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  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (472)
  • Gaukrodger, David
  • Environment  (332)
  • Finance and Investment  (154)
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  • 101
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
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  • 102
    ISBN: 9789264071223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 ; Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study is to identify carcinogenic and the majority of chronic effects, and to determine dose-response relationships following prolonged and repeated exposure. The rat is typically used for this study. For rodents, each dose group and concurrent control group intended for the carcinogenicity phase of the study should contain at least 50 animals of each sex, while for the chronic toxicity phase of the study should contain at least 10 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels should be used, in addition to the concurrent control group for both the chronic toxicity phase and the carcinogenicity phase of the study. The three main routes of administration are oral, dermal, and inhalation. The Test Guideline focuses on the oral route of administration. The period of dosing and duration of the study is normally 12 months for the chronic phase, and 24 months for the carcinogenicity phase. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology. All these observations permit the detection of neoplastic effects and a determination of carcinogenic potential as well as the general toxicity.
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  • 103
    ISBN: 9789264067479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 ; Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 : Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to estimate the developmental toxicity of a test chemical to the dung dwelling life stages of dung-dependent dipteran species. Two test species can be used. The test chemical is mixed with bovine faeces, to which either 10 eggs of Scathophaga stercoraria or 10 larvae of Musca autumnalis are added. The test will be terminated 5 days after emergence of the last adult in the control (〉 18 days for S. stercoraria, 〉13 days for M. autumnalis). Then the possible impacts of the test chemical on the following measurement endpoints are assessed under controlled conditions: sex and total number of emerged adult flies, retardation of emergence indicated by the developmental rate and morphological change. Depending on the experimental design, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) or the Effect concentration for x percent effect (ECx) can be determined. This Guideline can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but is not applicable to volatile substances. If the toxicity of the chemical is unknown, five nominal test concentrations should be conducted. A positive control should be tested periodically. The test is considered valid if in the controls hatching of larvae is superior or equal to 70% of the number of introduced eggs, emergence of adults is superior or equal to 70% and superior or equal to 50% of the respectively hatched and introduced larvae and if the emergence of adult flies starts after 18 +- 2 days (S. stercoraria) or after 13 +- 2 days(M. autumnalis).
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264043329
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (522 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives de l'environnement de l'OCDE à l'horizon 2030
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Der OECD-Umweltausblick bis 2030 liefert Analysen ökonomischer und ökologischer Trends bis 2030 sowie Simulationen politischer Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der wichtigsten Herausforderungen. Wenn keine neuen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, laufen wir Gefahr, die Umwelt und die natürliche Ressourcenbasis, die zur Sicherung von Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand notwendig ist, irreversibel zu schädigen. Bei politischer Untätigkeit drohen hohe Kosten. Der Ausblick zeigt allerdings, dass es sowohl möglich als auch finanzierbar ist, die größten ökologischen Probleme der heutigen Zeit – darunter Klimawandel, Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt, Wassermangel und Gesundheitsschädigungen durch Umweltverschmutzung – zu bewältigen. Er richtet das Augenmerk auf den Policy Mix, mit dem diesen Herausforderungen auf kosteneffiziente Weise begegnet werden kann. Im Vergleich zur Ausgabe 2001 wurde der Blickwinkel dieses Ausblicks erweitert, da nicht nur auf die Entwicklungen in den OECD-Ländern, sondern auch auf Brasilien, Russland, Indien, Indonesien, China sowie Südafrika (BRIICS) und insbesondere auf die Frage eingegangen wird, wie die Länder im Hinblick auf globale und lokale Lösungen für ökologische Probleme besser zusammenarbeiten können.
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  • 105
    ISBN: 9789264056404
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in El Salvador; Peer Review
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in El Salvador: Peer Review
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; El Salvador
    Abstract: La primera ley de competencia de El Salvador entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 2006. La ley, con algunas enmiendas importantes de 2007, es sólida en la mayoría de los aspectos. Emplea estándares de aplicación que son coherentes con las mejores prácticas en la comunidad de competencia mundial. Provee la nueva agencia de competencia, la Superintendencia de Competencia, con las facultades que necesita para aplicar la ley de forma efectiva. En menos de tres años El Salvador ha tenido un buen, mejor dicho, excelente comienzo. Su experiencia puede servir, de alguna forma al menos, como ejemplo de una manera efectiva de comenzar a implementar una política de competencia...
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  • 106
    ISBN: 9789264070127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 211; Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 211: Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test method described in this Test Guideline assesses the effect of chemicals on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna Straus. To this end, young female Daphnia are exposed to the test substance added to water at a range of concentrations (at least five). For semi-static tests, at least 10 animals at each test concentration and for flow-through tests, 40 animals divided into four groups of 10 animals at each test concentration, are used. The test duration is 21 days. Reproductive output of the parent animals and the total number of living offspring produced per parent alive at the end of the test should be reported. The study report should also include: the daily counting of the offspring, the daily recording of the parent mortality, the weekly measurement of oxygen concentration, temperature, hardness and pH values and the determination of the concentrations of test substance. Optionally, the sex ratio of the offspring may be recorded. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and hence the no observed effect concentration (NOEC). In addition, and as far as possible, the data are analyzed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause an x % reduction in reproductive output.
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  • 107
    ISBN: 9789264039582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: This systematic review of environmental policies and programmes in Denmark finds progress in tackling environmental challenges over the last ten years, but insists the country must green its economy (e.g. transport, agriculture, energy sectors and fiscal policies) and must face special challenges associated with health, biodiversity, and marine protection.
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  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264040304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report evaluates strategies to improve the efficiency with which environmental resources are used to meet human needs. Many firms in OECD countries have developed strategies that involve:- developing goals to reduce resource use and pollutant release while improving customer service;- working towards the goals through innovation in technology, practices, and ways of thinking; and- designing indicators to monitor progress.Similar approaches have been used outside business, for example by governments, communities and groups of households. Such strategies have achieved improvements in material and energy efficiency in the region of 10% to 40%. The full potential for improving eco-efficiency is much greater, but it is only likely to be achieved through coherent government policies for sustainable development. The report identifies policies that can encourage innovation by firms and communities, and provide an economy-wide framework of economic and regulatory incentives for the adoption of more sustainable patterns of production and consumption.
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  • 109
    ISBN: 9789264049901
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Sustainable development depends on maintaining long-term economic, social, and environmental capital. In failing to make the best use of their female populations, most countries are underinvesting in the human capital needed to assure sustainabilitly. This market and systems failure is discussed in this publication in terms of gender constraints, which are based on the socially-constructed and historically developed roles of men and women. It also illuminates how female contributions can be better realized at present and how strategies can be developed for meeting the needs of future generations. This report is a contribution by the OECD to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development and its cross-cutting work on gender.
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044845
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: As the Polluter-Pays Principle is a fundamental principle of cost allocation, its analysis covers a substantial part of the vast field of environmental resource allocation. This report, originally published in 1975, presents a selection of relevant theoretical and practical analyses now that the Polluter-Pays Principle must be regarded as a mainstay of Member countries’ environmental policies. First, in the matter of definitions of the Polluter-Pays Principle, the definition officially adopted by the OECD is outlined, together with an answer to the questions which consequently arise. With regard to analysis of the Polluter-Pays Principle, one study deals in detail with the economic foundations of the Principle and possible effects of its application, such as on behaviour of the polluting firm. Lastly, the important problem of implementing the PolluterPays Principle is discussed at some length.
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789264049161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Turkey 2008; (Turkish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008: (Turkish version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Turkey
    Abstract: This edition of OECD's periodic review of Turkey's environmental policy finds that Turkey has achieved consolidation of environmental progress and its environmental legislation is increasingly incorporating the EU environmental aquis. But pollution, energy, and resource intensities still need to be reduced and environmentally related health problems need to be addressed. This review systematically looks at air, water, nature and biodiversity, the environmental-economic interface, the environmental-social interface, and international co-operation, making 45 specific recommendations.
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  • 112
    ISBN: 9789264046825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique environnementale, innovation technologique et dépôts de brevets
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental policy, technological innovation and patents
    RVK:
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Patent ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Papierindustrie ; Wasseraufbereitung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Technological innovations Environmental aspects ; Technological innovations Patents ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Umweltpolitik ; Umwelttechnik ; Technische Innovation ; Patentdokumentation
    Abstract: This report presents three case studies to illustrate the relationship between environmental policy and technological innovation. The case studies cover abatement technologies for wastewater effluent from pulp production, abatement of motor vehicle emissions, and development of renewable energy technologies. On the basis of patent data, the nature, extent, and causes of innovation in each of these areas have been explored. While a particular focus has been placed on the role of environmental policy in bringing about the innovation documented, it is recognised that other factors play a key role in inducing innovation that has positive environmental implications.
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  • 113
    ISBN: 9789264054196
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: This book examines the contributions that space technologies can make in tackling some of the serious problems posed by climate change. Focusing on examples of water management, marine resources and maritime transport, it sets out the rationale for further developing satellite systems to measure and monitor climate change and help mitigate its consequences. The report underlines the need to consider satellites not just as research and development systems, but as an important component of a critical communication- and information-based infrastructure for modern societies. The tool box for decision makers that concludes the book reviews different methodological options for deciding on investments in space-based earth observation.
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  • 114
    ISBN: 9789960552095
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: Online-Ressource (431 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water; Improving Approaches and Methods
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 115
    ISBN: 9789264071049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 425; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale; méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 425: Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale: méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method permits estimation of an LD50 with a confidence interval and the results allow a substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals. It is easiest to apply to materials that produce death within couple of days. This Test Guideline is intended for use with rodents (rat female preferably). There are a limit test and a main test. The limit test can be used efficiently to identify chemicals that are likely to have low toxicity. The test substance is administered generally in a single dose by gavage to animals fasted prior to dosing. Single animals are dosed in sequence usually at 48h intervals. The first animal is dosed a step below the best preliminary estimates of the LD50. The second animal receives a lower dose (if the first animal dies) or a higher dose (if the first animal survives). Animals are observed with a special attention given during the first 4 hours and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days generally. Weights Animals should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy. Globally the LD50 is calculated using the maximum likelihood method. Following this, it may be possible to compute interval estimates for the LD50; most narrow is the interval and better is LD50 estimation. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 116
    ISBN: 9789264067622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 ; Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 : Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes how to plan and carry out processing studies, i.e. determine residue levels in primary processed commodities following pesticide application on raw agriculture commodities (RAC) under conditions likely to lead to maximum residues. It provides the distribution of residues (active ingredient, and/or metabolites, degradation products), and preferential accumulation in various processed products resulting from the processing of a commodity. Used RACs (of plant origin and animal origin) should contain field-treated quantifiable residues, at sufficient levels so that concentration/dilution factors for the various consumed products and non-consumed intermediates can be determined. Pesticides residues to be measured are determined by the residue definition based on studies on the nature of the residue in processing and/or in plant and livestock. For each field test site (at least two independent) the processing factor (Pf) is calculated as the ratio between the residue level in the processed commodity and in the RAC or the commodity to be processed. If a given commodity has two or more significantly different commercial procedures, two trials for each procedure are necessary. Spiked samples should be run concurrently with those from the processing study to ensure the method validity.
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  • 117
    ISBN: 9789264059610
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique ; Que faire?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique : Que faire?
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Climate change is a fact of life. We need to act urgently if we are to avoid an irreversible build-up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming at a potentially huge cost to the economy and society worldwide. OECD analysis suggests that if we act now, we have 10 to 15 years’ “breathing space” during which action is possible at a relatively modest cost. But every year of delay reduces this breathing space, while requiring ever more stringent measures to make a difference. Current financial turmoil is not a reason to delay. Indeed, its macroeconomic consequences will be resolved in a relatively short time, after which growth will resume, while the consequences of inaction on global warming will continue to grow more and more costly over time...
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  • 118
    ISBN: 9789264049284
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Hongrie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary; (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Hongrie 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary: (Hungarian version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Hungary
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of Hungary's environmental programs and policies, covering air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
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  • 119
    ISBN: 9788981913694
    Language: Korean
    Pages: Online-Ressource (549 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal on Budgeting, Volume 4 Issue 3; The Legal Framework for Budget Systems; An International Comparison
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire, Volume 4 Numéro 3 ; Le cadre juridique des systèmes budgétaires ; Une comparaison internationale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal on Budgeting, Volume 4 Issue 3: The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire, Volume 4 Numéro 3 : Le cadre juridique des systèmes budgétaires : Une comparaison internationale
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
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  • 120
    ISBN: 9788483203941
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Risks and Insurance; A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assurance et risques environnementaux; Une analyse comparative du rôle de l'assurance dans la gestion des risques liés à l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Risks and Insurance: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assurance et risques environnementaux: Une analyse comparative du rôle de l'assurance dans la gestion des risques liés à l'environnement
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Desde la creciente incidencia de la contaminación ambiental y la contaminación del suelo hasta las catástrofes naturales, los riesgos producidos por la constante interacción entre las actividades humanas y el medio ambiente son diversos, numerosos y, a menudo, con consecuencias catastróficas. Por lo tanto, la elaboración de planes eficaces de gestión de riesgos, dirigidos a la formulación de estrategias de respuesta viables, requiere la contribución de todos los actores económicos involucrados: grupos privados, instituciones financieras, gobiernos y organizaciones internacionales. Este informe se centra en el papel de las compañías aseguradoras y reaseguradoras en la gestión de riesgos ambientales, en particular, el riesgo de contaminación ambiental y el riesgo de catástrofes naturales. Se discute la asegurabilidad de tales riesgos, se analiza el aumento del riesgo de responsabilidad por contaminación ambiental y las tendencias subyacentes en el desarrollo de regímenes de responsabilidad ambiental en los países de la OCDE. También presenta una visión general de los diversos productos de seguro medioambiental y de las técnicas desarrolladas en respuesta a la evolución legal y fáctica. Además, describe las características especiales de los riesgos por catástrofes naturales, el funcionamiento tradicional del mercado de seguros en la cobertura de tales peligros y opciones alternativas de cobertura, desde los planes gubernamentales contra el riesgo de desastres hasta los nuevos instrumentos financieros de mercado.
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  • 121
    ISBN: 9789264070684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 407; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 407: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest during one limited period (one dose level daily during 28 days). This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 10 animals (5 female and 5 male) should be used for each dose level. Three tests groups, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The report of this study will include results from clinical and functional observations, body weight and food/water consumption measurements, hematology and clinical biochemistry; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
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  • 122
    ISBN: 9789264067585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 ; Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau - Photolyse directe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 : Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau Photolyse directe
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes studies on phototransformation in water to determine the potential effects of solar irradiation on chemicals in surface water, considering direct photolysis only. It is designed as a tiered approach. The Tier 1 is based on a theoretical screen. The rate of decline of a test chemical in a direct photolysis study is generally assumed to follow pseudo first-order kinetics. If the maximum possible losses is estimated to be superior or equal to 50% of the initial concentration over a 30-day period, an experimental study is proceeded in Tier 2. The direct photolysis rate constants for test chemicals in the laboratory is determined using preferably a filtered xenon arc lamp capable of simulating natural sunlight in the 290 to 800 nm, or sunlight irradiation, and extrapolated to natural water. If estimated losses are superior or equal to 20%, the transformation pathway and the identities, concentrations, and rate of formation and decline of major transformation products are identified. An optional task is the additional determination of the quantum yield for various types of water bodies, seasons, and latitudes of interest. The test chemical should be directly dissolved in the aqueous media saturated in air at a concentration which should not exceed half its solubility. For linear and non-linear regressions on the test chemical data in definitive or upper tier tests, the minimum number of samples collected should be 5 and 7 respectively. The exact number of samples and the timing of their collection is determined by a preliminary range-finding. Replicates (at least 2) of each experimental determination of kinetic parameters are recommended to determine variability and reduce uncertainty in their determination.
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  • 123
    ISBN: 9789264067493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 ; Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 : Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the extent and kinetics of primary and ultimate biodegradation of organic chemicals whose route of entry into the environment begins with their discharge to wastewater. It consists of five simulation tests in a) sewer systems, b) activated sludge, c) anaerobic digester sludge, d) treated effluent in the mixing zone of surface water, and e) untreated wastewater that is directly discharged to surface water. These tests are appropriate for chemicals released continuously or episodically to wastewater. The five test methods described are open batch systems or closed gas flow-through batch systems. The principle objectives are to i) measure the rate of primary biodegradation, ii) measure the rate of mineralization and iii ) follow the formation and decay of major transformation products when appropriate. Typically, a test chemical, radiolabelled (14C) in an appropriate position, is incubated with a representative environmental sample. Abiotic and biotic treatments are prepared for each test chemical and condition. The level of parent and degradation products is determined using chromatographic separation and radio-analytical detection methods.
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  • 124
    ISBN: 9789264039612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Australia
    Abstract: OECD's periodic review of Australia's environmental policies and programmes. This edition reviews progress since the last review in 1998 and in relation to the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. It systematically examines environmental management (water, air, nature), sustainable development (environment-economy interface, environment-agriculture interface, environment-social interface) and international commitments. In each area, it makes a series of recommendations.
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  • 125
    ISBN: 9789264067455
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 ; Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 : Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the effects of chemical substances in soil on the reproductive output of the soil mite species Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae). It can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but not with volatile substances. Adult females of similar age are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into 20 g dry mass of artificial soil 28-35 days after the start of the egg laying period. Depending on the endpoint (ECx, NOEC or both), five to twelve concentrations should be tested. At least two to four replicates for each test concentrations and six to eight control replicates, of 10 animals each, are recommended. At 20¡ãC, the test lasts 14 days after introducing the females, which usually allows the control offspring to reach the deutonymph stage. The number of surviving females (mortality ¡Ü 20% for a valid test) and the number of juveniles per test vessel (at least 50 for a valid test) are determined. The fecundity of the mites exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels should be recorded.
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  • 126
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-28
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-28
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This article examines the recent financial market turmoil, contagion risks and policy responses. It begins by looking at the origins of the crisis, then considers the impact of the crisis on markets and the financial sector, and concludes by offering some policy lessons from the downturn.
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  • 127
    ISBN: 9789264056145
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Derecho y Política de la Competencia en El Salvador ; Examen inter-pares
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Derecho y Política de la Competencia en El Salvador : Examen inter-pares
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; El Salvador
    Abstract: El Salvador’s first competition law took effect on 1 January 2006. The law, following some important amendments in 2007, is sound in most respects. It employs enforcement standards that are consistent with best practices in the worldwide competition community. It provides the new competition agency, La Superintendencia de Competencia (Superintendency) with the powers that it needs to enforce the law effectively. In less than three years El Salvador is off to a good – one might say excellent – start. Its experience can serve, in some ways at least, as an example of an effective way to begin to implement a competition policy...
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  • 128
    ISBN: 9789264050099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reconciling development and environmental goals
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Economic development Government policy ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Environment ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Umweltpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Policy coherence is increasingly in the interest of OECD countries and developing countries alike, given their growing economic, social and environmental interdependence. This report presents scenarios showing numerical results of changes to individual policies as well as policy packages implemented simultaneously by OECD and developing countries. The results can be used to anticipate the outcomes of decisions and implement the appropriate set of policies. The scenarios also show how policy combinations could substantially improve both economic and environmental outcomes together, confirming the need for policy coherence.
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  • 129
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 ; Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 : Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Metabolism in Livestock studies are used to determine the qualitative and quantitative metabolism and/or degradation of the active ingredient resulting from pesticide use in feedstuffs, direct application to livestock, or premise treatment. The studies provide an estimate of total residues in the edible livestock commodities, as well as the excreta; identify the major components of the terminal residue in the edible tissues; elucidate a metabolic pathway for the pesticide in ruminants and poultry; provide evidence whether or not a residue should be classified as fat soluble. The studies should be conducted using radiolabelled test compound. A stable position of labelling is chosen and the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. A ruminant (lactating goats) study can be carried out on a single animal per experiments. For poultry (laying hens), the use of ten birds per experiments (or dose) is recommended. The minimum dosage used in livestock oral metabolism studies should approximate the level of exposure expected from the feeding of treated crops with the highest observed residues. Treatment should be administered orally (via a balling gun, capsule or gavage) or by dermal application. The study includes: the excreta, milk and eggs collect (twice daily), and tissues collect (muscle, liver…).
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  • 130
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 ; Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 : Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Studies of Metabolism in Crops are used to elucidate the degradation pathway of the active ingredient and require the identification of the metabolism and/or degradation products when a pesticide is applied to a crop directly or indirectly. A Metabolism in Crops study should be submitted for each type of crop group. Five categories for crop metabolism studies can be considered: root vegetables, leafy crops, fruits, pulses and oilseeds, and cereals. The active ingredient should be administered such as foliar, soil/seed, or post-harvest treatments to reflect its intended use pattern. It should be labelled, to allow for quantification; the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. The study should be performed using a sandy loam soil treated with the radiolabelled test substance. It may be performed either in a greenhouse or in an outdoor test plot or plant growth chambers. The maximum application rate (the proposed Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) application rate) should be utilized. Samples of all raw agricultural commodities are collected for characterization and/or identification of residues and determination of the total radioactive residue.
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  • 131
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 ; Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 : Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The residues in Livestock studies are conducted in order to quantify levels of residues in meat, milk, eggs and edible meat by-products following the use of a pesticide product. The situations to which such studies apply include application of a pesticide to raw agricultural commodities (RACs), and the feeding by livestock; pesticides that may be directly applied to livestock; and pesticides that are used in livestock premises. The primary purposes of the Residues in Livestock study are to provide: the basis for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) and for conducting dietary intake assessments for consumer safety. Separate feeding studies should be conducted for a ruminant (lactating dairy cows) and poultry (egg-laying hens). The test substance(s) should be applied daily (during at least 28 days) preferably by capsule. A Residues in Livestock study will normally comprise 3 different dose levels, 1X, 3X and 10X. Three animals per dose group (and one for the control) should be used for ruminants. For hens 9-10 animals per dose group (and 3 to 4 animal for control per study) should be used. The study report should include: daily feed consumption, bodyweights measurement, milk or egg production and analyse (after and before dosing), detailed observations (health problems…) and tissues analyse.
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  • 132
    ISBN: 9789264067356
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 225; Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 225: Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure to sediment-associated chemicals on the reproduction and the biomass of the endobenthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller). The method is described for static test conditions. Worms of similar physiological state are exposed to a series of toxicant concentrations applied to the sediment phase of a sediment-water system (artificial sediment amended with a food source and reconstituted water). Test vessels without the test substance serve as controls. The test animals are exposed to the sediment-water systems for a period of 28 days. The endpoints of this type of study are the ECx for reproduction and biomass. In addition the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) may be calculated. The purpose of the study, ECx or NOEC derivation, will determine the test design. At least five concentrations and a minimum of three replicates for ECx, or four replicates for NOEC/LOEC, for each concentration should be tested. The test is conducted with at least 10 worms for each replicate. The report should include the total number and the dry weight of the worms, the observations of abnormal behaviour, of mortalities, the water characteristics within the test vessels and the total organic content.
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  • 133
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berne : Office fédéral de l'environnement OFEV, Switzerland
    ISBN: 9783905822014
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Rapporto sulle performance ambientali
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Switzerland 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Switzerland
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  • 134
    ISBN: 9789264067431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 507; Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 507: Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method conducted as model studies to predict the degradation pathway of the active ingredient under hydrolytic conditions, to identify the degradation products, and to determine the relative amount of degradation products. Three representative hydrolysis conditions should be investigated. Radiolabelled active test substance are used to elucidate the possible degradation pathway and for quantitation of the extent of degradation. The use of tritium (3H) as a label is not permitted due to the possibility of hydrogen exchange with the water. The proposed value for the concentration of a water soluble active ingredient in the studies required here is 1.0 mg/L. Samples may be analysed directly by chromatography or may be extracted with a series of solvents or solvent mixtures with various polarities and other characteristics depending on the nature of the expected residues. The characterisation and identification of extractable residues is made. Ideally samples should be stored at/or below -18°C. The report should include the routes of degradation observed, the degradation pathway, the composition of total radioactive residues, the limit of quantification for radioactivity determination and chromatographic separation.
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  • 135
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berne : Office fédéral de l'environnement OFEV, Switzerland
    ISBN: 9783905822007
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Umweltprüfberichte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Switzerland 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali; Svizzera 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Der Hauptzweck der OECD Umweltprüfberichte ist es, die Mitgliedstaaten dabei zu unterstützen, im Umweltmanagement gemeinsam und individuell bessere Ergebnisse zu realisieren. Dies soll erreicht werden durch: die Unterstützung der einzelnen Länder bei der Bewertung der erzielten Fortschritte; die Förderung des Dialogs zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten über ihre Politiken durch ein Peer-Review-Verfahren und die Aufforderung an die Regierungen der Mitgliedstaaten, ihre Bemühungen um eine verbesserte Berichterstattung über ihre Tätigkeiten gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit, in den Entwicklungsländern und anderswo zu verstärken. Inwiefern wurden die nationalen Zielsetzungen erreicht? In welchem Umfang wurden die internationalen Verpflichtungen eingehalten? Diesen Fragen wird im Rahmen der Umweltperformance-Prüfung nachgegangen. Ziele und Verpflichtungen können allgemeiner oder spezifischer Natur oder gar quantifiziert sein. Darüber hinaus wird die Umweltperformance vor dem Hintergrund des Zustands der Umwelt im betreffenden Land, seiner natürlichen Ressourcen, seines wirtschaftlichen Umfeldes und seiner demografischen Entwicklung betrachtet.
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  • 136
    ISBN: 9789264067417
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 ; Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs ; Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 440; Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents; A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 : Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs : Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents: A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Uterotrophic Bioassay is an in vivo short-term screening test. It is based on the increase in uterine weight or uterotrophic response. The Uterotrophic Bioassay relies for its sensitivity on an animal test system in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is not functional. Two oestrogen sensitive states in the female rodent meet this requirement: i) immature females after weaning and prior to puberty and ii) young adult females after ovariectomy with adequate time for uterine tissues to regress. The test substance is administered daily by oral gavage or subcutaneous injection. Each treated and control group should include at least 6 animals. Graduated test substance doses are administered to a minimum of two treatment groups of experimental animals using one dose level per group and an administration period of three consecutive days for immature method and a minimum administration period of three consecutive days for ovx-adult method. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last dose. For oestrogen agonists, the mean uterine weight of the treated animal groups relative to the vehicle group is assessed for a statistically significant increase. A statistically significant increase in the mean uterine weight of a test group indicates a positive response in this bioassay. The report should include: the daily body weights, the daily record of status of animal, the wet and blotted uterine weight, the daily food consumption.
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  • 137
    ISBN: 9789264035577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Codes de l'OCDE de la libération des mouvements de capitaux et des opérations invisibles courantes ; Guide de référence 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Codes de l'OCDE de la libération des mouvements de capitaux et des opérations invisibles courantes : Guide de référence 2007
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD codes of liberalisation of capital movements and of current invisible operations
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Deregulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; OECD ; Internationale Kapitalbewegung ; Unternehmenskauf ; Unsichtbarer Handel ; Internationales Recht
    Abstract: OECD member countries have committed themselves to maintaining and expanding the freedom for international capital movements and current invisible operations under the legally binding OECD Codes of Liberalisation. This publication explains the content and structure of the OECD Codes and the way they are implemented to achieve progressive liberalisation.
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  • 138
    ISBN: 9789264034013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Croatia. The main characteristics of FDI in that country are described, along with its impacts on employment, fiscal revenues and trade. The study first looks at Croatia’s balance of payments statistics, compiled by the Croatian National Bank. Croatia has attracted a relatively significant amount of FDI, especially when FDI per capita statistics are compared with those of its neighbours. Reinvested earnings as a percentage of FDI have also increased in the past few years. However, most FDI has been concentrated in the services sector, especially financial services and retail andwholesale trade, reflecting foreign investor interest in the domestic market. Moreover, while greenfield FDI was higher than acquisition-related FDI in 2003-05, only 10% of manufacturing FDI was greenfield...
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  • 139
    ISBN: 9789264027350
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Policies for a better environment
    DDC: 333.7
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Zentralasien ; Environment ; Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Zentralasien ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: In 2003, the Ministers of Environment of the 12 countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), together with their partners in the “Environment for Europe” process, adopted the EECCA Environment Strategy. This book provides a review of progress in achieving the Strategy's objectives, and provides a solid analytical base for discussions on future environmental co-operation between EECCA countries and their partners. Part I of the book looks at progress across the area on such strategic objectives as pollution prevention and control and environmental policy integration. Part II provides country profiles.
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  • 140
    ISBN: 9789264034259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment rester compétitif dans l'économie mondiale ; Progresser dans la chaîne de valeur
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment rester compétitif dans l'économie mondiale : Progresser dans la chaîne de valeur
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Staying competitive in the global economy
    RVK:
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Competition, International ; International economic relations ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Competition ; Globalisierung ; International economic relations ; Globalisierung ; Weltwirtschaft ; Internationaler Wettbewerb
    Abstract: Global value chains are radically altering how goods and services are produced--parts made in one country, for instance, are increasingly assembled in another and sold in a third. The globalisation of production has changed the industrial structure within OECD countries, and in some sectors blunted their competitiveness. Another major consequence has been fears of job losses, due to outsourcing and offshoring—not only in manufacturing but also in services. The rapid integration of China and India, with their large pool of educated people, further reinforces these concerns. How should OECD countries respond? This report brings together OECD data on the globalisation of value chains, including the rise of outsourcing/offshoring. It first examines how OECD countries are affected by the globalisation of production, on both the macroeconomic and sector-specific levels. The costs and benefits of globalisation are then discussed, with an emphasis on employment and productivity. Finally, this report analyses how globalisation impacts the competitiveness of OECD countries, highlighting the need for an effective innovation strategy. The report discusses not only the moving up the value chain that takes place in OECD countries but also in China, as R&D is increasingly going to emerging countries.
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  • 141
    ISBN: 9789264064898
    Language: Turkish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2001; Travel version
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2001 ; Édition de poche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2001: Travel version
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2001 : Édition de poche
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This is a translation of the 2001 edition of the Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, which was substantially revised; see the July 2010 edition available in English and French
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  • 142
    ISBN: 9789264067394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 ; Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 : Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: A developmental neurotoxicity study will provide information on the effects of repeated exposure to a substance during in utero and early postnatal development. The test substance is administered daily, generally orally, to mated females (rats are preferred) from the time of implantation (GD 6) throughout lactation (PND 21). At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used and a total of 20 litters are recommended at each dose level. Dams are tested to assess effects in pregnant and lactating females and may also provide comparative information. Offspring are randomly selected from within litters for neurotoxicity evaluation. All dams and all offspring should be carefully observed at least once daily with respect to their health condition, including morbidity and mortality. The evaluation consists of observations to detect gross neurologic and behavioural abnormalities, and the evaluation of brain weights and neuropathology during postnatal development and adulthood. The report should include the body weight, the food/water consumption; the detailed clinical observations, the necropsy findings, a detailed description of all behavioural, the number of animals at the start and at the end of the study and the toxic response data by sex and dose level.
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  • 143
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tokyo : Japan Bioindustry Association
    ISBN: 9789264032675
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 144
    ISBN: 9789264061927
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 506; Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 506: Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The aim of these studies is to demonstrate the time period for which stability has been shown in representative commodities from crops. Freezer storage stability studies should include sufficient starting material and should have a sufficiently high concentration of residue to allow for any observed decline during storage to be quantified. Samples could either be from crops (or animals) that have been treated with pesticides in the field, or from the spiking of control commodities with known amounts of each component of the residue definitions. Freshly spiked control samples of the stored commodities should be analysed at each of the time points when aged/stored commodities are removed from frozen storage for analysis. The control samples used for procedural recovery determinations will be the same commodity. At least two sampling intervals (time zero and other) should be used; the sampling interval depends on the stability of the residues. Duplicate samples of every commodity at each time point for all components of the residue definitions need to be analysed. The report should include the residue results and the statistical treatments.
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  • 145
    ISBN: 9789264013384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 504 ; Résidus dans les cultures en rotation (Etudes en conditions limitées sur le terrain)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 504 : Résidus dans les cultures en rotation (Etudes en conditions limitées sur le terrain)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to determine the amount of pesticide residues which may be accumulated into rotational crops via soil uptake following realistic agricultural practices. These data may be used to establish crop rotation restrictions, for dietary risk assessment and to determine whether maximum residue limits will be needed in rotational crops. Three representative crops should be tested to determine the uptake of residues: these are root and tuber vegetables; leafy vegetables; and small grains. The test uses three rotational intervals. The rotated crops should be planted after the minimum rotational interval that could be expected as part of agricultural practice: 7-30 days, and 270-365 days for crops rotated the following year. The limited field trials should be conducted at two diverse geographical regions. The pesticide should be applied to primary crop or bare soil by the method specified on the pesticide label or proposed label at the maximum label rate and the maximum number of applications. Residues should be analyzed within 30 days of harvesting (and should be stored frozen prior to analysis).
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  • 146
    ISBN: 9789264037687
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies; Policy Issues and Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les subventions dommageables à l'environnement ; Problèmes et défis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies: Policy Issues and Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les subventions dommageables à l'environnement : Problèmes et défis
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
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  • 147
    ISBN: 9789264018440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report analyses selected public expenditure programmes supporting environmental investments in water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure in four OECD countries: Austria, Belgium (the Region of Flanders), France and Germany. These programmes have been selected as they involve different approaches to managing public expenditure for water investments. The study focuses on mechanisms for managing government assistance at both national (Austria) and sub-national (Belgium, France, Germany) levels. In selecting the case studies, special attention has been given to the relevance of the expenditure programmes in their national environment and economic policy regimes as well as the potential for replication of good practices in transition economies.
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  • 148
    ISBN: 9789264042049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel d'application pour la gestion écologique des déchets
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the adoption of Council Recommendation C(2004)100 in 2004 on Environmentally Sound Management of Waste, member countries wished to reinforce the implementation of this legal Act by issuing a practical Guidance Manual. This publication aims at facilitating the implementation of an environmentally sound waste management policy by governments on one hand, and by waste treatment facilities on the other hand. Every element of the Recommendation C(2004)100 is explained in detail, as well as the different core performance criteria which characterise environmentally sound management of waste, through various types of information (such as technical, financial, regulatory). Waste management practices applied in certain member countries are presented as examples...
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  • 149
    ISBN: 9789264006805
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environment and regional trade agreements
    DDC: 382/.91
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Commercial treaties ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Trade blocs ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Bilateraler Handel ; Handelsabkommen ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increased significantly in number over the past few years. The number of RTAs which include environmental provisions is also increasing. However, these provisions, and the experience related to their negotiation and implementation, have not been examined in depth yet. This study contributes to filling this gap. It provides an overview of approaches to environmental issues in RTAs and summarises country experiences in their negotiation and practical application. Regional and bilateral trade arrangements are surveyed, including customs unions and free trade agreements. The study is based on the analysis of RTA texts, and on literature examining their actual implementation, as well as on first-hand comments and input from experts from both OECD and non-OECD countries.
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  • 150
    ISBN: 9789264034624
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement ; Égypte 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Égypte 2007
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Egypt
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Ägypten ; Finance and Investment ; Egypt
    Abstract: Having adhered to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises in July 2007, Egypt undertook a thorough review by OECD members of its international investment policies using the Policy Framework for Investment. This publication presents the results of this review. It finds that international investors responded quickly to the government’s policy reform efforts: foreign direct investment (FDI) into Egypt increased eightfold in just three years, diversifying away from the petroleum sector and bringing much-needed investment to a broad range of manufacturing and service industries. However, the review also shows that investment climate reforms take time and many challenges still lie ahead. These include ongoing efforts to phase out unnecessary sectoral restrictions on investment, maintaining the momentum for broadening the privatisation programme and encouraging entrepreneurship by promoting transparency, accountability and competition.
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  • 151
    ISBN: 9789264067370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 313; Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement ; Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 313: Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement : Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is intended for testing the emissions from wood and wooden commodities that are not covered and are in contact with fresh water or seawater. Preservative treated wood test specimens are immersed in water. The recommended wood species are Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Pinus resinosa Ait. (red pine), or Pinus spp (Southern pine). Wood test specimens are recommended to be sets of five according to EN 113 size blocks. Control with untreated wood specimens allows for the determination of background levels for emissates from wood other than the preservative used. The number of sets of wood test specimens used for analysing is at least five: three sets of specimens are treated with preservative, one set of specimens is untreated and one set of specimens for the estimation of the oven dry moisture content of the test specimens before treatment. The water (emissate) is collected and chemically analyzed multiple times over the exposure period sufficient to perform statistical calculations (6 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 15 days, 22 days, 29 days). Tests with untreated samples can be discontinued if there is no background detected in the first three data points.
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  • 152
    ISBN: 9789264037663
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators; A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité ; Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators: A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité : Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
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  • 153
    ISBN: 9789264031128
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (270 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Belgique 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Belgique 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Belgium
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of Belgium's environmental policies and programmes examines the full range of issues including air and water management, nature and biodiversity management, climate change, sustainable development, environmental taxation, environmental policy, and international co-operation. It includes a statistical annex containing key environmental data.
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  • 154
    ISBN: 9789264037670
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 155
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (2 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Introduction aux autres lignes directrices
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are a collection of about 100 of the most relevant internationally agreed testing methods used by government, industry and independent laboratories to identify and characterise potential hazards of new and existing chemical substances, chemical preparations and chemical mixtures. They are a basic set of tools used primarily in regulatory safety testing and subsequent chemical and chemical product notification and chemical registration. In addition, they can also be used for the selection and ranking of candidate chemicals during the development of new chemicals and products and in toxicology research. They cover tests for physical-chemical properties of chemicals, human health effects, environmental effects, as well as degradation and accumulation in the environment. Adopted in 1981, the Guidelines have become the recognised reference tool for professionals working on the testing of chemicals and the assessment of their potential hazards.
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  • 156
    ISBN: 9789264034600
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la capitalisation et la sécurité des prestations dans les plans de pension professionnels
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
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  • 157
    ISBN: 9789264037861
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment; Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique ; Guide de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment: Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique : Guide de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: La Meta de Desarrollo del Milenio 7 convoca a asegurar la sostenibilidad ambiental mediante la integración de los principios del desarrollo sostenible en las políticas y los programas de los países. La Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) es una de las principales herramientas disponibles para lograr esta integración. La Declaración de París sobre la Efectividad de la Ayuda al Desarrollo, acordada y suscrita por más de 100 donantes y países en desarrollo en marzo de 2005, compromete conjuntamente a los donantes y los países socios a "desarrollar y aplicar enfoques comunes para la evaluación estratégica ambiental a nivel de sector y nación". Esta Guía explica los beneficios de usar la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica en la cooperación para el desarrollo, y presenta los pasos clave para su aplicación, basándose en experiencias recientes. El documento identifica 12 diferentes puntos de ingreso para la aplicación práctica de la EAE en la cooperación para el desarrollo. Para cada punto de ingreso, ofrece una nota guía, una lista de control de preguntas y estudios de caso prácticos. La Guía también aborda la evaluación y el desarrollo de capacidades para los procesos de la EAE. Aunque la publicación de esta Guía va dirigida ante todo a los profesionales que trabajan en las agencias de desarrollo y los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo, también resultará valiosa para otros analistas de políticas y planificadores. La Guía contiene un prólogo realizado por Rt, Hon. Hillary Benn, Secretario de Estado para el Desarrollo Internacional del Reino Unido; Kemal Dervis, Administrador, PNUD, y Richard Manning, Presidente del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD). El Equipo de Trabajo sobre la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica, responsable de la preparación de esta Guía, recibió el Institutional Award de la Asociación Internacional para la Evaluación de Impactos (IAIA, por sus siglas en inglés).
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  • 158
    ISBN: 9789264037694
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Aspects of Extended Producer Responsibility
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 159
    ISBN: 9789264031166
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Chine 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Chine 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This first OECD review of China's environmental situation and policies systematically examines the physical and institutional context for environmental policy as well as specific issues including air, water, waste, and biodiversity; explores the environment-economic and environmental-social policy interfaces; reviews China's international engagement on environmental issues; and makes a series of recommendations. This book has been selected as Notable Government Document for 2007 by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
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  • 160
    ISBN: 9789264034105
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de l'OCDE pour la participation du secteur privé aux Infrastructures
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure aim to help governments work with private-sector partners to finance and bring to fruition infrastructure projects in areas of vital economic importance, such as transport, water and power supply and telecommunications. These Principles offer authorities a checklist of policy issues to consider in ensuring that citizens get the services they need at a fair cost and the private-sector partners obtain viable returns.
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  • 161
    ISBN: 9789264031326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (506 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) ; Électricité, eau et transports ; quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) : Électricité, eau et transports : quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Infrastructure to 2030 ; Vol. 2: Mapping policy for electricity, water and transport
    Keywords: Infrastrukturpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; OECD ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Telekommunikationswirtschaft ; Prognose 2030
    Abstract: Infrastructure systems play a vital role in economic and social development. Demand for infrastructure is set to continue to expand significantly in the decades ahead, driven by major factors of change such as global economic growth, technological progress, climate change, urbanisation and growing congestion. However, challenges abound: many parts of infrastructure systems in OECD countries are ageing rapidly, public finances are becoming increasingly tight and infrastructure financing is becoming more complex. This book assesses the future viability of current "business models" in five infrastructure sectors: electricity, water, rail freight, urban mass transit and road transport. It proposes policy recommendations that aim to enhance capacity to meet future infrastructure needs, including measures that could be taken by governments both collectively and individually to create more favourable institutional, policy and regulatory frameworks.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789264030589
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (245 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of New Zealand's environmental policies and programmes covers environmental management including waste and water management; nature and biodiversity conservation; economy and the environment; agriculture, forestry and the environment; the environmental-social interface; and international co-operation. It includes a series of recommendations as well as a rich statistical annex.
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  • 163
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 11-25
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 11-25
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Over the summer, financial markets weakened substantially as some of the risks that had built up during a period of easy financing, in particular in the housing market, materialised. Volatility has increased, and while equity markets have regained strength, tensions remain on credit markets....
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  • 164
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The present report presents the case studies made of instrument mixes addressing non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark and in the Chesapeake Bay area of the United States. While all these case studies discuss instruments addressing nutrient run-off, the UK and the Danish case studies also discuss instruments addressing the use of pesticides in the agriculture sector.
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  • 165
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 11-22
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 11-22
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: There was a sizeable correction in financial markets in February. However, since then all of the reflation trades have returned: equities have recouped their losses to the end of April; bonds yields have fallen and spreads have resumed their narrowing pattern; commodities have rallied along with commodity currencies; and the US dollar is weaker....
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 87-104
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In November 2006, the OECD Steering Group on Corporate Governance initiated a study of the role of privately organised pools of capital (“alternative investment vehicles”) in corporate governance. With a rapid increase in the size of transactions and investments, and partly due to differences in corporate governance frameworks and company structures, there has been a growing public interest in private equity firms and “activist” hedge funds. The Steering Group agreed that the distinct corporate governance aspects that emerge in these discussions required special attention based on the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (OECD Principles). This Report summarises the main conclusions reached by the Steering Group in April 2007, including the findings of a factual review that were taken into consideration. On the basis of available evidence, the Steering Group concluded that “activist” hedge funds and private equity firms could help strengthen corporate governance practices by increasing the number of investors that have the incentive to make active and informed use of their shareholder rights. It was agreed that, from a corporate governance perspective, there was no need to promote a special set of principles for private equity firms and “activist” hedge funds, but that the opportunities and challenges that follow from their ownership strategies should instead be analysed within the general framework of the OECD Principles, also taking into account existing voluntary standards established and promoted by the industry.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-40
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: At their meeting in Almaty in October 2000, EECCA Ministers of Environment, Finance, and Economy, Ministers and senior representatives from several OECD countries, as well as senior officials from International Financial Institutions (IFI), International Organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, recognised the critical condition of the urban water supply and sanitation sector in EECCA and endorsed "Guiding Principles for the Reform of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the NIS". Participants requested the EAP Task Force to assess progress in implementing these Guiding Principles for review at a major conference of stakeholders that took place in 2005 in Yerevan, Armenia. This paper is an update of a report that was prepared for the Ministerial meeting in Yerevan, drawing on more recent data, and responds to the Ministers' request to prepare such a paper for the Environment for Europe Conference in 2007.
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  • 168
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 23-33
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 23-33
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Triggered by sub-prime and Shanghai stock exchange volatility, major stock markets suffered a significant correction at the end of February. Markets have since recovered and European markets have over the past few weeks more than compensated these losses. While another downturn on the Shanghai exchange end of May led to some increases in volatility on major markets, they have so far not altered their course...
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: In 2003, by endorsing the Guiding Principles for Reform of Environmental Enforcement Authorities in Transition Economies, the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) agreed on a reference model to guide the modernisation of their systems for environmental regulation and compliance assurance. This report reviews their progress in implementing the Guiding Principles. The main conclusion is that countries took action to comply with the Guiding Principles, mostly to elevate the status of environmental enforcement authorities, clarify responsibilities, and provide training and a better infrastructure. While such improvements are an important basis for further reform, continued lack of progress in modernising strategies and instruments of work will inhibit institutional and environmental performance.
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  • 170
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper argues that the sustained provision of adequate financial resources for the environment is a prerequisite for addressing environmental challenges in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and South-Eastern Europe (SEE). It sets out options for how optimal use could be made of the various available sources of environmental finance, including domestic public expenditure, private sector participation and official development assistance. Recommendations are provided for Ministers on priority actions for ensuring that financial resources are made available for the environment. EECCA and SEE governments need to continue to prioritise the environment in policy and public expenditure frameworks, and make better use of incentive-based instruments. They also need to create a suitable climate for the private sector to participate in environmental financing. The international community must ensure that IFI loans for environmental investments are more accessible, especially for low-income countries, including by providing adequate grant co-financing. Finally, EECCA and SEE countries should strengthen their capacity to prepare environmental investment projects, with effective support from IFIs and donors.
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  • 171
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This study deals with "instruments used to address mercury emissions to air", by which is meant all legislation, regulation and other measures intended to control or reduce anthropogenic, atmospheric mercury emissions. As the links are complex between actual inputs of mercury to society (consumption for intended use and mobilisation of mercury-impurities via industrial processes) and the final release sources, all types of measures addressing any phase in the life-cycle of mercury which may ultimately lead to atmospheric mercury emissions are included here. Due to its volatility, most forms of mercury released or discarded as waste - as vapour, as liquid elemental mercury, as compounds, as integrated in products, consumer waste or flue-gas cleaning residues - may lead to emissions to air.
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  • 172
    ISBN: 9789264030541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (247 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali; Svizzera 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Switzerland's performance in fighting pollution is among the best of any OECD country. But it is faced with numerous environmental challenges from agriculture and from unsustainable consumption patterns in transport, recreational activities, and land use. This comprehensive report makes a series of recommendations for further strengthening Switzerland's environmental policy in such areas as environmental management, air, noise, water, nature/landscapes/biodiversity, agriculture and international co-operation.
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  • 173
    ISBN: 9789264025875
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (258 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action pour l'investissement ; Panorama des bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action pour l'investissement : Panorama des bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Policy framework for investment
    RVK:
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economic development ; Investments Government policy ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; OECD ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Investitionsförderung ; Transparenz ; Investitionsförderung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Transparenz
    Abstract: OECD's Policy Framework for Investment is designed to encourage policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy, their institutions and their policy settings in order to identify their priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress. This Review of Good Practices in OECD and non-OECD economies is published as a companion volume to the Framework and provides analytical background material on each of the ten chapters of the Framework.
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  • 174
    ISBN: 9789264035447
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du rapport des groupes d'experts de l'OCDE sur la toxicologie à court et à long terme
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 175
    ISBN: 9789264016842
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 311 ; Essai de biodégradabilité anaérobie des composés organiques dans une boue digérée ; mesure du dégagement gazeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 311 : Essai de biodégradabilité anaérobie des composés organiques dans une boue digérée : mesure du dégagement gazeux
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a screening method for the evaluation of potential anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals under specific conditions. Washed digested sludge, containing low (〈10 mg/L) concentrations of inorganic carbon (IC), is diluted about ten-fold to a total solids concentration of 1 g/L to 3 g/L and incubated at 35 °C ±2°C in sealed vessels with the test substance at 20 to 100 mg C/L for up to 60 days. The activity of the sludge is measured by running parallel blank controls. To check the procedure a reference substance (phenol, sodium benzoate, polyethylene glycol 400) is tested in parallel. At least triplicate test vessels for the test substance, blank controls, reference substance, inhibition controls and pressure control chambers are prepared. The increase in headspace pressure in the vessels resulting from the production of carbon dioxide and methane is measured. The inorganic carbon is measured at the end of the test. The amount of carbon (inorganic plus methane) resulting from the biodegradation of the test substance, is calculated from the net gas production and net IC formation in the liquid phase, in excess of blank control values. The extent of biodegradation is calculated from total IC and methane-C produced as a percentage of the measured or calculated amount of carbon added as test substance.
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  • 176
    ISBN: 9789264016194
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 221 ; Lemna sp. Essais d'inhibition de la croissance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 221 : Lemna sp. Essais d'inhibition de la croissance
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of substances to freshwater aquatic plants of the genus Lemna (duckweed). Exponentially growing plant cultures of the genus Lemna (Lemna gibba and Lemna minor usually) are allowed to grow as monocultures in, at least, five concentrations of the test substance over a period of seven days. The objective of the test is to quantify substance-related effects on vegetative growth over this period based on assessments of selected measurement variables. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes measurement of pH, light intensity, concentrations of the test substance, the counting of the frond number and measurement of at least one other variable (total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight). From the average specific growth rates (or yield) recorded in a series of test solutions, the concentration bringing about a specified x % inhibition of growth rate (or yield) is determined and expressed as the ErCx (or EyCx). An additional response variable used is yield. In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
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  • 177
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069565
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 104; Pression de vapeur
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 104: Pression de vapeur
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes eight methods to measure the vapour pressure. Each one can be applied in different vapour pressure ranges. The vapour pressure (in Pascal) of a substance is defined as the saturation pressure above a solid or liquid substance and is determined at various temperatures (in Kelvin). The methods used are: the dynamic method (Cottrell’s method), the static method, the isoteniscope Method, the effusion method: vapour pressure balance, the effusion method: Knudsen cell, the effusion method: isothermal thermogravimetry, the gas saturation method and the spinning rotor method. The vapour pressure from any of the preceding methods should be determined for at least two temperatures. Three or more are preferred in the range 0 to 50°C, in order to check the linearity of the vapour pressure curve. In case of Effusion methods and Gas saturation method, 120 to 150 °C is recommended for the measuring temperature range instead of 0 to 50°C.
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  • 178
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seoul : Joint OECD/Korea Regional Centre on Health and Social Policy
    ISBN: 9789264034457
    Language: Korean
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Pensions at a Glance 2005; Public Policies across OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pensions dans les pays de l'OCDE 2005 ; Panorama des politiques publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renten auf einen Blick 2005; Staatliche Politik im OECD-Ländervergleich
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Pensions at a Glance 2005: Public Policies across OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pensions dans les pays de l'OCDE 2005 : Panorama des politiques publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renten auf einen Blick 2005: Staatliche Politik im OECD-Ländervergleich
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The first comprehensive book of its kind, this comparison of key features of pension systems of OECD countries provides coverage of retirement ages, benefit accrual rates, ceilings, and indexation. Future pension entitlements are shown for full-career workers at different earnings levels. Indicators measure redistribution in pension systems, the cost of countries' pension promises, and potential resource transfer. Thirty country chapters explain pension systems and replacement rates in detail. "Pensions at a Glance is a significant undertaking and a major contribution to the body of comparative international pensions literature. The publication will serve as an important resource to those in the pensions policy community." --Ladan Manteghi, AARP Global Aging Program “This book is a valuable reference for policymakers, academics, and business people concerned about retirement systems in the developed world.” --Olivia S. Mitchell, Executive Director, Pension Research Council,The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania"The massive OECD report, Pensions at a Glance, deserves much more than a glance. It is compendium of facts and analyses that should inform policy-making and public debate around the world for years to come. By providing in clear and easy-to-understand form a wealth of information about pension systems throughout the OECD, it will make it much harder for even the most insular to ignore the valuable lessons to be learned from the pension experience of other nations." --Henry J. AaronThe Brookings Institution
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  • 179
    ISBN: 9789264066113
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 180
    ISBN: 9789264066120
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 181
    ISBN: 9789264026544
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Energy Today
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'énergie nucléaire aujourd'hui
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Die Studie befasst sich mit den wichtigsten gegenwärtigen Fragen zur Kernenergie, und gibt einen zuverlässigen, auf Fakten gestützten Überblick über die Thematik. In der Studie werden die grundlegenden Fragen angesprochen, die für die Kernenergiedebatte heute von Bedeutung sind. Es werden wissenschaftliche und technologische Grundlagen ausgearbeitet sowie Fakten und offene Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung radioaktiver Abfälle, der kerntechnischen Sicherheit, dem Strahlenschutz, der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie dem internationalen Atomrecht und der Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen behandelt. Es wird die Kernenergie im Kontext der nachhaltigen Entwicklung betrachtet und auch auf das Potenzial neuer Kernenergie-Technologien eingegangen.
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  • 182
    ISBN: 9789264024045
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Corée 2006
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Corée 2006
    Keywords: Environment ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of Korea's environmental policies and programmes brings the reader information on the extent to which Korea is meeting its domestic environmental objectives and international commitments. It reviews progress in pollution abatement and nature and biodiversity management, as well as progress in integrating environmental concerns in agricultural, energy, fiscal, and transport policy. It also examines the environmental-social interface and international commitments. The report includes a series of recommendations and selected statistical data.
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  • 183
    ISBN: 9789264067318
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 435 ; Méthode d'essai in vitro sur membrane d'étanchéité pour la corrosion cutanée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 435 : Méthode d'essai in vitro sur membrane d'étanchéité pour la corrosion cutanée
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is for an in vitro membrane barrier test method that can be used to identify corrosive substances. The test method utilizes an artificial membrane designed to respond to corrosive substances in a manner similar to animal skin in situ. The in vitro membrane barrier test method may be used to test solids, liquids (aqueous substances with a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.5 often do not qualify for testing) and emulsions. The test described in this Test Guideline allows the identification of corrosive chemical substances and mixtures and allows the subcategorisation of corrosive substances as permitted in the GHS. This classification is based on the substance penetration time through the membrane barrier. The test system is composed of two components, a synthetic macromolecular bio-barrier and a Chemical Detection System (which one detect the test substance). An appropriate number of replicates is prepared for each test substance and its corresponding controls. The times of applying the test substance to the membrane barrier are recorded and staggered. The time (in minutes) elapsed between application of the test substance to the membrane barrier and barrier penetration is used to predict the corrosivity of the test substance.
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  • 184
    ISBN: 9789264070066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 208; Essai sur plante terrestre ; essai d'émergence de plantules et de croissance de plantules
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 208: Essai sur plante terrestre : essai d'émergence de plantules et de croissance de plantules
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess effects on seedling emergence and early growth of higher plants following exposure to the test substance applied to the soil surface or into the soil. Seeds are placed in contact with soil treated with the test substance and evaluated for effects following usually 14 to 21 days after 50 % emergence of the seedlings in the control group. Endpoints measured are visual assessment of seedling emergence, biomass measurements, shoot height, and the visible detrimental effects on different parts of the plant. The test can be conducted in order to determine the dose-response curve, or at a single concentration/rate as a limit test, according to the aim of the study. An appropriate statistical analysis is used to obtain effective concentration ECx or effective application rate ERx for the most sensitive parameter(s) of interest. Also, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) can be calculated in this test.
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  • 185
    ISBN: 9789264030213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposition de révision de l'introduction aux lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, section 3
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 186
    ISBN: 9789264021945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement ; Chine 2006 ; Politiques ouvertes envers les fusions et acquisitions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Chine 2006 : Politiques ouvertes envers les fusions et acquisitions
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    RVK:
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Übernahme ; International ; China ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China has become one of the world's leading destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI). However, while cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become the dominant form of global FDI flows, they remain a relatively small part of FDI flows into China. In reviewing developments since 2003, this review evaluates the progress made in developing an effective institutional framework for cross-border M&A in China, takes stock of remaining obstacles, and offers policy options to address them.
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  • 187
    ISBN: 9789264013391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du rapport du groupe d'experts sur la chimie physique
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 188
    ISBN: 9789264022386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du groupe d'experts de l'OCDE sur l'écotoxicologie
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 189
    ISBN: 9789264025936
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement ; Fédération de Russie 2006 ; Pour une politique de l'investissement plus transparente
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Fédération de Russie 2006 : Pour une politique de l'investissement plus transparente
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Russian Federation
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Despite recent growth, the volume of Russia’s international investment remains modest compared with major OECD countries. The recent upsurge of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has not yet translated into a significant share of FDI in GDP and total investment. This 2006 OECD Investment Policy Review of the Russian Federation examines developments in Russia's regulatory investment environment since the publication of the 2004 Review, focusing on investment policy transparency and effective implementation. It includes recommendations to move capital control reform forward, to adopt least-restrictive approaches to legislation on "strategic sectors" and to strengthen Russia's international investment agreements.
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  • 190
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264018082
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Trade
    Abstract: This study provides a number of case studies that illustrate how the international trade system has been exploited by criminal organisations. It also presents the results of a survey gathering information on the current practices of more than thirty countries in fighting money laundering. This information focuses on the ability of various government agencies to identify suspicious activities related to trade transactions, to share this information with domestic and foreign partner agencies, and to act on this information.
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  • 191
    ISBN: 9789264067295
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 227 ; Essai sur plante terrestre ; essai de vigueur végétative
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 227 : Essai sur plante terrestre : essai de vigueur végétative
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess effects on vegetative vigour of terrestrial plants following above-ground exposure by general chemicals, biocides and crop protection products. The test can be conducted in order to determine the dose-response curve, or at a single concentration/rate as a limit test (range finding test is carried out depending on the results) according to the aim of the study. Plants are grown from seed usually to the 2- to 4- true leaf stage. Test substance is then sprayed on the plant and leaf surfaces at appropriate rate(s). After the application, the plants are evaluated against untreated control plants for effects on vigour and growth at various time intervals through 21 - 28 days from treatment. This study includes measurement of biomass of surviving plants (dry or fresh shoot weight, shoot height), visible detrimental effects on different parts of the plant, visual phytotoxicity and mortality (daily during the study) Appropriate statistical analysis are used to obtain an effective concentration ECx or an effective application rate ERx for the most sensitive parameter(s) of interest. Also, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) can be calculated in this test.
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  • 192
    ISBN: 9789264066106
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 193
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264018471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action de l'OCDE pour l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policy Framework for Investment (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policy Framework for Investment (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: The objective of the Policy Framework for Investment is to mobilise private investment that supports economic growth and sustainable development. It thus aims to contribute to the prosperity of countries and their citizens as well as to support the fight against poverty. Drawing on good practices from OECD and non-OECD countries, the Framework proposes a set of questions for governments to consider in ten policy fields identified in the 2002 UN Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Development as critically important for the quality of a country’s environment for investment, including by small enterprises and foreign investors. These are: Investment policy Investment promotion and facilitation Trade Competition Tax Corporate governance Policies for promoting responsible business conduct Human resource development Infrastructure and financial sector development Public governance Its core purpose is to encourage policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy, their institutions and their policy settings in order to identify priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress. The Framework was developed by a task force of officials from about 60 governments, with participation by the World Bank and other international organisations, as well as business, trade union and civil society organisations.
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  • 194
    ISBN: 9789264016316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 310 ; Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 310 : Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemical. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral salts medium, which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms. In order to check the test procedure, a reference substance (aniline, sodium benzoate or ethylene glycol and 1-octanol) of known biodegradability should be tested in parallel. It is recommended that triplicate bottles be analysed after a sufficient number of time intervals. Also at least five test bottles (from test vessels, blank controls, and vessels with the reference substance) are analysed at the end of the test, to enable 95% confidence intervals to be calculated for the mean percentage biodegradation value. The CO2 evolution resulting from the ultimate aerobic biodegradation of the test substance is determined by measuring the Inorganic Carbon (IC) produced in the test bottles in excess of that produced in blank vessels containing inoculated medium only. The extent of biodegradation is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum IC production (ThIC), based on the quantity of test substance added initially. Biodegradation 〉60% ThIC within the 10-d window in this test demonstrates that the test substance is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
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  • 195
    ISBN: 9789264095403
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360 p.)
    Series Statement: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: These OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries. This is intended to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. This book offers ready access to those consensus documents which have been published thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic crops, regulators in national authorities as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
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  • 196
    ISBN: 9789264025974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Caribbean Rim
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Antigua und Barbuda ; Grenada ; St. Lucia ; Finance and Investment ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Grenada ; Saint Lucia
    Abstract: These reports provide a factual assessment of investment conditions existing in each subject country, including information on FDI inflows since 1998, a sectoral analysis of the inflows, an analysis of the main investors, an assessment of the economic and governance environment, an assessment of investors' perceptions, and a series of recommendations for each country. They offer a unique set of detailed information which should be of interest to all those concerned by the development of investment opportunities in the region. The reports are intended to be used by the countries involved as a roadmap for developing and implementing their agenda for investment policy reform. This volume contains the reports completed for Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and St. Lucia.
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  • 197
    ISBN: 9789264023994
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 ; Télécommunications, transports terrestres, eau et électricité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 : Télécommunications, transports terrestres, eau et électricité
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Infrastructure to 2030 ; [Vol. 1]: Telecom, land transport, water and electricity
    RVK:
    Keywords: 2004-2030 ; Infrastruktur ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; OECD ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Telekommunikationswirtschaft ; Prognose 2030
    Abstract: Energy, transport, water and telecommunications all are essential to future development and growth. However, infrastructure investment requirements over the coming decades will be massive, running into trillions of dollars. How will the needed investments be financed, given that OECD populations are ageing fast and public finances tightening? How will such factors as urbanisation, climate change and globalisation affect the development of infrastructures in OECD countries? And how will the role of the public sector and private actors evolve over time? These are just some of the questions this OECD report addresses in this long-term assessment of the future of infrastructures in both OECD and non-OECD countries.
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  • 198
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-79
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This case studies report is part of the OECD effort to develop guidance for regulatory applications of (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship [(Q)SAR] models, and emphasizes the use of programme-specific case studies to highlight the importance of legal and practical constraints and information requirements of individual regulatory programmes within OECD member countries in applying (Q)SAR approaches. This report provides a snapshot of the experiences of OECD member countries with respect to the use of (Q)SAR models in chemical assessment. The document provides both current regulatory uses in OECD member countries as well as prospective regulatory applications -- especially those within the European Union (EU) member states as a result of proposed legislation on chemicals (i.e., Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)). As such, the case studies report should be regarded as a living document which will be updated periodically as requested by member countries to describe the expanding role of (Q)SAR in regulatory settings...
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  • 199
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 213-230
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 213-230
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In 2002, the OECD launched, through the Working Party on Private Pensions and the Task Force on Pension Statistics,1 the Global Pension Statistics Project,2 which aims to establish a harmonised set of statistics and indicators related to funded pensions. This article3 is an extract from the OECD newsletter “Pension Markets in Focus”, Issue 1.
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  • 200
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-79
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-79
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The preparation of the Resource Compendium is considered a first step in OECD’s Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) release estimation techniques work. The Compendium consists of three separate documents, corresponding to the three main source categories – point sources, diffuse sources and transfers. This document is Part 1 of the Compendium, summarising techniques used for estimating point source releases from Member countries. (Part 2 describes techniques used for diffuse sources and Part 3 summarises techniques used to estimate the concentration of chemicals in transfers.) The principal objective in the development of the Resource Compendium was to collect information from OECD governments and selected industries on the techniques used (or are expected to be used) to estimate releases from point and diffuse sources and for transfers and to provide a summary of this information. Another objective of this project was to provide a listing of reports and other documentation describing the various methods being used in OECD countries to estimate releases to air, water, and land. This document is Part 1 of the Resource Compendium. It describes the types of techniques used to estimate releases from point sources and how they can be applied. To the extent possible, the names and contact information for individuals who can provide reports and documents about specific techniques available in their country were included. Information for this document was obtained through a survey of OECD countries.
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