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  • Ianchovichina, Elena  (8)
  • Lederman, Daniel  (7)
  • International Finance Corporation
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (21)
  • Bielefeld : transcript
  • Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region & Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice
  • Macroeconomics and Economic Growth  (21)
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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (21)
  • Bielefeld : transcript
  • Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region & Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice
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Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stages of Diversification Redux (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Assem Mohammed G Hassan Ahmed, Hoda Stages of Diversification Redux
    Keywords: Development Trajectories ; Economic Concentration ; Economic Diversification ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resource Poor Countries ; Resource Rich Countries
    Abstract: The existing literature on development and economic diversification finds an inverted-U function between these two variables, whereby economies diversify as they grow up to a point, after which they start specializing. This paper contributes to this literature by investigating the stages of diversification over the course of development during the past 57 years. The paper emphasizes the trajectories of resource-rich and resource-poor countries, an issue that has not been covered by the extant literature. In addition, the paper studies the stages of diversification across three dimensions, namely employment, value-added, and exports. Additionally, it examines the relationship for services. Non-parametric estimations suggest a U-shaped curve between measures of economic concentration and per capita income levels, which is in line with existing evidence. However, these patterns are mainly driven by between-country rather than within-country variation, a finding that had been ignored in the existing literature. Diversification patterns also differ across resource-rich and resource-poor countries: Employment and value added in resource-rich countries are on average more concentrated at low levels of development while in resource poor countries, they are more concentrated at high levels of development. In contrast, at all levels of development, exports are more concentrated in resource-rich countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10709
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  • 2
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    Data Transparency and GDP Growth Forecast Errors (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gatti, Roberta Data Transparency and GDP Growth Forecast Errors
    Keywords: Data Transparency ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Outlook ; Forecast Error ; GDP Growth Forecast ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Optimism ; Statistical Capacity
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of a country's data transparency in explaining gross domestic product growth forecast errors. It reports four sets of results that have not been previously reported in the existing literature. First, forecast errors-the difference between forecasted and realized gross domestic product growth-are large. Globally, between 2010 and 2020, the average same-year forecast error was 1.3 percentage points for the World Bank's forecasts published in January of each year, and 1.5 percentage points for the International Monetary Fund's January forecasts. Second, the Middle East and North Africa region has the largest forecast errors compared to other regions. Third, data capacity and transparency significantly explain forecast errors. On average, an improvement in a country's Statistical Capacity Index, a measure of data capacity and transparency, is associated with a decline in absolute forecast errors. A one standard deviation increase in the log of the Statistical Capacity Index is associated with a decline in absolute forecast errors by 0.44 percentage point for World Bank forecasts and 0.49 percentage point for International Monetary Fund forecasts. The results are robust to a battery of control variables and robustness checks. Fourth, the role of the overall data ecosystem, not just those elements related to gross domestic product growth forecasting, is important for the accuracy of gross domestic product growth forecasts. Finally, gross domestic product growth forecasts from the World Bank are more accurate and less optimistic than those from the International Monetary Fund and the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10406
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Consumption Cities Versus Production Cities : New Considerations and Evidence (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jedwab, Remi Consumption Cities Versus Production Cities: New Considerations and Evidence
    Keywords: Construction ; Consumption ; Consumption Cities ; Deindustrialization ; Economic Growth ; Industrialization ; Macro-Development Economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Structural Change ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urbanization
    Abstract: Cities dramatically vary in their sectoral composition across the world, possibly lending credence to the theory that some cities are production cities with high employment shares of urban tradables while others are consumption cities with high employment shares of urban non-tradables. A model of structural change highlights three paths leading to the rise of consumption cities: resource rents from exporting fuels and mining products, agricultural exports, and premature deindustrialization. These findings appear to be corroborated using both country- and city-level data. Compared to cities in industrialized countries, cities of similar sizes in resource-rich and deindustrializing countries have lower shares of employment in manufacturing, tradable services, and the formal sector, and higher shares of employment in non-tradables and the informal sector. Results on the construction of "vanitous" tall buildings provide additional evidence on the relationship between resource exports and consumption cities. Finally, the evidence suggests that having mostly consumption cities might have economic implications for a country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10105
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  • 4
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    Creating Markets in Botswana - A Diamond in the Rough : Toward a New Strategy for Diversification and Private Sector Growth - Country Private Sector Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Water
    Abstract: Diamonds have been at the center of Botswana's growth miracle for decade - but the urgency to diversify is stronger than ever. Although Botswana's economy has undergone transformation over the past decades, the shift has been largely into non-tradable services, with limited gains in employment, income equality, and export diversification. In addition, Botswana's high vulnerability to climate change, which affects all major sectors of the economy, underscores the need to strengthen Botswana's response to climate factors as a basis for renewed, sustainable growth. A positive growth outlook and steps taken as part of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis response should give the government new impetus to accelerate reforms. Success in diversifying the economy will depend on the decisive implementation of structural measures to increase private sector participation in nonmineral exports and transformative sectors. The dominant role that the government of Botswana still plays in large parts of the economy, particularly through its footprint as a shareholder in companies in the corporate sector, is a critical constraint that inhibits the entry and success of private sector participants. Gaps in infrastructure, access to finance, and skills are additional key constraints to employment and productivity growth. A coordinated approach to financing entrepreneurship and policies to increase uptake of digital finance can help close the gap. Trade barriers are another key cross-cutting constraint for the private sector, and a greener path for the economy can be unlocked by facilitating improved trade in environmental goods and services (EGS). Three key recommendations for the energy sector are as follows. The first recommendation is the fast tracking of instruments to facilitate investment in energy infrastructure development, including independent power producer (IPP) licensing, and procurement guidelines and processes. The second recommendation is the enhancement of the institutional capacity and governance model of the Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA). The third recommendation is the development of credit-enhancement and risk-mitigation strategies and supporting instruments to attract and mobilize private sector investment
    DOI: 10.1596/37881
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  • 5
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    Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries : The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Burger, Martijn Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries: The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economy ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Crime and Society ; Economic Potential Of City ; Effect Of Congestion ; Fixed Effect Model ; General Manufacturing ; Labor Markets ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Random Effects Model ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using geo-coded, firm-level data on more than 51,000 establishments in 649 metropolitan areas in 98 developing economies, from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys and a new global database on city-level mobility and congestion, this paper estimates the "pure" firm productivity gains of urban density, net of negative externalities associated with limited mobility, crime, and pollution. The results suggest that the average size of agglomeration economies in the developing world is comparable to the one observed in advanced countries, but the magnitude of the benefits of density on firm productivity substantially varies across firms. Returns to urban density are higher for firms operating in the tradables sector, exporters, foreign-owned firms, larger firms, and more experienced firms. Agglomeration economies are lost through both limited uncongested mobility and congestion, but the latter has a stronger negative effect on agglomeration economies and reduces relatively more the agglomeration benefits of firms in the non-tradables sector than those producing tradables
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9954
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Investing in Sustainable Access to Communications : The Role of Telecom Energy Services Companies (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Telecommunications
    Abstract: The expansion of telecommunications services to unserved and underserved areas is key to reduce the digital connectivity gap. In order to do so, it is important to explore innovative and cost-efficient technologies and business models. Telecom Energy Services Company (TESCOs) offer solutions for powering and managing telecom companies' networks in off-grid and bad-grid areas in chapter one. International Finance Corporation (IFC) is seeking to contribute to the growth and development of innovative solution providers for telecom sites located in areas with little to no access to electricity by providing insights into the growth perspectives of the TESCO market globally in chapters two and three. IFC presents a market segmentation framework based on current business models in chapter four. The report then examines the typical commercial arrangements and key drivers which influence the bankability of TESCOs in chapter five. IFC also estimates the total amount of financing needed in order to address the pressing need for connectivity in unserved and underserved areas and acts as a call to action to stakeholders in the industry and in the financing community to work towards bridging this important connectivity gap. The five sections covered in this report represent the key dimensions required to assess the investment opportunity for TESCOs
    DOI: 10.1596/37852
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  • 7
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    How Firms are Responding and Adapting During COVID-19 and Recovery : Opportunities for Accelerated Inclusion in Emerging Markets (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Emerging Markets ; Gender ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which began as a health crisis in early 2020, has rapidly evolved to become an unprecedented economic crisis affecting global, national, and regional economies and billions of individuals around the world. This report analyzes the widespread implications of the crisis on industry sectors, businesses, individuals, families, and communities. It closely examines evidence and data from business sectors and segments of society that may face challenging paths to recovery, including the most vulnerable firms and individuals in emerging markets that are likely to experience continuing hardship and specific difficulties coping with the crisis. And it highlights opportunities for the private sector to respond, to support a vigorous recovery and to build back better. The first section of the report, chapters 1 to 5 addresses issues that cut across sectors, as well as ways the development community can join with the private sector to help impacted communities and sectors recover and rebuild. The second section, chapters 6 to 9 focus on sector-specific responses to the crisis. The final section, chapters 10 to 12 attends to gender inequities, how they have been aggravated by the crisis, and potentially effective remedies
    DOI: 10.1596/36265
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  • 8
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    Gender Equality in Nigeria's Private Sector : A Gender Gap Assessment of the 30 Most Capitalized Companies Listed on the Nigerian Exchange (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa, and it is projected to have the fifth largest population in the world by 2026. The gender gap is particularly acute in Nigeria, and three market failures stand out: (1) a persistent gender gap at the company leadership level; (2) lack of access to finance for women who want to start a business; and (3) women's limited access to markets through supply chains and procurement opportunities. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX) have joined forces to rally some of the largest Nigerian companies to increase women's participation in private sector development. Through the Nigeria2Equal initiative, IFC is working with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed on NGX that are committed to implementing gender-smart solutions to reduce gender gaps across leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship. Through the Nigeria2Equal initiative, IFC is working with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed on NGX that are committed to implementing gender-smart solutions to reduce gender gaps across leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship. By conducting market research and publishing studies such as this report, IFC is establishing the business case for the private sector to invest in women in Nigeria, and are helping companies to identify gaps and constraints, and invest in reducing those gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/37860
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  • 9
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    Sourcing2Equal Kenya : Barriers and Approaches to Increase Access to Markets for Women-Owned Businesses (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) make up a large part of Kenya's economy, accounting for approximately 98 percent of all businesses. SMEs are found in all sectors of the economy, they are estimated to contribute about 80 percent of total employment in Kenya, and they play a central role in Kenya's economic growth. Women's ownership of formal SMEs is low, comprising only about one third of registered SMEs. Women-owned and led SMEs (WSMEs) face structural barriers in growing their businesses due to their limited access to: finance, business networks and connections, and market information. Consequently, these barriers limit WSMEs' ability to access new markets, such as procurement contracts with private sector Buyers. In 2020, IFC established Sourcing2Equal, a global program that aims to connect 5,000 WSMEs to private procurement opportunities by 2023. The first project under the program is in Kenya. This report examines the barriers that Kenyan SMEs face in accessing private procurement contracts, and if there are differences based on whether companies are owned by women, men, or owned jointly by women and men. Analysis of survey data from 571 SMEs, and interviews with 14 corporate Buyers in Kenya, provide unique data on gender gaps in the participation of SMEs in corporate supply chains, and it reveals emerging practices that are aiming to increase the procurement of goods and services from WSMEs. The sample of formally registered SMEs was selected from a defined population in business membership organizations' databases, rather than from a national census dataset. Due to the potential risk of homogeneity in the sample, the statistically significant results of this study should not be assumed to be representative of the whole SME population
    DOI: 10.1596/37853
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  • 10
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    Markham/Ramu Agricultural Growth Corridor : A Possible Path of Transformational Agricultural Development (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investments from the government, development partners and the private sector in integrated development/growth corridors and other spatial development initiatives, where coordinated investments in transport infrastructure, power, communications and markets are expected to create conditions to unleash Papua New Guinea's undoubted agricultural potential. Growth corridor strategies are increasingly invoked to coordinate public and private investment around strategic backbone infrastructure in developing countries. Investments in soft and hard infrastructure to promote investment in processing zones or out-grower schemes and facilitate multi-stakeholder dialogue aim to overcome coordination failures and bottlenecks related to market linkages or producer-relations to secure supply chains. This paper discusses the model of growth corridors as a tool for inclusive agricultural development in Papua New Guinea. It provides corridor and other spatial development approaches in terms of i) their geographical scope, ii) their objectives and iii) their governance mechanisms, the driving force behind the corridor initiative. Finally, it analyzes the potential and the needs of how the Markham and Ramu valleys can be a role model for an agricultural transformation in Papua New Guinea
    DOI: 10.1596/37864
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  • 11
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    Latin America and the Rising South : Changing World, Changing Priorities (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464803567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (248 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Latin America and the rising South
    DDC: 332.098
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftslage ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Weltwirtschaft ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Süden ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Außenhandel ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Investition ; domestic savings ; FDI ; Financial integration ; Foreign direct investment ; Global financial network ; Global trade network ; Global value chains ; Globalization ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor market dynamics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate dynamics ; Rise of the south ; Trade Integration ; Trade structure ; Erde ; Lateinamerika
    Abstract: The world economy is not what it used to be twenty years ago. For most of the 20th century, the world economy was characterized by developed (North) countries acting as 'center' to a 'periphery' of developing (South) countries. However, the recent rise of developing economies suggests the need to go beyond this North-South dichotomy. This tectonic re-configuration of the global landscape has brought about significant changes to countries in the Latin America and Caribean (LAC) region. The time is ripe for an in-depth analysis of the dynamics and nature of LAC's external connections.This latest volume in the World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies series will focus on the implications of these trends for the economic development of LAC countries. In particular, trade, financial, macroeconomic, and sectoral shifts, as well as labor-market aspects will be systematically analyzed
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0355-0
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  • 12
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    China, India, And The Future of The World Economy : Fierce Competition Or Shared Growth? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dimaranan, Betina China, India, And The Future of The World Economy
    Keywords: Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy ; Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy ; Comparative advantage ; Competitiveness ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Human capital ; Income ; Income levels ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Partial equilibrium analyses ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Total factor productivity ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Although both China and India are labor-abundant and dependant on manufactures, their export mixes are very different. Only one product-refined petroleum-appears in the top 25 products for both countries, and services exports are roughly twice as important for India as for China, which is much better integrated into global production networks. Even assuming India also begins to integrate into global production chains and expands exports of manufactures, there seems to be opportunity for rapid growth in both countries. Accelerated growth through efficiency improvements in China and India, especially in their high-tech industries, will intensify competition in global markets leading to contraction of the manufacturing sectors in many countries. Improvement in the range and quality of exports from China and India has the potential to create substantial welfare benefits for the world, and for China and India, and to act as a powerful offset to the terms-of-trade losses otherwise associated with rapid export growth. However, without efforts to keep up with China and India, some countries may see further erosion of their export shares and high-tech manufacturing sectors
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  • 13
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    The Growth of China And India In World Trade : Opportunity Or Threat For Latin America And The Caribbean? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel The Growth of China And India In World Trade
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between the growth of China and India in world merchandise trade and Latin American and Caribbean commercial flows from two perspectives. First, the authors focus on the opportunity that China and India's markets have offered Latin American and Caribbean exporters during 2000-2004. Second, empirical analyses examine the partial correlation between Chinese and Indian bilateral trade flows and Latin American and Caribbean trade with third markets. Both analyses rely on the gravity model of international trade. Econometric estimations that control for the systematic correlation between expected bilateral trade volumes and the size of their regression errors, as well as importer and exporter fixed effects and year effects, provide consistent estimates of the relevant parameters for different groups of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results suggest that the growth of the two Asian markets has produced large opportunities for Latin American and Caribbean exporters, which nevertheless have not been fully exploited. The evidence concerning the effects of Chinese and Indian trade with third markets is not robust, but there is little evidence of negative effects on Latin American and Caribbean exports of non-fuel merchandise. In general, China's and to a large extent India's growing presence in world trade has been good news for Latin America and the Caribbean, but some of the potential benefits remain unexploited
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  • 14
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    Growth Diagnostics For A Resource-Rich Transition Economy : The Case of Mongolia (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Growth Diagnostics For A Resource-Rich Transition Economy
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth ; Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth ; Access to Finance ; Bottlenecks ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Tax ; Transit ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation Services ; Wealth
    Abstract: This paper uses a growth diagnostics approach à la Hausmann, Rodrik, and Velasco (HRV) to identify the most 'binding' constraints to private sector growth in Mongolia - a small, low-income, mineral-rich, transition economy. The approach of applying the HRV methodology is useful in those cases where a lack of data prevents us from estimating shadow prices to identify the most 'binding' constraint to growth. We find that although Mongolia is not liquidity constrained and has grown rapidly in recent years, economic growth has been narrowly based. Investment has flowed mainly into a small number of firms operating in mining and construction. The low level of private investment in sectors outside mining and construction has been due to low returns - a result of costly and unreliable transportation services; lengthy and complex transit procedures, including customs and trade rules; distortionary taxes; coordination failures, at both domestic and international levels; and growing corruption. Poor financial intermediation is also a problem that has kept the cost of finance high, although lower than in previous years. Alleviating these binding constraints will ensure that Mongolia maintains the path towards sustained, broad-based growth
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  • 15
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    Substitution Between Foreign Capital In China, India, The Rest of The World, And Latin America : Much Ado About Nothing ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cravino, Javier Substitution Between Foreign Capital In China, India, The Rest of The World, And Latin America
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign direct investment ; Foreign investment ; International Economics & Trade ; International investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Production processes ; Results ; Search ; Web
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of the emergence of China and India on foreign capital stocks in other economies. Using bilateral data from 1990-2003 and drawing from the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprises to control for fundamental determinants of foreign capital stocks across countries, the evidence suggests that the impact of foreign capital in China and India on other countries' foreign capital stocks has been positive. This finding is robust to the use of ordinary least squares, Poisson, and negative binomial estimators; to the inclusion of time and country-pair fixed effects; to the inclusion of natural-resource endowments; and to the use of the sum of foreign capital stocks in Hong Kong (China) and mainland China instead of using only the latter's foreign capital stocks. There is surprisingly weak evidence of substitution in manufacturing foreign capital stocks away from Central America and Mexico in favor of China, and from the Southern Cone countries to India, but these findings are not robust to the use of alternative estimation techniques
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  • 16
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    Specialization And Adjustment During The Growth of China And India : The Latin American Experience (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Specialization And Adjustment During The Growth of China And India
    Keywords: Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets ; Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets ; Comparative advantage ; Econometric estimates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Global integration ; Gross domestic product ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Patterns of trade ; Public Sector Development ; Specialization ; Terms of trade ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; World markets
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade specialization in Latin American economies. The authors construct Vollrath's measure of revealed comparative advantage by 3-digit ISIC sector, country, and year. This measure accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation between the revealed comparative advantage of Latin America and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of Latin A-with the exception of Mexico-has been moving in opposite direction of the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India's growth since 1990
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  • 17
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    Export Promotion Agencies : What Works And What Doesn't (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Export Promotion Agencies
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: The number of national export promotion agencies (EPAs) has tripled over the past two decades. While more countries have made them part of their national export strategy, studies have criticized their efficiency in developing countries. Partly in reaction to these critiques, EPAs have been retooled (see ITC 1998 or 2000, for example). This paper studies the impact of existing EPAs and their strategies based on a new data set covering 104 industrial and developing countries. Results suggest that on average they have a strong and statistically significant impact on exports. For each
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  • 18
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    The Impact of China's WTO Accession on East Asia (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena The Impact of China's WTO Accession on East Asia
    Keywords: Capital ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Competition ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange Rates ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; World Trade Organization ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Competition ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange Rates ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; World Trade Organization ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Comparative Advantage ; Competition ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange Rates ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession will have major implications for China and present both opportunities and challenges for East Asia. Ianchovichina and Walmsley assess the possible channels through which China's accession to the WTO could affect East Asia and quantify these effects using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. China will be the biggest beneficiary of accession, followed by the industrial and newly industrializing economies (NIEs) in East Asia. But their benefits are small relative to the size of their economies and to the vigorous growth projected to occur in the region over the next 10 years. By contrast, developing countries in East Asia are expected to incur small declines in real GDP and welfare as a result of China's accession, mainly because with the elimination of quotas on Chinese textile and apparel exports to industrial countries China will become a formidable competitor in areas in which these countries have comparative advantage. With WTO accession China will increase its demand for petrochemicals, electronics, machinery, and equipment from Japan and the NIEs, and farm, timber, energy products, and other manufactures from the developing countries in East Asia. New foreign investment is likely to flow into these expanding sectors. The overall impact on foreign investment is likely to be positive in the NIEs, but negative for the less developed East Asian countries as a result of the contraction of these economies' textile and apparel sector. As China becomes a more efficient supplier of services or a more efficient producer of high-end manufactures, its comparative advantage will shift into higher-end products. This is good news for the poor developing economies in East Asia, but it implies that the impact of China's WTO accession on the NIEs may change to include heightened competition in global markets. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 19
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    Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Keywords: Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 20
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    Economic Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Martin, Will Economic Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization ; Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization ; Base Year ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reform ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Ianchovichina and Martin present estimates of the impact of accession by China and Chinese Taipei to the World Trade Organization. China is estimated to be the biggest beneficiary, followed by Chinese Taipei and their major trading partners. Accession will boost the labor-intensive manufacturing sectors in China, especially the textiles and apparel sector that will benefit directly from the removal of quotas on textiles and apparel exports to North America and Western Europe. Consequently, developing economies competing with China in third markets may suffer relatively small losses. China has already benefited from the reforms undertaken between 1995 and 2001 (US
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  • 21
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    Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization ; Comparative Advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Monopoly ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Policy ; Trade Policy ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: (June 2001) - China's forthcoming access to the World Trade Organization involves reform in many sectors, both domestic and trade-related. The starting point for reform is a partially reformed economy with relatively high import duties, in which export sectors benefit from liberal duty exemptions on inputs. Both China and its major trading partners will gain from access—with China gaining most (perhaps half of the estimated
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