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  • 2000-2004  (4)
  • 2001  (2)
  • 2000  (2)
  • Lenain, Patrick  (4)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (4)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.299
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper reviews several aspects of Poland’s environmental policies. Its main finding is that substantial progress has been made in dealing with the environmentally unfriendly legacy from the past. Poland has successfully combined emission permits based on environmental quality standards, emission fees and fines, public environmental subsidy schemes and widely publicised lists of the worst polluters. Other important factors of success were long-term time consistency, gradual tightening of enforcement and limited administrative discretion. Poland is now embarking on a fundamental revision of its instrument mix in order to respond to new environmental challenges typical of market economies, and to comply with the European Union environmental Directives. In this context, the challenge is to formulate a medium-term strategy that is both environmentally effective and market friendly. Pending legislative amendments, however, may not always live up to this challenge. New instruments ...
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  • 2
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.314
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This document analyses certain economic aspects of environmental policy in France, focussing on greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and discharges in city air. Like most other OECD countries, France has been endeavouring for some years to make its growth environmentally sustainable. These efforts have been based on the traditional instruments of environmental protection—regulatory standards, in particular. But this approach has lacked economic efficiency in that it has not allowed efforts to be concentrated on pollution sources with the lowest abatement costs. Aware of these inadequacies, the authorities have adopted a new approach that involves more extensive and more efficient use of economic analysis and instruments. However, the measure adopted to curb emissions of greenhouse gases — negotiation of voluntary agreements with industrial producers — will not serve to reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly and at least cost, as international experience has shown. It ...
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.269
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This paper reviews the performance of French health care system from an economic viewpoint. It also provides some policy recommendations. The health system in France is regarded as delivering high quality services, with freedom of choice and generally no waiting lists for treatments. Access to medical services is equal among the population and, unlike in some other countries, people can get the treatments they need irrespective of their social status or work situation. It is therefore not surprising that the French population is relatively satisfied with the health system. As this paper points out, however, this high quality comes at a price: health expenditure in relation to GDP is among the highest in the OECD and risks increasing further in the future in the absence of adequate measures. Past reform efforts, which have shifted the cost to the patient through higher out-of-pocket payments, have proved ineffective and raised equity questions. A new approach is therefore ...
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.234
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: The Polish tax system has commendable features, in particular a capacity to generate strong revenue on a continuous basis. But it also has a number of less desirable features, which could hamper growth in the future and come under increased criticism both domestically and internationally. The authorities have introduced in 2000 an ambitious tax reform package that addresses some of these weaknesses. The present working paper reviews the main features of the Polish tax system, the forces shaping tax policy, and the recently introduced reforms. It also suggests areas where further reform could be beneficial. One such reform relates to the personal income tax and to social security contributions, which are particularly high in Poland and lead, together with the rigid labour market, to a low employment rate and an oversized underground economy. Secondly, the paper argues that the various tax rates on capital incomes should be unified in order to reduce possible distortions in the ...
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