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  • Wise, Michael  (16)
  • Moretti, Delphine  (14)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (30)
  • Paris
  • Governance  (30)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: For implementing their economic and social policies, governments have traditionally relied on direct spending but increasingly use “non-standard” policy instruments, such as loans and guarantees. However, in many OECD countries, loans and guarantees are not yet submitted to the same scrutiny than direct spending as part of the budget process, and future costs associated with the use of these policy instruments are often not estimated, nor provisioned, making them appear initially costless. In turn, this generates risks of potentially biased budgetary decision making, deviations from medium-term spending plans and limited transparency. Considering experiences of OECD countries, this paper advises that budget offices take a leading role in proposing budgetary treatments for loans and guarantees that ensure an even-level playing field with traditional spending and put considerations of efficiency of spending above optimisation of short-term fiscal outcomes.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper, based on preliminary results of the 2023 OECD SBO Survey on Budget Frameworks, takes stock of OECD countries’ practices in top-down and medium-term budgeting. It shows that OECD countries’ fiscal frameworks can be characterised by strong reliance on multiple fiscal rules or objectives for enforcing fiscal discipline, with medium-term and top-down budgeting not used yet to their full potential in some countries. Drawing on the OECD Spending Better Framework, this paper advises that countries that wish to strengthen their fiscal frameworks reinforce the processes and institutions that underpin effective medium-term and top-down budgeting systems. Central to this is producing and publishing more regularly baseline projections of government expenditures and setting credible multi-year expenditure ceilings that serve as stringent guidelines for budget planning, while also allowing for some degree of flexibility under clearly defined conditions.
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 21, no. 2 | volume:21 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:21
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article discusses why the composition of emergency fiscal packages in response to the COVID-19 pandemic make it important for governments to monitor and manage their balance sheets going forward. It analyses current practices with transparency and risk analysis concerning balance sheet-based measures drawn from case studies of nine OECD countries. It then identifies further steps governments should consider to increase transparency and strengthen risk analysis on COVID-19 related balance sheet-based policies that will help to strengthen fiscal frameworks.
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 21(2021), 1 vom: 15. Apr., Seite 81-128 | volume:21 | year:2021 | number:1 | day:15 | month:04 | pages:81-128
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 21(2021), 1 vom: 15. Apr., Seite 81-128
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:21
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:15
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:04
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:81-128
    Keywords: stress ; fiscal risks ; macroeconomic risks ; contingent liabilities ; public finance ; shocks ; COVID-19 ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: Based on five case studies, this paper looks at the definition and classification of fiscal risks; sets out the components of a comprehensive fiscal risks framework; and examines how to operationalise such a framework. It then summarises challenges and key lessons to be considered by countries that wish to implement OECD recommendations in this area to increase the resilience of their public finances in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 21, no. 2 | volume:21 | year:2021 | number:2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:21
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2021
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: This review discusses the significant progress made since the last OECD budget review of Bulgaria in 2009. It begins with a discussion of the institutional and legislative framework for budgeting before addressing fiscal policy and medium-term planning. It then turns to the state budget formulation and execution before discussing transparency and openness in budgeting. It concludes with a discussion of parliament’s role in the budget process and external oversight. Recommendations are made for each of these topics.
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 20(2020), 2 vom: 31. Juli, Seite 27-66 | volume:20 | year:2020 | number:2 | day:31 | month:07 | pages:27-66
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20(2020), 2 vom: 31. Juli, Seite 27-66
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2020
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:31
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:07
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:27-66
    Keywords: monitoring ; fiscal risks ; Subnational accounting ; balance sheets ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; Slovak Republic ; United States ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: The early detection of state and local fiscal problems can help in resolving them quickly before they turn into crises. Early detection should be easier if subnational governments prepare high-quality accounts. A survey and case studies were therefore undertaken to investigate the nature of subnational accounting in OECD and key partner countries, as well as the use of subnational accounts by national governments that monitor subnational finances. The results show that in many countries subnational accounting has characteristics that should help in the early detection of fiscal problems, including the use of accrual accounts prepared according to largely harmonised standards. Many national governments use a wide range of indicators from the accounts to monitor the financial health of subnational governments. However, there is room for progress including in the monitoring of non-financial assets and reporting of currently off-balance sheet liabilities.
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  • 7
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 1 vom: 31. Mai, Seite 107-169 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:1 | day:31 | month:05 | pages:107-169
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 1 vom: 31. Mai, Seite 107-169
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:31
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:05
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:107-169
    Keywords: financial reporting ; accruals ; transparency ; accountability ; Ireland ; Governance ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: The OECD Review of Financial Reporting in Ireland assesses opportunities and challenges associated with adopting accruals in Ireland for government accounting. Due to issues with the comprehensiveness and legibility of the current financial reports, the Review recommends that going forward, the Irish Government establish accrual financial statements compliant with international standards for its departments and offices and harmonise accounting standards used by entities within the general government sector. The report notes that accrual data would be a “building block” for richer, more reliable fiscal information, which would, in turn, help formulate improved assumptions for fiscal forecasts and be better equipped to identify fiscal risks. Beyond the adoption of accrual accounting, this report proposes that the Irish Government considers modernising its financial reporting framework by preparing integrated reports for departments and offices and consolidated financial statements. Integrated accounts for departments and offices would provide an overview of each department’s resources and spending alongside information on their strategy and performance. This would enhance and improve scrutiny and examination of departmental performance by the Committee of Public Accounts and by the Oireachtas Sectoral Committees.
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  • 8
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 2 vom: 5. Aug., Seite 3-83 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:2 | day:5 | month:08 | pages:3-83
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 2 vom: 5. Aug., Seite 3-83
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:5
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:08
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:3-83
    Keywords: budget review ; budget reforms ; Greece ; Governance ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
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  • 9
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 18(2018), 2 vom: 12. Dez., Seite 8-72 | volume:18 | year:2018 | number:2 | day:12 | month:12 | pages:8-72
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 18(2018), 2 vom: 12. Dez., Seite 8-72
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:18
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2018
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:8-72
    Keywords: medium term planning ; fiscal transparency ; public financial management ; budgetary governance ; performance ; budgeting ; fiscal reporting ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; France ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: During the last two decades, France introduced a series of far-reaching reforms intended to bring about greater transparency towards Parliament, autonomy and flexibility to public managers, and rigor in to fiscal policy making.
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  • 10
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 17, no. 2, p. 65-125 | volume:17 | year:2018 | number:2 | pages:65-125
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 17, no. 2, p. 65-125
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:17
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2018
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:65-125
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: In OECD countries, fiscal reports are increasingly sophisticated, highlighting governments’ commitment to fiscal transparency and accountability towards parliaments and citizens. However, users regularly express concerns with these documents, revealing a fundamental “paradox” with government fiscal reporting: desire for detail and sophistication may come at the expense of clarity. Against this background, this paper looks at four countries (Australia, Canada, France and the United Kingdom) that have endeavoured to resolve this paradox by rationalising their fiscal reporting with the aim of making it more legible for users and draws a short set of implications for other countries looking to strengthen and rationalise their fiscal reporting practices. JEL Codes: H50, H60, H83 Keywords: fiscal reporting, accountability, transparency
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 18(2018), 1 vom: 2. Okt., Seite 114-166 | volume:18 | year:2018 | number:1 | day:2 | month:10 | pages:114-166
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 18(2018), 1 vom: 2. Okt., Seite 114-166
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:18
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2018
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:10
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:114-166
    Keywords: accrual accounting ; accrual reform ; budgeting ; transparency ; performance ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: After three decades of public financial management reforms, around three quarters of OECD countries are using accrual accounting with some adopting accrual budgeting as well (OECD Accruals 2016 Survey). This is however a sensitive time: questions are increasingly being raised on the cost and usefulness of accrual reforms, whose impacts on public management and performance are not obvious to many stakeholders. Against this background, this study brings together the experience of eleven countries that have introduced accrual accounting and/or accrual budgeting into their public sector. It aims at summarizing initial objectives of accrual reforms, countries’ own assessment of how well these objectives have been achieved and propose recommendations on how finance ministries should go about achieving maximum outcomes from their transition to accrual accounting. JEL code : H50, H60, H83 Keywords : accrual accounting, accrual reform, budgeting, transparency, performance
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 16, no. 2, p. 9-74 | volume:16 | year:2017 | number:2 | pages:9-74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 2, p. 9-74
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:16
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2017
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-74
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Sweden’s budget reforms of the 1990s, which were intended to introduce greater clarity, transparency and rigour to fiscal policy-making, have proven influential throughout Europe and across the OECD. This report finds that the budget framework has demonstrated resilience and that it continues to command confidence among the broad range of budgetary stakeholders. However, a number of tensions are apparent as the framework responds to the challenges and priorities of post-crisis budgeting, and each of its key dimensions has been undergoing review and adaptation. Future reforms should focus on addressing a certain fragmentation apparent in some areas (such as performance information, evaluation, public investment strategy and fiscal risk). Sweden’s advanced and pioneering practices, in areas such as cross-government collaboration and gender budgeting, may also benefit from more open, participative and citizen-facing initiatives in policy design and performance accountability.
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  • 13
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 17, no. 1, p. 1-60 | volume:17 | year:2017 | number:1 | pages:1-60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 17, no. 1, p. 1-60
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:17
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2017
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-60
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The European Union has a unique system of institutions and relationships between different levels of government resulting in a close attention to the performance aspects of budgeting. The EU system of budgeting for performance and results is advanced and highly specified, scoring higher than any OECD country in the standard index of performance budgeting frameworks. Aimed at improving the effectiveness of the EU budget in contributing to the achievement of EU objectives for growth, the EU Budget Focused on Results initiative is one that is gaining more focus and importance since it was launched in 2015. This report is the OECD’s independent assessment of how the EU model of budgeting for performance and results compares with good practice around the world, in line with the long-established practice of OECD Budget Reviews; and offers suggestions for how the current reform agenda might be advanced. JEl Codes: H50, H61, H83 Keywords: Europe 2020, Multiannual Financial Framework, Annual Management and Performance Report, European Court of Audit, EU Budget Focused on Results
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  • 14
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 9-28 | volume:16 | year:2016 | number:1 | pages:9-28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 9-28
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:16
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2016
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-28
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, a growing number of governments have begun moving away from pure cash accounting toward accrual accounting. In the wake of these reforms, the budget presentation, audit techniques, and accounting standards setting and consolidation practices have evolved significantly. This paper reviews the current accrual practices in OECD countries, challenges associated with accruals reforms, and assesses the benefits achieved. It finally considers initiatives in OECD countries to make better use of accrual information in the future. JEL Classification: H60, H83 Keywords: accrual accounting, accrual budgeting, accounting practices, budgeting practices, consolidation, external audit, accounting standard setting.
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  • 15
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-98
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 93 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in the European Union
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-98
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La politique de la concurrence a joué un rôle clé dans le développement de l’Union européenne et de ses institutions. La Commission européenne, avec l’appui des tribunaux européens, a mis en place le cadre de la politique de la concurrence en Europe. Ce cadre a été édifié depuis le traité de Rome de 1957 avec le souci fondamental de promouvoir l’ouverture du marché tout en renforçant les institutions communautaires. La politique de la concurrence de la Communauté européenne connaît actuellement une transition vers une orientation axée sur l’économie de marché et sa mise en oeuvre s’effectue par le réseau désormais étendu des autorités de la concurrence nationales. Les réformes destinées à la « modernisation » du processus d’application sont entrées en vigueur en mai 2004, ainsi que les modifications intervenues en matière de contrôle des fusions. La Commission envisage en outre de revoir son dispositif dans d’autres domaines, comme l’abus de position dominante et les aides publiques. À mesure que les États membres adaptent leurs règles substantielles aux principes communautaires, le rôle de la Commission européenne, des autorités nationales de la concurrence et des tribunaux évolue aussi. La coordination du processus d’application entre les nombreux organes de la Communauté européenne, notamment en ce qui concerne les demandes de clémence déposées dans le cadre d’enquêtes relatives aux ententes, est de plus en plus importante. La Commission a pris des mesures pour renforcer ses capacités d’analyse économique et pour corriger les faiblesses de son processus de décision qui étaient apparues à l’occasion d’importantes décisions de justice. Tout le problème pour ce dispositif, qui est adapté aux méthodes administratives d’application, est de produire des résultats convaincants pour les tribunaux, tout en préservant la cohérence de l’action des pouvoirs publics dans un contexte d’application décentralisée. Ce rapport a servi de base à l’examen par les pairs réalisé en 2005 dans le cadre du Comité de la concurrence.
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  • 16
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-80
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Droit et politique de la concurrence dans l'Union européenne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 1, p. 7-80
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Competition policy played a central role in the development of the EU and its institutions. The European Commission, supported by the European courts, developed the framework for competition policy in Europe. This framework has been built since the Treaty of Rome in 1957 on a foundation of promoting market opening while strengthening the institutions of the European Community. The competition policy of the European Community is now in transition toward a basis in market-centered economic considerations, as well as on application through the now-extensive network of nationallevel authorities. The “modernisation” reforms of the enforcement process became effective in May 2004, along with changes in the control of mergers, and the Commission has been considering revisions to its policies about other topics, notably abuse of dominance and state aid. As the Member States adapt their substantive rules to those of the Community, the roles of the European Commission, the national competition agencies and the courts are changing. Co-ordination of enforcement among many agencies in the European Community, particularly concerning applications for leniency as part of cartel investigations, is increasingly important. The Commission moved to strengthen its capacity for economic analysis and to correct weaknesses in its decision process that had been revealed in critical court decisions. The challenge to this system, well adapted for administrative application, is to produce results that are convincing to the courts while maintaining policy consistency in a system of decentralised enforcement. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.
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  • 17
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-81
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Droit et politique de la concurrence en France
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-81
    Keywords: Governance ; France
    Abstract: Competition law in France applies EU norms about restrictive agreements and abuses. The two institutions that apply the law must deal with its conflicting purposes concerning unfair competition, and with subtleties of policy choice and jurisdiction concerning the reform of infrastructure monopolies. The Director General of the DGCCRF and the chair of the Conseil de la Concurrence from France made some remarks on the Secretariat report. These introductory remarks to the peer review of France by the Competition Committee in October 2003 are in annex to this report.
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  • 18
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-91
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 86 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in France
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7-91
    Keywords: Governance ; France
    Abstract: Le droit de la concurrence en France reprend les normes européennes concernant les abus et les pratiques restrictives. Les deux institutions chargées de la mise en oeuvre de la législation de la concurrence doivent faire face à des objectifs contradictoires s’agissant de la concurrence déloyale et à des choix de politique et de compétence juridictionnelle délicats s’agissant de la réforme des monopoles d’infrastructure. Le directeur général de la DGCCRF et le président du Conseil de la concurrence ont formulé des remarques sur le rapport du Secrétariat. Ces remarques introductives à l’examen par les pairs de la France au Comité de la concurrence en octobre 2003 figurent en annexe de ce rapport.
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  • 19
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 7-66
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 7-66
    Keywords: Governance ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany's post-war competition law has been notably successful, and the enforcement body, the Bundeskartellamt, is widely respected. German institutions are now challenged to adapt to the modernised EU enforcement approach. Germany's institutional structure has supported competition well within its defined sphere; however, it may not be as well adapted to promoting competition in liberalising network sectors
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  • 20
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 7-67
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 7-67
    Keywords: Governance ; Finland
    Abstract: Competition policy was at the centre of market-driven reforms since the late 1980s that restructured Finland’s network monopolies and eliminated the many vestiges of corporatist control. The pace of change is slower now, as the role of market institutions in providing traditional government services presents novel and difficult issues about quality, equity, efficiency, and choice. The role of the competition body, the Finnish Competition Authority (FCA), is also changing. In the previous stages, its principal path of influence, after it made a mark with a strong early enforcement program against tolerated price fixing, was through advice and advocacy. As competitive markets are...
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  • 21
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 57-140
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Royaume-Uni
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 57-140
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The unusually complex competition policy institutions of the UK include a Commission that is concerned about the “public interest” in monopolies and market practices, the Director General of Fair Trading who enforces a competition law that is now modelled on European law, and many regulators who are also responsible for enforcing the same competition law in their sectors. Stronger powers under the Competition Act 1998 make enforcement more credible now, but still more changes are likely, notably concerning mergers and monopolies...
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 67-172
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 108 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in the United Kingdom
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 67-172
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les institutions de politique de concurrence du Royaume-Uni sont inhabituellement complexes. Elles comportent une commission qui se préoccupe « d’intérêt public » dans les monopoles et pratiques de marché, le directeur général du commerce équitable (Fair Trading) qui applique la législation de la concurrence désormais modelée sur la législation européenne, et de nombreux régulateurs qui sont également responsables de la mise en œuvre de la même législation dans leur secteur respectif. Des pouvoirs plus forts, au titre de la loi de 1998, rendent plus crédible maintenant l’application de la loi mais davantage de changements sont encore probables, notamment s’agissant des fusions et des monopoles...
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  • 23
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-69
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique et droit de la concurrence en Afrique du Sud
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-69
    Keywords: Governance ; South Africa
    Abstract: One of the elements of South Africa’s peaceful revolution over the last decade was reform of its competition policy institutions. The previous system had supported the previous economic system, characterised by autarky, protection, government direction, and high concentration. The new system promised to use competition policy to correct the faults of the old system and to promote policy goals of employment and empowerment. South Africa aspires to a modern competition policy regime, to deal with the well-resourced sophistication of much of the South African economy. Its new institutions, whose novelty responds in large part to the post-1994 imperative for fundamental restructuring of government institutions, have shown a capacity to deal confidently with complex structural issues in deciding dozens of merger cases. A legalistic business and government culture has challenged these new bodies to prove their competence and tested their jurisdiction. Now that the merger review process has been established, more attention should be paid to non-merger matters and probably to advocacy as well. Resources are stretched, and there is a critical need to improve the depth and strengthen the capacity of the professional staff. Maintaining consistent competition policy in regulated sectors will requiring reinforcing the relationships with sectoral regulators ...
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-79
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 74 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in South Africa
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-79
    Keywords: Governance ; South Africa
    Abstract: L’un des éléments de la révolution pacifique de l’Afrique du Sud au cours de la dernière décennie est la réforme de ses institutions de politique de la concurrence. Le système précédent avait appuyé un régime économique caractérisé par l’autarcie, la protection, le dirigisme et une forte concentration. Le nouveau dispositif comporte deux grands axes : utiliser la politique de la concurrence pour corriger les défauts de l’ancien système et promouvoir les objectifs généraux d’emploi et de partage du pouvoir économique. L’Afrique du Sud aspire à un régime de politique de la concurrence moderne, à la hauteur d’une économie dont une bonne partie est bien dotée en ressources. Les nouvelles instances de la concurrence, répondant dans une large mesure à la nécessité d’opérer à partir de 1994 une restructuration fondamentale des institutions publiques, ont fait la preuve de leur capacité à traiter des questions structurelles complexes lorsqu’il s’est agi de se prononcer sur un grand nombre de fusions. L’extrême juridisme qui régnait dans l’administration et les entreprises a mis ces nouvelles instances au défi de prouver leur savoir-faire et a testé leurs prérogatives. Maintenant que la procédure d’examen des fusions a été mise en place, il conviendrait de prêter davantage attention aux questions autres que les fusions et, probablement aussi à la promotion de la concurrence. Les ressources sont limitées et il est crucial d’élargir et de renforcer les compétences du personnel professionnel. Pour maintenir une politique de la concurrence cohérente dans les secteurs régulés, il est indispensable de consolider les liens avec les organismes sectoriels de régulation ...
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Pologne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Canada
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Important issues in competition policy in Canada today are the independence and powers of the institutions and the balance between competition policy principles and national interests. The foundations of policy are being tested in merger litigation over the meaning of efficiency. Enforcement against cartels is complicated by a need to show that restraints are “undue.” Canada's “conformity continuum” offers an important, distinctive contribution to enforcement practice. Responses to controversies sometimes appear ad hoc, but the outcomes, such as the laws about banking mergers and about airlines, have recognised competition concerns. Policy options for consideration include finding other means to promote the goals now served by ownership controls, reviewing the scope of federal and provincial regulatory constraints on competition, clarifying the scope of the Commissioner's decision-making independence, and making enforcement more efficient by providing for private action, improving the decision process, and clarifying the anti-cartel principle.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 95-149
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 95-149
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Le droit de la concurrence polonais des années 90 qui a accompagné la restructuration du pays durant la période de transition, suit maintenant en substance les règles du Traité de l’Union européenne. L’application de la législation, cependant, se concentre toujours sur les abus perpétrés par ceux qui ont succédé aux monopoles pré existant à la réforme. L’Office de défense de la concurrence et des consommateurs (OPCC) combine la mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence avec la protection des consommateurs et le contrôle des aides d’État, tandis que le tribunal antimonopole traite des politiques réglementaires à partir de cas portant sur la réglementation d’infrastructure. Clarifier l’indépendance de l’OPCC vis-à-vis du gouvernement confortera l’intégrité de la mise en œuvre de la loi et rendra son plaidoyer en faveur de la concurrence plus visible.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 53-127
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 77 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in Canada
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 53-127
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Les questions importantes aujourd'hui au Canada dans le domaine de la concurrence sont l'indépendance et les pouvoirs des autorités, et l'équilibre entre principes de politique de concurrence et intérêts nationaux. Les fondements de la politique ont été mis à l'épreuve s'agissant de la signification de l'efficience dans des procès concernant des fusions. L'application de la loi à l'encontre des ententes se complique de la nécessité de démontrer que les restrictions sont injustifiées. Le « continuum d'observation de la loi » offre au Canada une contribution importante et originale à la façon dont la loi est mise en œuvre. Les réponses apportées aux controverses paraissent ad hoc mais le résultat, comme les lois concernant les fusions bancaires et les compagnies aériennes, prend en compte les préoccupations de concurrence. Les options politiques à examiner comportent la recherche d'autres moyens pour promouvoir les objectifs pour le moment remplis par le contrôle des détenteurs du capital, l'examen du champ des contraintes réglementaires tant fédérales que provinciales, la clarification du degré d'indépendance du Commissaire en matière de pouvoir de décision, une efficacité accrue de l'application de la loi en permettant le recours à l'action privée, l'amélioration du processus de décision et la clarification du principe de lutte contre les ententes.
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  • 29
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-58
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en République tchèque
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-58
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The Czech Republic competition law is based on familiar European substantive concepts. Features that were appropriate for a transition setting are being revised in anticipation of EU accession. The enforcement body was at one time a separate Ministry; now, the Czech Office for the Protection of Economic Competition is an independent agency. Provisions for exemption are well controlled, and the processes for applying it are working well; however, stronger enforcement powers may be needed to deal with secret cartels. The major challenge of improving competitiveness by completing the reform of the inherited industrial structure requires solving problems of corporate governance and financing. The role of competition policy in that task will be modest.
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  • 30
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-64
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in the Czech Republic
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-64
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: La législation de la concurrence en République tchèque repose sur les principaux concepts européens de fond. Les éléments qui étaient essentiels à une économie de transition sont en cours de révision dans le cadre du processus d’accession à l’Union européenne. L’autorité chargée de l’application de la loi était à l’époque un ministère alors que maintenant, le Bureau tchèque de la protection de la concurrence économique est une agence indépendante. Les clauses d’exemption sont bien contrôlées, et les mécanismes d’application fonctionnent bien. Cependant des pouvoirs plus forts pourraient être nécessaires pour traiter les ententes secrètes. L’amélioration de la compétitivité qui passe par l’achèvement de la réforme des structures industrielles héritées, nécessite la résolution des problèmes de financement et de gouvernement d’entreprise. A cet égard, la politique de la concurrence jouera un rôle modeste.
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