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  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (87)
  • Steenblik, Ronald  (12)
  • International Business Machines Corporation International Technical Support Organization
  • Trade  (99)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010 : (Serbian version) (2011)
    Belgrade : Serbian Fiscal Society
    Details
    ISBN: 9788691513702
    Language: Serbian
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de l'OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen 2010
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    DOI: 10.1787/9788691513702-sr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Smart Rules for Fair Trade : 50 years of Export Credits (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Smart rules for fair trade
    DDC: 382/.63
    Keywords: 1961-2011 ; Exportkredit ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Exportkredit
    Abstract: On the 50th anniversary of the OECD, we examine the unique work the organisation performs in regulating and rationalising governments’ use of export credits in support of exports, jobs, economic growth and national interests more broadly. This work is part of a global post war effort to emphasise multilateral co operation and sound economic policies to promote co operation, efficiency and prosperity rather than destructive competition, controversy and conflict. OECD export credits work is one of the basic building blocks of the ever growing structure of global trade agreements that aim to maintain open and efficient markets. The objective is to eliminate subsidies and unfair practices in the economic competition that forms the foundation of a healthy and dynamic global economy. The elimination of official financing subsidies in global trade is only a part of the broader trade policy agenda, but it is a vital part, and has been delegated to the OECD by the WTO. Since financing is the life blood of trade flows, specialised OECD housed work allows trade to flow efficiently for aircraft and other capital goods while other trade policy work and litigation continue at the WTO. The export credits work at the OECD is described in this collection of essays. However it is about much more than the series of agreements described herein. It is more fundamentally about the governments and their people - policy makers and experts - who gather at the OECD to build collectively a system of export credits disciplines that is fair, transparent, adaptable and effective. It is therefore as much about people and ideas as anything else. The export credit secretariat pictured above represents only the latest in a long line of OECD staff committed to facilitate and advise this work. The OECD’s motto on its 50th anniversary is “Better Policies for Better Lives.” This reminds us that in the end, it is policies that are at the centre of human well being. And export credits work is about promoting these better policies by developing “smart rules” that open markets and maintain a level playing field and by bringing people and governments together to this end.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111745-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Private remedies (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 7-105
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 99 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 7-105
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated private remedies in June 2006. The roundtable focused on class actions/collective actions and the interface between private enforcement and public enforcement: • Class Actions/Collective Actions: There is a strong case for the use fo class actions/collective actions to raise levels of deterrence and achieve greater compliance with competition laws, as theses actions may be the only practical way to ensure that customers with small claims also have their day in court. • Interface between Public and Private Enforcement: There is a widely shared concern that private litigation in competition cases can interfere with leniency programs in cartel cases. There is a trade-off between enabling the victims of a cartel to recover damages and incentives for cartel members to come forward, and no-one really knows with certainty how much protection from private litigation and damage awards is necessary so as not to deter leniency applicants. The prevailing view is that the integrity of leniency programs should be protected by a range of measures that limit a leniency applicant’s exposure to civil damages, but some delegates felt that the current trend provided unnecessary protection to leniency applicants to the detriment of private plaintiffs.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kg9qgf34z5l
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Country review of Argentina (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 167-205
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 167-205
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The Inter-American Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development co-operate in competition law and policy to promote increased economic growth, employment and economic efficiency and a higher average standard of living in the medium to long term. There is increasing consensus that sound competition law and policy are essential to achieving these goals. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of all OECD countries and their partners to submit their laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all. The benefits of this process are particularly clear in the area of competition law and policy. As a result of the activities of the Competition Committee, OECD countries that once had real conflicts on competition issues have become partners in seeking to halt harmful international anticompetitive practices. The Committee has also become an important forum for assessing and demonstrating the usefulness of applying competition policy principles to economic and other regulatory systems. IDB/OECD co-operation in competition law and policy centers on annual meetings of the Latin American Competition Forum. LACF meetings include substantive roundtable discussions and peer reviews of national laws and institutions. The peer reviews have examined Brazil, Chile, Peru and now Argentina. The IDB is pleased to participate and finance this work, as part of its efforts to promote a better business climate for investment in the counties of Latin America and the Caribbean. We want to thank the Government of Argentina for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the fourth LACF meeting, held in San Salvador, El Salvador, on 11-12 July, 2006. It was encouraging to hear Argentina’s Delegation confirm at the meeting that the report’s recommendations were helpful and to hear from Delegates of other countries that this review has improved their understanding of Argentina’s competition law and policy. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kg9q0zjz6lx
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Competition and regulation in retail banking (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 101-165
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 101-165
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The Competition Committee debated retail banking in October 2006. Competition can improve the functioning of the retail banking sector without harming prudential regulation. The efficient functioning of the sector is important for economic performance. The sector is considered special primarily because of externalities related to potential “contagion” effects stemming from (i) the withdrawal-upondemand characteristic of some bank deposits and (ii) the role banks play in the payment system, and (iii) the fact that banks are important for the funding of consumers and SMEs. Customer mobility and choice is essential to simulate retail-banking competition. An important observation is that the degree of customer mobility is low and the longevity of customer-bank relationships is long. Financial information sharing platforms should therefore be promoted and, where limited by privacy laws, privacy laws should be modified in a way that maintains the goal of protecting privacy while also allowing consumers to receive the benefits of credit ratings.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kg9q0zk2wq2
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Plea bargaining : settlement of cartel cases (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 107-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 107-151
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: Plea agreements or negotiated settlements can be an efficient way to formally dispose of cartel cases.They can provide substantial benefits to competition authorities by allowing them to allocate their resources more efficiently and to increase enforcement activities, thus achieving greater deterrence. Plea agreements have substantial benefits for defendants as well.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kg9qgf2cp9s
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Country review: Ukraine (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 153-222
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 153-222
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This report* was the basis of a two hour and a half peer review in the OECD Global Forum on Competition (GFC) on 21 February 2008. It assesses the development and application of competition law and policy in Ukraine, focusing on activities over the previous five years (2003-07). The report concludes that Ukraine has a comprehensive and well-designed competition law and, in the AMC, an effectively managed and well-regarded agency to enforce it. The report also identifies an array of problems confronting Ukraine in the competition law arena, and makes various remedial proposals, including recommendations dealing with the AMC’s budget allocation, autonomy, investigative tools, transparency, enforcement priorities, and relationships with other law enforcement agencies. Additional recommendations in the report focus on the competition law’s merger notification requirements and procedures, state aid legislation, penalties for unlawful conduct and penalty collection procedures, competition advocacy, harmonization with the European Union’s competition laws, and the elimination of conflicting provisions in Ukraine’s Commercial Code.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kg9qgf28vg8
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Competition and efficient usage of payment cards (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 7-99
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 93 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 7-99
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and efficient usage of payment cards in June 2006. In recent years, debit and credit cards have become increasingly common as retail payment mechanisms and have increasingly displaced checks and cash. The roundtable discussed potential market power and pricesetting abuses related to payment cards, reviewed the regulatory (or self-regulatory) mechanisms that sometimes govern the operation of card networks and considered methods for increasing the role of competitive forces among payment cards. A market failure exists because costs for different payment mechanisms are rarely reflected in consumer prices. Consideration should be given to permitting merchants to form payment ventures, as this would promote system competition between owners with different incentives, and to promoting entry by potential new technologies that would not involve existing payment networks. Many other policy options are discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kg9q0zk74vb
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade for Growth and Poverty Reduction : How Aid for Trade Can Help (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade for growth and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Armut ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Fairer Handel ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Weltmarkt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Weltwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Reduktion
    Abstract: Trade promotes economic growth, alleviates poverty and helps countries reach their development goals. However, developing countries – in particular the least developed – face difficulties in making trade happen and turning trade into economic growth. The Aid for Trade Initiative – launched at the 2005 World Trade Organisation conference in Hong Kong – aims at helping these countries to take advantage of trade opportunities and to reap the benefits of their integration into the world economy. The Initiative has been a success: it has not only raised awareness among both donors and developing countries about the role of trade in development, but also helped secure increased resources. Trade for Growth and Poverty Reduction: How Aid for Trade Can Help explains how Aid for Trade can foster economic growth and reduce poverty, and why it is an important instrument for a development strategy that actively supports poverty alleviation. Unlocking this potential requires carefully designed and sequenced trade reforms. While developing countries have many trade-related needs, but financial resources and political capital for reforms are limited, it is an important priority to tackle the most binding constraints to trade expansion. This report describes the diagnostic tools available, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and suggests a dynamic framework to guide the sequencing of reform and donor support.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098978-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: Basque Country, Spain 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097377
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of regional innovation
    DDC: 338/.06409466
    Keywords: Regionalpolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Baskenland ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Baskenland ; Innovationsförderung ; Regionalpolitik
    Abstract: The Basque Country region in Spain is world renowned for a successful industrial transformation, the urban regeneration of Bilbao, cultural distinctiveness, unique governance arrangements and high wealth levels. Over the last 30 years, the region has implemented its science, technology and innovation (STI) policy driven by a need to boost industrial competitiveness. The role of total factor productivity and innovation in driving growth was significant in the 1990s and declined in the early part of this decade, but appears to be on the rise again thanks in part to significant increases in public and private investment in innovation. The Basque Country has begun a transition from a model of incremental innovation in manufacturing to a model increasingly based on science and other forms of knowledge. Through a diagnostic of the innovation system and the policy mix, the review offers some policy and governance recommendations to achieve the region’s desired transition in light of global trends in the innovation process and innovation policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097377-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cross-border Tertiary Education : A Way towards Capacity Development (Spanish version) (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264087088
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cross-border Tertiary Education; A Way towards Capacity Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur transnational ; Un levier pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cross-border Tertiary Education: A Way towards Capacity Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur transnational : Un levier pour le développement
    Keywords: Education ; Trade
    Abstract: La educación superior transfronteriza está emergiendo para convertirse en un fenómeno fascinante pero muy complejo. La movilidad de estudiantes, de profesores, de conocimiento e incluso valores ha sido por siglos parte de la educación superior, pero esta ha crecido a un ritmo sin precedentes. Durante las últimas dos décadas se ha visto un crecimiento significativo de movilidad en los programas y proveedores de educación superior mediante modos presenciales y virtuales de entrega. Esto presenta muchas nuevas oportunidades entre las que están mayor acceso a la educación superior, alianzas estratégicas entre países y regiones, además de la expansión del recurso humano y la capacidad institucional. De forma paralela existe un número igual de retos: un incremento potencial de proveedores de baja o dudosa calidad, la falta de reconocimiento de las cualificaciones extranjeras por parte de los empleadores o instituciones de educación locales, junto al elitismo y las tensiones que este crea. En muchos casos, estas tendencias nuevas propician que los países reconsideren diferentes aspectos de su política educativa, en particular el marco normativo para el aseguramiento de la calidad y de la educación superior privada.El propósito del libro es generar nueva información sobre los retos y oportunidades que se presentan especialmente en los países en desarrollo para aprovechar la educación superior transfronteriza como una herramienta para el desarrollo. Esta obra analiza el concepto desarrollo de competencias mediante la educación transfronteriza, con énfasis el papel crucial del aseguramiento de la calidad y las negociaciones comerciales. Este volumen es de especial interés tanto para diseñadores de política educativa como para los incontables interesados en la educación superior de los países en desarrollo.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264087088-es
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Competition in Real Estate Transactions (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 75-125
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 75-125
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated improving competition in real estate transactions in February 2007. Real estate transactions are subject to a variety of potential limitation of competition that can have significant effects on ordinary consumers. In fact, because of the annual volume of transactions and the fact that real estate expenses (mortgage payments and rent) constitute a significant portion of spending out of available revenue to spend (often exceeding 25%), the impacts of anti-competitive action i this sector may have larger financial value than in most other sectors. Practices of real estate agents vary significantly across countries, but a common trend appears to be the introduction of listing services that may provide a platform for anti-competitive practices to spread, at the same time as the Internet potentially provides improved opportunities for real estate sellers to reach buyers directly. In many countries, the operation of transferring legal title to properties is subject to cartel-like prices. Competitive problems have also been identified in the mortgage markets, with cartel activity having been found in a least one case and a lack of non-bank sources of finance in some countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6kwnn
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Security and Competition Policy (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 7-90
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 7-90
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated energy security and competition policy in February 2007. This roundtable examined the links between competition policy and energy security, with a focus on natural gas. The discussion began by addressing the questions of the meaning and importance of energy security; and the determinants of energy security, particularly as they relate to competition policy. It continued in dealing with gas supply, transportation, and distribution, addressing five aspects that relate to different aspects of energy security: (1) the role of substitutes for natural gas in fostering competitive gas supply; the role of regulation in promoting or inhibiting infrastructure investment; (2) how to promote an adequate level of infrastructure investment; (3) the role of unbundling in fostering competition and promoting energy security; (4) the role of storage capacity in system efficiency and buyer bargaining position; (5) and the determinants of entry into merchant sales of natural gas.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kmbpj55f9jg
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  • 14
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    Country Review: Chinese Taipei (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 127-165
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 127-165
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; Chinese Taipei
    Abstract: This report, prepared by the Secretariat of the OECD was the basis for a peer review examination of Chinese Taipei at the OECD’s Global Forum on Competition on 9 February, 2006. Competition law in Chinese Taipei has been an important element of the program of economic reforms that moved the economy from centrally directed emphasis on manufacturing and exports to a market-driven emphasis on services and high technology. The competition law follows mainstream practice about restrictive agreements, monopolies and anticompetitive mergers, with a particularly clear statutory basis for concentrating enforcement attention on horizontal collusion. The rules about market deception and unfair practices connect the competition law to consumer interests. There is a risk, though, that rules based on a cultural tradition of fairness might lead to interventions to correct differences in bargaining power, which could dampen competition rather than promote it. The competition enforcement agency, the Fair Trade Commission (FTC), is now a stable, experienced administrative agency. It followed an appropriate sequence in introducing competition policy, emphasising transparency and guidance to encourage compliance before undertaking stronger enforcement measures. General reforms are in process that would clarify the independence of the FTC. To improve enforcement against hard-core cartels, a leniency programme should be adopted, and the special treatment for agreements among small businesses should be limited. Some other aspects of the enforcement tool-kit should be revised, such as the cap on fines and the use of market share as a merger notification test. The most visible regulatory reforms to promote competition have been in telecoms, although an independent regulator for that sector is just now being set up. The government retains holdings in privatised firms that could have implications for market competition, so FTC vigilance about the risk of cross-subsidy or other distortion remains warranted.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj
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  • 15
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    Competition in Bidding Markets (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 69-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 69-151
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in bidding markets in October 2006. Competition authorities become interested in auctions by a number of routes. In competition advocacy, they may advise other parts of government on how to design auctions in order to improve their efficiency—the degree of competition. They may evaluate mergers and agreements between firms that operate in auction markets. And they may be concerned with collusion and abuse of a dominant position in auctions. Because their formal rules reduce “noise” and make communication among rivals easier, auctions can promote collusion, compared with ordinary “posted-price” markets. But an auction can be designed to reduce collusion or concerted practices or to promote participation. Thus, the design of an auction can be the object of lobbying pressure. Auctioneers can also behave strategically, choosing auction formats or practices that favour competition. Two fundamental prescriptions for effective auction design follow from the theoretical literature: Induce bidders to truthfully reveal their valuations by making what they pay not depend entirely on what they bid, and maximize the information available to each participant before he bids.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-10-5kmhbhp8sgs6
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  • 16
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    Country Review: Peru (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 177-230
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 177-230
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; Peru
    Abstract: The Competition Peer Review Report of Peru is the fourth one of a non-OECD country. South Africa and Russia were reviewed at meetings of the OECD Global Forum on Competition (GFC). Chile, and now Peru, were reviewed at meetings of the Latin American Competition Forum (LACF), organised by the OECD and the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB). All four reviews confirm that the peer review process is an extremely useful means of promoting co-operation and voluntary convergence among OECD and non-OECD economies, providing both transparency and a candid discussion of what constitutes “best practice” in different situations.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kmbpj557sg2
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  • 17
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    Land Use Restrictions as Barriers to Entry (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 7-73
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 7-73
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive effects of land use restrictions in February 2008. Land use restrictions often serve valuable social purposes. The benefits of particular policies for land use must be balanced against the costs, though. The social harms that can arise when land use restrictions create “entry barriers” are rarely considered explicitly. Land use restrictions can raise the price and reduce supply of a broad range of real estate and, by preventing new and innovative stores from opening, reduce shopping options available to consumers. More careful integration of policy on land use restrictions with competition policy could benefit consumers and many entrepreneurs and reduce the likelihood that public or private restrictions will lead to supply scarcity. This roundtable examines competition problems affecting commercial construction and use permits, geographic density tests, adverse impact tests, access condition to rights of ay and private restrictions on land use. Steps are identified for improving public policies towards land use restrictions.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6ngq4
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    Competition Policy for Vertical Relations in Gasoline Retailing (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 91-131
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 91-131
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues in vertical relations for gasoline retailing in October 2008. Gasoline retailing has changed dramatically over the last 25 years. While refiners often still have extensive networks of gasoline retailers, there is also a large independent sector in many countries; A study of the effects of entry by large general retailers finds benefits to consumers; There has been a vigorous debate about whether vertical separation between gasoline stations and upstream entities should be required. It appears that mandating vertical separation is linked with price increases to the ultimate consumers. On the other hand, mandated separation may promote the development of more independent stations. Policy makers often raise concerns about vertical integration in the supply of gasoline. These concerns should be moderated in markets with large independent segments. Even in markets with small independent segments, there are reasons to believe prices will be lower with vertical integration, as this eliminates a double mark-up.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kmbpj55c8mx
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  • 19
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    Construction Industry (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated issues related to the Construction Industry in June 2008. This roundtable addressed the special characteristics of the construction industry as they relate to competition law and policy. Construction is a critical sector in OECD economies because it builds and maintains the structures and infrastructure on which almost every other industry depends. Unfortunately, the construction industry has also tended to suffer from cartel activity, as shown by a spate of well - publicised recent matters from around the world. The roundtable includes an examination of why this industry seems to be more prone to cartel formation than other industries. It also looked into the complications that may arise when multiple construction firms use the same bid calculation software. Finally, the Committee discussed the arguments – occasionally made by industry advocates – that competition is either irrelevant or “ruinous” in the construction industry. Neither argument was found to be persuasive, as there are no distinguishing features of the construction sector that reduce the benefits that competition brings to consumer welfare.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-10-5kmhbhp87tbv
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  • 20
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    The Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 133-176
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 133-176
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The Global Forum of the OECD Competition Committee debated the Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies in February 2008. The two policies share a common goal: the enhancement of consumer welfare. In this way they are highly complementary. Applied properly, they reinforce one another; Aside from their different approaches to markets, however, there are other differences between competition and consumer policies. These differences present both opportunities and challenges. Applied consistently, each policy ill each make the other more effective, especially in situations of evolving markets. The challenge comes in coordinating them, and in ensuring that they do not work at cross purposes. Institutional design is an important factor in providing effective public policy. With the increasing recognition of the importance of integrating competition policy and consumer policy, there is debate about how to design the most effective institutions for that purpose. Housing the two functions in a single agency offers several advantages, including more centralised control, operational efficiencies and cross-fertilisation between the two disciplines. There could be disadvantages as well, however.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-11-5kmbpj559n6g
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  • 21
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    Concessions (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7-67
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7-67
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: The OECD Competition Committee debated concessions in February 2006. Governments have long been engaged in providing goods or services to their citizens that could, in some form, be provided by the private sector. The trend over the past few decades, however, has been to transfer these functions, and the state-owned assets used to provide them, to private hands. The most common method, and the one usually preferred, is privatisation, or outright sale or transfer of ownership of the relevant assets to one or more private parties. Another method is concessions. Concessions are often viewed as a substitute for privatisation when the latter is not feasible for political or legal reasons. Concessions are not substitutes for regulation. Where there is a need for regulation, as in a situation of natural monopoly, a regulatory regime may be created along with the concession.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-10-5kmhbhp8v9mw
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  • 22
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    Trade and Economic Effects of Responses to the Economic Crisis (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade and economic effects of responses to the economic crisis
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Welthandel ; Handelsvolumen ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Geschichte 2009
    Abstract: The dramatic collapse in world trade in 2009 is, this report shows, mainly due to: the drop in demand for highly traded products; the drying up of trade finance; and the vertically integrated nature of global supply chains. Contrary to expectations, protectionist measures were relatively muted and did not play a significant part. In fact, because of their sheer size, stimulus measures may have had more impact on trade than direct trade policy measures Nevertheless, dollar for dollar, direct trade restricting measures have the most strongly negative impacts on growth and employment: a one dollar increase in tariff revenues results in a USD 2.16 drop in world exports and a USD 0.73 drop in world income. The analyses presented here suggest that exit strategies from measures to deal with the crisis will be most effective in boosting growth and jobs if they first roll back measures that discriminate between domestic and foreign firms and those that target specific sectors. General demand stimulus measures and active labour market policies are preferable under current conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088436-en
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  • 23
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    Facilitating Trade in Selected Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply, Buildings, and Industry Sectors (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2009/02
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: It is in every country's interest that the deployment of carbon-change-mitigation technologies (CCMTs) be accomplished at the lowest possible cost to society and that their diffusion be rapid. Reducing barriers to trade is one way to accomplish that, especially given that it is unlikely that every country will become proficient in the production of every CCMT. This study provides a preliminary assessment of the significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in a representative selection of CCMTs chosen from among those that have been identified by the IPCC and the IEA as having a large economic potential for mitigation, are globally traded, and can be easily adapted to national circumstances. Those examined in the report include: (a) technologies, such as gas-fired reciprocating engines, used in the co-production of both process (or district) heat and electric power (CHP); (b) technologies, such as pipes and meters, used in the production and delivery of heating and cooling at the scale of a city district (DHC); (c) technologies that harness solar energy to heat water or heat or cool the air in buildings (SHC); and (d) relatively energyefficient electric motors and related systems. The study finds that trade in CCMTs faces higher tariffs in some non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Judging from information provided by exporters in response to a questionnaire, non-tariff measures are common, and in some countries are acting as barriers to trade. Overcoming some of the general measures that impede trade will take time. However, the problems that lax enforcement of intellectual property rights, cumbersome customs-clearance procedures and non-transparent government procurement create for trade in CCTMs should be regarded as providing additional reasons for importing countries to address these issues urgently. Finally, importers may need, at the same time, to examine their domestic policies in order to address behind-the-border impediments to the diffusion of CCMT technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/224036730873
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  • 24
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    Overcoming Border Bottlenecks : The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière ; Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Overcoming border bottlenecks
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Trade ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse
    Abstract: International trade has grown rapidly in recent years, thanks in part to the progressive reduction of tariffs and quotas through successive rounds of multilateral trade liberalisation. However, this progress brings to light one of the remaining weak links of international trade, which prevents countries from drawing full benefits from the advantages of open global markets: border bottlenecks generated by inefficient, outdated and complex trade procedures and formalities. This book brings together six studies that examine to what extent and in which ways the costs of inefficient border processes influence trade and investment flows, how institutional and political factors affect the design and implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures, whether the expected benefits of these measures enough to justify the expenses of putting them in place, and whether the expenses involved are within the reach of developing and least developed countries, especially in light of other development priorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056954-en
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  • 25
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Denmark (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.33
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Danemark
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Danemark
    Keywords: Trade ; Denmark
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069329-en
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  • 26
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Finland (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069350
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.32
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Finlande
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Finlande
    Keywords: Trade ; Finland
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069350-en
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  • 27
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: New Zealand (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.19
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande
    Keywords: Trade ; New Zealand
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071759-en
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  • 28
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: United Kingdom (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071995
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Royaume-Uni
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Trade ; United Kingdom
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071995-en
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  • 29
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Netherlands (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071735
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Pays-Bas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Pays-Bas
    Keywords: Trade ; Netherlands
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071735-en
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  • 30
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Austria (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069220
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.38
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Autriche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Autriche
    Keywords: Trade ; Austria
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069220-en
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  • 31
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Luxembourg (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Luxembourg
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Luxembourg
    Keywords: Trade ; Luxembourg
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071698-en
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  • 32
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Norway (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071773
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.18
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Norvège
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Norvège
    Keywords: Trade ; Norway
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071773-en
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  • 33
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Turkey (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071971
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Turquie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Turquie
    Keywords: Trade ; Turkey
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071971-en
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  • 34
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Annex IV : Action Statement on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Credits (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe IV ; Déclaration d'action concernant la corruption et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe IV : Déclaration d'action concernant la corruption et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Keywords: Trade
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072602-en
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  • 35
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Slovenia (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Slovénie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Slovénie
    Keywords: Trade ; Slovenia
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071896-en
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  • 36
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Sweden (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071933
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Suède
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Suède
    Keywords: Trade ; Sweden
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071933-en
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  • 37
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Mexico (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071711
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.21
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Mexique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Mexique
    Keywords: Trade ; Mexico
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071711-en
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  • 38
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Italy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.25
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Italie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Italie
    Keywords: Trade ; Italy
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071636-en
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  • 39
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Singapore (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071858
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Singapour
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Singapour
    Keywords: Trade ; Singapore
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071858-en
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  • 40
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Introduction (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069145
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.40
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Introduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Introduction
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The export financing systems of 34 economies are described in this book; 29 are OECD countries and are Members of the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees (ECG) (Iceland is currently not an ECG Member). Except for Hungary, Mexico, Poland and Turkey, these OECD countries also constitute the Participants to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (the Arrangement); Hungary and Poland are Observers to the Group of Participants. The five non-member economies (Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; Romania; Singapore; Slovenia) whose export financing systems are described in this book, are neither Members nor Observers to the ECG or to the Group of Participants. They have, however, undertaken to endeavour to comply with the guidelines of the Arrangement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069145-en
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  • 41
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Hong Kong, China (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069428
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.28
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Hongkong, Chine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Hongkong, Chine
    Keywords: Trade ; Hong Kong, China
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069428-en
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  • 42
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Australia (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069206
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Australie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Australie
    Keywords: Trade ; Australia
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069206-en
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  • 43
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Chinese Taipei (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069282
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Taipei chinois
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Taipei chinois
    Keywords: Trade ; Chinese Taipei
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069282-en
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  • 44
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Annex III : Export Credits and the Environment Work Plan (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072589
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe III ; Crédit à l'exportation et environnement - plan de travail
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe III : Crédit à l'exportation et environnement - plan de travail
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Against the background of the Action Statement agreed by the Members of the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees at their 82nd Meeting in February 2000, the Members are committed to pursuing the following Work-Plan on the issue of export credits and the environment, without prejudice as to outcomes. The Work Plan comprises a list of topics (which is not exhaustive) to be addressed in the further discussions of the Working Group in accordance with the commitments in the Action Statement and to facilitate the fulfilment of the OECD Ministerial Mandate.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072589-en
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  • 45
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Ireland (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Irlande
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Irlande
    Keywords: Trade ; Ireland
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071612-en
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  • 46
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Poland (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071797
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Pologne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Pologne
    Keywords: Trade ; Poland
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071797-en
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  • 47
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Greece (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.29
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Grèce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Grèce
    Keywords: Trade ; Greece
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069404-en
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  • 48
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Japan (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071650
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Japon
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Japon
    Keywords: Trade ; Japan
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071650-en
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  • 49
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Czech Republic (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069305
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.34
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; République tchèque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République tchèque
    Keywords: Trade ; Czech Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069305-en
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  • 50
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Germany (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069381
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.30
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Allemagne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Allemagne
    Keywords: Trade ; Germany
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069381-en
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  • 51
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Romania (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071834
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Roumanie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Roumanie
    Keywords: Trade ; Romania
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071834-en
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  • 52
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Annex II : European Community Procedures Concerning Export Credits (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072060
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe II ; Procédures de la Communauté économique européenne concernant les crédits à l'exportation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe II : Procédures de la Communauté économique européenne concernant les crédits à l'exportation
    Keywords: Trade
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072060-en
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  • 53
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Portugal (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071810
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Portugal
    Keywords: Trade ; Portugal
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071810-en
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  • 54
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Korea (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071674
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Corée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Corée
    Keywords: Trade ; Korea, Republic of
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071674-en
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  • 55
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Hungary (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071599
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Hongrie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Hongrie
    Keywords: Trade ; Hungary
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071599-en
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  • 56
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Switzerland (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.9
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Suisse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Suisse
    Keywords: Trade ; Switzerland
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071957-en
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  • 57
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Canada (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069268
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.36
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Canada
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Canada
    Keywords: Trade ; Canada
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069268-en
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  • 58
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: France (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069367
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; France
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : France
    Keywords: Trade ; France
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069367-en
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  • 59
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: United States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072015
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; États-Unis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : États-Unis
    Keywords: Trade ; United States
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072015-en
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  • 60
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Annex I : Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072039
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe I ; Arrangement relatif aux crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe I : Arrangement relatif aux crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The main purpose of the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits, referred to throughout this document as the Arrangement, is to provide a framework for the orderly use of officially supported export credits.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072039-en
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  • 61
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Belgium (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.37
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Belgique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Belgique
    Keywords: Trade ; Belgium
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069244-en
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  • 62
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Annex V : OECD Recommendation on Common Approaches on Environment and Officially Supported Export Credits (Adopted 18 December 2003) (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe V ; Recommandation de l'OCDE sur des approches communes concernant l'environnement et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public (adopté le 18 décembre 2003)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe V : Recommandation de l'OCDE sur des approches communes concernant l'environnement et les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public (adopté le 18 décembre 2003)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Having regard to the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development of 14th December 1960 and, in particular, to Article 5 b) thereof.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072657-en
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  • 63
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Spain (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071919
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Espagne
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Espagne
    Keywords: Trade ; Spain
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071919-en
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  • 64
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    Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Produkt- und Markenpiraterie (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048973
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Produkt- und Markenpiraterie
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Ziel des Projekts zur Untersuchung von Ausmaß und Folgen der Produkt- und Markenpiraterie ist es, mehr konkrete Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen und das Bewusstsein dafür zu schärfen, wie groß das Problem ist. Welche Auswirkungen haben Verletzungen geistiger Eigentumsrechte auf Staat, Unternehmen und Verbraucher in OECD-Ländern wie auch Nicht-OECD-Volkswirtschaften?Im Rahmen dieser Studie wird eine rigorose Methodik entwickelt und angewendet, um die Inzidenz gefälschter und unerlaubt kopierter Produkte im Welthandel zu schätzen. Diese Methodik kann künftig dazu genutzt werden, die Untersuchung anhand qualitativ und quantitativ besserer Daten zu vertiefen. Die Studie liefert zudem eine Analyse des Markts für gefälschte und unerlaubt kopierte Produkte sowie der Effekte auf verschiedene hiervon betroffene Parteien, angefangen von den Inhabern geistiger Eigentumsrechte bis hin zu Verbrauchern und Staat. Ferner enthält sie eine Reihe detaillierter Momentaufnahmen unterschiedlicher Wirtschaftsbereiche, die aufzeigen, in welcher Art und Weise diese Sektoren von der Produkt- und Markenpiraterie betroffen sind und wie sie hierauf reagieren.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048973-de
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    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Slovak Republic (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Series Statement: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; République slovaque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République slovaque
    Keywords: Trade ; Slovak Republic
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071872-en
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    Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2001 : Travel version (Turkish version) (2007)
    Istanbul : Istanbul Chamber of Sworn Financial Advisers, Turkey
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064898
    Language: Turkish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2001; Travel version
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2001 ; Édition de poche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2001: Travel version
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2001 : Édition de poche
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This is a translation of the 2001 edition of the Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, which was substantially revised; see the July 2010 edition available in English and French
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064898-tr
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    The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy : Executive Summary (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Analysis carried out in this report indicates that international trade in counterfeit and pirated products could have been up to USD 200 billion in 2005. This total does not include domestically produced and consumed counterfeit and pirated products and the significant volume of pirated digital products being distributed via the Internet. If these items were added, the total magnitude of counterfeiting and piracy worldwide could well be several hundred billion dollars more. Counterfeiting and piracy are illicit businesses in which criminal networks thrive. The report shows that the items that they and other counterfeiters and pirates produce and distribute are often substandard and can even be dangerous, posing health and safety risks that range from mild to life-threatening. Economy-wide, counterfeiting and piracy undermine innovation, which is key to economic growth. The magnitude and effects of counterfeiting and piracy are of such significance that they compel strong and sustained action from governments, business and consumers. More effective enforcement is critical in this regard, as is the need to build public support to combat the counterfeiting and piracy. Increased co-operation between governments, and with industry, would be beneficial, as would better data collection.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037274-en
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    Environment and Regional Trade Agreements (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264006805
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environment and regional trade agreements
    DDC: 382/.91
    RVK:
    AR 28100
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Commercial treaties ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Trade blocs ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Bilateraler Handel ; Handelsabkommen ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increased significantly in number over the past few years. The number of RTAs which include environmental provisions is also increasing. However, these provisions, and the experience related to their negotiation and implementation, have not been examined in depth yet. This study contributes to filling this gap. It provides an overview of approaches to environmental issues in RTAs and summarises country experiences in their negotiation and practical application. Regional and bilateral trade arrangements are surveyed, including customs unions and free trade agreements. The study is based on the analysis of RTA texts, and on literature examining their actual implementation, as well as on first-hand comments and input from experts from both OECD and non-OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264006805-en
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    Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform : The Impact on World Commodity Markets (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264027886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles ; Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des politiques et des échanges agricoles : Incidences sur les marchés mondiaux des produits de base
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liapis, Peter S. Agricultural policy and trade reform
    RVK:
    QS 200
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Verteilungswirkung ; Welt ; Agriculture and state ; Commercial policy ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Industriestaaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agraraußenhandelspolitik ; Protektionismus ; Liberalisierung ; Agrarweltmarkt ; Preisänderung
    Abstract: The governments of most developed, and many developing, countries impose border measures—tariffs, tariff rate quotas and export subsidies—to boost the domestic market prices of agricultural commodities. In some OECD countries, governments also provide financial support to their agricultural sector through other means, such as direct budgetary payments, production quotas and marketing-loan programs. These interventions typically distort the allocation of resources, leading to sub-optimal production and consumption decisions. Widespread agricultural policy reform would undoubtedly improve the global allocation of resources. But, due to differential protection levels and policy instruments across commodities and among countries, reform can also produce a complex pattern of adjustments, some of which may appear to be counter-intuitive. Using a partial-equilibrium agricultural commodity model with rich policy detail, this study examines the market impacts of agricultural policy reform annually over a 10-year horizon. The study finds that the biggest impacts of agricultural policy reform would be on world dairy markets. Including the effect of non-agricultural liberalisation from a general-equilibrium model does not meaningfully alter results, suggesting that sectoral analysis in many cases is sufficient. Also in this series: Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform: Potential Effects at Global, National and Household Levels
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264027886-en
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  • 70
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    Market Access, Trade in Transport Services and Trade Facilitation (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101476
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.134
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accès au marché, commerce des services de transport et facilitation des échanges
    Keywords: Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table, hosted by the Hellenic Institute of Transport in Thessaloniki, Greece, focused on regional integration in the context of multilateral trade liberalisation, the effects on market structure of liberalising trade in transport services, interaction of the liberalisation of trade in transport services and national competition policies, and demand for the coordination of international transport infrastructure policies, transport security, and logistics policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101476-en
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  • 71
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    Trade Based Money Laundering (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018082
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Trade
    Abstract: This study provides a number of case studies that illustrate how the international trade system has been exploited by criminal organisations. It also presents the results of a survey gathering information on the current practices of more than thirty countries in fighting money laundering. This information focuses on the ability of various government agencies to identify suspicious activities related to trade transactions, to share this information with domestic and foreign partner agencies, and to act on this information.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018082-en
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    The Linkages between Open Services Markets and Technology Transfer (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.29
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Services are the main drivers of economic growth in OECD countries and they are becoming increasingly innovative. This study analyses the role of open services markets in the transfer and diffusion of technology from developed countries to developing countries. It first explores how trade in services increases exposure to foreign technologies. The four modes of supply of services, as defined in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), are closely interlinked with the main channel of technology diffusion identified in the economic literature. The report then investigates how open services markets can reduce the cost of technology transfer and help to build better absorptive capacities in five sectors (business services, telecommunications, financial services, higher education and training, and logistics services). The last part of the study highlights the productivity gains from services trade liberalisation and the technological spillovers inside the receiving economy. The report shows that emphasis should be placed on services in the debate on trade and growth and that services liberalisation in key sectors, which facilitate the exchange of knowledge between foreign and domestic companies, can have a significant impact on technology diffusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/723726052723
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    Liberalisation of Trade in Renewable Energy and Associated Technologies : Biodiesel, Solar Thermal and Geothermal Energy (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2006/01
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper, the second in a series, examines the implications of liberalising trade in three forms of renewable energy: biodiesel, solar-thermal water heaters, and geothermal energy systems. Eliminating tariffs on renewable energy and associated goods — which are 15% or higher on an ad valorem basis in many developing countries — would reduce a burden on consumers of energy, particularly people living in rural areas of developing countries, as it is in such areas that many renewable fuels and renewable-energy technologies are making, and are likely to make, their greatest contribution. Manufacturers located in OECD countries would benefit from increased trade in equipment, but so would a growing number of companies based in developing countries. In the case of biodiesel, developing countries have the potential to become major suppliers to OECD countries. For the maximum benefits of trade liberalisation in biodiesel, and solar-thermal and geothermal technologies, to be realised, however, additional reforms may be required in importing countries’ domestic policies, especially those affecting the pricing of liquid fuels, competition in the electricity sector, and protection of the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/358734455580
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    Special and Differential Treatment Under the GATS (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.26
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report sets out the particular approach to special and differential treatment (SDT) in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). In particular, the report explores how the degree of flexibility afforded to all Members under the GATS shapes its approach to SDT. Further, the report analyses the current proposals for improving SDT provisions in the context of the GATS. Finally, some initial empirical evidence on the use and effectiveness of SDT provisions in the GATS is presented, both in terms of market access in sectors of export interest to developing countries and services-related technical assistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/786764616255
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    Synergies Between Trade in Environmental Services and Trade in Environmental Goods (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Synergies entre les échanges de services environnementaux et les échanges de biens environnementaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper examines the synergistic relationships between trade in environmental services and trade in environmental goods. It forms part of a series of OECD studies that analyse various issues related to Paragraph 31(iii) of the World Trade Organization’s 2001 Doha Development Agenda, which mandates negotiations at the WTO on “the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.” For the purpose of this study, environmental services are defined as wastewater management services, solid-waste management services, sanitation and similar services and other environmental services. Services related to the collection, purification and distribution of water are also discussed in the paper. After describing the nature of each environmental service, the paper identifies broad categories of goods used in the performance of those services, and notes that for some goods environmental services are what is driving growth in their markets. The analysis then draws on case studies of actual business-to-business exports of environmental services, mainly from OECD countries to developing countries, to form general insights into the kinds of environmental goods used by service providers, and how these goods are procured. The case studies provide qualitative evidence that many of the goods included on either the APEC or the OECD lists of environmental goods are used in the performance of environmental services. These include, in particular, items for holding, conveying, treating and filtering liquids, and instruments for monitoring and measuring. Many of these goods are procured from local suppliers, if not initially then over time as local demand for the associated services develops. The benefits to the businesses that engage environmental-service providers are many, allowing them to concentrate on their core activities, and to shift some of the liability of meeting environmental regulations to other companies. Local employment is also generated. The general implication of this study for developing economies is that the potential benefits to simultaneously liberalising trade in environmental services and in environmental goods are likely to be much greater than liberalising trade in only one or the other.
    DOI: 10.1787/888663013653
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    Liberalising Trade in 'Environmental Goods' : Some Practical Considerations (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/05
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This chapter explores some practical issues that have arisen in the WTO negotiations on environmental goods and services, especially issues pertaining to liberalising trade in environmental goods. Since environmental goods are not covered by a single chapter of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) — the international basis for codifying trade and tariffs — an agreement on environmental goods must be defined by reference to an agreed list. In such a case, when the most detailed (6-digit) product level is insufficiently specific, it becomes necessary to agree to create common commodity descriptions at the 8- or 10-digit level in national tariff schedules. Another important concern is the so-called “dual use” problem: many goods with environmental uses also can be used for nonenvironmental purposes. Possible solutions to these problems are explored, drawing on past experience in negotiating and implementing sectoral liberalisation agreements. The chapter also discusses issues relating to separate tariff lines for whole plants and to goods distinguished by their superior environmental performance in use. Finally, it considers some procedural and institutional issues that will have to be addressed before an agreement is concluded, notably whether to allow for the periodic addition of new goods to the agreement, and how to deal with the problem of changes over time in the relative environmental performance of competing goods.
    DOI: 10.1787/888676434604
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    Regional Trading Arrangements and the Multilateral Trading System : Agriculture (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.15
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Following up a 2003 publication by the Trade Committee, this paper examines the treatment of agriculture in regional trading arrangements (RTAs) against the background of treatment under the multilateral trading system (MTS). This paper describes 18 RTAs and its findings may not be generalizeable to the 169 RTAs that have been notified to the WTO. The relationship between the treatment of agriculture in RTAs and that within the MTS is complex. This paper contains illustrates the topography of agricultural treatment within RTAs under four separate headings including: coverage, domestic support, contingency protection and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations. This descriptive analysis is prepared both as a basis for assessing progress on agriculture in RTAs and as frame of reference for considering the treatment of agriculture at the multilateral level.
    DOI: 10.1787/225152610778
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  • 78
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    Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures : Customs Fees and Charges on Imports (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.14
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analyse des mesures non tarifaires : Redevances et impositions douanières sur les importations
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study examines the nature and the extent of use of customs fees and charges that affect imports at borders. It is part of a series of studies that analyse various types of non-tariff measures and the objective of this paper is to contribute to discussions in the Negotiating Group on Market Access (NAMA), the Council on Trade in Goods and elsewhere in the trade policy community. The analysis draws on data collected from WTO Trade Policy Reviews, non-tariff barrier notifications to NAMA, and the UNCTAD TRAINS database and country notes. The study reveals that most types of customs fees and charges on imports are applied ad valorem rather than with regard to the underlying costs of the services rendered. The use of customs fees and charges has also evolved over time: the use of both customs surcharges and consular invoice fees has markedly declined over the last two decades while more countries nowadays charge importers fees for the use of various customs-related services.
    DOI: 10.1787/251376621576
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    Environmental Goods and Services : A Synthesis of Country Studies (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biens et services environnementaux : Synthèse d'études de cas par pays
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study presents a synthesis of 17 country studies on environmental goods and services (EG&S) commissioned by the OECD, UNCTAD and the UNDP. The countries examined are Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Thailand and Vietnam. Its aim is to identify determinants of demand for EG&S; to show common themes and experiences in the EG&S markets of different countries; and to draw attention to key trade, environment and development policy linkages. It also seeks to contribute to the exchange of expertise and experience in the area of trade and environment so that liberalisation of trade in EG&S can benefit all countries, developing and developed alike.
    DOI: 10.1787/280726722646
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  • 80
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    Analysis of Non-Tariff Barriers of Concern to Developing Countries (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 85 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.16
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analyse des obstacles non tarifaires touchant les pays en développement
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper identifies non-tariff barriers (NTBs) faced by developing countries in their trade with developed countries and in South-South trade. The goal is to raise awareness of barriers that interfere with the ability of developing countries to build up trade. Data collected and analysed consist of the academic literature, notifications by developing countries to the Negotiating Group on Market Access for Non- Agricultural Products (NAMA) of the Doha Development Agenda, business surveys, and records relating to trade disputes brought before the World Trade Organization and regional dispute settlement mechanisms. The chapter identifies the categories and types of measures that are most reported and the products affected by the reported measures. Attention is also drawn to developing countries’ forwardlooking export strategies and related potential barriers. Overall, the chapter highlights similarities and differences in barriers reported in the data reviewed and compares barriers reported for trade with developed countries and for trade among developing countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/223281783722
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    Liberalisation of Trade in Renewable-Energy Products and Associated Goods : Charcoal, Solar Photovoltaic Systems, and Wind Pumps and Turbines (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Libéralisation des échanges de produits liés aux énergies renouvelables et de biens associés : Charbon de bois, systèmes solaires photovoltai͏̈ques, aérogénérateurs et pompes éolien
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Numerous studies and events over the past several years have stressed the importance of eliminating barriers to trade in renewable forms of energy and the technologies used to exploit them, as part of a broader strategy to reduce dependence on more-polluting and less secure energy sources. This paper examines the implications of liberalising trade in renewable energy, focussing on several representative fuels and technologies (charcoal, solar photovoltaic systems and their complements, and wind turbines and wind pumps). Eliminating tariffs on renewable energy and associated goods — which are 15% or higher on an ad valorem basis in many developing countries — would reduce a burden on consumers of energy, particularly people living in rural areas of developing countries, as it is in such areas that many renewableenergy technologies are making, and are likely to make, their greatest contribution. Manufacturers located in OECD countries would benefit from increased trade in renewable-energy technologies and components, but so would a growing number of companies based in developing countries. The elimination of tariffs would also help to level the playing field between aid-financed goods, which often benefit from tariff waivers, and goods imported through normal market transactions, which often do not. For the maximum benefits of trade liberalisation in renewable-energy technologies to be realised, however, additional reforms may be required in importing countries’ domestic policies, especially those affecting the electricity sector in general, rural electrification in particular, and the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/216364843321
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    Environmental Goods : A Comparison of the APEC and OECD Lists (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2005/04
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper compares two lists of environmental goods that have been used in the WTO negotiations on liberalising trade in environmental goods and services. It describes the genesis of the lists, which were compiled in the late 1990s. The OECD list was developed as a basis for analysing trade and tariffs. The APEC list emerged from nominations by member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation forum, as part of an effort to attain early voluntary liberalisation of trade in particular sectors. The concluding section of the chapter identifies common elements in the two lists and explains important differences.
    DOI: 10.1787/274615168441
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    Trade Policy : Promoting Investment for Development (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.19
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report describes the complex and changing interrelationship between trade, domestic investment and foreign direct investment (FDI) and provides examples of good practices in trade policymaking that create a healthy investment climate in developing countries. A two-by-two taxonomy is used to analyse the impact of policies affecting imports and exports in both host and home countries. After describing a typical investment project and its participants, the study identifies issues and practices that trade policymakers may wish to address to ensure that their trade policies attract investors and enhance the benefits of investment for development. The purpose of the document is to develop a framework for an operational and practical guide for trade policymakers. As such, it was circulated as a background document for the OECD Initiative on Investment for Development: A Policy Framework for Investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/182562483087
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    Libéralisation des échanges de produits liés aux énergies renouvelables et de biens associés : Charbon de bois, systèmes solaires photovoltai͏̈ques, aérogénérateurs et pompes éolien (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Liberalisation of Trade in Renewable-Energy Products and Associated Goods: Charcoal, Solar Photovoltaic Systems, and Wind Pumps and Turbines
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Depuis plusieurs années, de nombreuses études et manifestations ont souligné qu'il importait d'éliminer les obstacles au commerce des formes renouvelables d'énergie et des technologies intervenant dans leur exploitation, dans le cadre d'une stratégie plus générale de réduction de la dépendance à l'égard de sources d'énergie plus polluantes et moins sûres. Le présent document traite des conséquences de la libéralisation des échanges dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, en s'attachant plus particulièrement à plusieurs sources d'énergie et technologies représentatives (charbon de bois, systèmes solaires photovoltaïques et leurs compléments, aérogénérateurs et pompes éoliennes). L'élimination des droits de douane sur les énergies renouvelables et les biens associés — qui sont de 15 % ou plus et sont calculés ad valorem dans de nombreux pays en développement — allègerait la charge qui pèse sur les consommateurs d'énergie, en particulier sur les populations des zones rurales des pays en développement, là où précisément nombre des technologies liées aux énergies renouvelables apportent, ou sont susceptibles d'apporter, leur plus importante contribution. L'essor du commerce des technologies des énergies renouvelables et de leurs composants profiterait aux fabricants situés dans les pays de l'OCDE, mais aussi à un nombre croissant d'entreprises des pays en développement. L'élimination des droits de douane contribuerait aussi à instaurer des règles du jeu équitables entre les biens financés par l'aide, qui bénéficient souvent d’exemptions de droits, et les biens importés dans le cadre de transactions commerciales normales, qui en bénéficient rarement. Pour optimiser les avantages tirés de la libéralisation des échanges de technologies liées aux énergies renouvelables, il pourrait cependant se révéler nécessaire d'engager de nouvelles réformes des politiques intérieures des pays importateurs, notamment celles touchant au secteur de l'électricité en général, à l'électrification des zones rurales en particulier, et à l'environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/373358277553
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  • 85
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    Synergies entre les échanges de services environnementaux et les échanges de biens environnementaux (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Synergies Between Trade in Environmental Services and Trade in Environmental Goods
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Le présent document traite de la question des synergies entre les échanges de services environnementaux et les échanges de biens environnementaux. Il fait partie d'une série d'études de l'OCDE analysant diverses questions en rapport avec le paragraphe 31(iii) du Programme de Doha pour le développement adopté en 2001 par l'Organisation mondiale du commerce, qui demande que des négociations soient engagées à l'OMC sur « la réduction ou, selon qu'il sera approprié, l'élimination des obstacles tarifaires et non tarifaires visant les biens et services environnementaux. » Aux fins de la présente étude, la définition des services environnementaux englobe les services de gestion des eaux usées, les services de gestion des déchets solides, les services d'assainissement et services analogues et les autres services environnementaux. Les services liés au captage, à l'épuration et à la distribution de l’eau sont aussi examinés dans ce document. Après avoir décrit la nature de chaque service environnemental, l'étude définit les grandes catégories de biens utilisés dans la prestation de ces services, et note que pour certains biens, ce sont les services environnementaux qui stimulent la croissance des marchés. L'analyse s'appuie ensuite sur des études de cas réels ayant trait à des exportations interentreprises de services environnementaux, principalement en provenance de pays de l'OCDE à destination de pays en développement, pour donner un aperçu général des types de biens environnementaux utilisés par les prestataires de services, et de la façon dont ces derniers se procurent ces biens. Les données qualitatives présentées dans les études de cas montrent que bon nombre des biens environnementaux figurant sur les listes de l'APEC ou de l'OCDE sont utilisés dans la prestation de services environnementaux. C'est notamment le cas des articles permettant de contenir, transporter, traiter et filtrer des liquides, ainsi que des instruments de surveillance et de mesure. Nombre de ces biens sont obtenus auprès de fournisseurs locaux, soit d'emblée, soit après que la demande locale des services associés s'est développée. Les avantages sont nombreux pour les entreprises qui s'adressent à des prestataires de services environnementaux, car elles peuvent ainsi se concentrer sur leurs activités de base, et faire supporter à d'autres entreprises une partie de la charge que représente le respect des réglementations environnementales. Des emplois sont également créés au niveau local. Pour les économies en développement, la conclusion générale de cette étude est que les avantages potentiels d'une libéralisation simultanée des échanges de services environnementaux et des échanges de biensenvironnementaux sont probablement beaucoup plus grands que ceux de la libéralisation d'un seul de ces types d'échanges.
    DOI: 10.1787/413718745288
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  • 86
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    Biens et services environnementaux : Synthèse d'études de cas par pays (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Goods and Services: A Synthesis of Country Studies
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: En 2003, le Groupe de travail conjoint sur les échanges et l’environnement (GTCEE) de l’OCDE a demandé que sept études nationales soient consacrées aux avantages tirés de la libéralisation des échanges de biens et services environnementaux par des pays récemment admis à l’OCDE, en qualité de Membres à part entière ou d’observateurs. Dans le même temps, des travaux comparables ont été entrepris par la CNUCED (six études) et le PNUD (quatre études). Le présent document passe en revue les 17 études réalisées sous l’égide des trois organisations internationales dans les cas suivants : Brésil, Chili, Chine, Corée, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Israël, Kenya, Mexique, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, République dominicaine, République tchèque, Thaïlande et Vietnam.
    DOI: 10.1787/536755337102
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  • 87
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    The Role of Automation in Trade Facilitation (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.22
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper analyses customs automation which is one of the most powerful tools to increase customs efficiency. It focuses in particular on the benefits and implementation costs of automation. It is part of a series of studies that analyse various aspects of trade facilitation and the objective is to contribute to discussions in the WTO Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation. Based on cost estimations in customsrelated lending projects, the paper finds that the costs for implementing, maintaining and operating automated customs systems are substantial. However, the very great majority of WTO members have already implemented such systems and past experiences show that the financial benefits in many cases have exceeded the costs over time. Among the various lessons learned from successful implementation of automated customs systems, two are particularly worth highlighting. First, automation should not be considered a panacea for trade facilitation; and second, commitment and financial sustainability are prerequisites for successful customs modernisation involving automation.
    DOI: 10.1787/841420380004
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  • 88
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    Trade and Structural Adjustment (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064591
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les échanges et l'ajustement structurel
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: International competition, accelerating technological change and shifting societal concerns are important drivers of structural change, both within and across firms, industries and regions. As well as bringing undoubted opportunities, structural adjustment raises acute challenges. This must be acknowledged in making the case for open markets. This brochure aims to identify, for both developed and developing countries, the requirements for successful trade-related structural adjustment via the reallocation of labour and capital to more efficient uses, while limiting adjustment costs for individuals, communities and society as a whole. It draws on a longer study incorporating detailed sectoral case studies...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064591-en
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  • 89
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    Trade that Benefits the Environment and Development : Opening Markets for Environmental Goods and Services (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264035782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biens et services environnementaux ; Pour une ouverture des marchés au service de l'environnement et du développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biens et services environnementaux : Pour une ouverture des marchés au service de l'environnement et du développement
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade that benefits the environment and development
    RVK:
    QT 000
    Keywords: Natürliche Ressourcen ; Umweltwirtschaft ; GATS ; OECD-Staaten ; APEC-Staaten ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Umweltschutzindustrie ; Umweltschutz ; Dienstleistung ; Außenhandel ; Liberalisierung
    Abstract: This collection of studies is intended as a practical tool to help negotiators navigate the numerous, complex issues that have arisen in international discussions over liberalising trade in environmental goods and services. In addition to explaining the background to the two earlier lists of environmental goods (stemming from separate efforts by the OECD and by the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum), the different chapters: Explore various practical issues related to the classification of environmental goods, including "dual use" goods. Provide concrete examples of synergies between trade in environmental services and environmental goods. Synthesise the findings of various country studies on environmental goods and services undertaken by the OECD and other inter-governmental organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264035782-en
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  • 90
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    Répondre aux préoccupations des pays en développement au sujet des mesures environnementales et sanitaires : Enseignements tirés des exemples nationaux (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Market-Access Concerns of Developing Countries arising from Environmental and Health Requirements: Lessons from National Experiences
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Ce rapport fait le bilan des enseignements tirés d’une série de vingt études de cas réalisées par l’OCDE sur les problèmes spécifiques d’accès aux marchés que rencontrent les exportateurs des pays en développement du fait des exigences environnementales et sanitaires des pays développés. Reposant aussi sur des études de cas de la CNUCED et sur les échanges qui ont eu lieu à l’occasion d’un atelier organisé dans le cadre du Forum mondial sur les échanges à New Delhi, en novembre 2002, il met l’accent sur les solutions trouvées pour remédier à ces problèmes. Ceux-ci sont répartis en deux sections, la première concernant les besoins d’information et de renforcement des capacités des exportateurs des pays en développement, auxquels répondent à la fois les autorités nationales et les organisations non gouvernementales, et la deuxième les procédures d’élaboration, de mise en œuvre et de révision des réglementations et des normes. Bien que les problèmes examinés touchent une grande variété d’exportations et de productions fondées sur les ressources naturelles, ainsi qu’un échange de services, et concernent d’importants marchés à l’importation de la zone de l’OCDE, il n’est pas possible de tirer de conclusion générale sur l’ampleur des problèmes d’accès aux marchés créés par les mesures environnementales et sanitaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/654746870204
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  • 91
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    Addressing Market-Access Concerns of Developing Countries arising from Environmental and Health Requirements : Lessons from National Experiences (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.5
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Répondre aux préoccupations des pays en développement au sujet des mesures environnementales et sanitaires : Enseignements tirés des exemples nationaux
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This report represents the stock-taking of the lessons learned from a series of twenty OECD case studies which examined specific market access problems arising from environmental and health requirements faced by developing country exporters. Together with a series of UNCTAD case studies and the experiences exchanged at an OECD Global Forum on Trade workshop, held in New Delhi in November 2002, the focus is on the approaches that contributed to addressing the market access difficulties. These are divided into two sections: first, those addressing information flows and capacity building needs of developing-country exporters, undertaken both by governments and non-governmental organisations; and then the procedures in developing, implementing and reviewing regulations and standards. While covering a range of natural resource-based exports and manufactures and one traded service in key OECD import markets, no generalisation can be drawn regarding the scale of the market-access problems created by environmental and health requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/680373044623
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  • 92
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    Comercio internacional y estándares laborales básicos (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064850
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Trade and Core Labour Standards
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les échanges internationaux et les normes fondamentales du travail
    Keywords: Employment ; Trade
    Abstract: What are the major developments with respect to trade and labour standards since the OECD’s 1996 study on Trade, Employment and Labour Standards? What is being done to promote these standards? What evidence is there of progress? What are the possible links between core labour standards, trade, foreign direct investment, economic development and employment? International Trade and Core Labour Standards addresses these and related questions. It also provides a current overview of key issues with respect to core labour standards and their relation to trade and employment, aiming to provide a common basis for constructive policy dialogue among the concerned parties in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064850-es
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  • 93
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    GATS: Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264596450
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS; The Case for Open Services Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services ; L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS: The Case for Open Services Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services : L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Das Allgemeine Abkommen über den Handel mit Dienstleistungen (GATS) zählt zu den bedeutendsten Leistungen der multilateralen Handelsdiplomatie des späten 20. Jahrhunderts, steht aber auch im Mittelpunkt der handelspolitischen Kontroversen zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Mit dieser Untersuchung werden drei Ziele verfolgt: Erstens gilt es, die wirtschaftlichen Argumente für Reformen des Dienstleistungssektors sowie die politischen Beweggründe für eine Öffnung der Dienstleistungsmärkte durch Liberalisierung von Handel und Investitionen in Erinnerung zu rufen. Zweitens sollen die Bedenken über die Auswirkungen des GATS zerstreut werden, indem die Wirkungsweise des Übereinkommens, die damit von den WTO-Mitgliedern eingegangenen Verpflichtungen sowie die ihnen im Rahmen des Übereinkommens offen stehenden Optionen erläutert werden. Und drittens sollen einige besonders wichtige Verhandlungsthemen im Rahmen der derzeitigen GATS-Runde aufgezeigt werden, wobei den Interessen und Sorgen der Entwicklungsländer besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt und erneut auf die Chancen verwiesen wird, die das GATS für die Umsetzung entwicklungsfördernder Reformen auf den Dienstleistungsmärkten bietet.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264596450-de
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  • 94
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    GATS: The Case for Open Services Markets (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264196452
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services ; L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS; Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés de services : L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. GATS: Plädoyer für offene Dienstleistungsmärkte
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This study recall the economic case that underpins the GATS, addresses concerns over the effects of the GATS, and points out some of the key negotiating challenges of the current GATS round.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196452-en
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  • 95
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    Strengthening Trade Capacity for Development (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194755
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The DAC Guidelines
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer les capacités commerciales au service du développement
    Keywords: Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Developing countries want to join in the globalisation process. However, the increasing complexity of global markets, the new challenges of the multilateral trading system and the competing demands of regional, bilateral and multilateral trade agreements confront developing countries with an expanding array of competitiveness and policy challenges. And, in many cases, they lack the institutional and human resource capacity to meet these challenges. The DAC Guidelines on Strengthening Trade Capacity for Development have been prepared on the basis of an emerging international consensus and understanding of how the international community can work together more effectively. They intend to help developing countries enhance their capacity to trade and participate more effectively in the international rule-making and institutional mechanisms that shape the global trading system. They also provide a common reference point for the trade, aid and finance communities, putting trade capacity building in the context of comprehensive approaches to development and poverty reduction.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194755-en
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  • 96
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    The Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Arrangement relatif à des lignes directrices pour les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This is the 1998 Arrangement. The main purpose of the Arrangement is to provide the institutional framework for an orderly export credit market; it aims to prevent an export credit race in which exporting countries compete on the basis of who grants the most favourable financing terms rather than on the basis of the price and quality of the product. The Arrangement sets limits on the terms and conditions for export credits involving credit terms of two years or more - that is, that are insured, guaranteed, extended, refinanced or subsidised by or through export credit agencies. In addition to providing a framework for official export credits, the Arrangement sets out rules for tied aid and for risk-based premium fees. The Arrangement is a gentlemen's agreement; it is not an OECD legal Act. The Participants to the Arrangement are most OECD Member countries
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189874-en
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  • 97
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    Open Markets Matter : The Benefits of Trade and Investment Liberalisation (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162938
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés ; Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés : Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: The benefits of open markets are tangible. In the last decade, countries that have been more open to trade and investment have achieved double the average annual growth of more closed economies. More individuals, firms and nations than ever before depend on the gains from trade and investment liberalisation. Yet anxiety about the effects of greater market integration remains. It is essential for long-term world prosperity that countries' commitment to trade and investment liberalisation be sustained. To be credible, that commitment must be rooted in and enjoy broad public support and understanding. This makes it all the more important to communicate what trade and investment liberalisation can and cannot do and be held responsible for. Trade and investment liberalisation is not painless. It should not be viewed as a cure-all nor presented as an end in itself. It is, however, an essential component of any coherent set of policies aimed at helping societies adjust to - and take advantage of - technology-driven transformations whose pace and depth are unprecedented. The stakes are high. This book examines the various channels through which open markets deliver considerable benefits to societies and their citizens; recalls the real pocket-book costs of protectionism; and addresses the full range of concerns that feature prominently in ongoing discussions over the effects of market liberalisation on employment, income distribution, environmental protection and national sovereignty. A central message of this book is that liberalisation forms part of the solution to the concerns of citizens, rather than being their root cause. The book's comprehensive treatment of the ins and outs of trade and investment liberalisation should make an important contribution to the public debate. It is essential reading for public officials, business leaders and private citizens who wish to take an active part in it.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162938-en
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  • 98
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    Trade, Employment and Labour Standards : A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Recent years have witnessed growing concern over the controversial issue of trade and labour standards. In a context of intensified international competition, alleged cases of child labour exploitation or of denial of rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining in some developing countries have been perceived by some in developed countries not only as a violation of human rights but also as unfair trade practices. On the other hand, developing countries generally respond that these concerns are unfounded and reflect disguised protectionist preoccupations. What are the relevant core labour standards in this discussion? Do countries with low levels of core labour standards gain an unfair trade advantage over countries with high standards? What are the advantages and disadvantages of possible mechanisms to promote core labour standards? This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of these questions and reviews evidence for a large number of countries throughout the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104884-en
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  • 99
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    Main Developments in Trade : 1995 Edition (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This annual report, covering events in 1994, is a concise factual compendium of cross-country trade and trade-related developments. It chronicles intense activity in the world trading system: the historic signing of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round; preparations for the entry into force of the new World Trade Organisation; and a deepening trend towards regional economic integration, marked by developments in Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162099-en
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