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  • 2015-2019  (243)
  • 2016  (243)
  • World Bank Group  (221)
  • Independent Evaluation Group  (22)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (243)
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  • 2015-2019  (243)
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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (243)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Special Economic Zones in the Dominican Republic : Policy Considerations for a More Competitive and Inclusive Sector (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic is often considered an example of the successful implementation of Special Economic Zones (henceforth SEZs) in the Western hemisphere. The zones fueled economic growth during the 1980s and 1990s and, while they experienced a sharp decline in employment due in part to the expiry of the end of the Multi-Fiber Agreement and stronger international competition in the textile and apparel industry in 2005, signs of recovery have been observed since 2009. Surgical equipment, chemicals and plastics, and footwear have recently emerged as the new drivers of export dynamism in the zones (World Bank, 2015). The objective of this report is to inform the policy discussion around the developmental impact of SEZs in the Dominican Republic by empirically assessing i) the implications of regulatory reforms aimed at complying with WTO disciplines regarding the elimination of incentives conditioned on export performance for SEZs firms, ii) the extent to which SEZs participate in Global Value Chains, and iii) their linkages with domestic suppliers. The report is organized as follows: The second section presents the historical importance of SEZ as an engine of economic growth in the country. The third section depicts the structural shift in terms of production in SEZs and evaluates the degree of value addition taking place in the Dominican Republic. The fourth section evaluates the degree and evolution of linkages between SEZs and local firms. The fifth section shows the impact of the regulatory changes in the SEZ regimen undertaken to comply with WTO disciplines. Finally, some conclusions and policy recommendations are presented in section six
    DOI: 10.1596/26103
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Russia : Subnational Governments' Fiscal Response to the Economic Downturn (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The aim of this note is to present and analyze subnational fiscal trends in Russia in the context of overall slowing economic growth and falling oil prices over the last few years. In particular, in 2015, GDP fell by 3.7 percent. Despite efforts to cut expenditures, the federal deficit increased to 2.4 percent of GDP. Subnational governments were also affected by the economic slowdown. Aggregate subnational revenues declined, in real terms, by 6 percent between 2014 and 2015. Revenues from taxes (including shares of federal taxes) fell by 4 percent while federal transfers fell by 13 percent. Nevertheless, the aggregate fiscal performance of subnational governments actually improved over this period. The nadir of subnational government finances occurred in 2013, when the consolidated subnational deficit reached 0.9 percent of GDP. Since then, it has shrunk. In 2015, the deficit was equal to only 0.2 percent of GDP. This was largely achieved by drastic cuts in spending. Spending in the social and infrastructure sectors both fell by 9 percent in real terms between 2014 and 2015. This note examines the fiscal prospects of subnational governments in Russia, focusing particularly on the nature of these spending cuts and whether they are sustainable over the medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/26101
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Myanmar Economic Monitor, May 2016 : Growing Economic Vulnerabilities (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: After two years of strong economic growth and macroeconomic stability, Myanmar faced a more difficult economic environment in 2015-2016. In 2015-2016, economic growth in Myanmar eased to 7 percent amid a supply shock from heavy flooding, a slowdown in new investment flows during an election year, and a more challenging external environment including lower commodity prices affecting Myanmar's main exports. The May 2016 edition of the MEM takes stock of recent economic developments, policy challenges, economic prospects, and upcoming policy priorities. Economic growth in 2016-2017 is expected to pick up, with a premium on sound macroeconomic policies and continued structural reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/24662
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate Competitive Industries : A Practitioner's Handbook (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Climate variability and resource scarcity pose an increasing threat to the growth and competitiveness of industry, and nowhere is this issue more significant than in the world's emerging economies. Governments and industry must work together to tackle this challenge. The World Bank Group's Climate Competitive Industries (CCI) initiative aims to assist client governments to improve the competitiveness of their manufacturing industry, by facilitating the adoption of cleaner technologies and more efficient practices, tailored to the needs of the private sector. This Guide is designed to provide practitioners with an understanding of the CCI initiative and step-by-step guidance on how to design, develop, and implement a CCI or equivalent program. This book has four modules. Module one provides an overview of the impetus for global action on resource efficiency and the pressures on and the roles of individual enterprises and governments in responding to the challenges and opportunities presented. This Module also provides an introduction to the World Bank Group's CCI initiative introduces the challenges of climate change and the global pressures on natural resources. Module two provides guidance on how to take an initial concept for an industrial resource efficiency program through to the design stage. It provides the tools to enhance the practitioner's understanding of a country's manufacturing base, including the main actors, opportunities, drivers, barriers and success factors. Module three provides guidance on how to implement a resource efficiency program within industry. It provides information on how to raise awareness and work with the core stakeholders throughout the process. Module four focuses specifically on the development of Standards and Labelling (S and L) initiatives
    DOI: 10.1596/25852
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supporting Growth and Stability in Afghanistan : The Country Partnership Framework Summary 2017 to 2020 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: There have been substantial improvements in development outcomes in Afghanistan since 2001, particularly in terms of improved access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity, and increased human development in education and health. However, some gains are now being eroded due to growing insecurity, stagnating growth, and rising levels of poverty. Economic growth in Afghanistan has slowed after a period of rapid growth between 2003 and 2012. While the Government of Afghanistan is committed to an ambitious reform program, it is doing so in the midst of political and economic uncertainty. Afghanistan remains a deeply fragile and conflict-affected country. The long years of war have hollowed out state institutions and led to widespread disenchantment with the ruling elite and have fueled the Taliban insurgency. Internal displacement as a result of conflict has led to over 1 million internally displaced persons.At the same time, the country's difficult topography, vulnerability to climate change, and growing population at 3 percent a year have imposed additional constraints on development. For economic growth to have any impact on poverty, it has to be particularly high and broad based to compensate for the high population growth rate and youth bulge. At nearly 50 percent, Afghanistan's proportion of population aged 15 years or below is the second highest in the world. Poor nutrition, especially of children, threatens welfare and education gains
    DOI: 10.1596/25849
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update, Winter 2016 : A Resilient Economy on a Slow Growth Trajectory (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The first part of the Economic Update analyzes recent macroeconomic trends and presents an assessment of the country's short- and medium-term outlook. The Kyrgyz economy has remained resilient to the adverse regional environment, but growth prospects are modest and adjustments needed.Overall, the macroeconomic situation improved slightly since the shock stemming from Russia's recession hit in [late 2014]. In the medium term, growth prospects should improve as remittances and the external demand environment recover.However, although risks have moderated, they remain elevated. The main sources of risk relate to possible adverse developments in neighboring economies, principally related to oil prices and exchange rate dynamics. This implies the need to rebuild fiscal buffers over the next 2-3 years through a mix of expenditure consolidation and revenue mobilization. The Special Focus Section discusses tax revenue reforms, presenting the findings of a recent World Bank Tax Administration Diagnostics Assessment (TADAT)
    DOI: 10.1596/25973
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fifth Ethiopia Economic Update : Why So Idle? Wages and Employment in a Crowded Labor Market (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Strong economic growth continued in 2014-15, but the drought slowed down Ethiopia's growth to 8 percent in 2015-16. Exports have had their worst performance in the last decade and the current account balance remained large. Inflation is remarkable stable given the recent drought and even declining; it stood at 5.6 percent in October 2016. Understanding the nature of urban labor markets is important for a successful transition to a manufacturing and service-oriented economy and to further reduce poverty. Many urban labor market trends are moving in the right direction although there has been little change in the structure of urban labor markets over time. Although jobs are being created faster than growth in the urban workforce, not enough jobs are being created for those with primary and secondary education. This economic update offers five policy recommendations to enhance urban labor markets: encourage firm creation and firm growth that creates jobs for non-graduates; increase labor productivity in the low-skill population segment by addressing constraints faced by firms in accessing capital (financial and physical) to ensure that the marginal product of labor increases above the nutrition-based wage; invest further in job training and technical training programs to build the skills of those in the job market: both for low-skilled workers to increase their productivity and for those with higher levels of education to increase their skill base; introduce targeted urban safety nets and labor market programs to invest in skills of low skilled employees and the unemployed, and provide financial support to enable their job search; and enhance the use of information communication and technology (ICT) to provide information on job vacancies throughout the city and reduce the cost of job search
    DOI: 10.1596/25747
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    Argentina Country Environmental Analysis (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The report is based in the diverse challenges faced by the environment and natural resource sector in Argentina, especially those relating to new challenges in the rural economy, but also by urbanization and industrial development. Steady economic growth, increasing equality, and structural economic transformations fundamentally change the features of environmental challenges - but also how they can be managed to help reverse environmental degradation, and to demonstrate that environmental sustainability, economic growth, and shared prosperity can be mutually supportive goals
    DOI: 10.1596/25775
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  • 9
    Online Resource
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    Republic of Senegal Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes : Accounting and Auditing (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This 2015 Accounting and Auditing Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC A&A) is the second assessment for Senegal. Its main objectives are to: (i) assess the degree of implementation of the 2005 recommendations and action plan and evaluate their impact on the accounting and auditing profession; and (ii) identify reforms that could be undertaken to further strengthen the accountancy profession and improve the quality of the country's financial information. Senegal is experiencing weak economic growth, attributable on one hand to the economy's vulnerability to domestic and external shocks and, on the other, to structural weaknesses linked in particular to the high costs of transport and energy, as well as an insufficiently attractive business climate. The implementation of the recommendations contained in this report will facilitate improvement in the quality and credibility of financial information in the country. These aspects could be key factors for improving the business climate and boosting investor confidence. This assessment focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the accounting and auditing environment that affect the quality of the financial information produced by private-lawentities for the use of their various external users. It includes a review of legal obligations, as well as the practices observed in the country. The reference framework serving as the basis of comparison for the analysis consisted of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS2), the International Standards on Auditing (ISA3) and the international good practices currently observed in the field of accounting and auditing regulation
    DOI: 10.1596/25713
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  • 10
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    Bhutan Public Financial Management Performance Report : Based on Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability 2016 Framework (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) places high priority on good governance, and sound public financial management is one of the key elements of good governance. Over the past decade, Bhutan has been making steady progress in strengthening public financial management covering budget preparation, budget execution, control, reporting and oversight. There is increased legislative oversight on budget approval through a Finance Committee and of audit reports through a Public Accounts Committee. As in other countries, the public at large has become more demanding in terms of transparent and efficient government. The purpose of the assessment of the Public Financial Management (PFM) performance of the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) was threefold: (i) to assess the quality (strengths and weaknesses) of PFM in the country against generally accepted international standards; (ii) to assess progress since the last Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment in 2010, and (iii) to provide RGoB and other stakeholders with a common source of information as a basis for further dialogue on PFM reforms. This assessment was carried out under the approach of full ownership by RGoB and self-assessment by its officials, with technical support from World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
    DOI: 10.1596/25722
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  • 11
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    North-East Nigeria Recovery and Peace Building Assessment : State Reports (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Since 2009, insecurity in the North-East of Nigeria has led to the loss of over 20,000 lives and the displacement of over two million people. Throughout the region livelihoods have been disrupted, and homes, public buildings and infrastructure destroyed. In a part of Nigeria where 80 percent of people rely on agriculture for their livelihoods, much has been lost. People have been forced from their land and livestock has been killed. In many areas, land mines and other remnants of war bring challenges for safe and voluntary return. While Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States bore the brunt of the direct impacts of the conflict, the three neighboring states of Gombe, Taraba and Bauchi have taken in scores of people who have been displaced, taxing their communities, economic resource, social services and infrastructure. Schools have been damaged, health clinics destroyed and many people have been left vulnerable by this crisis. The Government of Nigeria has made great strides in retaking and stabilizing large portions of the North-East, but the work to restore the lives of those affected is just beginning. This assessment, led by the Government of Nigeria and supported by local, national and international partners, has helped quantify the physical, social and economic impacts of the crisis in the North-East, and will inform the process of stabilization, peace building and recovery in the region. The RPBA is a necessary tool that will help us gather the resources and develop the capacities to address these challenges. The results will help reduce suffering in affected communities, restore a sense of normalcy and regain the trust of people in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/25779
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  • 12
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    Building a Better Future Together : Dominican Republic Policy Notes (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In preparing these policy notes, the World Bank intends to provide the incoming administration with some considerations and recommendations on key development policy issues. The focus of these policy notes is on the challenges that need to be overcome and the policy options that can be pursued to keep the Dominican Republic on a path of sustainable and inclusive growth. The sectors and thematic areas covered in the policy notes include: (i) recent trends in poverty and shared prosperity; (ii) the quality and coverage of public spending on the social sectors (education, health, and social protection); (iii) an assessment of the factors that can affect the quality and efficiency of infrastructure services in the sectors of water and sanitation, and electricity; and (iv) the factors that can affect the sustainability of growth from an economic, social, and environmental and climate resilience points of view. Each policy note describes succinctly the current country context, what the existing main challenges are in each sector, and what the focus of policy should be to secure sustainable and inclusive growth
    DOI: 10.1596/26045
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  • 13
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    Botswana Mining Investment and Governance Review (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Botswana Mining Investment and Governance Review (MInGov) collects and shares information on mining sector governance, its attractiveness to investors and how its activities affect national development. It reviews sector performance from the perspective of three main stakeholder groups "government, investors in the mining value chain and civil society" and identifies gaps between declared and actual government policy and practice. The reviews findings are: Performance across the minerals value chain is better in the latter stages related to investment, accumulation, and expenditure of mineral revenue. The mining policy and legal framework are largely sound. The environmental protection legislation is quite current and mostly based on 'good practice' except for access to Environmental Impact Assessments. Land use issues, including resettlement and compensation, require a more inclusive process and stronger legislated framework. A local content policy for the mining industry should be developed with mining sector participation to ensure that both the needs of government and industry are met. Institutions are for the most part staffed with trained, qualified people although sometimes there are not sufficient numbers of staff with the required experience. The top shared priority by all three stakeholder groups is Sector Management and Intragovernmental Coordination. MInGov's methodology focuses on the status of governance and investment conditions in the mining sector from the perspective of stakeholders, and as reportedin primary and secondary sources
    DOI: 10.1596/25225
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  • 14
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    Malawi Drought 2015-2016 : Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The highly variable climate of Malawi significantly influences the amount, timing, and frequency of precipitation resulting in frequent droughts and floods. In the 2015-2016 rainfall season Malawi was hit again by prolonged dry spells. In response to the dry spells, the Government of Malawi declared a state of disaster in April 2016, and a post disaster needs assessment (PDNA) was initiated in mid-May under the leadership of the Government of Malawi, with the assistance of the World Bank and the United Nations (UN). The PDNA also developed a recovery strategy for the 2015-2016 drought by defining and aligning a national recovery vision to long-term development objectives and by formulating a multi-sector framework of recovery interventions, while ensuring building-back-better and integrating gender and environmental considerations in the recovery strategy. The assessment process utilized a combination of secondary data from similar assessments that were ongoing at that time, along with primary data collection to fill in gaps and validate impacts. The PDNA defines a strategy for recovery, including its financial implications, while making recommendations to improve future drought resilience. The report is structured as follows: chapter one explains the background and objective of the PDNA; chapter two describes the country profile; chapter three provides an analysis of the drought and an overview of the humanitarian consequences and the government's immediate response; chapter 4 describes the approach and methodology of the PDNA; chapter five summarizes the overall damages and losses caused by the drought, as well as the recovery strategies and needs for each of the sectors considered in the assessment; chapter six describes the overall macroeconomic impact of the drought; chapter seven presents the human and social impact of the drought, including a gender analysis of specific sector recommendations for recovery; chapter eight provides details for the drought recovery strategy on the basis of the sector analysis; chapter nine analyses the challenges and lessons learned from the ongoing drought and recommendations for drought risk reduction and resilience; chapter ten summarizes the next steps and the way forward
    DOI: 10.1596/25781
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  • 15
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    Madagascar Economic Update, December 2016 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Even though a large majority of poor households are engaged in agriculture, per capita productivity and real levels of sectoral growth remain low in Madagascar. Approximately 80 percent of the population are engaged in agriculture, which provides the main source of income for households, albeit at subsistence levels. Cultivation practices are based on extensification strategies with implications for Madagascar's fragile natural resource base, rather than improving the productivity of existing farms and land use. To ensure Madagascar's growth prospects more inclusively benefit the entire population it will be crucial to improve the productivity of the agriculture sector. The first part of the this economic update has the World Bank's assessment of recent economic developments and the outlook over the short to medium term in Madagascar. The second part of this update focuses on Agriculture and Rural Development
    DOI: 10.1596/25745
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  • 16
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    Biodiversity Offsets : A User Guide (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth, including the full range of ecosystems, species, and genes. Biodiversity conservation efforts to date have achieved a great deal to help secure the continued functioning of many threatened ecosystems and the survival of numerous species. Biodiversity offsets can: (i) improve the conservation outcomes from large-scale development projects, and (ii) provide much-needed funding for protected areas and similar conservation efforts. This user guide provides introductory guidance on whether, when, and how to prepare and implement biodiversity offsets for large-scale, private, and public sector development projects. It also explores some of the opportunities that may exist for developing national biodiversity offset systems
    DOI: 10.1596/25758
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  • 17
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    Cluster Country Program Eevaluation on Small States : Pacific Island Countries Program Evaluation (FY05-15) (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This appendix is an adjunct to the main report. It is not intended as a free-standing Country Program Evaluation (CPE) on the World Bank in Tonga. It provides additional underpinning and evidence for the overall story of the Bank's relevance and effectiveness in the PICs provided in the main report. The Tonga country assistance strategy (CAS) was prepared in 2010 and covered the period from FY11 to FY14. The CAS signaled a considerable scaling up of analytic and financial support for Tonga (and the other PICs). It identified connectivity as the Bank's major contribution over the previous five years, through the support for increased temporary migration opportunities and the encouragement of telecoms reform that led to the opening of the market for mobile telephones. In addition to the two broad themes in the regional framework (connectivity and resilience), the CAS added a third: Supporting policy reform to strengthen growth prospects and improve service delivery. Going forward the Bank planned to make increased use of the development policy operation (DPO) instrument which would support Tonga during the very difficult period it was going through at the time, given the combination of coping with the global crisis and with natural disasters. There was to be emphasis on support for improved governance and public financial management (PFM) reforms. Under the theme of Building resilience against shocks, the Bank looked to tap the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) to provide support for integrated adaptation and disaster risk management (DRM) activities. The GFDRR would also be used to "climate proof" future infrastructure investment. The CAS also declares the intention in small island states like Tonga to be, more nimble in project preparation and give greater attention to implementation support. The Bank can at times be more of an elephant than a lynx
    DOI: 10.1596/35151
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  • 18
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    Knowledge-Based Country Programs : An Evaluation of World Bank Group Experience (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group is currently engaged in reflection and debate on how to improve the delivery of development support. Part of this debate concerns strengthening the knowledge agenda. The findings of this evaluation are particularly relevant because they speak directly to questions that the institution is deliberating. In particular, they address four key aspects of the "science of delivery": the role of local partners or local knowledge hubs; consultation with clients and other stakeholders in the process of designing knowledge services; delivery of knowledge on issues that are relevant to the client; and improving the way the Bank Group learns from upper-middle-income countries and intermediating this knowledge to other countries. The evaluation assesses knowledge-based activities in nine country programs selected from 48 knowledge-intensive programs supported by the Bank Group. It identifies the factors in the success or failure of those activities as they contribute to policy making or development outcomes. It also identifies areas of strength for the Bank Group as well as areas of weakness or risk. The main objective of the evaluation is to learn lessons from practices in a focus group of high-income and upper-middle-income countries that have knowledge-based programs with the Bank Group. The findings have implications for the Bank Group's knowledge work, including governance and incentives. Over the past 15 years, Bank Group country programs have shifted toward more intensive delivery of knowledge services relative to lending, and this trend is expected to continue. The evaluation was done on economic and sector work and non-lending technical assistance activities selected from a purposive sample of knowledge-intensive country programs. In addition, the evaluation assessed International Finance Corporation Advisory Services for their synergy with the Bank's analytical and advisory activities. The lessons from this evaluation could help leverage the Bank Group's global knowledge to meet the needs of countries that mainly rely on knowledge services and are not pressed for financing
    DOI: 10.1596/24704
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  • 19
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    The Role of Political Economy Analysis in Development Policy Operations (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This learning product reviews the extent to which political economy analysis (PEA) is used to improve the design of development policy operations (DPOs) and how effective it has been. Although the World Bank's mandate explicitly precludes it from engaging in politics, an understanding of the political economy is critical for the organization's effectiveness. A political economy perspective broadens the World Bank's operational considerations beyond technical analysis to the significance of power relations and the national political processes. This study mostly builds on evaluative findings from previous IEG work, including ICRRs, PPARs of long-term programmatic series (Tanzania, Vietnam, Uganda, and Ghana PRSCs). Supplementary evaluative evidence was gathered through a portfolio review of randomly selected DPOs, internal PEA reports, and Systematic Country Diagnostic reports (SCDs) relevant for DPOs. The study found that PEA can improve the design of DPOs by identifying implementation risks and mitigating action; there are different ways to make use of PEA; PEA can inform specific design elements, and that PEA can be used in self-evaluations to better analyze factors affecting program effectiveness and contribute to knowledge and improved design
    DOI: 10.1596/25866
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    World Bank Group Engagement in Situations of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The report discusses how challenging it is for the World Bank Group to provide assistance when middle-income countries experience situations of fragility, conflict, and violence. The government may have its own views on how and when to tackle the underlying issues, or may be reluctant to increase its borrowing to correct what may be seen as a localized or temporary problem. Through examining such cases, IEG concluded that the Bank Group's comparative advantage is supporting countries in tackling long-term development challenges, including early engagement and a sustained presence in conflict-affected areas, as well as continuous dialogue with the parties to violent conflicts, where possible
    DOI: 10.1596/24915
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    Evaluations that Matter : 2016 Annual Report (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: In keeping with our goal of informing the World Bank Group's activities and operations with timely, relevant evaluations, IEG refocused its work during the year. We introduced three strategic engagement areas (SEAs)-Inclusive Growth, Sustained Service Delivery for the Poor, and Environmental Sustainability. The strategic engagement areas aim to drive a more selective, coordinated, and focused approach within the organization and to align IEG's evaluation work more closely with the World Bank Group's priorities. The SEAs are also a platform for more effective stakeholder engagement-ensuring that IEG and Bank Group management engagement, for example, is focused on the most critical development challenges. IEG delivered a number of influential products during the year under each of the strategic engagement areas
    DOI: 10.1596/35152
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    World Bank Group Country Engagement : An Early-Stage Assessment of the Systematic Country Diagnostic and Country Partnership Framework Process and Implementation (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's new country engagement model consists of two separate but connected instruments: the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) and the Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The SCD assesses the constraints and the steps a country needs to take to achieve the twin goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity, and the CPF is the Bank Group's program of support to the borrowing country, typically over a five-year period. This evaluation found that the new SCD instrument has been well received, including by governments and development partners. The SCDs were strong in identification of opportunities for economic growth, but there were weaknesses in the dissemination of the reports, and a clear approach to governance was missing in some SCDs. The CPFs build on the country analysis in the SCDs, but aligning new program priorities has proven challenging, and there have also been weaknesses in how identified data gaps will be addressed. The identification of indicators for the results frameworks has been a strong point. The integration of IFC and MIGA into the CPF process has improved significantly, although some budget transparency issues remain. The expected areas of concentration for IFC and MIGA could be highlighted better in the results frameworks
    DOI: 10.1596/32123
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    Findings from Evaluations of Policy-Based Guarantees (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This paper is a survey of practices and results that have been observed in the implementation of PBGs, drawing largely upon four in-depth Project Performance Assessment Reports undertaken by IEG, in Serbia, Macedonia, and Montenegro. It also draws upon IEG's evaluations of Ghana's Poverty Reduction Support Credits, which provide background material on the 2015 Ghana PBG. A recent World Bank review of the Albania PBG was also taken into consideration. The report draws on IEG's technical analyses, coordinated with relevant units of the World Bank and, finally, interviews with a cross-section of World Bank staff. It therefore represents an initial step in building greater awareness of a relatively new and important tool in development finance
    DOI: 10.1596/25284
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    Financial Viability of the Electricity Sector in Developing Countries : Recent Trends and Effectiveness of World Bank Interventions (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) Learning Product addresses the effectiveness of World Bank interventions during fiscal years (FY) 2000-2015 in supporting client countries for improving the financial performance and long-term viability of their electricity sectors. Like other IEG learning products, this study is a synthesis of evaluation findings, cross-cutting lessons, and good practices from existing IEG evaluations, supplemented with a targeted literature review. This study compiled a comprehensive inventory of World Bank electricity sector investment projects approved during FY2000-2015 that contain components and covenants for improving sector financial performance and viability. IEG conducted a targeted literature survey to compile the latest analysis on electricity sector financial viability in developing countries and compiled the leading electricity utilities' profitability trends between 2003 and 2013 for a sample of 40 World Bank client countries. The study uses available data to characterize an empirical relationship between sector financial performance and sector outcomes. This study's analysis shows that most investment loans with financial components and covenants for the electricity sector show a moderately satisfactory or better performance regarding their financial performance objectives. This study book is arranged as follows: second chapter is an overview of developing country electricity sector financial performance and financial viability drivers, and it characterizes the link between financial viability and sector outcomes; third chapter covers the role of investment loans in improving sector financial viability and analyzes their performance; fourth chapter covers the role of development policy operations (DPOs) for improving sector financial viability and analyzes their performance; and fifth chapter summarizes the main findings and lessons from World Bank support for sector financial viability and illustrates them with relevant investment loan and DPO examples
    DOI: 10.1596/25174
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    Housing Finance : World Bank Group Support for Housing Finance (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Access to adequate housing is critically important to the health and wellbeing of the world's population. Yet, despite the fact that this statement is part of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and has been on the global policy agenda for many years, hundreds of millions of people continue to live in inadequate conditions with little or no access to decent housing. The demand for housing solutions will increase as urbanization and population growth persists. The United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) has estimated that the number of people living in slums around the world will rise to 900 million by 2020 if nothing is done. Asia and Africa will face special challenges, because urbanization in those regions is proceeding rapidly. Housing is frequently unaffordable to all but the top earners. A recent report estimates a housing affordability gap affecting 330 million households, with 200 million households in the developing world living in slums (McKinsey Global Institute 2014). Research has shown that more and better housing increases the welfare of occupants. Homeownership may increase stability and civic engagement, and provide financial security in old age. Improvements in housing also have important benefits to the economy. Housing construction and home improvement generate demand for professional, skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labor; and allow many micro and small businesses to flourish. The housing market is an important component of national economies and housing booms and busts can have significant effects on the macro economy and financial sector. The core purpose of this learning product is to generate knowledge and provide lessons learned from World Bank Group support to housing finance. Lessons were derived primarily from evaluated interventions in the form of World Bank loans or International Finance Corporation (IFC) investments and advisory services. World Bank technical assistance and knowledge products and interventions on housing finance matters were considered when provided in the context of lending operations. One limitation faced in preparation of this learning product was the lack of coverage of stand-alone World Bank advisory services
    DOI: 10.1596/24359
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    Lessons from Land Administration Projects : A Review of Project Performance Assessments (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: Land rights and the systems that administer them can vary significantly across the world and within countries (World Bank 2003). For a number of reasons, land rights may be unclear or insecure. Securing land rights plays an important role in driving economic growth and poverty reduction. In recent years there has been increasing awareness of the relevance of land tenure issues to food security, climate change, rapid urbanization, informality, and indigenous peoples' rights. The World Bank Group has a long history of developing and implementing projects aimed at securing land rights through a variety of interventions. This note synthesizes cross-cutting findings from 14 Independent Evaluation Group assessments of land administration projects that the World Bank has supported from 1998 to 2014. The project-level assessments reviewed for this report contain a wealth of information about how the Bank Group approached different problems related to strengthening land administration systems in diverse environments. This information is relevant to both land administration specialists and experts in other fields whose work is impacted by land tenure issues
    DOI: 10.1596/24407
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    Reliable and Affordable Off-Grid Electricity Services for the Poor : Lessons from the World Bank Group Experience (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This learning product draws upon existing IEG evaluations, project documents and analytical work relating to the World Bank Group's (WBG's) experience with supporting efforts towards the rapid scale up of off-grid electrification (pico-solar products, individual solar home systems, and micro and mini-grids), in client countries. The focus is on experiences geared towards efficiently and effectively integrating off-grid electrification scale-up efforts with grid rollout - within a national roadmap for achieving universal access in a given time-frame. Relevant findings and lessons are framed as strategic considerations to inform the design, development and implementation of country engagements tailored to the prevailing sector conditions and readiness; through capacity building, technical assistance, and investment lending
    DOI: 10.1596/25391
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    Water and Sanitation Services : Achieving Sustainable Outcomes with Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Indigenous peoples in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) are 10 to 25 percent less likely to have access to piped water and 26 percent less likely to have access to improved sanitation solutions than the region's non-indigenous population. Historically, Indigenous peoples have been marginalized from the development process in their own countries and still suffer discrimination from the mainstream societies today. Oftentimes, Indigenous territories are overlooked or avoided by Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) project planners and proponents given their lack of understanding of how to engage or carry out projects in collective or semi-autonomous Indigenous territories, the remoteness of these areas, and the high associated per capita cost of a potential operation, among other reasons. The significant gap in Indigenous peoples' access to WSS services, a basic human right that is closely linked to economic and social wellbeing, alongside the lack of established tools in the sector to guide engagement in Indigenous territories, motivated the creation of this Toolkit. The objective of the Toolkit is to provide practical guidance and operational tools to improve the inclusion of, engagement with, and delivery of sustainable WSS services to Indigenous peoples in LAC in order to permanently close the WSS service gap. The Toolkit summarizes the findings of interviews, consultations, and field visits carried out by a multi-sector, multi-national World Bank Team in 37 Indigenous communities located in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in seven LAC countries where the World Bank or other development actors had implemented WSS projects with Indigenous peoples
    DOI: 10.1596/25405
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    Competition in the GCC SME Lending Markets : An Initial Assessment (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have articulated a vision for sustainable economic development that highlights the need to diversify the productive base to reduce dependence on the hydrocarbon sector and create more employment opportunities for their young and growing population. This report analyzes how some key rules and regulations as well as institutional arrangements for the enforcement of competition law in the GCC may affect competition in the Small and medium enterprise (SME) lending markets. The findings of this report have several policy implications. This report identifies a number of areas where relevant regulations and institutional frameworks may impede competition in GCC SME lending markets, and require further investigation. Specific topics explored in this study include (i) restrictions to competition resulting from banking sector rules and regulations; (ii) the exercise of discretion by relevant institutions; and (iii) the role of institutional arrangements for the enforcement of competition law prohibitions and merger control. This assessment of the competition in the GCC's SME lending markets proceeds as follows: Chapter 2 presents the SME banking markets in the GCC by discussing the number and ownership patterns of banks, and evaluating measures of concentration and market power. Chapter 3 presents the results of an initial screening of selected areas of regulatory intervention that affect SME lending markets. Chapter 4 evaluates the effectiveness of competition laws in the GCC countries. Chapter 5 concludes by highlighting areas where further analytical work may be warranted
    DOI: 10.1596/25404
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    Kenya Economic Update, October 2016 : Beyond Resilience--Increasing Productivity of Public Investments (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Kenya is one of the bright spots in Sub-Saharan Africa. With economic growth rates sustained at above 5 percent, Kenya has outperformed the regional average, for 8 consecutive years. Robust domestic demand emanating from private consumption and government investment are the key drivers of growth, underpinned by a stable macroeconomic environment, lower oil prices, diversification, improved security perceptions, and ongoing structural reforms. Medium term economic prospects for Kenya remain robust. Ongoing public infrastructure investments will continue to play a 'crowding-in' role, easing transport and energy costs, and supporting economic expansion in construction andindustry. Private consumption will drive service sector growth, while agricultural sector will remain largely dependent on favorable weather conditions and timely availability of inputs. Though oil prices are expected to pick-up over the forecast horizon, Kenya's external sector account will remain healthy on account of a steady increase in remittances, a rebound in tourism and a rise in foreign direct Investment (FDI). Nonetheless, there exist downside risks that can dent future growth prospects. Risks to Kenya's future growth prospects that are not included in our baseline outlook emanate from both external and domestic sources. On the external front, these include weaker than expected growth in the global economy, volatility in global financial markets and a spike in oil prices. On the domestic front, these include delays to fiscal consolidation, adverse weather developments, and potential uncertainties associated with the run-up to 2017 elections that could lead to a wait-and-see attitude by investors, thereby dampening short-term growth prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/25380
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    Russia Economic Report, No. 36, November 2016 : The Russian Economy Inches Forward - Will that Suffice to Turn the Tide? (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Global growth is weak. It slowed down to 2.2 percent in the first half of 2016. While the Brexit vote has had a limited impact on global growth so far, growth in advanced economies (AE) has been disappointing. Amidst external headwinds, the recession continues in Russia, although the pace of gross domestic product (GDP) decline has slowed down. After a prolonged recessionary period, headline economic and financial trends and indicators are now picking up. Fiscal tightening at the federal level may also adversely affect the performance of some regions. For 2016, the authors project growth of the Russian economy at -0.6 percent, an improvement from earlier June forecast of -1.2 percent. This growth upsurge, however, is unlikely to turn the tide in terms of building a more diversified economy. While a detailed analyses of structural issues is beyond the scope, bolstering investor sentiment towards Russia by reducing policy uncertainty will help. One important step forward, particularly in light of eroding fiscal buffers with the reserve fund expected to be depleted in 2017, is a return of the medium-term fiscal framework
    DOI: 10.1596/25357
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    Ten Messages About Youth Employment in South East Europe (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Today, nearly half of youth in the six South East European countries (SEE6) are not in the labor market, and one quarter is inactive-not in employment, education, or training. These poor outcomes partly reflect a difficult recovery in SEE6 from the 2008 global financial crisis, which sent already high youth unemployment soaring to new heights. This paper presents 10 evidence-based messages on the youth employment challenges in SEE6. The 10 messages demonstrate that many factors disproportionately affect jobless youth. Often young people bear the brunt of the structural and cyclical vulnerabilities that are embedded in the functioning of labor markets in the region. But the challenges faced by cyclically unemployed and structurally jobless young people in SEE6 differ, and so do the policy responses to address them. For the former, it is vital to keep youth engaged in the labor market during recessions and build their human capital while the labor market recovers. For the latter, the policy agenda is deeper; it is necessary to address the disincentives to work and hire youth embedded in exclusionary labor regulations and labor taxation; equip new labor entrants with the skills the market needs; and improve their access to productive inputs, such as land, finance, and professional connections. Policy measures to combat joblessness could often have much more importance for youth than other age groups. But the SEE6 policy agenda to address youth unemployment and inactivity is not an isolated agenda; it is an agenda for higher overall employment with specific elements for youth. Therefore, measures promoting overall job creation should be complemented, not replaced, by measures focused on youth
    DOI: 10.1596/25375
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    An Integrated Framework for Jobs in Fragile and Conflict Situations (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Jobs are a high priority for development and stability in fragile and conflict-affected situations. Jobs contribute to poverty reduction, productivity and economic growth, and can promote social cohesion and reduce the risk of violence. However, the jobs environment is particularly challenging in situations affected by fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV), with various combinations of high political, economic and social risks, weak institutional capacity, a difficult political economy, and significant constraints on financial resources to support recovery and reconstruction. Thus, fragile situations have an urgent need for well-structured assistance to address these challenges and create job opportunities. To help strengthen its engagement on jobs in FCV, the World Bank Group (WBG) has developed an integrated jobs framework. The purpose of this note is to describe the framework, which has been adapted from the WBG's general jobs framework to incorporate the above dimensions of fragility and instability, and to outline the policy and operational implications for both the short and long run. Ultimately, the aim is to improve the support the WBG can offer to expand job opportunities across the range of FCV contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/25296
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    Belize Systematic Country Diagnostic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Belize has a rich history ...
    DOI: 10.1596/23953
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    Sri Lanka Ending Poverty and Promoting Shared Prosperity : A Systematic Country Diagnostic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Sri Lanka is in many respects a development success story. With economic growth averaging more than 7 percent a year over the past five years on top of an average growth of 6 percent the preceding five years, Sri Lanka has made notable strides towards the goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity (the 'twin goals'). The national poverty headcount rate declined from 22.7 to 6.7 percent between 2002 and 2012/13, while consumption per capita of the bottom 40 percent grew at 3.3 percent a year, compared to 2.8 percent for the total population. Other human development indicators are also impressive by regional and lower middle-income country standards. Sri Lanka has also succeeded in ending decades of internal conflict in 2009 and steps have been taken towards reconciliation. Sri Lanka's has had impressive development gains but there are strong indications that drivers of past progress are not sustainable. Solid economic growth, strong poverty reduction, overcoming internal conflict, effecting a remarkable democratic transition in recent months, and overall strong human development outcomes are a track record that would make any country proud. However, the country's inward looking growth model based on non-tradable sectors and domestic demand amplified by public investment cannot be expected to lead to sustained inclusive growth going forward. A systematic diagnostic points to fiscal, competitiveness, and inclusion challenges as well as cross-cutting governance and sustainability challenges as priority areas of focus for sustaining progress in ending poverty and promoting shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/23957
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    Modernization and Commercialization of Armenian Agriculture : Priorities for Sector Reform and Investment (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The study focuses on themes and areas that have been identified as highly relevant for the modernization and commercialization of the agriculture sector. The study originally aimed to review: agricultural marketing, processing and exports; food safety; agricultural 'cooperation, including farmers' groups; agricultural extension and agricultural insurance. This coverage was subsequently modified to: (i) avoid repetition of existing work; (ii) draw more extensively on WBG experience in other countries; (iii) address relevant long-term issues more directly; and (iv) to inform discussion of relevant issues on which little information was available. The proposed review of marketing, processing and exports, an area that has already been well studied - was thus replaced with a review of global experience in developing successful export-led agricultural industries. Similarly, the study of agricultural 'cooperation,' an area also widely studied, was replaced with an analysis of agricultural land markets. Both 'cooperation' and land markets are highly pertinent to the need to increase farm size to improve competitiveness. Land markets offer a more structural, long-term response to this problem, however, a response that so far has received little attention. Finally, an analysis of public expenditure on agriculture was added to provide insight into public expenditure on long-term versus short-term sector objectives. The review outlines the elements of a long-term framework based on building a cluster-based, institutional framework for horticultural exports, and suggests the need to prioritize associated development of agricultural extension, food safety, agricultural land markets and agricultural risk management. Horticulture is viewed as a vector for modernization and commercialization, due to its demonstrated potential for exports. The proposed framework would drive growth and change throughout the sector, however, due to the sector-wide impact of support for extension, food safety, land markets and risk management
    DOI: 10.1596/27989
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    What is Happening Inside Classrooms in Indian Secondary Schools? : A Time on Task Study in Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Government of India l ...
    DOI: 10.1596/26521
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    Bank Resolution and 'Bail-In' in the EU : Selected Case Studies Pre- and Post-BRRD (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In the aftermath of the 2007/08 financial crisis, and lacking sufficient coordinated guidelines or legislation, measures to address failing financial institutions in European Union (EU) Member States were taken at national level. In an effort to improve cross border coordination as well as to reduce future dependence on public money, the European framework for managing the failure of financial institutions was reformed, building upon the financial stability Board's key attributes. From January 1, 2015, all EU Member States were required to transpose the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) into their national law. A key element of the new powers is the bail-in tool, requiring banks to recapitalize and absorb losses from within, which was made mandatory as of January 1, 2016. These case studies have been selected as examples of how some EU countries tackled the resolution of several failing European banks. The focus of the case studies is on the application of bail-in features, i.e. statutory private loss absorption outside liquidation. Most cases studies also describe other measures used to deal with distressed financial institutions, including but not limited to government guarantees, capital injections, liquidity supports, and the creation of asset management vehicles to put the bail-in into perspective. The authors hope that, nevertheless, these real life examples of European banks' resolutions provide a useful and interesting source of reference. For more details on resolution under the BRRD, the authors invite the readers to refer to the FinSAC Guidebook Understanding Bank Recovery and Resolution in the EU: a Guidebook to the BRRD
    DOI: 10.1596/25975
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    Bangladesh Engaging the Private Sector in Education : SABER Country Report 2016 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In recent years, private sector engagement in education, which includes a vibrant mix of non-profit, for-profit and faith-based organizations, has grown significantly around the world. In the last two decades, the percentage of students in low-income countries attending private primary schools doubled, from 11 percent to 22 percent. This growth in private provision is closely connected to the boom in access that has taken place in low-income countries over the same two decades: primary net enrolment increased from 55 percent to 80 percent between 1990 and 2010. SABER-EPS research in Bangladesh has found that access to primary education is nearly universal and that retention rates of students to the last grade of primary school have increased significantly. However, in 2012, only 48 percent of children enrolled in secondary school. At both the primary and secondary levels, quality and equity are challenges. The private sector plays a significant role in education at both levels. At the primary level, the range of school options is broad, with 24 different types of institutions. The private sector accounts for nearly a quarter of enrolments at this level. The rest of the report provides an overview of SABEREPS, followed by a description of the basic education system in Bangladesh with a focus on the private sector and government policies related to the private provision of education. The report then benchmarks Bangladesh's policy environment utilizing the SABER-EPS Framework and offers policy options to enhance access and learning for all children in primary and secondary school. This report presents an analysis of how effectively the current policies in Bangladesh engage the private sectorin basic (primary and secondary) education
    DOI: 10.1596/26524
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    Impact of Counseling on Knowledge, Feelings and Actions of Over-Indebted Borrowers in Tajikistan (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: A growing body of empirical work suggests that personalized, just-in-time consultation about financial decision-making, with an emphasis on goal-setting, may be more effective to bring about improvements in financial consumer behavior than generalized, classroom-style education. With this in mind, IFC piloted campaigns to provide free, neutral, confidential financial counseling services to consumers in Tajikistan in early 2016, attracting about five thousand participants. Consultations included identification of personal financial goals, mapping out of major upcoming expenses and income, identification of risks, and opportunities for savings. In order to assess the impact of counseling campaigns on consumers' knowledge about their financial standing, feelings of readiness and capability to make good decisions, and actions to better balance income and expenses, maintain a household budget, IFC carried out an impact assessment of participants and control groups from two of the cities, Kurgantiube and Kulyab, at 0-, 3- and 6-months from the time of the counseling campaigns. The results provide valuable insights into the ways that counseling can drive financial consumers to change their behavior
    DOI: 10.1596/25384
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  • 41
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    Do the Poor Pay Twice? : Impact of Corruption in the Kyrgyz Republic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This study examines household perceptions and experiences with corruption in the Kyrgyz Republic. The aims of the study are two-fold: first, to assess the level of administrative corruption in public service agencies, and second, to assess the impact of corruption on different income groups. This Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) included a nationally-representative survey covering over 1,000 households in all regions of the country and focus groups with citizens, civil society organization (CSO) representatives, media and students
    DOI: 10.1596/25283
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    Poverty in Timor-Leste 2014 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: While the Timorese economy has shown signs of faster growth in recent years, and public spending has increased substantially, how the poor have fared through this period has remained largely unknown. The successful conclusion of the third round of the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards (TLSLS-3) in April 2015 provides an opportunity to update our understanding of poverty and of many other economic and social conditions. This report provides a detailed assessment of the methodological approaches and headline poverty results from the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards 3. The survey is the third in a series of mutually comparable, detailed surveys to assess a wide range of aspects of living standards in Timor-Leste. This survey is the last in the series. It was conducted over a twelve month period from April 2014 to April 2015. This report focuses on providing key results from the TLSLS-3 and a detailed account of the survey methods
    DOI: 10.1596/25269
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    The Role of Local Governments in Promoting Local Economic Development in Uganda (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: While Uganda has a long history of decentralized service delivery, and has instituted Local Economic Development (LED) as an additional mandate for local governments (LGs), there has been less progress in operationalizing the concept and practically implementing it across LGs in Uganda. In addition to their basic service delivery functions enshrined in the Local Governments Act of 1997, since 2006 LGs are also mandated by various policy documents to play a role in wealth creation, and increasing citizens' income levels. While the Government of Uganda (GoU)'s LED Policy does outline the strategic intervention areas that LGs should implement, there is still considerable confusion among LG staff as to what this entails on a day to day basis and there has been limited progress in implementation. At the request of the MoLG, the World Bank, therefore, commissioned this assignment in support of the Government of Uganda (GoU's) efforts to improve the capacities of LGs for promoting LED. The study focused on assessing three localities (Jinja Municipality, and Arua and Nwoya Districts), both in terms of their local economic potentials and enabling environment for business, as well as in terms of the institutional and policy context for promoting LED. The study used quantitative methodologies, to identify promising economic sectors in the three localities, as well as qualitative methodologies to identify the main constraints that those sectors currently face
    DOI: 10.1596/25359
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    Colombia : Policy Strategy for Public Financial Management of Natural Disaster Risk (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Disasters resulting from natural hazards represent an important challenge for Colombia's fiscal sustainability and stability. Colombia is one of the countries with the highest recurrence rate of disasters caused by natural hazards in Latin America (see the Annex)1. As the country's population and economy continue to grow, so will the economic losses resulting from such events, an average of 600 disaster events of which is reported per year2. Colombia's rate of economic growth is increasing the base of assets exposed to disaster risks, which may lead to significant increases in losses, particularly if investments in new assets are not accompanied by plans for mitigating disaster risk. The Government of Colombia (GoC) recognizes the importance of mitigating these events and has taken several steps to mainstream disaster risk management into its policy and programs, as evinced by the National Development Plan '2014-2018', 'all for a New Country'. The MHCP is committed to developing strategies for reducing its contingent liabilities in relation to disasters and to managing the fiscal risk resulting from these events. This document presents the priority policy objectives that have been established to assess, reduce, and manage fiscal risk due to natural disasters. It also describes the MHCP's efforts to progress its policy objectives in the long term. These policy objectives represent the MHCP's ex ante policy framework regarding management of financial and fiscal disaster risk. The MHCP identifies three priority policy objectives in order to strengthen management of the Government's contingent liabilities and thus support the goal of achieving macroeconomic stability and fiscal balance. The policy objectives are: (i) identification and understanding of fiscal risk due to disasters; (ii) financial management of natural disaster risk, including the implementation of innovative financial instruments; and (iii) catastrophe risk insurance for public assets
    DOI: 10.1596/25288
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    Afghanistan Systematic Country Diagnostic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Afghanistan is a deeply fragile and conflict affected state. It has been in almost constant conflict for over 35 years since the Soviet invasion of 1979. Today the country is at a crossroads in its development with economic growth down sharply and poverty incidence stubbornly high. Afghanistan faces tremendous development challenges. Gross domestic product (GDP) per-capita is among the lowest in the world, poverty is deep and widespread, and social indicators are still at very low levels. The new government has declared its commitment to address Afghanistan's development challenges, through its paper realizing self-reliance: commitments to reforms and renewed partnership presented at the London conference in December 2014. The purpose of this systematic country diagnostic (SCD) is to provide an evidence-based diagnostic within an objective framework to help in the identification of development priorities. Countries in conflict often face rapidly evolving circumstances and flexibility to adjust quickly is a necessity. The SCD is thus intended to set forth a broad and flexible framework for thinking about choices, prioritization, and sequencing
    DOI: 10.1596/23955
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  • 46
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    Systematic Country Diagnostic for the Eight Small Pacific Island Countries : Priorities for Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) covers eight small Pacific island countries (PIC8): Kiribati, Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The objective of the SCD is to identify the most critical constraints and opportunities facing the PIC8 to meet the global goals of ending absolute poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The report is intended to help these countries, the World Bank and other development partners establish a dialogue to focus their efforts around the key priorities and activities that have high impact and are aligned with the two goals. The regional approach of this SCD is driven by the similarity of development challenges faced by these countries and the importance of regional solutions to these challenges. The SCD also highlights that economic opportunities available to the Pacific island countries are limited. While these opportunities have been known for a long time, the experience of most of these countries in realizing these opportunities has been disappointing, reflected in the poor growth performance of the PIC8. A realistic assessment of these opportunities as well as of the measures needed to realize them is essential. In this context, deep sea mining is seen by some of the PIC8 as the next big opportunity, while at the same time many raise concerns about its possible environmental impacts. This is thus an area that would benefit from an objective assessment of risks and opportunities that could inform policy choices in the PIC8. With the liberalization of telecoms markets and investments in fiber-optic cables that connect many of the PIC8, new opportunities to overcome the tyranny of distance through a focus on knowledge products may become available and deserve a critical assessment. The Pacific Possible research program led by the World Bank Group is providing new insights into the potential of these game-changers
    DOI: 10.1596/23952
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of External Support in Building Tax Capacity in Developing Countries : Prepared for Submission to G20 Finance Ministers (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report responds to the February 2016 request from the G20. The report has been prepared in the framework of the Platform for Collaboration on Tax (the "PCT"), under the responsibility of the Secretariats and Staff of the four mandated organizations. The report reflects a broad consensus among these staff, but should not be regarded as the officially endorsed views of those organizations or of their member countries. The request arises in the context of increased recognition of the centrality to development of strong tax systems and of the importance of external support in building them, and a correspondingly increased willingness of advanced economies to provide substantially greater financing and other support for this. In that context, the report uses the experiences of the international organizations to analyze how support for developing tax capacity can be improved
    DOI: 10.1596/28409
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    Clean and Inclusive Cities in Argentina (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This document reviews the existing information on solid waste management and city cleanliness to understand how the country's municipalities are responding to this important challenge and how these services are supporting the growing urban agglomerations in the country. The review provides data by urban agglomeration but also includes data at the provincial and national level. It considers not only the service coverage and infrastructure but the role they play in a range of issues including the proximity of waste to people's homes, inequality of access to services, and the impact on municipal budgets. Informality, both in terms of informal employment in the waste sector and the ability of municipal services to reach informal and precarious urban settlements, is also considered. The review is intended as a compilation of data for use by local and national governments, international organizations, academics and non-governmental organizations in their ongoing efforts to improve cities. The data presented highlights the current service gaps and opportunities that can be explored to avoid the costs of congestion in order maximize Argentina's cities' role as an engine for inclusive growth
    DOI: 10.1596/28430
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    PISA 2015 : Europe and Central Asia (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2015, students from more than 72 countries and economies participated in PISA, an international assessment. Administered every three years by the OECD, PISA measures the skills of 15 year-old students in applying their knowledge of science, reading, and math to real life problems. PISA provides data on the strengths and areas for development in education systems, supports the development of effective policies, and allows for benchmarking country achievements relative to other participating countries. The World Bank has performed in-depth analyses using PISA 2015 data. The analysis provides insight into factors which determine which education policies have led to improvements - and those which should be strengthened, in various systems. This brief includes regional reports for the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and the European Union (EU). A summary for each regional report is included. This brief also includes individual analyses for 22 select countries and economies in the ECA region. The brief analyzes education system inequalities, the benefits of preschool attendance, and student factors, among many others, which impact performance
    DOI: 10.1596/28293
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  • 50
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    Nepal : Sources of Growth in Agriculture for Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Agriculture contributes a ...
    DOI: 10.1596/28333
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    Africa's Pulse, No. 14, October 2016 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: After slowing to 3 percent in 2015, economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to fall to 1.6 percent in 2016, the lowest level in over two decades. Low commodity prices and tight financial conditions, exacerbated by domestic headwinds from policy uncertainty, droughts, and political and security concerns, continued to weigh on activity across the region. The overall slowdown in Sub-Saharan Africa's growth reflects economic deterioration in the region's largest economies. Economic performance was notably weak across oil exporters. At the same time, in about a quarter of the countries, economic growth is showing signs of resilience. Indeed, the pattern of growth across countries is far from homogeneous, suggesting that Sub- Saharan Africa is growing at diverging speeds. While many countries are registering a sharp slippage in economic growth, some countries-Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Tanzania-are continuing to post annual average growth rates of over 6 percent, exceeding the top tercile of the regional distribution; and several other countries-including Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal-have moved into the top tercile of performers. The "established" and "improved" performers tend to have stronger quality of monetary and fiscal policies, better business regulatory environment, more diverse structure of exports, and more effective public institutions
    DOI: 10.1596/25097
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    Jordan School Feeding : SABER Country Report 2016 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents an assessment of school feeding policies and institutions that affect young children in Jordan. The analysis is based on a World Bank tool developed as part of the Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)an initiative that aims to systematically assess education systems against evidence-based global standards and goodpractice to assist countries in reforming their education systems for proper learning for all. School feeding policies are a critical component of an effective education system, given that children's health and nutrition impact their school attendance, ability to learn, and overall development. A school feeding program is a specific schoolbasedhealth service, which can be part of a country's broader school health program, and often a large amount ofresources is invested in a school feeding program. SABER-School Feeding collects, analyzes, and disseminates comprehensive information on school feeding policies around the world. The overall objective of the initiative is to helpcountries design effective policies to improve their education systems, facilitate comparative policy analysis, identify keyareas to focus investment, and assist in disseminating good practice.In late 2013, the World Food Programme (WFP) launched a Revised WFP School Feeding Policy that incorporates SABER-School Feeding. The revised policy requires every WFP country office with a school feeding component to undertake apolicy dialogue with the Education Sector in the country as part of capacity building activities. WFP decided to use SABER-School Feeding as one of their policy tools to guide the policy dialogue and to assess in a more systematic way the transition of school feeding programs to national ownership and/or the strengthening of national school feeding programs. WFP will integrate this tool into their project preparation from 2015 onwards. There are five core policy goals form the basis of an effective school feeding program. The first goal is a national policy framework.The second policy goal for school feeding is financial capacity.The third policy goal is institutional capacity and coordination.The fourth policy goal is sound design and implementation.The last policy goal is community roles-reaching beyond schools
    DOI: 10.1596/26525
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    Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities : Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Urban Environmental Profile (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has undergone a period of unprecedented urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city's natural environment. With a growth rate above or near 5% for the past three decades, it is the fastest growing city in East Africa. The arrival of thousands of in-migrants year after year has overwhelmed the city's ability to deliver adequate public services, housing and jobs. Unplanned, densely populated informal settlements that lack basic water, sewer, and waste services now cover much of the city's land area. At the same time, climate change is placing further strains on the city's ability to manage the urban environment. The projected rise in temperature, coupled with an increase in precipitation, could have wide-ranging impacts. A projected increase in the intensity of rainfall will result in storm runoff that exceeds the capacity of the city's infrastructure, causing flooding and the spread of pollution, of particular concern for low-lying informal settlements. Such conditions have degraded the quality of the city's natural environment and the vital ecosystem services that they provide. the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The Urban Environmental Profile for Dar es Salaam has been prepared as the first component of the assignment "Promoting Green Urban Development in Africa: Enhancing the Relationship Between Urbanization, Environmental Assets and Ecosystem Services," a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. The Profile summarizes the existing quality of the wetlands and other aquatic and terrestrial environmental assets, and identifies the key drivers of their environmental vulnerability, and the main institutional challenges and constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/26676
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    Analysis of International Funding to Tackle Illegal Wildlife Trade (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Wildlife brings significant ecological, cultural, and economic benefits to countries and regionsaround the world. In many developing countries, it is an engine for tourism, job creation,and sustainable development. Populations of some of the most iconic wildlife species areunder threat due to the illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and other pressures. There is growing momentumin the international donor community to combat IWT and ensure the survival of these species and therealization of benefits to local communities that live with them.The goal of this portfolio review is to assess the current state of international donor funding to combat illegal wildlife trade and to identify trends in investment in this sector in Africa and Asia since 2010. Information on investments to combat IWT is not readily available-donor procedures, processes, and systems to collect and report on funding data are often complex and time-consuming. This portfolio review addresses these challenges by collecting and analyzing IWT funding information across international donors and fills the knowledge gap of international donor IWT funding trends. It collects data on the significant international donor funding committed between January 2010 and June 2016 to combat IWT in Africa and Asia, which totals over USD 1.3 billion and is equivalent to approximately USD 190 million per year. This analysis provides a baseline to track future donor funding commitments and can be used to support additional donor coordination efforts. The data collected, database created, online repository, and points of contact established with donors can be used to further understand funding processes, effectiveness, and impacts and to inform donor strategic planning efforts. This analysis can be built upon in consultation with recipient countries to establish a vision of how best to optimize IWT financing in terms of priority geographic and thematic areas. Finally, a global understanding of existing contributions, trends, and target investment areas can facilitate collaboration and the sharing of lessons learned
    DOI: 10.1596/25340
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    Connecting Green Technology Entrepreneurs : Implications for Public Program Design (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In face of growing concern related to climate change, green technology entrepreneurs are critically needed to develop the businesses and ideas behind climate mitigation in developing countries - but they frequently collide with challenges endemic to such environments. The purpose of this study is to shed light on the role that connections can play in helping green technology entrepreneurs innovate and scale up in developing countries, so as to inform the design of new public sector programs. Green technology entrepreneurs in developing countries need connection platforms for people, ideas, business models, transactions, as well as membership of expert communities. This study shows how cheaper, quicker, and more efficient connections can be created among stakeholders of green technology innovation in developing countries. This is done through drawing insights from a variety of public and private programs that seek to promote connections between entrepreneurs in green technology and other sectors. The report is based on 14 case studies of different programs spanning more than 80 countries. The general findings are presented in part one and insights from the individual case studies can be found in part two
    DOI: 10.1596/24773
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    Delivering Energy Efficiency in the Middle East and North Africa : Achieving Energy Efficiency Potential in the Industry, Services and Residential Sectors (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The main objective of this report is to provide an intermediate step toward building more energy-efficient economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The present study complements the 2009 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) report by providing a quantitative basis for sectoral targeting and focusing on delivery mechanisms. Taking advantage of the results of the Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE) and preliminary results of the Readiness for Investment in Sustainable Energy (RISE) World Bank Survey, the report is able to assess the areas where countries in MENA can gain most from the energy efficiency (EE) potential and build an enabling environment for enhancing EE. Finally, the report draws on lessons learned on EE from other middle-income and high-income countries and brings in perspectives that can serve as beneficial for the MENA countries. The report focuses primarily on the three most electricity intense end use sectors: the industry, services, and residential sectors. For many countries in the MENA region, electricity shortages-often connected to the cost and availability of imported fuels-are key motivators for raising EE. This book is arranged as follows: 1) Chapter one seeks to provide a quantitative basis for considering EE priorities; 2) Chapter two presents a comprehensive, integrated framework to support EE; 3) Chapter three draws on examples from other regions of how energy savings have already been delivered through mechanisms involving two classes of agents-energy utilities and domestic finance institutions-whose participation is key to scaling up EE; and 4) Chapter four combines the information in the previous three chapters, and offers options for how to enhance EE in the MENA region
    DOI: 10.1596/25295
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    Turkey's Future Transitions : Republic of Turkey Systematic Country Diagnostic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Turkey made significant progress in poverty reduction and shared prosperity in the 2000s, but poverty is still an important challenge, particularly in some regions. Poverty and extreme poverty has decreased significantly in the past few years. This decrease in poverty was shared across both urban and rural areas. For the next ten years, the Bank will focus on several things. These include who will likely be the poor and the bottom 40, what will be the engine of growth and how growth can be sustainable
    DOI: 10.1596/26375
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    Mexico Financial Sector Assessment ProgramSistema de pagos Electonicos Interbancarios -- Assessment of Observance of the CPMI-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructure (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Sistema de Pagos Electranicos Interbancarios (SPEI) is an important pillar of a complex payment and securities settlement infrastructure, through which the payments of various markets are settled with finality. In 2015, SPEI processed transactions for the equivalent of 10 times the country's gross domestic product (GDP). It is supported by well-founded legal basis, and sound governance arrangements. It has developed a comprehensive risk management approach with an emphasis on operational risk management. At the same time, a few areas and opportunities for improvement have been noted in this report in light of enhancing principles for financial market infrastructures (PFMI) observance. This assessment was undertaken in the context of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - World Bank (WB) financial sector assessment program (FSAP) to Mexico in April and May 2016. The objective of the assessment has been to identify potential risks related to the FMI that may affect financial stability. While safe and efficient FMIs contribute to maintaining and promoting financial stability and economic growth, they may also concentrate risk. If not properly managed, FMIs can be sources of financial shocks, such as liquidity dislocations and credit losses, or a major channel through which these shocks are transmitted across domestic and international financial markets
    DOI: 10.1596/28602
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    Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Promoting Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Jordan is an upper middle income country which has proven remarkably resilient despite decades of turmoil in its neighborhood. Even with economic stability in the face of massive shocks, the Jordanian government - reflecting the views of the population - has made clear the need for improvement in the current growth trajectory. Public dissatisfaction coalesced around a perception, which the government acknowledges, that previous reform efforts had struggled with implementation, while discretionary decisions and unequal opportunities remain entrenched. In response, the government is moving to the implementation phase of its Jordan 2025 strategic blueprint, a new ten-year strategy formally launched in May 2015. The Bank's systematic country diagnostic (SCD) is therefore unfolding at a critical inflection point for the government. Given existing reform momentum around the energy sector and investment, the substantive engagement of the Bank Group and other development partners, the SCD will seek added value by providing an integrative and concise perspective on what Jordan can do to better meet the expectations of its citizens. As a multi-sector evidence-based diagnostic, the SCD relies upon consistent and integrated analysis of data from various sources
    DOI: 10.1596/23956
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    Republic of Ghana Diagnostic Review of Financial Consumer Protection (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This diagnostic review was conducted with a purpose to inform future reform of the FCP framework in Ghana, and is based on the revised and enhanced World Bank Good Practices for Financial Consumer Protection (forthcoming). The content of this report is based on a review of the legal and regulatory framework, as well as in anecdotal evidence of current FCP issues and practices gathered through interviews with financial services providers, regulators, specialists, and through a review of available documents on this topic. The assessment focuses on retail products and services in four sectors: i) banks and NBFIs; given the large number of diverse institutions in the non-bank sector the references to NBFI sector in this report are primarily based on information gathered from rural and community banks, microfinance companies, savings and loans, credit unions, and leasing companies; ii) payments; and iii) insurance. Further, it covers five topics in each of the above-mentioned sectors, namely: i) legal, regulatory, and supervisory framework; ii) disclosure and sales practices; iii) fair treatment and business conduct; iv) data privacy; and v) dispute resolution mechanisms. While some sector-specific sections addressed issues related to data privacy, this topic was primarily addressed as cross-sectoral issue, discussed in section 2 below. Each of the sections contains recommendations for reform measures in Ghana, with indication of their priority. Significant emphasis has been put on building supervisory capacity for FCP, given its importance for effective implementation of the few existing regulations and additional regulatory reforms proposed in this report
    DOI: 10.1596/27990
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    Europe and Central Asia Country Risk Profiles for Floods and Earthquakes (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Country Risk Profiles for floods and earthquakes presented in this publication are based on quantitative risk assessments derived using global flood and earthquake models.Flood and earthquake risk were defined in terms of affected population and affected gross domestic product (GDP). Earthquake risk was quantified in terms of fatalities and capital loss. Estimates of future population and GDP affected by earthquakes vary significantly among five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) used to represent population and GDP in 2030 and 2080. The objectives are to inform governments of the levels of risk their countries face and facilitate discussions on how they can become more resilient to both and current risks
    DOI: 10.1596/25858
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    Kazakhstan Jobs Strategy (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Kazakhstan is a unique country in a unique part of the world. Its uniqueness is important, as it shapes the opportunities and economic realities faced by the country, as well as the political responses to those challenges. Since independence in 1992, Kazakhstan has made rapid progress in transitioning to an upper-middle income country. This sustained growth has enabled Kazakhstan to achieve rapid reductions in poverty. This note draws on a large body of recent and ongoing analyses carried out by the World Bank, the Government of Kazakhstan, and other partners. The strategy, in turn, aims to enhance the impact of the government's policies, programs, and projects on the availability, diversity, quality, and sustainability of jobs. The remainder of the note is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a detailed review of the state of jobs in Kazakhstan, reviewing recent progress and analyzing the nature of the challenges around self-employment; Section 3 introduces a framework for thinking about a jobs strategy in Kazakhstan, and provides an initial overview of the current situation and government response along each of its dimensions, as well as some potential policies for consideration; and Section 4 concludes
    DOI: 10.1596/27266
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    Nepal Engaging the Private Sector in Education : SABER Country Report 2016 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents an analysis of how effectively the current policies in Bangladesh engage the private sector in basic (primary and secondary) education. The analysis draws on the Engaging the Private Sector (EPS) framework, a product of the World Bank's Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER). SABER collects and analyzes policy data on education systems around the world, using evidence-based frameworks to highlight the policies and institutions that matter most for promoting learning for all children and youth. The rest of the report provides an overview of SABEREPS, followed by a description of the basic education system in Nepal, with a focus on the private sector and government policies related to the private provision of education. The report then benchmarks Nepal's policy environment utilizing the SABER-EPS Framework, and offers policy options to enhance access and learning for all children in primary and secondary school
    DOI: 10.1596/26526
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    Networked Carbon Markets : Mitigation Action Assessment Protocol (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This Mitigation Action As ...
    DOI: 10.1596/25371
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    Making Climate Finance Work in Agriculture (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This discussion paper was ...
    DOI: 10.1596/25366
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    Poverty Mapping in Tajikistan : Method and Key Findings (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: National poverty rates are traditionally measured using survey data. To allow for frequent monitoring and to contain the costs of gathering detailed information, such surveys sample only a small subset of the population. This approach necessarily leads to sampling errors however, and as a consequence, a typical household income or expenditure survey cannot produce statistically reliable poverty estimates for small geographic units. This report discusses two means of addressing the issue. The first is commonly referred to as poverty mapping, and derives estimates of monetary poverty as it was officially measured in Tajikistan at the time of the surveys used in the analysis. The second is a multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) that combines information about individual deprivations to summarize a complimentary, but unofficial, measure of poverty incidence. Poverty mapping is a powerful approach to measuring welfare for highly disaggregated geographic units. A variety of poverty mapping methods have been devised to overcome the increasing imprecision of poverty estimates as they are disaggregated. The standard strategy for estimating a poverty map involves three main stages: (a) identify a comparable set of variables that appear in both the census and the household survey; (b) estimate consumption as a function of the comparable set of variables; and (c) compute welfare indicators on census records based on the parameters derived from the estimations carried out on data from the household survey
    DOI: 10.1596/25362
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    Cambodia Economic Update, October 2016 : Enhancing Export Competitiveness, the Key to Cambodia's Future Economic Success (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Cambodia's economic activity continues to expand, led by solid growth in garment exports and strong construction activity. Real growth is projected to reach 7.0 percent in 2016, in line with the resilient performance across the region. The economy is projected to sustain its high growth trajectory, expanding at 6.9 percent in both 2017 and 2018 propelled by exports and government consumption. The agriculture sector is expected to improve slightly due to better weather conditions this year and to expand gradually in the near term, thanks to concerted efforts by all stakeholders, in particular the public sector. Risks, however, include potential uncertainty related to commune and general elections in 2017 and 2018, respectively, a sharp decline in the construction and real estate sector, fallout from a rise in US interest rates, regional tensions and slower global growth. Although severe drought caused by El Nino is a challenge, the downward trend of poverty is expected to continue over the next few years, albeit driven mainly by the garment, construction, and services sectors. The agriculture sector, which was the main driver of poverty reduction in the past has recently eased
    DOI: 10.1596/25272
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    Argentina : Capital Market Assessment and Development Prospects (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report represents a high-level diagnostic of the capital market in Argentina, its potential for corporate, SME and infrastructure financing, and proposed actions to unlock such potential, as well as the respective roles of financial authorities and market participants. A detailed assessment of the government bond market was outside of the scope of the report. However its importance to support the development of the corporate bond market should be highlighted. The report's findings are based on discussions and information from key representatives of the public sector and a cross section of market participants and other stakeholders. These included representatives from the Ministerio de Finanzas (MoF), the Comisian Nacional de Valores (CNV), the Central Bank (CB), and the Unidad de Informacian Financiera (UIF). It also met with representatives from the Mercado de Valores de Buenos Aires (MERVAL), the Mercado Argentino de Valores (MAV) the Mercado Abierto Electranico (MAE), a sample of brokerage houses, banks and fiduciary entities, the Fondo de Garantaa de Sustentabilidad (FGS - ANSES), an insurance company, a credit rating agency, a sample of law firms, and a tax firm. The report is organized as follows: Part One provides a description of the state of development of the market, in particular the supply and demand side. Part Two provides an assessment of critical factors that have an impact on capital market development along with recommendations to address them. Parts Three, Four and Five provide a focused analysis of the use of capital markets for corporate, SME and infrastructure financing
    DOI: 10.1596/28325
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    Bulgaria Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes : Insolvency and Creditor-Debtor Regimes (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Insolvency Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank Group assessed the insolvency and creditor/debtor regimes ('ICR') of Bulgaria pursuant to the joint IMF/World Bank initiative on the observance of standards and codes ('ROSC'). The assessment has been undertaken on the basis of the ICR Standard. The conclusions in this assessment are based on a review of the legislation, and other regulations and procedures relevant to bankruptcy, restructuring, the creation and enforcement of pledges and other security interests over immovable and movable property, and debt enforcement. The Bulgarian legal framework governing creditor/debtor relationships provides several means for protecting credit and minimizing the risks of non-performance and default. However, the laws and institutions governing security rights over both immovable and movable assets need improvement. The bankruptcy legislation is rather comprehensive but in practice insolvency proceedings are not working effectively. This report tries to contribute to the authorities' efforts aimed at continuing and further improving the laws and institutions related to credit relationships
    DOI: 10.1596/27993
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    Understanding Bank Recovery and Resolution in the EU : A Guidebook to the BRRD (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The 2007 financial crisis has exposed major weaknesses in global financial systems, including the threat to financial stability posed by banks that were too big, interconnected and complex to be closed or go bankrupt. As a result, many banks have been rescued using public support, allowing for an uninterrupted provision of their services, but effectively shifting (most) of their losses to taxpayers instead of banks' owners or investors. The political realities following the bail-out of banks called for game-changing regulation to reduce both the likelihood and the impact of failure.The Banking Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) became one of the most important building blocks of the Banking Union. The BRRD is the outcome of a long negotiation process. The new bank recovery and resolution framework has wide reaching implications, both within the EU but also for countries with banking relationships with the EU. This Guidebook aims to explain the scope, the principles, and the rationale of the BRRD and related secondary legislation and guidance. Expert contributors, including lawyers and academics, share in this Guidebook their experience of and insights to the BRRD negotiation process, recovery and resolution planning, adoption of resolution decisions and the negotiation of bail-in. The Guidebook also raises awareness of discretionary or non-regulated areas and provides some initial thoughts for further development and possible implementation challenges. These challenges include but are not limited to the management of potential conflict of interests, the application of the public interest test, the choice of resolution tools, and the interaction between cross-border regulations. The Guidebook, together with the accompanying case studies, should help FinSAC client countries understand the resolution process and identify the impact that the BRRD will have on their own financial systems
    DOI: 10.1596/25974
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    Senegal Engaging the Private Sector in Education : SABER Country Report 2016 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents an analysis of how effectively current policies in Senegal engage the private sector in basic (primary and secondary) education. The analysis draws on the Engaging the Private Sector (EPS) Framework, a product of the World Bank's Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER). SABER collects and analyzes policy data on education systems around the world, using evidence based frameworks to highlight the policies and institutions that matter most for promoting learning for all children and youth. The rest of the report provides an overview of SABEREPS, followed by a description of the basic education system in Senegal with a focus on the private sector and government policies related to the private provision of education. The report then benchmarks Senegal's policy environment utilizing the SABER-EPP Framework, and offers policy options to enhance access and learning for all children in primary and secondary school
    DOI: 10.1596/26523
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    Fiscal Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Financing Options : Sri Lanka (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The objective of the report is to raise awareness of the fiscal impacts that natural disasters have on the budget of the Government of Sri Lanka. It is envisioned to be used as a planning tool for the potential development of a comprehensive disaster risk financing and insurance strategy that would equip the Ministry of Finance with additional instruments to manage the contingent liability posed by disasters. Its recommendations are a starting point for a collaborative discussion with the government on the potential development of a broad program
    DOI: 10.1596/24689
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    An Assessment of Uganda's Progressive Approach to Refugee Management (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Refugees in Uganda are either self-settled or live in organized settlements that cover approximately 350 square miles of land set aside by the government of Uganda. Many refugees, especially in the northern districts, are in protracted displacement, and the Ugandan constitution prohibits the naturalization of an offspring of a refugee, even if he or she is born in Uganda and even if one parent is Ugandan. Some refugees have the option of returning to their country of origin, and some can resettle in a third country, often in the West, but doing so is expensive and not viable at a large scale. This study includes a legal and policy analysis and a socioeconomic impact assessment, the former complementing the latter. The impact of legal and policy frameworks on the refugee situation in Uganda are analyzed, as are the social and economic impacts and the contribution of the current policy framework on these outcomes for the refugees. The study employs qualitative and quantitative research methods and covers refugees in rural and urban sites in Uganda. The study's primary focus is on the socioeconomic impact of Uganda's refugee law on the refugees themselves. This focus and the tight timeframe did not allow the team to assess the socioeconomic impact of the presence of refugees on host communities. That will require a separate and broader study
    DOI: 10.1596/24736
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    Indonesian Economic Transformation and Employment : Policy Input for an Indonesia Jobs Strategy (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The current downturn in commodity prices provides an opportunity for Indonesia to shift away from its dependence on commodity-driven growth towards higher value-added activities in manufacturing and services. However, Indonesia faces both global and structural challenges in making this transition. Global challenges include competition from regional trade agreements, especially the TPP, but also from structurally lower global trade growth. In addition, Indonesia's manufacturing sectors have also been losing competitiveness to regional competitors, while most job creation in the 2000s took place in low productivity sectors. This report aims to show the patterns of economic transformation in Indonesia in the past decade and a half, especially in terms of jobs and employment. The report highlights barriers to labor movement and macroeconomic sources of demand for labor. The report seeks to contribute to the design of a jobs strategy that emphasizes the transition of workers from low to high productivity sectors. While Indonesia has, so far, relied on job creation in low-productivity, and even vulnerable, employment, future challenges would require the country to shift to higher productivity and quality jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/24928
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    Trade and Investment Implications of Brexit (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Brexit) may have a negative impact on trade and investment flows not just for the UK, but also for the countries with the largest exposure to the UK. The indirect impact of a Brexit-induced recession in the UK -may also be felt in the EU because of the two countries' strong trade, investment, and financial linkages. The magnitude of these impacts will depend on the type of trade relationship that the UK negotiates with the EU, the duration of the negotiations, and the market confidence in the leadership of the UK, EU and other mayor players during the transition period. The major effect of the Brexit vote is the withdrawal of the UK from the EU project of deep economic integration, raising the possibility that the same doubts that gave rise to Brexit lead to an interruption of trade openness and integration in other parts of the world. International development institutions like the World Bank Group can play an important role in informing debates in this area
    DOI: 10.1596/24916
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    Seaweed Aquaculture for Food Security, Income Generation and Environmental Health in Tropical Developing Countries (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: To meet carbon emissions targets, more than 30 countries have committed to boosting production of renewable resources from biological materials andconvert them into products such as food, animal feedand bioenergy. In a post-fossil-fuel world, an increasingproportion of chemicals, plastics, textiles, fuels and electricity will have to come from biomass, which takesup land. To maintain current consumption trends theworld will also need to produce 50-70 percent more foodby 2050, increasingly under drought conditions and onpoor soils. Depending on bioenergy policies, biomassuse is expected to continue to rise to 2030 and importsto Europe are expected to triple by 2020. Europe isforecast to import 80 million tons of solid biomass peryear by 2020. The expansion of seaweed farming in tropical developingcountries could have large positive impacts on localpoverty, ecosystem management and climate changemitigation. Being able to produce enough biomass and protein for the growing and increasingly wealthyhuman population with no new land and freshwater expropriation for agriculture would dramatically reducehumanity's ecological footprint relative to currenttrends and projections. The growth of seaweed farming is constrained primarily by lack of proper marine spatial plans and appropriate financing. The current industry in the tropics isbased on inshore areas where multiple conflict ingusers vie for space.The need for technological improvements has consequentimplications for scale of investment, which couldbe a hindrance to many potential seaweed growers,creating space for government engagement to supportnew smaller and medium-scale entrepreneurs.Other opportunities for engagement by governmentsand international agencies committed to sustainable development include investments in transport infrastructure,storage facilities, food preparation and/or hydrocolloid extraction plants, applied researchin solar drying and biogas technology inter alia,technical training and marine spatial planning
    DOI: 10.1596/24919
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    Community Slum Sanitation in India : A Practitioner's Guide (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Abstract: Following the launch of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP, 2008), a number of initiatives were taken: states formulated their State Sanitation Strategies, and more than 150 cities drafted or are in the process of drafting the City Sanitation Plans (CSPs, by March 2014). The NUSP recommended development of special strategies for slums and poor settlements as an integral part of the CSPs. But the significant presence of slums in Indian cities (estimated between 9 and 14 million, or 12 to 16 percent of India's 79 million urban households), and the specific difficulties that these settlements face in accessing basic sanitation (and other) services, demanded a greater understanding of the conditions, and exploration of strategies used to address these. Section one presents a short introduction to the context of urban India and urban sanitation, followed by a brief review of programmatic responses by GoI to improve slum sanitation services. Thereafter, the guide draws out the critical factors or drivers using examples from successful community slum sanitation initiatives reported from the urban centers selected for this study. A set of generic activity clusters and steps are included at the end the preparatory, planning, implementation, and M&E stages of community sanitation initiatives
    DOI: 10.1596/24758
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    Lesotho Water Security and Climate Change Assessment (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The analysis looks specifically at the need to ensure continued development of water resources within Lesotho and aims to empower stakeholders to act with more confidence by demonstrating that the implementation strategies can provide benefits to water resources management over a broad range of possible future scenarios. The analysis quantifies a range of possible future conditions to demonstrate the benefits that can be realized over a broad range of possible future outcomes. This quantification is based on a water resource decision support model developed specifically for Lesotho, using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model which couples climate, hydrologic, and water management systems to facilitate an evaluation of the uncertainties and strategies of impacts on specified management metrics. The WEAP model was used to simulate the historic climate based on data from the national government archives and global datasets available in the public domain. These included 121 downscaled Global Climate Model (GCM) projections of future climate over two possible water demand future scenarios, for a total of 244 scenarios up to the year 2050
    DOI: 10.1596/24905
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    Septage Management Pilots and Capacity Building in Indonesia : Synthesis Report (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: This report is a synthesis of the technical assistance (TA) and recommendations, carried out by the World Bank water and sanitation program (WSP) since September 2014. To achieve the target of 100 percent improved sanitation, there is a national drive to improve fecal sludge management (FSM). This TA recognizes that to achieve the goals it is necessary to support the development of national FSM policies, regulations, and guidelines, while also improving capacity at the local level by supporting the implementation of improved FSM models in target cities. The objective of the TA was to provide government with tested advice on how to scale up improved septage management nationwide through: (i) improvement of septage management in three cities through the application of new management models (local level); and (ii) assistance to national government in training and capacity building and the formulation of policies and regulations to improve septage management at scale (national level). This report is structured as follows: chapter one is the executive summary; chapter two gives the background to sanitation in Indonesia and to fecal sludge management in particular; chapter three provides an overview of the TA approach; chapter four gives details of the implementation of the TA; chapter five summarizes the lessons learned; and chapter six outlines the recommendations and next steps
    DOI: 10.1596/24721
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    The Kurdistan Region of Iraq : Reforming the Economy for Shared Prosperity and Protecting the Vulnerable (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) is a constitutionally recognized semiautonomous region in northern Iraq. Its government, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), based in Erbil, has the right, under the Iraqi constitution of 2005, to exercise legislative, executive, and judicial powers according to the constitution, except in what is listed therein as exclusive powers of the federal authorities. The Iraqi constitution defines the Kurdistan Region as a federal entity of Iraq. KRG has a parliamentary democracy with a regional assembly that consists of 111 seats. KRI has been largely immune to the insecurity and conflict witnessed elsewhere in Iraq, especially following the 2003 Iraq War. KRG is facing a wide range of immediate and medium to longer-term challenges that are intrinsically linked to the overall macroeconomic situation of Iraq as well as the regional and global environment. The immediate challenge consists in coping with (a) the deep fiscal crisis, and (b) the security and social problems brought about by the conflict with the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group and the resulting influx of Syrian refugees and Iraqi Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). These challenges are clearly immediate priorities for the KRG, and will bear significant repercussions nationally and internationally if inadequately addressed. The medium to longer-term challenges pertain to moderating dependence on the oil sector and transforming the KRI economy into a diversified one that supports private sector-led economic growth and job creation in a sustainable manner
    DOI: 10.1596/24706
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    Increasing Investment to Improve Basic Education Outcomes in the Philippines (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Over the last decade, the Government of the Philippines has embarked on an ambitious education reform program to ensure that all Filipinos have the opportunity to obtain the skills that they need to play a full and productive role in society. The government has backed up these reforms, particularly over the last five years, with substantial increases in investment in the sector. As a result, access to basic education has increased, particularly for the poorest households, and the overall learning environment has improved. While these improvements have halted a long-term decline in education sector outcomes, significant challenges remain. In particular, the share of national income devoted to basic education has only recently returned to the levels of the early 2000s, and spending per student in the Philippines is still low compared to spending in other middle-income countries. These relatively low levels of spending per student are likely to have limited the scope of the improvements in education outcomes over the last decade. High school completion rates remain low compared with other countries in the region, and enrollment gaps among different socioeconomic groups persist. Stakeholders frequently express concerns about the quality of the education provided and about the level and breadth of skills that children possess when they leave school. The purpose of this note is to investigate whether the recent increases in the financing for basic education have improved education outcomes and to identify any factors that may be constraining the effectiveness of public spending. It concludes that further increases in public spending will be needed if the government's ambitious goals for the education sector for the next five years are to be achieved. However, increased investment will not be enough on its own. It will also be necessary to ensure that these resources are used effectively
    DOI: 10.1596/24745
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    Assessing Systems for Hiring and Deploying Teachers in the Philippines (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Over the last decade, research from many different countries has demonstrated the important role played by teachers in improving students' learning and increasing their competencies. Studies from countries as different as the US and Indonesia have shown the enormous benefits that follow from having adequate and effective teachers working in a country's schools. In Indonesia, a value-added analysis of student learning outcomes found that the more teachers know, the greater the improvements in the learning competencies of primary and junior secondary students. In the US, better teaching in elementary and secondary schools has been shown to increase students' college participation rates, raise their subsequent earnings, and improve other long-term outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/24748
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    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update, Spring 2016 : Policy Challenges in a Difficult Environment (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Kyrgyz economy has remained resilient in the face of continued significant external head winds in 2015, but sources of vulnerability have increased.While overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP)growth is estimated to have slowed to 3.5 percent in 2015, this deceleration was mostly on accountof lower gold production. Non-gold output growth remained robust at 4.5 percent (essentiallyunchanged from 2014), although with significant shifts in drivers. The policy stance was broadly appropriate.Looking forward to 2016 and beyond, economic activity is expected to slow down,with significant downside risks.With gold production expected to decline in coming years, andagricultural output growth returning to historical averages, overall growth is projected to moderate to 3.4 percent and 3.1 percent in 2016 and 2017 respectively. For public policy, the main challenge will be to reconcile the objective of supporting economic activity with principles of prudent management.Indeed, while the Kyrgyz Republic's debt path remains sustainable, there are good reasons to be concerned over risks of debt distress. The Special Focus section of this Economic Update analyzes the features of the Kyrgyz Republic's public debt and explains the factors behindthe recent deterioration of the debt sustainability outlook. It concludes by pointing out some of the policy steps that ought to be taken in response
    DOI: 10.1596/24938
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    A Country on the Move : Domestic Migration in Two Regions of Myanmar (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: In the last four years My ...
    DOI: 10.1596/24981
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    Nutrition in Lao PDR : Causes, Determinants, and Bottlenecks (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Under nutrition levels in Lao PDR remain among the highest in the world, despite both rapid economic growth and a significant decline in poverty over the past years. Concerns about the slow progress in reducing under nutrition have triggered intense policy discussion and several analytical reports have been produced over the last few years on the Lao PDR nutrition crisis and its drivers. This policy note provides an overview of the size, severity, and key determinants of child under nutrition in Lao PDR and proposes recommendations for the scale-up of programs and interventions to strengthen the overall response to under nutrition in the country. The note draws from a multivariate analysis of determinants of stunting in addition to descriptive statistics of nutrition-related behaviors and outcomes in the country, using recent surveys. These analyses are complemented with findings from the recent qualitative-based rapid assessment of nutrition counseling and growth monitoring conducted during the early months of 2016 in selected provinces, to contextualize findings within the health sector's capacity to deliver preventive and curative nutrition services
    DOI: 10.1596/24953
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    Retaking the Path to Inclusion, Growth and Sustainability : Brazil Systematic Country Diagnostic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Bleak short-term economic outlook raises the risk that social and environmental achievements may not be sustained. The changed economic circumstances have exposed shortcomings in Brazil's development model, epitomized by the struggle to achieve a sustainable fiscal policy. Against this background, some Brazilians are now asking whether the gains of the past decade might have been an illusion, created by the commodity boom, but unsustainable in today's less forgiving international environment. Brazil thus finds itself at an important juncture and, to a certain extent, the policy course set today will determine whether the country can sustain the gains of the past and return to a path of solid, inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth. This Systematic Country Diagnostic offers a contribution to the debate about Brazil's future development
    DOI: 10.1596/23954
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    Guinea-Bissau : Turning Challenges into Opportunities for Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Guinea-Bissau is fighting a battle against poverty, low growth, and political fragility. Each of these areas presents both a formidable challenge as well as an opportunity for serious, long-lasting and much-needed change. Poverty is entrenched, inequality is high and other human development outcomes are weak with many of the key indicators worsening over time. Fragility is intrinsically linked to low growth and lack of inclusiveness. Nonetheless, the country has potential for unlocking income-generating opportunities for growth. The diagnostics framework of this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is based on three interrelated themes: (i) inclusiveness of growth; (ii) overall economic growth and macro context; and (iii) sustainability risks, including the overarching issue of fragility
    DOI: 10.1596/24695
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    Ethiopia : Priorities for Ending Extreme Poverty and Promoting Shared Prosperity (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identifies the binding constraints to reducing extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in Ethiopia. Achieving those goals requires a two pronged strategy of building on the strengths of past performance as well as introducing new elements. Progress in rural livelihoods drove poverty reduction in the past and will likely do so in the future. In addition, faster, and more inclusive, private sector-led structural change and 'getting urbanization right' are essential going forward. The report identifies two key challenges to sustainable progress: Ethiopia needs sustainably financed infrastructure that enables private investment to flourish and reduces reliance on public borrowing. It must also strengthen feedback mechanisms that inform policymakers of what works and what doesn't so that the aspirations of a rapidly rising and better-educated working-age population can be met. The report is structured in two parts: Part A analyses the past and Part B identifies priorities for the future
    DOI: 10.1596/24590
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    Debt Management Performance Assessment : Kyrgyz Republic (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Abstract: The Kyrgyz Republic became a parliamentary democracy in 2010 following political turmoil and ethnic unrest. Kyrgyz Republic's economy has been resilient; however, the growth momentum of the past few years has been declining due to the difficult global economic environment and regional conflicts' spillover effects on the country. While the shift provided a drive for critical fiscal reforms, financial sector reforms turned out to be challenging. The country successfully completed a three-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility in 2014. During the period, macro-economic stability was restored, and growth picked up. Inflation was kept below 10 per cent throughout the program. However, deepening economic crisis in Russia, adverse weather and the initial impact of the accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were the key contributing factors to the worsening outlook in 2015. Weaker demand in Russia and Kazakhstan adversely affect the exports and re-export sectors. Remittances from workers in Russia and Kazakhstan, which contribute about 30 percent of the country's economy, have slowed down, and are expected to decline by more than 10 percent in 2015
    DOI: 10.1596/24393
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    West Bank and Gaza : High Level Technical Assessment on e-Government (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The Palestinian Authority (PA) is in the early phase of its e-goverment journey and aims to utilize ICT to deliver services to its citizens and businesses to improve social well-beng and facilitate economic development. The PA aims to serve 12.1 million Palestinians in the West Bank (2.7 million), the Gaza Strip (1.7 million), and the remaining 7.7 million Palestinians who are dispersed among 28 different countries. Many Palestinians are refugees, including more than one million in the Gaza Strip, 750,000 in the West Bank, and about 250,000 in Israel. Of the Palestinian population residing abroad, otherwise known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half are considered stateless, lacking citizenship in any country. The combination of the ongoing Israeli-Palestiniann conflict as well as the diaspora situation makes implementation of e-goverment projects in the West Bank and Gaza (WBG) unique and complex. A review of e-goverment documentation and stakeholder interviews reveals that the PA has made reasonable progress on e-goverment amidst a challenging environment, but it is still in the nascent phase in terms of delivering benefits to its constituents. There are numerous challenges for the successful implementation of e-goverment, including geopolitical conflict, insufficient legislation to facilitate electronic transactions, limited budget to support e-goverment projects, inadequate policies and standards, and limited capacity within the e-goverment unit under the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology (MTIT). The PA is at a key moment in its e-goverment journey. It is an opportunistic time to drive modernization of its public administration and public service delivery through use of ICT, offer better services to citizens, and promote economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/24583
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    Uzbekistan : Scaling Up Energy Efficiency in Buildings (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This study was undertaken by the World Bank to inform the potential areas and means ofassistance to the Government of Uzbekistan in scaling up energy efficiency (EE) investmentsin residential, commercial, and public buildings, focusing on energy use and efficiency inspace heating. Considering the ongoing World Bank assistance in modernizing districtheating services in selected cities in Uzbekistan, this study is explicitly concerned withresidential, commercial, and public buildings that are not served by district heating. The main objective of the study was to identify scalable EE interventions that could be deployed in the next 3 to 5 years. Three specific areas were investigated: (a) a market assessment for upgrading space heating and water heating equipment in detached homes and commercial buildings; (b) an analysis of the issues and options for scaling up investmentin thermal retro fit of public buildings; and (c) a gap analysis on the compliance enforcementof building EE standards in newly constructed housing. The study did not look into thermalretrofit of existing residential buildings, which holds significant energy-saving potential, butalso is among the most complex and challenging of EE interventions. A separate in-depthanalysis would be required to adequately address the issues involved. The three areas of investigation are broadly consistent with the priorities for improving EE in buildings stated in Presidential Decree No. PP-2343: Program of Measures to Increase Energy Efficiency and Introduce Energy-Saving Technologies in the Sectors of Economy andSocial Sphere during 2015-2019. In particular, the presidential decree singled out actions in (a) replacement of nonstandard and inefficient boilers for space-heating and hot watersupply in detached houses; (b) channeling of energy cost savings in state budget-funded organizations toward funding EE investments in these entities; and (c) improvement of rulesand norms for EE requirements for new buildings. The findings and recommendations of the study, summarized below, are intended to inform discussions between the Government and the World Bank on the issues and options to address the main constraints to implementing the priority actions identified in thePresidential Decree No. PP-2343. Detailed courses of action on specific EE interventions inbuildings could then be developed based on the outcomes of these discussions
    DOI: 10.1596/25093
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    Measuring Rural Access : Using New Technologies (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Transport connectivity is an essential part of the enabling environment for inclusive and sustained growth. In many developing countries, particularly in Africa, the vast majority of farmers are still disconnected from local, regional, and global markets. To reduce poverty and support inclusive economic growth, rural access is key. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation(Goal 9), for whichTarget 9.1 is to develop quality, reliable, sustainable andresilient infrastructure to support economic developmentand human well-being, with a focus on affordableand equitable access for all. The Rural Access Index (RAI)is proposed as an indicator to measure this target.The definition is also simple enough to understand and usenot only in transport, but also in the broader development context, such as poverty alleviation. In the initial study, the RAI was estimated at 68.3 percent based onhousehold surveys, leaving a rural population of about one billion unconnected to a good quality road network. It is important to update the RAI in a timely manner anduse it in actual operations. Unfortunately, however, the previous methodology has several disadvantages, suchas inconsistency across countries, lack of sustainability ofregular updates, and weak operational relevance and clientownership. In particular, it is generally costly to relyon a household survey, which limits the sustainability ofthe index. In addition, the household-based approachcannot be spatially representative enough, limiting operational usefulness. With different tools and innovative technologies, it is now becoming easier and very possible to collect data, update the condition of the road network, and revise the RAI more regularly
    DOI: 10.1596/25187
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    Managing Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydropower in Bhutan (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Development of Bhutan's untapped hydro power resources has the potential to spur economic growth, rapidly increase export revenue,reduce poverty, and bring about sustained improvements in human development. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) has,therefore, embarked on an ambitious plan to develop the renewable hydropower resourcesin the country. Large hydropower plants generating 1,606 MW are already operational,and new plants with an additional capacity of3,658 MW are under construction and expectedto be commissioned by 2018 and 19. According to these plans, the RGoB will commission closeto 12,600 MW of new hydropower by the end of the next decade, becoming by far the highest hydropower producer per capita in the world. The findings of this study are framed in the Bhutanesecontext and focus on recommendations that are relevant for Bhutan. The study has found that the main impacts of hydropower development in Bhutan relate to aquatic biodiversity and are cumulative,meaning that they are not of immediate concernbut should get priority attention once the development of hydropower accelerates. This study has identified a number of gaps inthe management of E&S impacts and rankedthem according to relevance for Bhutan. In conclusion, despite due awareness and a goodregulatory framework for managing the E&Simpacts of hydropower in Bhutan, challengesremain in the upstream planning and in the implementation of the assessment and mitigation of impacts, mainly because of the lack of capacity among key government institutions to ensure quality and enforce good practices. Addressing the capacity constraints, and providing keyinstitutions with the tools, structures, and skills necessary for proper E&S management of hydropower would benefit the sustainability of Bhutan's natural and cultural values, as well as its hydropower and economic development
    DOI: 10.1596/24914
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    Benchmarking Public-Private Partnerships Procurement 2017 (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Procurement Study
    Abstract: Many economies are yet to adopt broadly recognized good practices to prepare, procure, and manage Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). The report flags potential improvements that can help governments fill the gap in an effort to provide better PPP procurement and enable better infrastructure service delivery to all. The report benchmarks government capabilities in 82 economies across four key areas: PPP preparation, PPP procurement, unsolicited proposals, and PPP contract management
    DOI: 10.1596/25089
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    Subnational Debt Management Performance Assessment Methodology (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Abstract: The Subnational DeMPA is a methodology for assessing subnational debt management performance at the level of local government through a comprehensive set of indicators spanning the full range of subnational debt management functions. The SN DeMPA methodology was revised and aligned to the updates of the sovereign DeMPA during 2015. The objective of the 2016 update of Subnational DeMPA methodology is to revise the evaluation criteria in line with the changing practices for subnational government debt management and requirements of the client countries, as well as to take into account revised criteria of the sovereign DeMPA methodology which took place in 2015. The revised methodology combines the original SN DeMPA Tool and Guide into one unified methodological framework. Substantial revisions and additions are made in order to address the issues that arose during the earlier assessments. A revised Subnational DeMPA tool (2016) comprises of five core areas, 13 DPIs and 31 dimensions, which are applied to evaluate the capacity of the subnational borrower to manage the debt portfolio. This methodology is applied starting September 2016. For any additional information or questions, please contact: Lilia Razlog, Senior Debt Specialist, E-mail: lrazlogworldbank.org
    DOI: 10.1596/25103
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    Activation and Public Employment Services in Poland : Enhancing Labor Market Policies for the Out-of-Work Population (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note analyzes the profile of the out of work in Poland and compares this with the current set of labor market policies, in particular Public Employment Services. The note relied on existing data from the Polish Labor Force Survey, the tax and benefit model, expenditure data in Poland and the EU, qualitative and institutional analysis to prepare a profile of the out of work population, understand the various segments of vulnerable populations in need and the contrast it with the supply and quality of services for labor market support
    DOI: 10.1596/29831
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    Making the Most of Ports in West Africa (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: Ports have always played an essential role in this highly trade-dependent region. While there are still wide disparities in terms of throughput volumes and capacity, traffic has been growing rapidly in most countries over the last decade. Overall, total throughput in West Africa grew from around 105 million tons in 2006 to 165 million tons in 2012. Likewise, containerized traffic remains limited in West Africa compared to other regions but has grown faster than in any other region in the world over the last five years. The combined throughput of container terminals in the region reached almost 5 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2013, twice as much as a decade ago, and is expected to keep growing fast. The future throughput of West African ports comprises the demand for containerized trade generated by coastal and landlocked countries, and additional port movements generated by transshipment in regional hub(s). Given the regional dynamics of ports in West Africa, there is also a good case for more cooperation between West African countries on port reform, competition and regulation. Strengthening the capacity and mandate of regional institutions such as the ECOWAS Commission on these issues would complement regulatory efforts at the country level and provide a forum to analyze regional issues related to inter-port competition and private sector participation in port management
    DOI: 10.1596/31027
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    Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Education Sector Public Expenditure Review (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This education sector public expenditure review (PER) aims to respond to policy questions on the mind of the Jordanian Ministry of Education (MOE) using data readily available to the Ministry as well as common analytical techniques. Despite impressive achievements in terms of access to education, policymakers in Jordan are keenly aware of the relatively low student learning outcomes in the country. This PER uses available MOE Education Management Information System (EMIS) and Ministry of Finance (MOF) budget data, in addition to other readily available sources of data, to shed light on the performance of the Jordanian education system and address policymakers' concerns. The EMIS currently includes data by school on numbers of teachers and students; physical attributes such as land area, buildings, and classrooms; in addition to the school's geographic location, type, and supervising authority. The present EMIS therefore allows for relatively detailed analysis of the Jordanian schooling system, as will be shown in this report. However, the EMIS also entails shortcomings, as it does not allow for calculation of repetition and drop-out rates, for example, nor does it include any school financial data. The present report begins by describing the achievements as well as shortcomings of Jordan's education system (Section two); Section three describes the current education learning environment, including some detail on the basic system attributes of school size, class size, and student-teacher ratio; Section four then turns to public education spending and its allocation across capital and recurrent spending, as well as the costs associated with the Syrian crisis; Section five hones in on teacher compensation in particular, given its large share in spending; and Section six provides resulting recommendations and international good practice for policymakers' consideration
    DOI: 10.1596/29871
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    Lessons from International Experience in Designing the Development Bank of Nigeria (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Nigeria has recorded robust growth for more than a decade, and its economy has become more diversified with less reliance on oil, although oil revenue remains a critical source of fiscal revenues and foreign exchange. The recent plunge in oil prices demonstrates how exposed economic growth and the fiscal situation remain to changes in oil prices. Reducing the impact of volatility in oil prices will be important in sustaining growth and thereby reducing the unemployment rate on a sustainable basis, especially among young people. Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) have a vital role to play in supporting the further diversification of Nigeria's economy
    DOI: 10.1596/30048
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
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    Online Resource
    Ghana Access to Finance (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Ghana has low levels of financial inclusion of individuals and access to finance for firms remains a major challenge; some of the key issues include low ownership and usage of accounts, dominance of cash, limited access points, limited electronic and mobile transactions, and high collateral, overall limiting outreach. Financial inclusion figures fare well compared to the Sub- Saharan Africa region, but in absolute terms only 40.5 percent of adults have an account at formal financial institution. Ownership and usage of electronic payment instruments is very low and the majority of transactions are conducted in cash. Mobile banking in Ghana is at a nascent stage with only 13 percent of adults having a mobile account and the number of mobile phone-based financial transactions is incipient. While majority of small and medium firms have access to formal accounts, large majority of them relies on internal finance for investments, with only around 23 percent having a bank loan or line of credit. Private sector credit to GDP is low at about 19 percent in 2014. Ghana's limited infrastructure restricts access to both formal and unregulated financial institution, particularly in rural areas, with limited number of branches and ATM networks. Finally, high collateral requirements of over 200 percent of the loan amount for all-sized firms and over 250 percent for small firms, with real property as the most frequent type of collateral required, makes access to formal finance virtually prohibitive for many firms. The Access to Finance Note for Ghana identifies key issues and recommendations to enhance access to formal financial services for firms and to promote financial inclusion of individuals. The note provides a status of financial inclusion and access to finance in Ghana, along with a review of banking and microfinance sectors, including decomposition of interest rate spreads based on available data, leasing sector, as well as key financial infrastructure issues related to credit reporting, secured transactions, and payment system. Further, this note complements a collection of analytical work related to access to finance agenda, including notes on the microfinance sector, private equity and venture capital, diagnostic review of financial consumer protection, and a study on development finance, all providing more details on these topics
    DOI: 10.1596/30216
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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