decades. Inequalities in human capital outcomes have persisted or widened over time between the rich and poor, men and women, and rural and urban areas and among the provinces. Human capital outcomes are low across the board, with even the most economically advantaged groups in Pakistan having lower human capital outcomes than less economically advantaged groups in peer countries. Pakistan's Human Capital Index (HCI) value of 0.41 is low in both absolute and relative terms. It is lower than the South Asia average of 0.48, with Bangladesh at 0.46 and Nepal at 0.49. Pakistan's human capital outcomes are more comparable to those in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has an average HCI value of 0.40. To enhance its human capital, Pakistan should adopt a life cycle approach to building, protecting, and deploying human capital, starting before birth, continuing through early childhood development, and schooling, culminating in increasingly productive employment. This calls for a long-term commitment, recognition of the multidimensional and cumulative nature of human capital investments, deliberate efforts from multiple stakeholders and sectors to build on intersectoral linkages, and a continuity of policies across political parties and governments. Many countries previously at Pakistan's level of development have managed to precisely do this, even with regional variations and gaps just as large. Pakistan has the tools to implement the recommendations in this report, provide stewardship for human capital investments, and enhance economic growth over the long term. Pakistan's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the country can manage complex challenges, despite its institutional constraints
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Capacity ; Effective Response ; Health Emergencies ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preparedness
    Abstract: La reciente crisis ha evidenciado la necesidad que tienen los paises de identificar capacidades y brechas existentes para asegurar que sus sistemas de salud esten preparados para soportar el estres causado por una emergencia sanitaria, que pueden ser extensas y de gravedad, y que ademas amenazan la prestacion rutinaria de servicios esenciales de salud. En ese sentido, el fortalecimiento de muchas de las areas del sistema de salud tambien contribuye a fortalecer la seguridad sanitaria y viceversa, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de preparacion y respuesta ante emergencias en muchos sentidos fortalece el sistema de salud en general. Existe una superposicion entre esfuerzos para fortalecer los sistemas de salud para que sean confiables y sostenibles y fortalecer la seguridad sanitaria. Por ello, es importante identificar y promover aquellas inversiones que fortalecen las capacidades de preparacion y respuesta ante emergencias sanitarias y que a su vez contribuyan a fortalecer el desempeno del sistema de salud y lo haga mas resiliente
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Consistency ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Health Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impartiality ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: The report offers decision support on fair processes for policy choices relating to health financing for universal health coverage (UHC). It opens by making the case for why fair processes matter for health financing. It argues that procedural fairness contributes to fairer outcomes, strengthens the legitimacy of decision processes, builds trust in authorities, and promotes the sustainability of reforms on the path to UHC. The report then describes key health financing decisions with an impact on equity in service coverage and financial protection, where issues of procedural fairness are particularly important. Next, it offers principles and criteria for designing and assessing the processes around these health financing decisions and provides suggestions for how to make them fairer. Finally, the report examines country experiences with diverse instruments that can be used to operationalize principles and criteria for fair processes in health financing decision-making
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2109
    Keywords: Education ; Education Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HRM ; Human Development ; Macro Fiscal Context ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Expenditure ; Sustainability
    Abstract: This is an overview of the CAR Human Development (HD) Public Expenditure Review (PER). This overview provides an analytical basis to decision-makers and stakeholders for the formulation of ambitious yet fiscally responsible interventions to improve human capital outcomes in CAR. The PER examines public expenditure trends of the education, health, and social protection (SP) sectors with a focus on adequacy, efficiency, and equity of expenditures as well as human resource management (HRM). The primary objective is to provide analytical insights for government policy development and prioritization strategy as it seeks to achieve a resilient recovery and rebuild its education and health sectors and establish a strong SP system which will help the poorest households invest and protect their own human capital. The PER can also serve as a useful source of knowledge and information to development partners seeking to deepen the impact of their support to the human capital development sectors. The recommendations put forth by the PER are those identified as fiscally sustainable and most important for rebuilding and strengthening human capital development sectors, including a focus on future human resource (HR) recruitment needed in the education and health sectors
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Education ; Education Finance ; Energy Resources Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inclusion ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; NEDI ; Off-Grid Solar Access ; Transport and Trade ; Water and Sanitation
    Abstract: Kenya's north and northeastern region is a host to 11 percent of the total population scattered across 63 percent of the country's landmass. The arid and semi-arid region experiences recurrent droughts that create vulnerabilities for the nomadic pastoralist communities, pervasive insecurity, suffers fragility, and has been a host to the largest population of refugees in sub-Saharan Africa over the last three decades. These policy choices contributed to the significant lag in most of the development indicators for this region compared to the rest of the country. The region has huge infrastructure deficits, low literacy rates, and contributes only a modest 4.7 percent to the national gross domestic product. To address the socio-economic disparities and inequality challenges, the Government of Kenya with support from World Bank (WB) launched the North and Northeastern Development Initiative (NEDI) in 2018. The NEDI, the region's first significant, integrated, and transformative investment, cuts across foundational sectors including energy, water, transport, social protection, displacement, and agriculture
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Food Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Stability ; Value Chains
    Abstract: Sierra Leone's economy experienced overlapping setbacks during 2022, as external spillovers from the Russian invasion of Ukraine aggravated domestic macroeconomic vulnerabilities. This led to high levels of inflation, a substantially weaker currency, greater imbalances in public finances, and lower foreign exchange reserves. GDP growth slowed in 2022 (from 4.1 percent in 2021 to 3.5 percent) bringing the average GDP growth since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to only around half of the pre-pandemic trend. High global energy and fertilizer prices coupled with a weaker currency translated into accelerating inflation which rose from 12percent in 2021 to 27 percent in 2022, and further to over 50 percent by August 2023, threatening the welfare of households and worsening food insecurity and poverty
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Capacity ; Equity ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information Technology ; Performance ; PHC ; PHCPI Framework
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system assessment in the Republic of Moldova undertaken by the World Bank in collaboration with the Moldovan government and under the leadership of the Ministry of Health (MoH). It highlights existing strengths, identifies areas in need of improvement, and suggests strategies for system strengthening
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Governance ; Health Insurance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; RIPSS ; Service Delivery ; T2D ; Universal Health Insurance
    Abstract: The aim of this report is to document the fidelity of the implementation of the RIPSS in the Huetar-Atlantica Region in Costa Rica. Implementation fidelity seeks to assess the extent to which an intervention is implemented as planned and, for this, the PIPs were contrasted with what was implemented in practice. The assessment identified the following: (i) gaps in the implementation that require subsequent actions, and (ii) the core elements for the sustainability and scale-up of the RIPSS
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Child Marriage ; Fertility Decision Making ; Forced Marriage ; GBV Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Gender-Based Violence (GBV) ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Limitations On Decision-Making ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth analysis of the limitations that Malagasy women and girls encounter in respect to their agency and proposes several strategic lines of action to improve women's and girls' voice and decision-making and to eliminate all forms of GBV. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, health, and economic opportunities
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Climate Impact on Girls ; Education ; Education For All ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Bias in Education ; Girls Life Choices ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Systemic Gender Gaps ; Women and Girls Health ; Women's Agency ; Women's Economic Opportunity
    Abstract: This Overview presents the findings from the mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, illustrating the key gender gaps in the country and shedding light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. On the basis of the research findings, the Overview presents key gender gaps in Madagascar and proposes four strategic lines of policy recommendations to (i) assist girls and young women in completing school education, (ii) improve women's and girls' access to professional health care and prevent teenage pregnancy, (iii) enhance women's economic opportunities, and (iv) improve women's and girls' voice and agency through the elimination of all forms of gender-based violence. Four thematic notes accompany this Overview and present detailed findings in the four key dimensions: education, health, economic opportunities, and agency
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Domestic Violence ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Norms ; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) ; Law and Development ; Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Norms ; Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) ; Women's Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: The economy of Chile, with a total population of approximately 19.493.185 by 2021, is undergoing an adjustment phase after a remarkable expansion in 2021, with real gross domestic product (GDP) growth dropping to 2.4 percent in 2022 due to normalized consumption and contractionary policies. This economic adjustment is predicted to continue during the first half of 2023, as consumption is expected to fall further amid weakened household liquidity and labor market. The Chilean economy is based on the exploitation of agricultural, fishing, forest, and mining resources. Chile has made several improvements in gender parity, but violence against women remains a significant problem in the country. As the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the problem of gender-based violence, women's labor force participation rate reduced by 10 percentage points as well as several other indicators have been affected negatively
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Labor Market ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Funds ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A period of economic growth over the past decade led to a reduction in poverty and improvements in labor market outcomes in Montenegro. Substantial challenges remain, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing attention to the role that social protection plays in reducing poverty and promoting human capital. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system in Montenegro. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system in Montenegro fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short, medium, and long term. To this end, this note seeks to assess each category of social protection, namely: social assistance, social services, social insurance (specifically pensions) and labor market programs, in terms of program coverage, equity, sustainability and effectiveness
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Contraceptive Use ; Cutting ; Education ; Female Genital Mutilation ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender-Based Violence ; Girls Education Status ; Maternal Health Access ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Women's Access To Health Services ; Women's Agency ; Women's Economic Opportunity
    Abstract: Evidence shows that Guinean women and girls face important barriers across all dimensions of well-being that prevent them from having access to opportunities on an equal footing with men. The poor agency of women and girls, as reflected in the high prevalence of discriminatory legal and social norms, translates into gaps in health, education, employment, and entrepreneurship, ultimately undermining their capacity to fulfill their potential and imposing important societal costs. This report presents a summary of the key challenges facing Guinean women and girls relative to men and boys. The report has a particular focus on early family formation, a common phenomenon in the country with important implications for girls' and women's well-being and opportunities in life. On the basis of this diagnostic and a review of evidence of what works, the report proposes some strategic lines of action to address the existing constraints and effectively empower Guinean women
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Children and Education ; Civil War ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Displacement ; Food Security ; Food Unaffordability ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Humanitarian Response ; Limited Health Care ; Living Costs ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Reduced Food Intake ; Repeated Shocks
    Abstract: This report highlights respondents' lived experiences during Yemen's conflict as experts of their own experiences. This report aims to present the voices of Yemenis who have now spent eight years living through a civil war, economic crisis, and close to famine. This report is among the few authentically capturing Yemeni voices on a range of day-to-day issues from different governorates across the country. But arguably the small sample size limits ability to generalize findings. However, generalizing findings was not the intention of the report. For each theme, 'Voices from Yemen' presents a multi-stakeholder perspective to mitigate bias towards a single stakeholder group or geographical area. Moreover, the report's findings are in line with those in quantitative reports, such as 'Surviving in the Times of War' or the 'World Bank Phone Survey' report on food security. 'Voices from Yemen' presents a comprehensive picture of suffering derived from human stories behind the statistics. The conflict has made Yemeni lives unaffordable, uncertain, vulnerable, and often unbearable. The power of people's speech and the intensity of their stories narrate their grave vulnerabilities and the sense of helplessness and suffering the conflict has caused
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Climate ; Health Taxes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Budget ; Infectious Diseases ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: Leaving no one behind is a central promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which recognizes health as a fundamental human right. Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is key to delivering on this promise. UHC ensures that everyone receives good quality health services, when and where needed, without incurring financial hardship arising from payments made for those services. The 2023 Universal Health Coverage Global Monitoring Report presents an alarming picture of stagnating access to essential health services and increased financial hardship from out-of-pocket health payments affecting especially the poorest and most vulnerable people. Globally, about 4.5 billion people, more than half of the world population, lack full access to essential health services. Since 2015, health service coverage has stagnated after a dynamic increase in previous years, indicating that urgent action is required by governments to ensure people can access health services. Past progress in service coverage was largely driven by improved access to infectious disease services, but since 2015 there has been minimal to no expansion of health service coverage related to infectious and noncommunicable diseases or for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health services. Financial hardship due to out-of-pocket health spending continues to worsen and undermine efforts to eradicate poverty globally. The number of people incurring catastrophic out-of-pocket health spending (more than 10% of their household budget) increased to more than 1 billion people in 2019, or almost 14% of the global population. About 1.3 billion people (almost 17% of the global population) were pushed or further pushed into poverty by out-of-pocket health spending. This includes 344 million people living in extreme poverty. Out-of-pocket health payments reduce the ability of households to afford other essential goods and services and negatively affect a family's consumption levels. Health costs also cause individuals to forgo essential care, which can lead to more severe illnesses or even death. Reaching the goal of UHC by 2030 requires substantial public sector investment and accelerated action by governments and development partners, building on solid evidence. This includes strengthening health systems based on a primary health care approach and advancing equity in both the delivery of essential health services and financial protection. Achieving UHC also requires modern, fit-for-purpose health information systems that provide timely and reliable data to inform policy design. Such shifts are essential following the pandemic's impact on health systems and health workers and in view of deepening macroeconomic, climate, demographic, and political trends which threaten to reverse hard-won health gains around the world
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Access To Labor Market ; Accessibility ; Climate Change ; Disability Inclusion ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Stabilization ; Environment ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inclusive Disaster Management ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The impacts of climate change will be unevenly felt within and across countries partly due to social and economic inequalities. Persons with disabilities represent 16 percent of the global population and face widespread forms of social and economic marginalization yet have received little attention in prior studies of climate change and social inequality. The mortality rate of persons with disabilities in natural disasters is "up to four times higher than people without disabilities" (Stein and Stein 2021). How do the fast-moving shocks, flooding, drought, heatwaves and slower-moving social and economic effects of climate change impact persons with disabilities How can climate change adaptation efforts be disability inclusive This study examines these questions through original fieldwork and qualitative interviews conducted in Uzbekistan. In November 2022, the authors interviewed persons with disabilities in three regions of the country. The resulting qualitative data afford key insights into how climate change and disability status interact to generate distinct vulnerabilities. Within the nascent field of climate change and disability studies, this report represents one of the first fieldwork-based accounts of how climate change presents heightened risks to persons with disabilities in a developing country context
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Medicines and Supplies ; NCD ; PHC ; Quality Of Care
    Abstract: The results of the assessment point to four policy recommendations to address challenges related to governance, availability of medicines and supplies, comprehensiveness of services, and ability to deliver adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) services and promote universal and effective PHC coverage in The Gambia: 1. Establish a PHC-specific policy focused on improving coordination across governmental and non-governmental actors, quality of care, and monitoring and evaluation. 2. Increase the availability of medicines and supplies by leveraging. existing purchasing mechanisms and strengthening supply chain management.3. Implement a people-centered model of PHC focused on delivering comprehensive infectious and NCD services. 4. Increase capacity for adolescent sexual and reproductive health service delivery
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Environment ; Inclusive Development ; Materials Management ; Plastic Pollution Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Vulnerable Women Inclusion ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Waste Management
    Abstract: This report focuses on the role of key stakeholders (policy makers, waste management practitioners, civil society, informal workers' organizations, and the private sector) in contributing to pollution reduction in South Asia while also enhancing livelihood prospects for informal waste workers-the most vulnerable of whom tend to be women. The report also demonstrates how reducing pollution and enhancing livelihood prospects are commercially sound strategies for companies and investors. Through examining the role of women in South Asia's plastic waste management systems and the challenges they face the report provides recommendations for collaborative action to improve and safeguard women's livelihoods in this sector More specifically, it examines the role of women in South Asia's plastic waste management systems and the challenges they face and provides recommendations for collaborative action to improve and safeguard women's livelihoods in this sector. Plastic pollution requires 'upstream' (waste prevention, such as reuse and repair) and 'downstream' (waste management, including recycling) solutions (Pew and SYSTEMIQ 2020). Upstream and downstream solutions fall under the broad definition of 'materials management'. The report focuses primarily on the 'downstream' aspect and key vulnerable actors, who face an imminent threat of displacement, but highlights the need to better understand and engage with vulnerable actors within upstream solutions as well
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Financing ; Global Activity ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; PPR ; Preparedness ; Prevention
    Abstract: This paper has outlined an ambitious agenda for the WBG to support PPR enhancement at country, regional, and global levels as part of a broader approach to strengthen health systems. It is an agenda that not only seeks to deliver on the Bank's IDA commitments related to disease outbreaks and crisis response but also to respond to demands from all our shareholders, clients, and other stakeholders for the Bank to play a key role in strengthening PPR capacities at country and regional levels through a wider health system strengthening agenda. Policy commitments from IDA's Human capital special themes support the building of resilient health systems that can provide core essential health services and have the capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and other health emergencies an approach that will ensure sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness. The paper has highlighted that PPR is an inherently multisectoral agenda. Further, the paper has argued that there are large financing gaps to fill, particularly in LICs and MICs. Looking forward, the WBG will support strengthening of PPR through actions in three interconnected domains: 1) financing; 2) global engagements and partnerships; and 3) analytics, evidence, and dialogue
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: GBV ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Inequality ; Prevention and Response ; Sexual Abuse ; Sexual Exploitation ; Sexual Harassment ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Women
    Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) represents a critical barrier to development globally. As the most extreme manifestation of gender inequality and the most prevalent form of violence worldwide, its impacts extend far beyond individual survivors, with implications for the productivity and well-being of families and communities, often across generations. This report reviews progress on GBV prevention and response in World Bank lending operations over the past decade finding that the institution offers unique entry points across all sectors in which it works to expand work on GBV. Critical investments in staff's technical capacity, purposeful high quality analytical work to inform project design and implementation, and partnerships at the global, national, and local levels have driven the exponential progress on this agenda. Drawing on the lessons learned from a comprehensive review of the portfolio, interviews with staff and consultations with practitioners, donors and researchers in this area of work, the report lays out a guiding vision for deepening the work on GBV prevention and response in the decade ahead
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; GCC ; Gulf Cooperation Council ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; NCDS ; Non-Communicable Diseases
    Abstract: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies performed strongly in 2022. Amidst a year of economic uncertainty marked by inflation, geopolitical crises, and supply chain insecurity, the GCC region registered remarkable GDP growth of 7.3 percent in 2022. Progress made on structural reforms are bearing fruits on the economy. Despite the uptick, inflation remains relatively muted in comparison to other high-income countries. Looking ahead, the GCC region is projected to grow at a slower pace. The main contributors to this growth are private consumption, fixed investments, and government expenditures through looser fiscal policy in response to high oil revenues. However, downside risks to the outlook are numerous. Special Focus: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) pose a major health burden to the population and governments of the GCC. NCDs are also a growing concern from an economic perspective. To mitigate the health and economic burden of NCDs, the region needs to scale up efforts to target the behavioral and environmental risk factors of NCDs. Effectively addressing NCDs requires a whole-of-government approach, and the effective implementation and monitoring of targeted, evidence-based solutions. Addressing the risk factors of NCDs requires an increased strategic focus on prevention over treatment, targeting of the young and adolescents, and the development and implementation of evidence-informed, cost effective, high impact interventions. Governance structures that can effectively mobilize, incentivize, and hold accountable the many non-health sectors in the implementation and monitoring of cost-effective interventions are critical
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accessibility ; Child-Focused ; Curriculum and Instruction ; Disability ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Inclusive Education ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This report presents a review of different approaches in service delivery being implemented in the regions of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA) to ensure the inclusion of children with disabilities in education. The review examines in what ways (and the extent to which) different approaches have been operationalized and contextualized to enable the inclusion of children with disabilities in mainstream education systems, focusing specifically on primary schooling
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Financial Viability ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Investments ; Vaccine Security ; Value Chain
    Abstract: This regional analytical activity will contribute to knowledge on the technical, operational, and financial viability and strategic partnership required among ASEAN countries to strengthen coordinated investments on the vaccine value chain. The ASA has three major activities: i) A deep-dive public sector technical assessment of country and regional level vaccine security, including gaps and opportunities across the value chain from RandD to last mile distribution; ii) A private sector value chain analysis covering upstream and downstream aspects of vaccine manufacturing; and iii) An economic analysis examining the feasibility of coordinated investments across countries to leverage comparative advantage in specific aspects of the vaccine value chain
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; NCDs ; Non-Communicable Diseases ; Prevention and Control ; Primary Health Care
    Abstract: This report aims to assess the current role and scope of private health care provision for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of BiH). Over the last decade, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in the Republika Srpska and the Federal Ministry of Health have implemented municipal initiatives to reduce NCD risk factor exposure and formulate an action plan for NCD control. These efforts have been supported by development partners, including the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The assessment recommends actions that the health authorities in Republika Srpska and the Federation of BiH can take to better engage private providers in tackling NCDs. In mixed health systems, improving NCD prevention and control requires effective partnerships between the public and private sector and establishing an effective regulatory and financialcontext to contribute to progress towards Universal Health Coverage
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Country Population Profiles ; Demographics ; Evaluation ; Financing ; Health Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthy Aging ; Innovation ; Older Adult Care ; Older Adults ; Regulation
    Abstract: Bangladesh is home to one of the largest populations of older adults in the world. Driven by increasing life expectancy at birth, this population is increasing. By 2040,one in five Bangladeshis will be 60 years old or older. The increase in lifespan isaccompanied by a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), whichaccount for 70 percent of all deaths in the country. These chronic conditions tend toaffect older adults, leading to an increased demand for health care services by thisgroup. NCDs are also expensive to treat, placing financial hardship on families in low resource settings. While the Government of Bangladesh has committed to providing many of the basic rights of older adults, the health care needs of older adults remain unmet. A lack of adequate funding and services point to a need for a health care system that caters to the specific needs of older adults, such as long-term care and consolidation of care. Other supportive structures also appear to be missing, such as a health insurance fund that covers common chronic conditions faced by older adults, which would remove barriers to accessing health care. A bill proposing a pension scheme is currently undergoing approval in Bangladesh's legislative system. The primary health care (PHC) system, too, is geared toward the treatment of acuteillnesses rather than providing older Bangladeshis with integrated, long-term, people centered care. This study aimed to better understand the current capacity of PHC inBangladesh to provide care oriented towards older persons. The authors carried outa desk review of global and Bangladeshi literature on aging populations, followed bystakeholder consultations and key informant interviews with government officials, health professionals, and developmental organizations. Field visits to PHC facilitieswere also carried out to assess whether they met the internationally accepted criteriafor age-friendly infrastructure. The data were compiled and analyzed according to the FIRE framework (Financing, Innovation, Regulation, Evaluation) for older adult care. Despite the large burden of NCDs, only USD0.82 is spent per capita on NCD control, much lower than the USD1.50 recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO). Increasing spending on NCD management can help alleviate the financial pressure on households to care for older adults
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Demographic Change ; Diversity ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Inclusivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Megatrends ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Sustainable Growth ; Technological Change
    Abstract: In 2022, Brazil celebrated its 200th anniversary. What will Brazil celebrate at its 220th anniversary, in 2042? Following the recent elections there is a window of opportunity for reforms that will shape Brazil's development over the next decades. "The Brazil of the Future: Towards Productivity, Inclusion, and Sustainability" takes a long-term perspective on Brazil's development, exploring how prudent actions today can generate opportunities for a more prosperous, inclusive, and sustainable society over the next 20 years. The report aims to stimulate public debate about a virtuous cycle for 2042, illustrated by four alternative future scenarios. With the right reforms Brazil can become an economic powerhouse that offers opportunities for all. A more inclusive social contract can facilitate critical reforms
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Indicators ; Financial Market Monitor ; Human Welfare Indicators ; Macroeconomic Outlook ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: The Yemen Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Yemen. The Monitor places these developments, policies, and findings in a longer-term and global context and assesses their implications for Yemen's outlook. Its coverage ranges from the macro economy to financial markets to human welfare and development indicators. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, development partners, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Yemen
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Adolescent Well-Beng ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Drop-Out Rate Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Energy and Environment ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gendered Adolescent Health Trends ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Secondary Education ; Water Resources Management ; Youth Health ; Youth Well-Being
    Abstract: This report focuses on the trends of adolescent and youth well-being in Tanzania, identifying how and why well-being has or has not changed over time. The report conceptualizes well-being holistically. Well-being can be defined as one's ability and opportunity to learn, make decisions, live a healthy life (physically and mentally), be well-nourished, express agency, have peace of mind, and ultimately be economically empowered. Well-being can be accumulated over time and is a composite of multiple aspects that affect the life one lives and the quality of that life. In many ways, how to live a good life and whether one is living this good life has been a key question asked across countries, and there are multiple frameworks that have been used to measure well-being. For the purposes of this study, six domains of well-being are recognized: (1) education and learning, (2) bodily integrity, (3) health, (4) psychological well-being (peace), (5) voice and agency, and (6) economic empowerment and skills. These domains are interconnected, and, also considered is the idea of peace of mind, without which, there is no wellness
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Primary Health Care ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While the incidence of COVID-19 in Belize has subsided, the lasting health and economic impacts caused by the pandemic have demonstrated the need to build a resilient health system. The most recent figures from the Statistical institute of Belize confirm that there have been over 60,000 cases and 678 deaths due to COVID-19. Additionally, a rapid phone survey of over 2,000 households, conducted between December 2021 and January 2023, found that 20.6 percent and 26.8 percent of respondents reported losing their job permanently or temporarily, respectively, and an additional 64 percent of respondents reported a reduction in their income during pandemic. Ensuring the health system remains resilient to shocks is critical, especially given the pandemic's impacts on heath and the economy
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Civil Service Reform Roadmap ; Conflict and Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Balance ; Fiscal Risk ; Government Revenue Composition ; Macro-Fiscal Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Public Expenditure Review ; Public Wage Bill ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: Honduras remains one of the poorest and most unequal countries in the Western Hemisphere. Structural exposure to external shocks and natural hazards go hand in hand with high levels of crime, political instability, and a weak institutional and business environment. These problems have undermined the country's competitiveness and economic diversification, propelled emigration, and slowed progress toward raising incomes, reducing poverty, and tackling exclusion. Vulnerability to external shocks, natural hazards, and fiscal risks constitute important development challenges. The compound effect of the pandemic and two hurricanes in 2020 underscored the fragility of economic and poverty gains, and Honduras's exposure to potential reversals. Substantial fiscal risks coupled with insufficient risk management and inefficient and rigid public spending constrain the country's capacity to respond efficiently and effectively to shocks. The crucial challenge faced by Honduran policy makers is to reinforce fiscal resilience to achieve, to protect, and to sustain income and poverty gains. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) considers key fiscal challenges faced by policy makers to strengthen fiscal resilience and sustainability: significant fiscal risks and the high public wage bill
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Impact ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; NCDS ; Noncommunicable Diseases
    Abstract: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) hamper the development of human capital for current and future generations. NCDs are chronic conditions that are often untreatable and require close monitoring to control the progression of the disease. They account for 70 percent of all deaths worldwide and directly affect countries' economies, as every 10 percent increase in mortality due to NCDs reduces economic growth by 0.5 percent. NCDs have a direct and indirect impact that threatens the human capital of current and future generations
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; National Health Systems ; Resilience ; South Caucasus
    Abstract: This report looks at resilience through national health system lenses and provides lessons to strengthen health systems for future shocks. The findings are based on case studies from five countries in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine), as well as focus group discussions with the population and health care workers in Georgia, Armenia, and Moldova. The following section provides the definition and examples of health system resilience. This is followed by descriptions of the baseline characteristics of the five Eastern European and South Caucasus countries' health systems pre-pandemic performance, which determined most of their capacity and decisions to deal with the shock. The rest of this report reviews key baseline characteristics of the health systems in the countries, which are followed by lessons from the countries' responses to the pandemic (a summary of each country case study is provided in Annex A). The report concludes with recommendations for building the strong and resilient health systems needed to protect human capital through shocks and crises
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; Threat Mitigation
    Abstract: Climate change has been called the most important threat to human health in the 21st century. It is estimated that if thetemperature rises and its impact on the other climatic variablescontinues unchanged, it will kill more than 83 million people (1 percent of the world's population) in the next 80 years (Wattset al. 2020)-13 times the toll of the COVID-19 pandemic (WorldHealth Organization 2023). Historically, only pandemics or worldwars have posed such threats to human health. As a result, the issue has aroused unprecedented attention. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared climate changethe greatest health threat facing humanity (WHO 2021). Now, more than 195 governments have included climate change mitigation and adaptation as pillars in their multi-year plans, and government health sectors have been developing plans tomeasure and respond to the impact of climate change on health. However, recognition of the links between climate change and health remains nascent, so these efforts have not yet been accompanied by strategic and actionable approaches to measure the impacts and ground the responses. This report contributes to addressing that gap by providing a framework for understandingthe impact of climate change on human health in Colombia and by outlining the most effective actions to mitigate the threat
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2199
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) ; Central Asia ; Covid-19 ; Ecosystem Transformations ; Education Reform and Management ; Food Safety ; Food Systems Resilience ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Applications ; International Economics and Trade ; Livestock ; One Health Approach ; Regional Cooperation
    Abstract: Central Asia has made much progress in public health and animal health in the last 20 years but was as unprepared as other regions in the world to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The region also faces challenges from other emerging diseases, re-emerging diseases, and climate change. Since 2020, the Central Asian regional economies, as the rest of the world, have faced two shocks - the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Animal diseases do not respect borders and remain a public health concern because of the possible transmission of pathogens to humans. They can spread quickly from one country to another, with impact on animal health, trade, food security, food safety and possibly creating public health emergencies. One Health is an approach that allows for addressing human, animal, and ecosystem health issues through intersectoral action, to prevent, detect, respond to, and recover from infectious diseases, with an endpoint of improving global health security and achieving gains in development. The World Bank has been actively engaged in Central Asia for over two decades and is well-placed to act as a convener able to provide regional program-design expertise and implementation support for a One Health program. The findings of this report will support the preparation of the Central Asia One Health Framework for Action by providing recommendations for activities which can be further supported through public spending, private investments, and other financial resources
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Access To Healthcare ; Adolescent Health ; Climate Change and Health ; Female Sexual Health ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender-Based Violence ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Maternal and Girls Health ; Reproductive Health ; Violence Against Women and Girls ; Vulnerable Populations
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth insights into the status of women's and girls' maternal, sexual and reproductive health in Madagascar and proposes several strategic lines of action to improve access to professional health care by Malagasy women and girls and prevent teenage pregnancy. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, economic opportunities, and agency
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Racing against time
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Kreditmarkt ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; CBRs ; Economic Development ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Palestinian Economy ; West Bank and Gaza
    Abstract: Operating in environments marked by fragility, conflict, and violence poses complex and distinct challenges, and the Palestinian case is no different. A significant body of literature has emphasized the specific bottlenecks that exist, ranging from - in the first place - the movement, access, trade, and investment restrictions imposed by the Government of Israel (GoI) on the West Bank, and the near-blockade of Gaza, the noncontiguous geography of the territories, to the program advanced by the Palestinian Authority on structural reforms lacking momentum, and increasing penury of foreign aid. Numerous analytical and policy papers - spanning at least three decades, since the establishment of the AHLC forum - have emphasized the severity of the challenges at hand and the imperative of fostering cooperation among all parties. Despite relative clarity on the objectives, progress on the implementation of priorities has been modest, resulting in increased complexity and urgency at the present day. At the behest of the AHLC, this report aims to guide the renewed efforts of the PA and the GoI, the global community, and - more broadly - all relevant policymakers and stakeholders, as they lay the groundwork for sustainable growth and shared prosperity in the Palestinian territories and the wider region. In line with the above, the findings of this report are unsurprising. Unlocking the economic potential of the West Bank and Gaza requires urgent action, in order to spur per capita growth beyond near-stagnation levels, as well as to put the fiscal situation on a sounder footing. The removal, or at least a significant reduction, of restrictions by Israel is a vital prerequisite. Simultaneously, steadfast commitment by the PA to the implementation of a comprehensive reform agenda will be paramount to bolster both recovery and resilience, along with reinforcing institutional governance. In addition, as this report indicates, addressing shortfalls in the health sector will be pivotal to improve the efficiency of public spending, safeguarding human capital, improving service delivery, and revitalizing economic opportunities in a context marked by decades of fragility. While underscoring the burning pressure of these challenges, the World Bank remains fully committed to continuing its close technical collaboration with the PA, the GoI, and all relevant development partners, to help forging a path towards stability, security, economic progress and prosperity, and to contribute to the collective aspiration for a brighter future
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Health Indicators ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The objective of this Technical Note is to provide task teams and task team leaders (TTLs) with tools for designing and delivering health care services that are inclusive of disability. More specifically, the ambition of this Technical Note is to improve awareness and skills of TTLs and other World Bank employees toward recognizing the rights of persons with disabilities to receive equitable health care from the outset, to help drive demand from governments, and to identify concrete actions to promote disability-inclusion in health service delivery. The guide provides the rationale for disability inclusion, tips for engaging in dialogue, information and examples on disability-inclusive practices and operations, and specific guidance on integrating disability into health service programming and delivery supported by the World Bank
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access To Justice ; Barriers ; Discrimination ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Identity ; Law and Development ; Law and Justice Institutions ; Legal Framework ; LGBTI ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex (LGBTI) people face significant social and legal vulnerabilities and disparities in accessing justice. LGBTI people are more vulnerable to bias, discrimination, harassment, and violence due to their real or perceived Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics (SOGIESC). Despite some legal protections, few LGBTI people report cases of violence and other bias-motivated incidents to the police, and even fewer complaints proceed to court. The barriers that LGBTI people experience in accessing justice are rooted in societal homophobia, transphobia, their own fear to report incidents, a disconnect between formal laws and their implementation, and a lack of skills and knowledge among personnel in key justice institutions to effectively respond to the needs of LGBTI people. In most countries, including in the Western Balkans, government responses to discrimination and violence against LGBTI people are inadequate, as highlighted by previous research undertaken by the World Bank. The lack of safe reporting structures and inaction when cases are reported dissuades LGBTI people from engaging with the justice system, which limits their ability to have their rights fully protected. This report is organized in four parts. Part A provides the rationale for the research and outlines the research methodology. Part B includes an examination of the Serbian legal framework, the experience of Serbian LGBTI people accessing justice mechanisms, circumstances where LGBTI people in Serbia face discrimination or exclusion from justice based on their Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI), and a broader examination of the structural barriers to Serbian LBGTI people accessing justice. Part C outlines a collection of policy actions to address the barriers to access, the agencies best suited to steward the reforms, and anticipated timelines. Finally, the stakeholders who were interviewed and the questionnaires and survey instruments used to collect information, experience, and practices from the different stakeholders are included in the Annex section
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Coverage ; Equitable ; Financing ; Health System ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Resilient
    Abstract: Ukraine provides an illuminating example of a health system that has responded to a health shock in a way that both builds health system resilience and advances health system reforms. When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in Ukraine in early 2020, a set of major health financing and provider payment reforms were under way. The capacity of the National Health Services of Ukraine (NHSU) and collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Ukraine offered considerable flexibility to make quick adjustments in purchasing arrangements toward changing COVID-19 health care needs. The NHSU is entitled to purchase program of medical guarantees (PMG) services through packages defined on an annual basis with regular adjustments to accommodate evolving needs. The ongoing reforms involved a transition from historical line-item budgeting toward output-based purchasing arrangements through which resources were channeled to selected health providers, conditional on confirmed provider capacity and using new payment mechanisms (capitation, global budgets, fees for service, per-case payment, and so on) that incentivize efficiency. It is an opportune time to reflect on how Ukraine's pandemic response affected the health system reforms and the extent to which adjustments made helped them progress or set them back. The lessons from this experience may be important during the current health sector emergency caused by the Russian invasion in Ukraine, which started on February 24, 2022
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: DBT ; Direct Benefit Transfer ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Private Providers ; Public Health Concern ; TB ; Treatment of Patients ; Tuberculosis
    Abstract: Eliminating tuberculosis (TB) as a public health concern is not only about saving lives, but also equally an important economic investment. In line with this, the Government of India (GOI) has a target of elimination of TB by 2025, through innovative measures, including providing multiple direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes for patients and providers and using technology to strengthen service delivery. The GOI has implemented DBT for more than 300 social protection schemes, including eleven in the health sector. This policy brief explicitly focuses on the DBT scheme for TB patients. The four supporting DBT schemes for TB include: (i) under the Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY), monetary incentives are provided for each notified TB patient until the completion of the treatment; (ii) Ni-Kshay monetary incentives are provided for the private providers and informants for the notification and until completion of the treatment of patients treated by private providers; (iii) transport monetary incentive for TB patients in notified tribal areas; and (iv) honorarium to treatment supporters who may be individual volunteers or non-profit organizations providing support to TB patients. This policy brief documents and distills lessons from NPY's early implementation of DBT in three states and six districts in India
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Development ; Financial Markets ; Social Development
    Abstract: The Philippines economic update (PEU) summarizes key economic and social developments, important policy changes, and the evolution of external conditions over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank analyses, situating them in the context of the country's long-term development trends and assessing their implications for the country's medium-term economic outlook. The update covers issues ranging from macroeconomic management and financial-market dynamics to the complex challenges of poverty reduction and social development. It is intended to serve the needs of a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, private firms and investors, and analysts and professionals engaged in the social and economic development of the Philippines
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Divide ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy continues to be severely tested by the ongoing impacts of the military coup and the surge in COVID-19 cases in 2021. While some real-time indicators have improved in recent months, they remain consistent with a much lower level of economic activity than prior to the February coup. Reported COVID-19 cases have fallen to low levels (and few reported cases of the Omicron variant as of early January 2022), while real time indicators of mobility, manufacturing activity, and exports are showing signs of recovering. On the other hand, indicators of conflict suggest that the security environment has deteriorated in many parts of Myanmar, including in states and regions which have historically been relatively peaceful. This has affected businesses' operations, logistics, confidence, and appetite to invest. After the sharp decline in incomes and employment observed across the economy, available indicators suggest domestic demand remains very weak. At the same time, supply-side constraints persist and some have worsened in recent months. Access to kyat liquidity, credit, and foreign currency remains severely constrained. A sharp exchange rate depreciation in September 2021 has raised import prices across the economy, including of fuel and other critical inputs to production, increasing transport costs. Electricity outages are a growing concern and internet disruptions continue to reduce the reliability of firms' and households' connectivity and ability to access information and connect with markets (see Part III: Digital Disruptions and Economic Impacts)
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Health Management Information System ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: This report provides insights into the current situation and overall burden of trauma and RTCs in Malawi, shares what we have learned about how to effectively run a digital trauma registry in a low-resource setting, and highlights lessons learned from the implementation of the EMS pilot
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Gender ; Psychology ; Social Development
    Abstract: While a range of public programs in Mexico exist to incentivize communities to conserve and manage forest natural resources, a gender gap persists in the use of these initiatives. The experiment discussed in this report was commissioned by the climate investment funds' (CIF) evaluation and learning (E and L) initiative to understand how to improve outreach to and encourage women to engage in productive natural resource management (NRM) programs. Following an earlier behavioral diagnostic study, the World Bank and local partners conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effectiveness of behaviorally informed additional outreach and engagement measures for NRM programs in Mexico. This report summarizes the findings of a field experiment commissioned by the CIF E and L initiative, with additional financing from the forest carbon partnership facility (FCPF). The experiment was designed to help identify promising strategies to improve outreach to women in order to encourage them to engage in productive natural resource management programs. This report presents the methodology used for the intervention and experimental design. It provides an analysis of the results at the locality and individual level. Finally, it provides conclusions and policy recommendations
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Education ; Gender ; Health Care Services Industry ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Nutrition ; Population and Development ; Social Capital
    Abstract: A small open economy, Benin has seen growth that is above average for the region. The volatility of high growth spells combined with low productivity growth has translated into limited gains in income per capita. Following its transition from low-income country to lower middle income country status in 2020 Benin is at the start of a new growth path. Its challenge is to boost the structural transformation of its economy driven by new growth drivers capable of sustaining an economic acceleration, lifting labor productivity and creating quality jobs for its young labor force, including women. While Benin's economy has been spared by the worse of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) crisis, the shock has reinforced the need to focus on structural reforms that address long term challenges and ensure that economic recovery is sustainable and inclusive. The key conclusions that underpin this report, following the country economic memorandum (CEM) 2.0 framework suggest that investing further in human capital and closing gender gaps, particularly to accelerate the decline in fertility rates, and integrate women and youth into a higher quality labor market, should be central. Deepening market integration, connecting people and creating agglomeration economies through transport infrastructure and services should catalyze additional opportunities, taking advantage of Benin's geographical position
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Trafficking ; International Migration ; Migration ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: The report focuses on risk factors that are expected to increase the vulnerability to human trafficking from and within origin countries such as economic shocks, measured by large, discrete changes to export commodity prices and to GDP. It also explores the role that institutions play through enforcing the rule of law, providing access to justice, and implementing anti-trafficking policies, as protective factors that could weaken the link between economic shocks and an increase in human trafficking. The analysis verifies that economic shocks are significant risk factors that increase vulnerability to human trafficking. In origin countries, economic vulnerabilities, especially those caused by global commodity price shocks, are strongly positively correlated with observed cases of trafficking. For instance, the economic shock produced by a typical decrease in export commodity prices is associated with an increase in the number of detected victims of trafficking of around 12 percent. The analysis suggests that good governance institutions and particularly a commitment to the rule of law and access to justice as well as stricter anti-trafficking policies and social assistance can have a limiting effect on the number of observed cases of trafficking following economic shocks
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Risk Management ; Social Development ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements
    Abstract: Resilient Housing (RH) initiatives are a crucial means of improving access to safe and sanitary housing in urban areas of high vulnerability. These projects make residents safer, healthier, and more secure, and increase the economic inclusion of the world's poorest populations. They upgrade homes, improve neighborhoods, and change lives. Like all investment projects, RH initiatives carry with them some risks and may impact the lives of community members in the project area. The note briefly introduces RH initiatives, describes their unique approach to project design, and touches on the possible risks occasioned by RH projects. It then explores the many ways in which RH initiatives closely align with the objectives and technical requirements embedded in the World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), which went into effect on October 1, 2018. The ESF lays out a comprehensive approach to identifying and managing environmental and social risks and minimizing potential impacts. The goals and requirements of RH initiatives and the ESF complement one another, and this note will describe how this mutually supportive relationship creates desirable outcomes that achieve the objectives of both, despite occasional trade-offs. Using recent operational experience as a guide to best practices, the note's final section provides recommendations for Task Team Leaders responsible for managing RH projects on how to apply the ESF to their projects to minimize risk and maximize project impact
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Burden Of Disease ; Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HIV/AIDS ; Malaria ; Nutrition ; Tuberculosis
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, Tanzania has registered improvement in the health status of the population and a reduction in the overall disease burden. However, the burden of communicable diseases and maternal and child health conditions, including nutrition, remains persistently high. These conditions can be prevented and treated with existing affordable and cost-effective interventions but remain major public health problems. Besides the persistently high burden of communicable diseases, Tanzania is witnessing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and is at risk of a protracted, full-fledged double burden of disease. The study assessed the current and future trajectory of the disease burden, assessed the organization and performance of the health care delivery system in responding to the disease burden, and identified actions that Tanzania would need to employ to address the major causes of disease burden so that they may cease to be major public health problems
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Conflict ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Education Violence and Social Cohesion ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence
    Abstract: Education is one of the most powerful forces we have for creating a more peaceful and prosperous future. Yet the children most in need of a good education are also at greatest risk of having their learning disrupted, whether by conflict, violence, pandemics, climate, or other crises. This approach paper lays out the World Bank's policy approach for how to deliver education services so that children are safe and learning. The first section defines the context, dynamics, and key terms and concepts of education in fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). The second section traces the evolution of the World Bank's strategy for delivering education services in fragile settings. It draws on interviews with organizations working on education in emergency situations and presents the World Bank portfolio trends for FCV in education, dating back to 2005. The third section presents operational recommendations, drawing on interviews with World Bank task team leaders, managers, and country directors, as well as key partners. As such, this paper is not a systematic review of what works in FCV situations. Rather, it presents guiding principles, policy options, and operational recommendations for how the education sector can help deliver on the Bank Group's FCV Strategy
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access of Poor To Social Services ; Education ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nationalities and Ethnic Groups ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: The Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) is a World Bank-supported regional program in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Uganda, Djibouti, and Kenya), which aims to improve access to social services, expand economic opportunities, and enhance environmental management for host and forcibly displaced communities. It was initiated in 2016 for a five-year period with hundred million US dollars total funding for Ethiopia provided by the government of Ethiopia and the World Bank. For Phase II, DRDIP aims to improve and strengthen the nonfarm livelihood interventions, focusing on women and youth. This study assesses the activities implemented under DRDIP's nonfarm livelihood subcomponent and provides an analysis of the nonfarm economy in Ethiopia's refugee-hosting areas to shape future DRDIP interventions. Promising nonfarm livelihood options for refugee and host communities, particularly women and youth, are identified. The study findings offer actionable recommendations with clearly identified entry points for increasing the effectiveness and impact of DRDIP's nonfarm livelihood activities on the targeted refugees and host communities
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Transport Papers
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Export Competitiveness ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Logistics ; Social Development ; Transport
    Abstract: World Bank and S&P Global Market Intelligence container port performance index and underlying data are intended to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement that would benefit all key stakeholders in global trade, including governments, shipping lines, port and terminal operators, shippers, logistics companies and consumers. The ranking is based on time vessels needed to spend in port to complete workloads over the course of 2021, a year that saw unprecedented port congestion and disruption to global supply chains. The Container Port Performance Index is based on total port hours per ship call, defined as the elapsed time between when a ship reaches a port to its departure from the berth having completed its cargo exchange. Greater or lesser workloads are accounted for by examining the underlying data within ten different call size ranges. Five distinct ship size groups are accounted for in the methodology given the potential for greater fuel and emissions savings on larger vessels
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: The assessment tool is presented in five sections: (i) General Information about the Grievance Mechanism collects basic information about the responding agency and the environment in which its GM operates; (ii) GM Design and Communications examines the effectiveness of the provision of information about the GM, its procedures, the user-centricity of grievance uptake channels, the extent to which the needs of vulnerable groups are considered, and if confidentiality and anonymity for complainants are guaranteed; (iii) Grievance Handling and Resolution looks at the processes in place to acknowledge, log, categorize, and resolve grievances, and how well different enablers, such as a strong customer service culture, standardized processes, interagency/interinstitutional cooperation, and capacity building serve the organization's purpose; (iv) Monitoring and Evaluation explores the depth and systematic character of data collection about complainants' satisfaction levels, user demographics, and complaint resolution, as well as the extent to which these data are publicly communicated; (v) GM Strengths and Areas for Improvement invites a strategic reflection on the GM's strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities for its improvement. Its unscored, open-ended questions are intended to encourage bigger picture reflection and to prompt a discussion on further actions that can be taken in the future to bring the GM to the next level, possibly with external support
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Armed Conflict ; Child Labor ; Conflict and Development ; Education ; Labor Market ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Now moving into its twelfth year, the conflict in Syria has inflicted a devastating impact on the inhabitants and the economy. Beyond the immediate impact of the conflict, the economy suffers from the compounding effects of the pandemic, adverse weather events, regional fragility, and macroeconomic instability. Economic conditions in Syria are projected to continue to be mired by prolonged armed conflict, turmoil in Lebanon and Turkey, COVID-19, and the war in Ukraine. The conflict in Syria has substantially impacted human lives and dramatically affected the demographic structure of its population. This demographic impact coupled with deteriorating economic conditions have important implications for the labor market, with potential long-lasting repercussions on Syria
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Legal Framework ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: National systems for environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) are designed to improve the environmental and social performance of projects and support countries' sustainable development strategies. The objectives of this Literature Review are to identify trends, findings and gaps in global literature focused on national systems for ESIA. The Review analyzes global ESIA literature to inform the World Bank's response to Borrower country requests for assistance in strengthening national systems for ESIA, provide input to broader World Bank country strategies and identify priority areas for future World Bank engagement. The Review concludes with recommendations for how the World Bank Group can support Borrower countries, in partnership with civil society, proponents and the public, in efforts to strengthen national systems for ESIA. This review focuses on literature related to national systems for ESIA as opposed to individual ESIA reports. A national system for ESIA is defined by the Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) as: (i) the regulatory environment, (ii) the capacity of organizations within that environment and (iii) the quality of a set of core functions necessary for effective ESIA. In this way, national systems extend beyond a single ESIA report or process and encompass both the assessment of environmental and social impacts as well as the implementation of processes to manage and monitor these impacts. It visualizes how national systems for ESIA are rooted in goals and principles and involve a range of relevant actors and standards which are incorporated into the scope of this review
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development
    Abstract: The key objective of this report was to provide a high-level estimation of Ukraine's physical damages following the Russian invasion on February 24, 2022, to inform the World Bank's (WB) approach paper: relief, recovery, and resilient reconstruction-supporting Ukraine's immediate and medium-term economic needs. This report constituted the first step of a three-phase approach for the damage and needs estimation in Ukraine as a result of the Russian Invasion. The direct physical damage estimates in this report are based on available information and data collected and assessed up to March 31, 2022. This report incorporates already published capital stock and physical damage estimates and presents the associated uncertainties in the application of the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) approach for this assessment
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mental Health ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Women
    Abstract: In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the effects of the pandemic on labor market outcomes continue to be pronounced, especially for women. Continued pronounced impacts on women's employment are partly driven by a slow recovery of sectors that predominantly employ women. Many new jobs created during the pandemic are informal. Among the new entrants into the labor force, women were more likely than men to land in informality. Policy priorities include gender neutral reforms to the organization of the labor market, plus social safety nets and policies that aim to address gender gaps. The latter include affordable and quality childcare, gender sensitive social assistance, improvements in women's access to finance, and efforts to address persistent norms driving unequal gender roles
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Noncommunicable Diseases ; Nutrition ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Tobacco Use and Control
    Abstract: Major risk factors for NCDs in Samoa include poor nutrition, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. Addressing all of these risk behaviors requires multisectoral, multilevel action, including efforts to change the currently unhealthy food environment. The food environment in Samoa is characterized by an excess of high fat, high salt, and calorie dense imported foods. These foods are a more affordable source of calories than fruits and vegetables, which is particularly problematic in a setting with widespread food insecurity (almost a quarter of households in Samoa experience some degree of food insecurity). Systems level approaches such as fiscal policy and legislative efforts have greater potential than individual level interventions to change the local food supply. This study aims to provide baseline data on consumption of food products subject to planned tax changes as well as to report on current tobacco and alcohol consumption. The findings are expected to serve as the basis for evaluation of the taxes to be implemented, with a post-tax survey well positioned to monitor the impact of taxes on consumer behavior, subject to the government's planned increase of excise taxes on selected unhealthy products in the future
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Country Population Profiles ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations
    Abstract: While Iraq continues to experience a surge in the number of coronavirus cases, the proportion of the country's population that is vaccinated remains very low. For a more in-depth understanding of the state of vaccination in Iraq, this note presents findings on Coronavirus (Covid-19) vaccination disparities and hesitancy from the last three rounds of the Iraq High Frequency Phone Survey (IHFPS) conducted between June and August 2021. Findings from the survey suggest a low but increasing vaccination trend among adult Iraqis, however, resistance to the vaccine remain high. Fear and mistrust towards the Covid-19 vaccine risks to undermine the efficacy of the country's vaccination campaign. Low vaccination rate and the important disparities that have emerged in vaccination and vaccine hesitancy highlight the need for a robust and more inclusive vaccination campaign
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk Management ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: This technical note - prepared by the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Earth Institute at Columbia University and World Bank's Global Crisis Risk Platform (GCRP) - details methodological steps to analyze seasonal precipitation anomaly forecasts, and integrate outcomes into emerging risk information at country levels. As part of the Global Crisis Risk Platform's work on compound risk, a prototype classification system is presented for showcasing country-level seasonal risk information that is tailored to national decision-making environments. Three prototypes are detailed, each with increasing levels of complexity and input data. Prototype 1.0 presents a country level threat profile based only on precipitation anomalies from IRI seasonal forecast output, based on precipitation forecasts anomalies, or deviations from 'climate normal' conditions, over the next three months. Prototype 1.1 builds off 1.0, with integration of persistence in dry conditions by combining observed precipitation anomalies over recent months with forecast information. Finally, Prototype 1.2 includes criteria related to both population exposure and land use to enhance Prototype 1.1. For each prototype a justification for the methodology is presented, including a rationale for both the input data used and definition of thresholds. Acknowledging the influence of method selection and threshold definition has on outputs, the methodology systematically assesses sensitivity of these critical variables by noting how Prototype outputs change over time, using 12 consecutive forecasts from April 2020 to March 2021
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Gender ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This report assesses recent progress in poverty reduction in Zanzibar. It is based on Zanzibar's last three household budget surveys and considers the period between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the last four years of this decade: 2015-2019. Poverty - based on household consumption - fell by 9 percentage points over the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic: it dropped from 34.9 to 25.7 percent. However, the pace of poverty reduction was slow relative to population growth and as such, the number of poor dropped by only 27,000. The drop was fastest in urban areas and because poverty levels were already lower than in rural areas, the gap between rural and urban poverty widened, driven by differences between the islands of Unguja and Pemba. Simulations suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic increased urban poverty increased by 1.8 percentage points in 2020-21 while rural poverty dropped by 0.8 percentage points
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health Indicators ; Health Insurance ; Health Shocks ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources
    Abstract: As the world approaches the third anniversary of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the devastating health, economic, and societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic remain on every continent. COVID-19 underscored how unprepared we are for a public-health emergency of staggering proportions. And yet potentially graver health threats loom. The increasing number of acute infectious diseases combines with trends such as population aging, chronic-disease burdens, and climate change to raise the risk of syndemics-events in which two or more diseases adversely interact with each other and with political and economic conditions of inequality and poverty. The only way to prevent, prepare for, and manage these threats is by building resilient health systems to withstand shocks and improve health outcomes between crises. This report, which is filled with country examples of resilience, shows how strengthening resilience is within every country's reach, even those with low incomes. It describes the key features of resilient systems as integrated systems that are aware of threats; agile in response to evolving needs; absorptive of shocks; adaptive to minimize disruptions; and able to transform after crises, based on lessons learned. The report makes recommendations for countries to operationalize resilience based on a framework that prioritizes investments according to their impact. The most important investments center on risk reduction, including prevention and community preparedness. The second most important investments focus on disease detection, containment, and mitigation to contain outbreaks before they spread widely. The final set focuses on advanced case management and surge response during an epidemic or pandemic, making this the most expensive and least cost-effective tier. The final message of the report is urgency. Investments are needed to save lives and economies - before it is too late
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Methodology
    Abstract: Health security has gained importance in the face of COVID-19. It has demanded a relook at the country's preparedness and response capacities and the need for sustainable financing for health security. Addressing these issues has become more imperative when comprehended in the context of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) which promises equity in health without financial hardships. The Joint External Evaluation (JEE) was the result of the extended commitment from development partners to respond to public health risks. The strategic actions of the World Bank and WHO were soon translated into assessments and plans. The JEE translated into the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) in Pakistan. The World Bank developed the Health Security Financing Assessment Tool (HSFAT) to complement JEE and NAPHS. The purpose of HSFAT was to support national governments to develop financing strategies that link to prioritized national action plans for health security and enable countries to develop a strong and sustainable financing system. The report is divided into four sections. The following section discusses the methodology of the assessment. The results of the qualitative and quantitative assessments are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 covers the findings and recommendations
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Management ; Mental Health ; Public Health Promotion
    Abstract: There is a youth mental health crisis in Lithuania. Mental health challenges have several delirious consequences for the youth, including poor performance in school and negative outcomes later in life such as substance abuse, poor health, unemployment, and incarceration. Addressing this crisis is a priority for the Government of Lithuania, as documented in several strategic plans and budgetary programs. At the request of the government, the World Bank's Bureaucracy Lab undertook an empirical diagnostic of the youth mental health service delivery chain, focusing on the education sector. The study was based on a conceptual framework of a production function of youth mental health service delivery. The report is structured to give a comprehensive picture of the governance factors in Lithuania's mental health services delivery system. Chapter 2 sets forth the conceptual framework used to study the challenge and to design the survey. Chapter 3 charts the results from the study, closely following the designed conceptual framework. Policy recommendations constitute Chapter 4, with actionable proposals given for each tier of the government
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Crime and Society ; Human Trafficking ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Trade ; Sex Workers ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This policy brief presents the main findings of the report "Economic Shocks and Human Trafficking Risks. The report focuses on risk factors that are expected to increase the vulnerability to human trafficking from and within origin countries such as economic shocks, measured by large, discrete changes to export commodity prices and to GDP. It also explores the role that institutions play through enforcing the rule of law, providing access to justice, and implementing anti-trafficking policies, as protective factors that could weaken the link between economic shocks and an increase in human trafficking. The analysis verifies that economic shocks are significant risk factors that increase vulnerability to human trafficking. In origin countries, economic vulnerabilities, especially those caused by global commodity price shocks, are strongly positively correlated with observed cases of trafficking. For instance, the economic shock produced by a typical decrease in export commodity prices is associated with an increase in the number of detected victims of trafficking of around 12 percent. The analysis suggests that good governance institutions and particularly a commitment to the rule of law and access to justice as well as stricter anti-trafficking policies and social assistance can have a limiting effect on the number of observed cases of trafficking following economic shocks
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Markets ; Green Growth ; Green Issues ; Illegal Deforestation ; Inclusion ; Productivity ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Sustainable Development Financing
    Abstract: This package of Public Policy Notes is directed to Brazilian policy makers and society to present the World Bank Group's overview of key challenges facing the country at this juncture, and possible ways forward to address them. We present an agenda prioritized around four issues of core relevance to Brazil's recovery and its future resilience. First is the goal of financing development sustainably given the immediate challenge of situating the country's enormous growth, inclusion and climate action needs within a credible macroeconomic framework and efficient and effective fiscal policies. The second theme addressed in this note is building opportunities through productivity-led growth. With the growing reliance of Brazilians on social assistance policies, it is critical to keep sight of growth and jobs as the most important vehicles for the dignity and upward mobility of the poor. Third is increasing the capabilities and economic inclusion of the poor so that they are better able to capture the opportunities that come with growth. Thefourth theme we address in this note is meeting Brazil's potential as a as a leader in green and climate friendly development. This document is accompanied by a package of six policy presentations and an underlying set of more detailed policy reports that can be accesses here: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Abstract: The historical situation of instability in the West Bank (WB) and the Gaza Strip (GS) has multiple adverse impacts on the population. In this context, several assessments have documented a deterioration in the nutritional status of the population of the WB and GS including static or increasing prevalence of anemia, caused by iron deficiency, and other nutrition deficiencies. According to the most recent information available, anemia is a public health problem among pregnant and postnatal women, children aged 6-59 months, and adolescents. In these four groups, the prevalence of anemia is higher in the GS compared to the WB. The fact that children aged 6-59 months are affected by anemia makes it probable that children aged 0-5 months are also affected. However, this may not be reflected in the data because this age group is not normally sampled due to the procedure involved in taking a blood sample from babies. The flour fortification program aims to increase the intake of iron and other micronutrients for the whole population, by adding 10 micronutrients to wheat flour, including iron, vitamin A, and folic acid. This document provides recommendations to address demand-and-supply-side bottlenecks for wheat flour fortification and iron supplementation
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Country Population Profiles ; Demographics ; Education ; Educational Populations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Population and Development
    Abstract: How much talent is lost in Brazil because of unideal education and health conditions The Brazil Human Capital Review is part of the Human Capital Project, a global initiative of the World Bank Group that aims to raise attention on the importance of investing in people. Its focus relies on the conditions hindering children to flourish their potential labor productivity in Brazil. As a first step, this report proposes the Human Capital Index (HCI) to estimate the expected productivity of a child born today by the age of 18 when education and health conditions remain unaltered. Or simply, the HCI estimates the productivity level of the next generation of works. The results are alarming. How can Brazil recover from a decade lost in terms of human capital formation Mitigating the effects of the pandemic should be a priority. In the short-term, recommendations include: (a) adapt and strengthen policies already in place that have proven effects on human capital; (b) use the national conditional cash transfer program to support those more heavily affected by the pandemic; and (c) set as utmost priority a learning recovery and acceleration plan for the coming years
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Buffeted by COVID-19 and Tropical Cyclone Seroja, the non-oil economy grew by 1.5 percent in 2021. A record-high budget with expenditure of nearly 90 percent of GDP bolstered government consumption. A series of fiscal and quasi-fiscal stimulus measures supported employment and incomes, thereby allowing households to maintain their consumption. On the demand side, gross capital formation shrunk while net exports expanded. The oil economy grew by 8.3 percent, bringing the total economic growth to 4.4 percent.1 The government lifted the pandemic-related state of emergency at the end of November 2021, but challenges remain. Following a relatively brisk start, the vaccination campaign has moved sluggishly in recentmonths. Nevertheless, the authorities have initiated vaccination of children and adolescents between 12 and 18 years old, while booster shots have been made available. There has been a concerning surge of Dengue Fever with 5,000 reported cases (and 54 fatalities) to date since January 2022-a more than seven-fold increase from the same period a year ago. All restrictions for inbound international vaccinated travelers to Timor-Leste havebeen rescinded. By the end of May 2022, the partly vaccinated and fully vaccinated figures in Timor-Leste stood at 85.4 percent and 73.4 percent, respectively
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Communicable Diseases ; Conflict and Development ; COVID-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: Global growth slowed markedly in H1 2022. This was due to COVID-19 resurgences at the turn of the year; protracted supply disruptions; reduced macroeconomic support; and substantial negative spillovers from the war in Ukraine. The conflict, which has sparked the largest commodity price shock in 50 years, has exacerbated the increasingly difficult policy tradeoffs between supporting growth and managing price pressures. It has contributed to tightening in global financial conditions, increased financial market volatility and higher borrowing costs, particularly in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs)
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: Ukraine's fight for its values and its future has become an inspiration to the democratic world. That fight comes at an unthinkable human cost, and it will likely only sharpen the expectations of a strong state capable of effectively serving its citizens, who are also taxpayers. A pressing problem to be addressed is the widespread, overwhelming, toxic informality of private financing for health care. For citizens who pay for care for an ill family member, often at the risk of becoming impoverished, the lack of accountability of service providers for results or quality is a grave injustice and a clear threat to social cohesion and economic confidence. This note discusses the idea of cost-sharing for publicly funded health care as Ukraine searches for a socially acceptable trade-off in the scale of public health care coverage. The note looks at possible risks to the population's health and financial protection as well as possible reasons that may be driving individual and government willingness to take these risks. It also provides numerical simulations to answer the practical question of how much revenue could be generated through co-payments, and poses a question of its own, as the Ukrainian saying goes: is the game worth the candles
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Safety ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Risk Assessment
    Abstract: Vietnam's agricultural sector plays an important role in the global agri-food value chain. As the sector having the highest trade surplus in one of the most open economies in the world, Vietnam's agricultural sector was affected by Coronavirus (COVID-19) in two main ways. Firstly, raw materials and immediate input supplies for the sector were disrupted due to the early outbreak in Asian countries, especially China, which supply most agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and plant protection products. Secondly and compounding this trend, demand has dropped significantly due to mobility restrictions and reduced economic activity within the country and its most important markets, such as the US and Europe. The objective of this study was to enhance Vietnam's trade and competitiveness, focusing on strengthening private sector participation in global value-chains and food safety awareness and compliance. This report is structured as follows. The first chapter presents the context, objectives and approach for the study. The second chapter highlights the key issues, challenges and gaps in Vietnam's food safety risk assessment. The third chapter presents some of the key lessons and experiences in food safety risk management from some countries within the region and more advanced economies, as a basis to inform Vietnam's national food safety risk assessment framework. Chapter four makes recommendations on how to strengthen Vietnam's National food safety risk assessment committee
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Project Design and Implementation ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Abstract: Pakistan along with all UN member states has been a signatory to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 which calls for countries to work together to prevent, detect, and respond to public health emergencies under the IHR (2005). The signatory countries have also agreed to work towards Universal Health Coverage and to build resilient health systems which can adapt and respond to the challenges posed by outbreaks and other health hazards and emergencies of national and international concern. The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are very broad. According to Article 2 of the IHR, the purpose and scope of the Regulations are "to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade." In 2021 with the promulgation of the National Institute for Health (NIH) Ordinance, the reorganization of the NIH to National Public Health Institutes was initiated with the core functions of disease surveillance and response, public health laboratories, and research. This meant that as per the JEE and NAPHS, which lay out the various functions of IHR-GHSA under the three pillars conceptual framework for Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDSR) that comprises Prevent-Detect-Respond capacities, the newly constituted NIH required an assessment of current and future health workforce capacities in the country The findings in the report are organized by the three pillars of IDSR:1) Prevent, 2) Detect, and 3) Respond. The gap analysis identified the number of additional health workforce needed in various categories. This review concluded that most of the departments in both animal and human health sectors had urgent requirements for filling existing sanctioned posts as well as for additional workforce. Engagement of the requisite workforce, also requires training needs to be met among the 13 areas of work
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Despite Ghana's growth in the last several decades, regional, demographic, and social inequalities have exacerbated marginalization and exclusion, leaving vulnerable groups exposed to exogeneous economic and social shocks. With Coronavirus (COVID-19) and the resultant economic slowdown, the poverty level is likely to rise in 2021 to 30.9 percent, compounding further inequalities and vulnerabilities and expanding pressure on public funds to respond. To assess the progression of these exclusion disparities, the World Bank has developed the Social Sustainability and Inclusion (SSI) profile. This SSI note is meant to deepen analysis and provide a snapshot of the social sustainability and inclusion landscape in Ghana
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Child Health ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Maternal Health
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, by area. The country has a long history of conflict, political upheaval, and instability and has a very high poverty rate despite its abundance of natural resources. Mortality and fertility rates in DRC are among the highest in the world. The Health System Strengthening for Better Maternal and Child Health Result Project (PDSS - Le Projet de Developpement du Systeme de Sante) was launched in 2015 with the objective of improving utilization and quality of maternal and child health services in eleven provinces of out of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The main component of the project is the implementation of a provider payment system reform through Performance-Based Financing (PBF), launched in the end of 2016. Contracted health facilities receive quarterly payments conditional on the volumes of targeted services provided and on quality of care. The objective of this impact evaluation is to assess whether the PBF approach impacts utilization and quality of primary health services, in comparison to equivalent amounts of unconditional financing. The rational for comparing outcomes produced by facilities implementing PBF to those produced by facilities who receive equivalent amounts of unconditional financing is to isolate the impact of the PBF incentive mechanisms from the direct impact of the additional resources received through the program
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