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  • 2000-2004  (127)
  • Internationale Energieagentur  (78)
  • European Conference of Ministers of Transport  (49)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (127)
  • Leiden : Brill
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Coming in from the Cold : Improving District Heating Policy in Transition Economies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.7930947
    Keywords: Energy ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Coming In from the Cold provides a road map of options to help transition economy policy makers sort through key district heating issues. It finds that district heating systems in formerly socialist countries could save the equivalent of 80 billion cubic meters of natural gas a year through supply-side efficiency improvements. This is greater than total annual natural gas consumption in Italy! It provides detailed suggestions regarding reforms in regulation, competition, investment policy, and ownership and management structures that could save significant amounts of energy, and thereby boost energy security and help the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108202-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Access to Public Transport (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113257
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux transports publics
    DDC: 362.4/0483
    Keywords: Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: One of the key barriers to improving urban public transport access has been a lack of co-ordination between local authorities and public transport operators. The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) and the International Association of Public Transport (UITP) have joined forces to examine how public authorities and transport operators can better work together to improve urban public transport vehicles, systems, and associate infrastructure. This report is the fruit of a joint ECMT-UITP task force. It explores how improved co-operation between transport operators and local authorities — along with a close sustained dialogue with members of the disabled community — can ensure better accessibility to public transport. With a focus on four cities: Gothenburg, Grenoble, Prague and Liverpool, the report identifies the critical elements of partnerships between public authorities at different levels of government and public transport operators.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113257-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Reform of Railways in Russia (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123119
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation des chemins de fer en Russie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory Reform of Railways in Russia (Russian version)
    DDC: 385/.0947
    Keywords: Transport ; Russian Federation ; Electronic books
    Abstract: In this report, some of the world's leading experts in rail regulation examine the restructuring of the sector, focusing on tariff reform and the introduction of competition in one of the world's largest rail networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123119-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Renewable Energy : Market and Policy Trends in IEA Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107922
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (672 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 621.042
    RVK:
    AR 26300
    Keywords: Energy ; Electronic books ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energiepolitik ; Energiemarkt
    Abstract: A review of the experience of IEA countries after the oil crises in the 1970s, which initiated a surge of investments in renewables research and development. While use of renewables has grown rapidly, they still account for only a small portion of the IEA energy mix. This work examines policies and measures that have been introduced in IEA countries to increase the cost effective deployment of renewables, reviews the objectives behind these policies, and evaluates the results.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107922-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biofuels for Transport : An International Perspective (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015135
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.95/39
    RVK:
    VN 5470
    RVK:
    ZB 92100
    RVK:
    ZE 37000
    Keywords: Energy ; Electronic books ; Biokraftstoff
    Abstract: In the absence of strong government policies, the IEA projects that the worldwide use of oil in transport will nearly double between 2000 and 2030, leading to a similar increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Bio fuels, such as ethanol, bio diesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels, could offer an important alternative to petroleum over this timeframe and help reduce atmospheric pollution. This book looks at recent trends in bio fuel production and considers what the future might hold if such alternatives were to displace petroleum in transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015135-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Road Safety Performance : National Peer Review: Lithuania (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123201
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Transport ; Lithuania
    Abstract: The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) has adopted a new approach to strengthening its work on road safety. It is now working to contribute more effectively to the debate on the improvement of road safety policies by conducting peer reviews of the measures and policies enacted by member countries. Lithuania is the first country to undertake this type of review in the safety field. This review, carried out by experts from Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden and the ECMT Secretariat, is an effective way for Lithuania to openly examine its policies and practices through detailed expert comment, discussion and insight on its activities. The peer review process is used extensively within the OECD and its affiliated organisations, always originating at the request of the country being reviewed. Apart from providing an open appraisal of national policies, the review process should help relevant Ministries obtain needed resources and implement effective policies and practice.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123201-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' intégration européenne des transports ferroviaires de marchandises (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113226
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.125
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. European Integration of Rail Freight Transport
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: European Integration of Rail Freight Transport
    Keywords: Transport ; Europäische Union ; Verkehrspolitik ; Eisenbahngüterverkehr ; Eisenbahnnetz ; Integration
    Abstract: Cette Table Ronde examine précisément la recomposition du paysage ferroviaire européen. Elle en tire des leçons précieuses pour la politique des transports en Europe.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113226-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The History of the International Energy Agency : Major Policies and Actions Volume 2 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264021006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396 p)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Volume II of the History of the International Energy Agency takes up the energy policies and actions of the Agency during its first twenty years, from 1974 to 1994 inclusive. While the weak institutional situation of the industrial countries in the 1973-1974 crisis period made it all but impossible for them to adopt decisive and effective responses, when the time for action came, the reasons for their vulnerability to the oil producer countries were perhaps less their underdeveloped institutions than their essentially optimistic and passive oil management policies during the years preceding the crisis. Other policy choices which might have prevented or softened the crisis were available to them, as Volume II shows.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264021006-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fifty Years of Transport Policy (Russian version) : Successes, Failures and New Challenges (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113103
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fifty Years of Transport Policy; Successes, Failures and New Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cinquante ans de politique des transports ; Succès, échecs et nouveaux défis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fifty Years of Transport Policy: Successes, Failures and New Challenges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cinquante ans de politique des transports : Succès, échecs et nouveaux défis
    Keywords: Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113103-ru
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Sweden 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107946
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Swedish energy policy combines strong government involvement with the judicious use of market forces. This dual approach has generally worked well, giving Sweden a reliable, low-cost and environmentally sound energy supply. Sweden must now resolve the future of its nuclear power plants, which provide nearly 50% of the country’s electricity. The government must work with stakeholders to find a credible solution.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107946-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Finland 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264019607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Finland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 comprehensive review of the energy policies and programmes of Finland. This edition finds that the most important development in the Finnish energy sector in recent years has been the construction of a new nuclear power plant. Scheduled to come on line in 2009 with a capacity between 1.0 and 1.6 GWe, the plant is expected to provide needed generating capacity with zero greenhouse gas emissions. The report suggests that the Finnish government should monitor the plant’s progress and stand ready to act should delay or other obstacles arise. Finland uses international trade and other tools to lower energy costs and increase energy security. Greater international co-operation through Nordpool, in international transmission lines and plans for backup power, and efforts to diversify natural gas supply options would reinforce this policy. While Finland’s light-handed approach to regulation has worked well, the report recommends areas of more proactive regulation, especially in the fields of electricity networks and district heating systems. Finland has agreed to keep GHG emissions at 1990 levels during the first Kyoto commitment period, yet projections show a 15% increase in emissions under business-as-usual conditions. Actively integrating international measures such as emissions trading into domestic programmes and more market-based approaches to renewable energy will ease the path towards Kyoto compliance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264019607-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    European Integration of Rail Freight Transport (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113219
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.125
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'intégration européenne des transports ferroviaires de marchandises
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The Round Table looks at how the European railway landscape is being reshaped. In doing so, it presents lessons which stand to benefit transport policy throughout Europe.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113219-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107984
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; France
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of France's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that French energy policy – traditionally characterised by centralisation and strong government involvement – has been largely successful in achieving energy security, environmental protection and economic efficiency. The country must now adapt to a changing European energy context in which competition and an increased international scope will play important roles. Note : Les “Conclusions et recommandations-Synthèse” (9 pages) sont en français dans la publication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107984-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123188
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2003
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2003 fournit des renseignements complémentaires sur les nombreuses activités modales et horizontales par lesquelles la CEMT s’efforce d’améliorer, au plan international, la réflexion sur les politiques de transport et leur formulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123188-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Reform of Railways in Russia (Russian version) (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123140
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory Reform of Railways in Russia
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation des chemins de fer en Russie
    Keywords: Transport ; Russian Federation
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123140-ru
    URL: Volltext
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reforming Transport Taxes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (197 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme des taxes et des redevances dans les transports
    DDC: 336.278388094
    Keywords: Taxation ; Transport
    Abstract: This report examines the economic principles for efficient systems of taxation and provides a framework for international comparisons of transport taxes and charges. It investigates the price and tax changes likely to result from the reform of transport charges to maximise efficiency, and their impact on motorists, hauliers and users of other transport services. The report also assesses the impact of national differences in taxation on the competitiveness of hauliers internationally.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103197-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Portugal 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108004
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Portugal
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of Portugal's energy policies and programmes for 2004. The report finds that while security of gas supply has received a lot of attention in Portugal, progress towards compliance with the IEA emergency stock rules should be carefully monitored. Another concern is that energy demand is growing faster than the economy. The political initiative to establish an Iberian electricity market with Spain could increase competition in Portugal but implementation is behind schedule.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108004-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Statistics Manual (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p)
    Keywords: Energy ; Economics ; Energiewirtschaft ; Handbuch ; Statistik
    Abstract: Detailed, complete, timely and reliable statistics are essential to monitor the energy situation at a country level as well as at an international level. Energy statistics on supply, trade, stocks, transformation and demand are indeed the basis for any sound energy policy decision. This manual is designed to provide a basic understanding of energy statistics to the layman.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033986-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport and Spatial Policies : The Role of Regulatory and Fiscal Incentives (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123232
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.124
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques spatiales et transports ; Le rôle des incitations réglementaires et fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques spatiales et transports : Le rôle des incitations réglementaires et fiscales
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table contains four papers that show how a disconnect between transport policy planning and spatial policy planning and measures have curtailed the effectiveness of transport policy. The papers discuss ways to overcome the lack of coordination between transport and spatial policies and formulate proposals on how fiscal incentives can help to avoid the failure of interjurisdictional co-ordination.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123232-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Netherlands 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of the Netherland's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that the Netherlands is to be commended for the pragmatism and innovativeness of its energy policy. It has provided the country with secure energy supply and economic benefits arising from competition but with due regard paid to environmental issues. The major challenges are the reorganisation of the gas market structure and curbing the growth of energy demand in the transport sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107960-en
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The History of the International Energy Agency - The First 20 Years : Origins and Structure Volume 1 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (426 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. The history of the International Energy Agency ; 1: Origins and structure
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Volume I of this History surveys at some length the institutional origins of the International Energy Agency in the 1973-1974 oil crisis, and examines the 1974 I.E.P. Agreement and other oil consumer actions which established the Agency as an operational intergovernmental institution. Volume I also considers the most important IEA relationships, the internal structure of the Agency, and the institutional arrangements which enabled the Agency to develop over the years into an effective instrument for energy policy co-operation among its Members.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020931-en
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  • 22
    Online Resource
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    ECMT Annual Report 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2003
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This ECMT Annual Report 2003 provides information on the different modal and horizontal activities where ECMT tries to make a contribution to improving international policy reflection and formulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123171-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 23
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    Oil Crises and Climate Challenges: 30 Years of Energy Use in IEA Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018839
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.7913
    RVK:
    AR 28100
    RVK:
    AR 26300
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Electronic books ; Energieverbrauch ; Umweltschutz
    Abstract: This publication examines how energy efficiency and other factors such as economic structure, income, lifestyle, prices, and fuel mix have shaped developments of energy use and CO2 emissions in IEA countries since the IEA was founded 30 years ago. The study presents some challenging findings, e.g. that the rate of energy savings in IEA economies has slowed since 1990. It provides a rich set of data and insights that help to increase the understanding of how energy efficiency and lower-carbon fuels can be used to achieve a more sustainable future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018839-en
    URL: Volltext
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    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 24
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    Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123089
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: ECMT Annual Report 2002
    Keywords: Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123089-fr
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  • 25
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Italy 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264014770
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Italy
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Italy's energy policies and programmes. This review finds that Italy has made substantial progress in implementing electricity and gas market reforms. The gas market is now fully opened to competition and the electricity market is proceeding towards full opening. The government has reduced its shareholding in ENEL and Eni. New market institutions, notably an energy sector regulator, are now operational. Italy ratified the Kyoto Protocol in June 2002 and launched a national strategy to mitigate climate change in December 2002. But Italy also faces some challenges. High reliance on imported oil and gas raises concerns about security of supply. Energy diversification is restricted since there are few options available apart from natural gas, given the limitations of renewable energy as a source of supply. Timely investments in energy production, transportation and interconnection are crucial for security of supply, but they often meet strong local resistance under the devolution of powers to local authorities. In spite of the progress made, continuous monitoring is needed to further develop competition in the gas and electricity markets and enable energy price reductions. While Italy enjoys relatively low energy and carbon intensities of its economy, these advantages may be eroded over time. More is required to mitigate climate change emissions. As part of the IEA’s periodic review process of its Member countries, this report analyses Italy’s energy sector and policies, and provides proposals and recommendations for the Italian government.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264014770-en
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  • 26
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Japan 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264014756
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Japan's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Japan has ratified the Kyoto protocol and is implementing its 2002 climate change plan. The country has developed an impressive range of policies to address rising CO2 emissions from the energy sector. Some of the measures could be strengthened however, and made more cost-effective. Industry’s use of Kyoto flexible mechanisms could also reduce costs. Nuclear power plays a key role in Japanese energy policy, but the government’s objective of increasing nuclear generation has been impeded by safety-related incidents in recent years. It is vital to restore public confidence, to clarify the role of nuclear power in the liberalised electricity market and to improve the performance of the existing nuclear units. Japan has begun to reform its electricity and natural gas markets, but little competition has developed. The report finds helpful new government measures to further reform markets, but points out that the markets should be closely monitored. More effective measures may be necessary if competition does not develop.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264014756-en
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  • 27
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    Cool Appliances : Policy Strategies for Energy-Efficient Homes (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In IEA member countries, electrical appliances are the fastest growing energy users, after automobiles. Cost-effective technology exists that could improve the energy efficiency of appliances by more than one-third in ten years. The greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the use of appliances alone could be slashed by the equivalent of 322 million tonnes of CO2 per year by 2010. This book assesses the potential energy savings and carbon reductions to be achieved through technical improvements to appliances.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100527-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Hungary 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264014718
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. It finds that Hungary has made remarkable progress in liberalising its energy markets, as part of the government's aim to strike a balance between energy security, economic efficiency and environmental protection. A new Electric Power Act was passed in December 2001, partially opening the electricity market to competition by 2003 and to full competition by the time Hungary accedes to the European Union in 2004. A new law on gas will be approved in 2003 introducing competition in the gas market. Hungary still faces a number of challenges however. In the electricity sector, it needs to ensure that MVM, the largest utility, does not cause distortions through its market power. Security of gas supply is vital for Hungary. Opening the Hungarian upstream market to increase indigenous gas production and to facilitate competition is a positive step. But domestic production is not sufficient. Limited gas-to-gas competition, uncertainty as to future gas demand and the oligopolistic structure of gas distribution companies may constrain the development of competition. Finally, policies which cap energy prices to address social welfare concerns discourage energy saving, distort fuel choices and discourage investment by energy firms. As part of the IEA’s periodic review process of its Member countries, this report analyses Hungary’s energy sector and policies, and provides proposals and recommendations for the Hungarian government.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264014718-en
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    South American Gas : Daring to tap the Bounty (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: South America is now one of the most attractive regions for investment in natural gas exploration and production, pipelines, LNG facilities and gas-fired power generation. The continent boasts abundant and growing natural gas reserves and several cross-border gas pipelines link gas-rich countries with large energy-hungry markets in neighbouring countries. This study reviews current trends in South America’s gas sector and identifies the challenges ahead for the region to take advantage of its gas resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195820-en
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  • 30
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Germany 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194342
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Germany's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Germany is pursuing several ambitious objectives in its energy policy, notably cutting greenhouse gas emissions and fully liberalising the electricity and gas markets, while phasing out nuclear power.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194342-en
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    Transport and Exceptional Public Events (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.122
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et manifestations exceptionnelles
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The Round Table examined large-scale sporting, cultural and festive events in Europe and the rest of the world, and noted that setting ambitious targets contributes to the quality of the event. Almost every experience is unique and one of the main conclusions of the Round Table is that a record should be kept of each event with regard to its organisation and staging requirements. In this way, an event “memory” could be built up and made available to any would-be event organiser. The Round Table is the first stage in this process.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113066-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Switzerland 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264014794
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Switzerland's energy policies and programmes. This review finds that the SwissEnergy Programme constitutes the core of Swiss energy policy for the 2001 to 2010 period, with targets for saving fuel and electricity, use of renewables and climate change mitigation. Switzerland is to be commended for rigorously monitoring its policies and measures, but particular emphasis should be placed on ensuring their cost-effectiveness. Environmental issues are a central focus of Swiss energy policy but more effort is needed to meet the Kyoto target or the more stringent 10 percent national target for carbon dioxide reductions. To avoid excessive costs, programmes for emissions trading and other flexible mechanisms could usefully supplement new domestic measures such as voluntary commitments and the proposed CO2 “incentive” tax. Reform of the electricity and gas sectors is becoming urgent but presents a challenge due to the rejection of the Electricity Market Law in a public referendum held in September 2002. The report discusses possible approaches to increase efficiency in the electricity and gas sectors while respecting the referendum results.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264014794-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Austria 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194359
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Austria
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Austria's energy policies and programmes. This review finds that in the four years since the last in-depth Review, the two most important developments in the Austrian energy sector have been market reform in the electricity and natural gas sectors, and the efforts made toward meeting the country’s emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Austria's security of supply is enhanced by extensive cross-border trading and recent efforts to diversify natural gas import supply sources. A regulatory framework now allows all customers to choose their natural gas and electricity suppliers. Austria has established an independent regulator and non-discriminatory third-party access rules. While reform of the gas sector is too recent to draw any meaningful conclusions, power sector reform has achieved mixed results. Industrial rates have fallen by up to 40% but residential rates have fallen little, if at all. Effective competition still faces obstacles including high system access charges and dominant incumbent suppliers who could wield market power and deter new entrants. Austria’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 13% remains a major challenge. Total greenhouse gas emissions increased nearly 2.5% from 1990 to 2000 with CO2 emissions rising 9% over the same period. The finalisation of a comprehensive climate change strategy in 2002 is an important step forward. Austria’s planned use of Kyoto flexible mechanisms could cut the costs of its climate change efforts, although the macroeconomic effect of all emission reduction measures requires constant monitoring. The support scheme for renewable energy and combined production of heat and power could be rendered more cost-effective, if a degression scheme were employed to lower support levels gradually.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194359-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Ireland 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264014732
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ireland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Ireland's energy policies and programmes. It finds that in the four years since the last in-depth Review, the Irish energy sector has seen a number of important developments, notably reform of the electricity and natural gas markets, and the move towards cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Market reform promises multiple economic benefits, although the government must ensure that the incumbent players do not enjoy undue advantages and that enough new competitors enter the market. Ireland’s climate change policy is making progress. One uncertainty, however, involves the closure of the coal-fired Moneypoint plant. While this could provide 22% of the country’s required emissions cuts, replacement generation capacity would be required. This could also make the country 80% dependent on natural gas for its electricity, leading to energy security concerns. Ireland should take steps to better integrate Kyoto mechanisms into its overall climate change strategy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264014732-en
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    Creating Markets for Energy Technologies (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264099647
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 381/.456213121
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Expanding markets for clean and efficient technologies will increase energy security and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But many promising technologies are still too expensive or face other obstacles to commercial deployment. Governments need to consider deployment policies to create markets for the new technologies. This book explores the design of technology deployment programmes and the reasons behind their success, and features 22 case studies from IEA countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264099647-en
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    Power Generation Investment in Electricity Markets (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report looks at how investors have responded to the need to internalise investment risk in power generation and how these responses have affected the organisation of the power sector and technology choices. This study looks at several cases of volatile prices in IEA countries’ electricity markets, and finds that while market prices can be a sufficient incentive for new investment in peak capacity, government intervention into the market to limit prices may undermine such investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105577-en
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    ECMT Annual Report 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113080
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2002
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This brochure describes the activities of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) during 2002. It also sets out the Resolutions approved by the Council of Ministers of Transport and presents the highlights of the year. It includes an organigramme, contact details for the Secretariat and information on the ECMT member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113080-en
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  • 38
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    Principal Acts of the ECMT 1953-2003 : = L'Acquis CEMT 1953-2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103227
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This publication describes the main Acts of the Council of Ministers since the creation of the Conference in 1953 up until 1st January 2003. It pares down the Acts of the Council of Ministers to the essential and defines what constitutes the ECMT Acquis fifty years after the Conference's inception. One hundred and twenty documents (Resolutions, Declarations, Recommendations, Conclusions, etc.) have been reviewed by the Working Groups to select the key texts to be included in this document, an exercise which is the prerequisite to any review of the actual implementation of the main decisions of the Council of Ministers. The full text of these documents can be found on the enclosed CD-ROM.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103227-en-fr
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  • 39
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    Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies : National Reviews (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103067
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Examens nationaux
    DDC: 388.091732
    Keywords: Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This report examines the experiences of eleven European countries (including Russia) and the United States in designing and implementing sustainable urban transport policies. A series of national reports are included with a synthetic analysis that draws lessons on the design of successful policies, appropriate institutional and financial frameworks and innovative partnerships for effective consultation and committed implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103067-en
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  • 40
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    Fifty Years of Transport Policy : Successes, Failures and New Challenges (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cinquante ans de politique des transports ; Succès, échecs et nouveaux défis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fifty Years of Transport Policy (Russian version); Successes, Failures and New Challenges
    DDC: 388
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Electronic books ; Europa ; Verkehrspolitik
    Abstract: Transport policy may well have reached a turning point. New incentives, new pricing, and new instruments to better manage investment and demand are required. This publication outlines a number of strategic directions for transport policy in the coming years. It also contains a summary paper presented at the 87th ministerial session which also marked the ECMT 50th anniversary.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103159-en
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    Managing the Fundamental Drivers of Transport Demand (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113776
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les déterminants de la demande de transport
    DDC: 388.0941
    Keywords: Transport ; Electronic books
    Abstract: The aim of the International Seminar was to review the key determinants of transport demand, both inside and outside the field of traditional transport Ministry responsibilities, and to identify measures for influencing these key factors. Debate at the seminar between stakeholders in the transport and environment communities revealed a large measure of agreement on the importance of demand management and on the instruments that should be employed. A small number of cases of good practice were identified in integrated transport, land use planning and charging for the use of infrastructure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113776-en
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  • 42
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    What Role for the Railways in Eastern Europe? (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112922
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.120
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quel rôle pour les chemins de fer en Europe de l'Est ?
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Facing the collapse of their business and stiff competition from road transport, Eastern European railways are in a critical financial situation. Railway restructuring is a must, but where circumstances in each country are so different there can be no “one size fits all” solution. Nevertheless, some guidelines for restructuring are emerging. The strategies to be implemented will involve both governments and the railway companies themselves. Separating infrastructure from operations, for instance, could be a good model provided infrastructure usage is priced efficiently. Concessions should be granted for local and regional passenger services. Freight transport issues have to be addressed at a European level - and open access should be the fundamental rule along with encouraging new market entrants. Privatising the railways is probably not a prerequisite; their independence, however, is essential. Their management should be exactly the same as that of any other commercial company on the market and they should have appropriate management tools. Railways should focus their investment on new technologies and automation, difficult problems with reducing overstaffing can be resolved only with government co-operation. Based on a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the railways in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe and in the Commonwealth of Independent States, this Round Table comes to a series of inescapable conclusions for anyone wishing to address these issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112922-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Denmark 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Denmark's energy policies and programmes. It finds that over the past four years, Danish energy policy has made good progress towards meeting its high standards of environmental protection while opening its gas and power industries to competition. The concurrent pursuit of economic efficiency, energy policy and environmental protection is an issue of prime importance in Denmark. The country has adopted both international and national greenhouse-gas emissions targets. A host of measures is in place to reach these targets, and to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The targets are within reach. But actually attaining them requires the continued application of a system of power plant carbon dioxide quotas. The Danish power market has been opened to competition beyond the requirements of the EU directive, but the scope for effective competition continues to be limited by priority dispatch for wind energy and combined heat and power plants. The gas market has been opened, but much less fully. The gas industry’s debt problem was addressed through industry restructuring, but this has led to a dominant position for the state-owned gas pipeline company DONG. The report recommends that foreign suppliers be encouraged to enter the market, in order to stimulate competition in electricity and gas markets. This report discusses the energy policies of Denmark based on a review visit in October 2001, before the recent general elections.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033894-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Greece 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Greece's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Greece produces little energy, almost all of it from lignite, which is the main source for electricity generation but which creates environmental problems. Energy consumption is growing rapidly making Greece increasingly dependent on imported energy, and electricity supply is expected to be tight over the next three or four years. A well-designed market reform is essential in both the electricity and gas sectors to attract private investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194328-en
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  • 45
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Norway 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the energy policies and programmes of Norway. It finds that oil and gas contribute about 40% of Norway’s exports, and up to 16% of GDP, depending on world oil prices. The government used production controls as a means of influencing prices in 1986, in 1998 and again in 2002. Important changes are occurring in the oil and gas sector. Statoil has been partially privatised, the State Direct Financial Interest in oil and gas developments has been restructured, and the Gas Negotiations Committee is to be abolished. Private marketing of gas should be a guiding principle in future marketing policy, and depletion policy generally should balance the goals of optimising recovery with ensuring competition. Growth in energy consumption has been limited by government policies, but consumption is rising with strong economic growth. A new agency has been established to promote energy efficiency and new renewables. Norway has the highest per capita electricity consumption in the world. New large-scale hydro is unlikely, and the future of gas-fired power is uncertain. New generating and transmission capacity may be necessary to avoid price instability or even failure of supply in a dry year. There are limited opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases in the energy sector in Norway because of the extensive use of hydro in electricity generation. The Kyoto flexible mechanisms are therefore particularly important. Decisions on developing new generating capacity will also be influenced by environmental policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195981-en
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    Russia Energy Survey 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This survey, the first since 1995, describes the energy-security issues affecting Russian oil, gas, coal and nuclear power after decades of inadequate investment and maintenance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193413-en
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  • 47
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    Beyond Kyoto : Energy Dynamics and Climate Stabilisation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264171022
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 363.738/74
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Klimaänderung ; Kohlendioxid ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: Mitigating climate change will require profound changes in world energy production and use. While the full effects of climate change are not likely to be felt for decades, the need for action is more immediate, for changes in greenhouse gas concentrations are almost irreversible. Solutions exist in the form of energy efficiency improvements, fuel switching to non-carbon sources, and carbon recovery and storage. But the long-term costs of mitigation and the precise extent and pace of climate damage remain uncertain. So policy-makers face the task of conceiving and implementing measures in a context of uncertainty – and global inequity -, and run the risk of taking either excessive or insufficient action. This volume details the options available in the energy sector to reduce climate change. It explores the type of international agreement that could cope with the uncertainty inherent in implementing a climate program at the national and international level. It identifies mechanisms to deal with both international equity and economic uncertainty, and addresses the fundamental question: how can we proceed beyond Kyoto?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264171022-en
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  • 48
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Republic of Korea 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 comprehensive review of Korea's energy policies and programmes. This report comes at a time when Korea has become the 26th Member of the IEA and when the country’s energy policies are being substantially reformed, to mobilise investments and increase efficiency. The report brings information on all energy sectors (oil, gas, coal, nuclear, electricity, renewables) showing what role different energy sources could play in the context of a heavily dependency on external sources of energy. The report analyses the effect of efficiency measures to reduce the energy intensity of the Korean economy, still one of the highest of the IEA countries. A special attention is paid to the assessment of the energy policy reforms currently unfolding in Korea, in particular in the electricity and in the gas sectors. The report analyses in details the electricity reforms, the gradual emergence of an electricity market in Korea and their implications. KEPCO has now been restructured and its partial privatisation is a matter of time. The report shows how the government’s ambitious plans still require a number of measures for the market to achieve a satisfactory outcome, the role of nuclear remaining a source of uncertainty for future competition in the generation industry. Though less advanced, the reforms in the gas sector are progressing well. The report shows the main challenges which the government will need to resolve for the market to deliver its promises.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194311-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264195790
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Turkey
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Turkey's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Turkey aspires to link the oil- and gas-rich Caspian area to Western markets. Several pipelines through Turkey are nearing completion. The projects could enhance diversity and security of supply in consuming countries. They could also relieve the environmental strain of heavy ship traffic through the Bosporus. Numerous attempts have been made to open Turkey’s energy markets to competition and to ensure that energy supply grows in step with population and demand. Turkey has made early and extensive use of build-own-operate and build-own-transfer schemes to promote investment in power-plant capacity. In the last two years, decisive progress has been made. The concept of privatisation was introduced into the Turkish constitution. Legislation was adopted in February 2001 to allow competition in the electricity market and to adapt Turkey’s legislation for European Union membership. A new Gas Market Law was adopted in May 2001, despite the macro-economic turmoil that Turkey has experienced since late 2000. These reforms must now be implemented. Turkey’s carbon emissions are growing rapidly. They will grow even faster if coal use quadrupled by 2020, as the government expects. Air pollution is also a significant problem. Turkey has not signed the United Nations’ Climate Convention. But the government aims to comply with the general provisions of the Convention and to exploit the country’s energy efficiency potential. These efforts should be reinforced.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264195790-en
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  • 50
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    Security of Supply in Electricity Markets : Evidence and Policy Issues (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This book analyses the impact of electricity market reform on investment in the power industry. It considers the implications of more open and competitive markets for the security of electricity supply. Some of electricity’s uses are essential components of modern life. Security of electricity supply is an important policy objective in virtually all modern economies because of the limited possibilities for replacing electricity by other forms of energy. Adequate investment is the basic prerequisite for a secure supply of electricity. Despite the highly-publicized problems experienced in California, the international picture is reassuring. Large investment has taken place and OECD electricity markets are generally reliable. There are, however, major investment needs in some areas, particularly in the development of infrastructures for transmission, which remains for the most part a regulated activity. Through policies and regulations, governments continue to play a key role in determining investment and security standards in a liberalised market. Energy policies on fuel use, authorisation processes, regulatory risk, capacity mechanisms and price caps, among other instruments, play a large role in promoting adequate investment or hindering it.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174504-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United Kingdom 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of the UK's energy policies and programmes. It finds that the UK energy sector has performed remarkably well during the 1990s. The gas and electricity markets opened up to competition. Real gas and electricity prices fell. Domestic natural gas replaced coal in the power industry, and carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution declined as a result. Increased oil and gas production on the UK continental shelf has contributed significantly to these developments. Central to the success of the energy sector however, was a readiness to adjust policies and regulatory measures when shortcomings became apparent. The last major adjustment was the introduction of the New Electricity Trading Rules in March 2001. These rules provided the decisive step towards a fully competitive power market. Thanks to energy market reform and the resulting "dash for gas" in power generation, the UK is likely to meet its 12.5% greenhouse gas reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol. But the country has a national target to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2010. Meeting this target will require extra efforts. In the gas market, capacity auctions at the St. Fergus entry point into the UK’s onshore pipeline system have fetched very high bid prices in recent years. This has revealed bottlenecks at the St. Fergus terminal and farther afield. But so far the high prices have not resulted in capacity expansion. The regulatory regime may have to be adjusted to give stronger incentives for new pipeline construction.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194335-en
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    Managing Commuters' Behaviour : A New Role for Companies (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113004
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.121
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les déplacements du personnel ; Un nouveau rôle pour l'entreprise
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les déplacements du personnel : Un nouveau rôle pour l'entreprise
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Encouraging wage earners to use public transport has a vital role to play in meeting environmental objectives, particularly the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Changing people's behaviour calls for action in the workplace and one option open to employers is to recruit mobility managers whose task is to help reduce employees' dependence on private car use. Governments can support such initiatives by running information campaigns, by publishing practical guides to incentive schemes and by harmonising regulatory and fiscal frameworks. Round Table 121 was devoted to this innovative topic and opened with a discussion of the provision of free parking facilities to company employees in the United States, a practice that has many knock-on effects and ramifications. One solution is for companies to replace free parking with cash-out schemes under which financial benefits are given to employees who choose not to make use of their free parking space. The Round Table then proceeded to consider several examples of employee mobility schemes in Europe, and ended by drawing conclusions of interest to local, regional and national authorities. This Round Table makes a key contribution to continuing efforts to chart a course of action directed towards achieving the goal of sustainable transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113004-en
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    Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies : Final Report (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112892
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Rapport final
    RVK:
    QR 860
    Keywords: Transport ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrspolitik ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Stadtverkehr ; Verkehrsplanung ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: There is widespread agreement that in order to bring about sustainable travel in urban areas, flexible, integrated policy packages are needed that send the right signals to urban land use and transport markets. The project on Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies conducted by the ECMT has shown that actually implementing integrated policy packages for sustainable urban travel is easier said than done for a great number of cities in ECMT and OECD countries. While in most countries, urban land use and travel policies are defined and implemented at the local or regional levels, there is growing recognition that national governments can improve chances for implementation of integrated policy packages by providing for a flexible, sectorally integrated policy framework that sends the right messages to regions and cities via policy incentives and project financing. This report examines the ways in which national governments can act as catalysts for sustainable travel practices on a local level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112892-en
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    ECMT Annual Report 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112946
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2001
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This brochure describes the activities of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) during 2001. It also sets out the Resolutions and Reports approved by the Council of Ministers of Transport and presents the highlights of the year. It includes an organigramme, contact details for the Secretariat and information on the ECMT member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112946-en
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    Tolls on Interurban Road Infrastructure: An Economic Evaluation (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112953
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.118
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les péages sur les infrastructures routières interurbaines ; Une évaluation économique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les péages sur les infrastructures routières interurbaines : Une évaluation économique
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Strictly speaking, tolls are not a modern invention. Tolling is, in fact, an ancient tradition, with its origins rooted in history. Tolling has served numerous and wide-ranging purposes across the ages. While initially providing right of way, tolls were later used to finance the building and maintenance of infrastructure, before becoming a means of internalising external costs and managing demand. Nowadays, two main arguments are put forward for the introduction of tolls: to meet funding requirements and to respond to society’s desire for efficient use of infrastructure. However, as this Round Table shows, tolls are not a universal panacea and the introduction of road tolls is a politically delicate issue. The Round Table provides a broad view of both the theoretical aspects of tolling and the practical problems posed by its introduction. It takes a scientific look at what is a burning issue, at a time when a number of countries are envisaging the widespread adoption of electronic tolls.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112953-en
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    Transports urbains durables : la mise en oeuvre des politiques : Messages-clés pour les gouvernements (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034877
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies; Key Messages for Governments
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: Key Messages for Governments
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La présente brochure formule les recommandations adressées aux gouvernements en vue de la mise en œuvre de politiques de transports urbains durables. Ces recommandations sont le résultat d’un projet triennal qui s’est efforcé de mieux comprendre pourquoi les pays éprouvent tant de difficultés à mettre en œuvre des stratégies intégrées de transports urbains. Les résultats et conclusions de ce projet sont publiés séparément sous le titre Transports urbains durables : la mise en œuvre des politiques - Rapport final. Ces messages-clés pour les gouvernements décrivent la manière dont les pays et les villes peuvent commencer à combler l’écart entre des recommandations politiques et leur mise en application.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034877-fr
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    Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies : Key Messages for Governments (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables ; la mise en oeuvre des politiques ; Messages-clés pour les gouvernements
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports urbains durables : la mise en oeuvre des politiques : Messages-clés pour les gouvernements
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This booklet sets out recommendations to Governments on Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies. These recommendations are the result of a three-year study which was designed to identify why sustainable urban travel strategies have proven so difficult for countries to implement. The findings and conclusions of the project are published separately in the publication entitled Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: Final Report. These key messages for governments describe how countries and cities can begin to bridge the gap between policy recommendations and their implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033948-en
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    Coal in the Energy Supply of India (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.27240954
    Keywords: Energy ; India ; Statistik 1975-2000 ; Indien ; Kohlenbergbau ; Lagerstätte ; Bergwerk ; Energiewirtschaft ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Indien ; Steinkohle ; Braunkohle ; Vorrat ; Produktion ; Indien ; Energieträger ; Kohle ; Transport ; Rohstoffpreis ; Rohstoffmarkt
    Abstract: Indian coal reserves are the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. India is the third largest coal producer in the world and the eighth largest importer. With annual production of 310 million tonnes and imports of almost 25 million tonnes, coal provides one-third of energy supply in India. The Indian government forecasts huge increases in electricity capacity based on coal. Massive increases in coal supply would be required if these plans are realised, although it is not clear if they are feasible. The principal objective of Indian coal policy should be to improve the financial performance of the industry by creating a freely competitive coal industry. A financially viable electricity industry will be necessary to support reforms in the coal industry. This report describes the Indian coal sector, and comments on government policies and the performance of India’s largely state-owned coal companies. There is a substantial need for reforms in India’s coal sector to improve efficiency and competitiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175945-en
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    Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122945
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2001
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette brochure décrit les activités de la Conférence Européenne des Ministres des Transports (CEMT) au cours de l'année 2001. Elle contient le texte des résolutions et des rapports approuvés par le Conseil des Ministres des Transports et couvre les événements majeurs de l'année. Elle comprend également un organigramme, les coordonnées des personnes à contacter au sein du Secrétariat, ainsi que des informations sur les pays membres de la CEMT.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122945-fr
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United States 2002 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264191976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United States
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of US energy policies and programmes. It finds that US energy policy has an influence on energy policy throughout the world. The 2001 National Energy Policy is an important development. The US is taking unilateral action as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. This report urges consideration of legislation on carbon dioxide and adoption of policies allowing international trading in emissions. Strengthening fuel economy standards is an encouraging approach to energy use in transport. Different standards for cars and light trucks should be addressed as a priority. Policies to promote new sources of energy supply should be balanced by continuing effort to enhance efficient use of energy. Regional Transmission Operators are a sensible means of ensuring access to transmission and the functioning of a competitive wholesale market. The power crisis in California has slowed progress on market reform; confidence should be restored to reactivate reform and to create certainty for new investment. Harmonised electricity industry standards and regulations could help promote competition and encourage investment. Barriers to exploration for oil and gas need to be addressed. Drilling in new onshore and offshore areas, meeting acceptable environmental standards, is necessary or imports must rise. Refineries are operating at full capacity; pressure could be eased by reducing the range of products they are required to produce to meet regional standards. Coal use will remain important and could be environmentally sustainable with advanced clean coal technology. Re-licensing of existing nuclear plants, consistent with safety standards, could ensure nuclear power plays a continuing role, even if new plants remain uneconomic. The decision on the Yucca Mountain repository will be important for the future of nuclear power worldwide.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264191976-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Czech Republic 2001 (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. The Czech Republic became the twenty-fifth member of the IEA in February 2001. In its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, the Czech Republic has thoroughly reformed its energy policies and regulatory framework and restructured its energy sector. The country established a new energy regulator in 2001 and adopted a schedule for opening its electricity and gas markets to competition. The effective introduction of competition, however, will depend on regulatory details still to be defined and the privatisation of the state energy companies that still dominate the internal market. The Czech Republic has only limited energy resources. Coal is still the leading fuel for power generation but its role is declining. This trend will accelerate with the commissioning of a second nuclear power plant, at Temelín. Oil and gas imports have been diversified and the Czech electricity grid has been connected to Western Europe. Emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Czech Republic have been reduced, but remain higher than average for IEA Europe. There is also room for improvement in energy efficiency, which would contribute to the country's environmental goals as well as enhance its economic competitiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194908-en
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    Transport and Economic Development (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112977
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.119
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et développement économique
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The linkage between transport and economic development is a highly contentious issue which has generated considerable debate and an abundant literature. There is a firmly-held belief among politicians that investment in transport infrastructure promotes economic development and, by extension, employment. However, this belief is not borne out by scientific analysis, which would seem to indicate that the impact of this type of investment on employment and economic development remains limited, at least in developed countries, and at the purely regional level can even prove negative. The Round Table set out to clarify this issue by analysing the arguments for and against the presumed linkage between "transport infrastructure" and "economic development". This provided a basis on which it could draw conclusions regarding the evaluation methods of investment commonly used. The debate ended with a review of the basic policy issue of whether or not a link existed between transport and economic growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112977-en
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    Les péages sur les infrastructures routières interurbaines : Une évaluation économique (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122952
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.118
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tolls on Interurban Road Infrastructure; An Economic Evaluation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Tolls on Interurban Road Infrastructure: An Economic Evaluation
    Keywords: Transport ; Ballungsraum ; Verkehrsverbund ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Le péage n’est pas à proprement parler une invention contemporaine. La technique du péage est très ancienne et ses fondements théoriques remontent loin dans le passé. On peut cependant remarquer que les finalités du péage ont été diverses et variées au cours du temps. Droit de passage à l’origine, le péage a été utilisé ultérieurement pour le financement et les dépenses d’entretien des infrastructures, avant de devenir un élément d’internalisation des coûts externes et de gestion de la demande. A l’heure actuelle, deux motifs principaux sont avancés pour justifier l’instauration de péages : les traditionnels besoins de financement et la recherche d’une certaine efficacité dans l’usage des infrastructures. Cependant, comme le montre cette Table Ronde, les péages ne sont pas une panacée et leur introduction peut être politiquement délicate. Cette Table Ronde offre un large panorama, tant de la perspective théorique du péage que des problèmes concrets posés par son application. Elle permet de faire le point, d’une manière scientifique, sur une question d’actualité brûlante à un moment où plusieurs pays envisagent d’instaurer des péages électroniques généralisés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122952-fr
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    Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.114
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les services réguliers interurbains d'autocars en Europe
    DDC: 375
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Electronic books ; Europa ; Omnibuslinienverkehr ; Internationaler Verkehr
    Abstract: Although deregulation is well under way in the transport sector, regular coach services are still largely regulated. Governments see them as potentially competing with rail transport services. However, in countries that have had some experience with deregulation the outcome has clearly been positive (except for local short-distance services). The Round Table began with a review of regular interurban coach services based on case studies in countries which had adopted an original approach. This report shows the industry in a totally new light. One of its main findings is that there is a specific market for customers that have no other means of transport. Opening up this market would benefit the most economically disadvantaged sectors of the population. But that is not the only lesson to be learned from this Round Table.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112786-en
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    Competition in Electricity Markets (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Most OECD countries, and many countries outside the OECD, are now deeply engaged in a reform of their electricity markets to stimulate competition and improve efficiency. This book considers the key elements of effective reform based on a review of experiences to date. A converging trend emerges, that emphasises competition in the generation, supply and trade of electricity, aimed at maximising consumer choice. It also highlights the development of new approaches to regulation of the transmission system, which remains monopolistic. This book is an invaluable guide and reference for energy policy makers. It examines the many issues and functions that define a modern, liberalised electricity supply industry, and the challenges posed by regulatory reform. It updates the 1999 IEA publication “Electricity Market Reform - an IEA Handbook”, and is the latest in a series of IEA publications on energy market reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192768-en
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    Things that go Blip in the Night : Standby Power and How to Limit it (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Appliances and other electrical equipment increasingly draw power when they are switched off or not performing their primary function. This "standby power" provides remote control capability, network sensing, digital display and other features. Often, standby power is consumed simply because power supplies remain "on" while their appliances are switched "off". Standby power consumption is about 10 per cent of OECD residential energy use or the equivalent of a 60-watt light bulb operating continuously in each OECD household. Standby power consumption can be reduced by an average of 75 per cent with cost-effective design changes and technological improvements. Savings as high as 90 per cent can be achieved in many appliances without any reduction in services. Some products have already achieved very low standby power consumption at little or no cost. But standby power consumption is normally not high enough to command consumer attention. International collaboration is essential to reduce standby power consumption, since so many products and components are traded internationally. Consistent approaches, such as test procedures, standards and voluntary efforts, could also benefit manufacturers by reducing costs and barriers to trade. This book lays out the problem posed by growing standby power consumption, explores fully the technologies available to reduce it, and outlines how increased collaboration among industry, national governments and international organisations can help.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192751-en
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    Saving Oil and Reducing CO2 Emissions in Transport : Options and Strategies (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Transport is the fastest-growing energy sector world-wide. Every year increasing numbers of drivers at the wheels of ever larger vehicles burn more petroleum products and emit more carbon dioxide. The danger is clear. Nations around the world have taken up the challenge to reduce oil use and the CO2 that comes with it. This report examines the multiple policy approaches being taken by IEA Member countries to reduce transport-related carbon emissions. These include improving fuel economy in new cars and trucks, as well as reducing fuel consumption by vehicles already on the road. Also covered are the use of alternative fuel sources and ways to cut the growth in travel, such as by improving transit systems and using new technologies to reduce congestion. Energy-saving options in freight transport are also explored, such as making trucks and trucking systems more efficient and how to move more goods by rail and water-borne transport. More than twenty different approaches are developed, including some which have been neglected by most IEA countries. The study discusses the benefits and costs of each option, as well as obstacles it faces, and quantifies the effect of each option in reducing oil use and CO2 emissions. Success stories from IEA countries are presented, as well as some stories of failure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194939-en
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    Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.115
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre en Europe
    RVK:
    QR 850
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Straßengüterverkehr
    Abstract: Road freight transport for own account represents a major share of inland transport in Europe and, depending on the country concerned, accounts for two to five times the tonnage carried by rail. Despite its importance, however, own account transport tends to be overlooked since it is not regarded as a logistics activity, whereas it is, in fact, a vital transport function that is changing radically as firms increasingly outsource their distribution activities to commercial hauliers. The scale of road freight transport for own account, the impact of regulatory changes and the future of the sector are the themes addressed in the introductory reports and the experts’ discussions outlined in this publication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112830-en
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    International Emission Trading - From Concept to Reality : 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194915
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: International emission trading will be one of the most important tools in the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The reason is clear: emission trading can bring impressive cost savings. While the private sector has embraced the concept and is well equipped to use it, implementation at the international level remains incomplete. This book offers a comprehensive review of international emission trading, from the “perfect” system envisaged in economic models to a more realistic view of how trading can actually work. It is based on market experiments and modelling undertaken by the International Energy Agency and other institutions. It takes an in-depth look at implications for the power-generation sector, and considers how developing countries could be included in a future trading regime. With this work, we move from the question of “whether” to trade to the more operational question: “how”.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194915-en
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    What Happened in Bonn? - The Nuts and Bolts of an Historic Agreement (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033870
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: On 23 July 2001, negotiators from 178 nations reached an unexpected political agreement on how to proceed with the international struggle against unwanted climate change.Specifically,they set out detailed rules for implementing the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climat Change.Participants and observers in Bonn, Germany quickly dubbed the accord a turning-point in the fight against global warming. But the document enshrining the agreement was so technical and allusive as to be incomprehensible to all but experts.This pamphlet, prepared by analysts in the International Energy Agency ’s Energy and Environment Division, sets out the terms of the Bonn agreement in layman ’s language. As in several earlier publications of this kind, the IEA seeks to inform the public debate and place it in context in a thoroughly dispassionate and objective way.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033870-en
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  • 71
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    Towards a Sustainable Energy Future (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193581
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The manner in which we produce and consume energy is of crucial importance to sustainable development, as energy has deep relationships with each of its three dimensions -- the economy, the environment and social welfare. These relationships develop in a fast-moving and complex situation characterised by increasing globalisation, growing market liberalisation and new technologies, as well as by growing concerns about climate change and energy-supply security. In order to make energy an integral part of sustainable development, new policies need to be developed. Such policies must strike a balance among the three dimensions of sustainable development. They must reduce our exposure to large-scale risk. The IEA has synthesised a number of experiences with policies aimed to promote sustainable development. These experiences are reported in seven subject chapters on energy supply security, market reform, improving energy efficiency, renewable energies, sustainable transport, flexibility mechanisms for greenhouse gas reductions and on non-Member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193581-en
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  • 72
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    Land Access to Sea Ports (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.113
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La desserte terrestre des ports maritimes
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Seehafen ; Verkehrsanbindung ; Wettbewerbsfähigkeit
    Abstract: In recent years, the substantial expansion in containerisation, the advent of megacarriers, the race for ever larger container-ships and higher-volume flows, have revolutionised intercontinental transport. These changes have entailed considerable reductions in maritime transport costs, which has made distant countries extremely accessible. The most costly component of the international traffic transport chain is now the inland leg, which explains why forwarders are so keen to gain control over inland transport operations. On land, road is the dominant mode, but with infrastructure congestion, rail and inland waterways also have a part to play. Under what conditions could these last two modes capture a larger share of inland transport? Rail cannot be really competitive without a dedicated freight network, and inland waterways will only get to play a significant role if transhipment costs are cut. Couldn’t greater competition within these two modes generate productivity gains and better quality services? The Round Table provided the opportunity to address the whole issue of competitiveness in inland transport modes and identified guidelines on land access to ports for policy-makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112809-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: New Zealand 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192515
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of New Zealand's energy policies and programmes. It finds that New Zealand is very active in all areas of energy policy. This report focuses on electricity deregulation and on policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But gas supply depletion and the 1998 Auckland power failure are reminders of the fundamental importance of energy security. New Zealand is working towards ratifying the Kyoto Protocol by mid-2002, the only OECD country to make such a commitment outside the European Union. Agriculture is the main contributor to greenhouse emissions in New Zealand. Electricity generation contributes very little at present. The focus should be on agriculture and transport. International agreement on emissions trading and sinks, on which progress has been slow, is vital to New Zealand’s approach. New Zealand is preparing a National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy. Attention needs to be given to transport. Residential energy consumption must not be allowed to grow too fast, as the economy recovers. New Zealand has demonstrated that electricity market liberalisation can succeed in a small country, although government shareholdings remain high, and the government owns Transpower, the transmission and system operator. Small consumers have not always benefited from changes in the electricity market. The government’s Power Package aims to strengthen industry self-governance, to bring the benefits of market reform to the retail market, and to address weaknesses in industry regulation. New Zealand’s approach to energy sector regulation is unique in the world. The report discusses the strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand’s regulatory system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192515-en
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  • 74
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    Regulatory Institutions in Liberalised Electricity Markets (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189317
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The reform of the electricity supply industry is gathering pace in many countries. Independent regulatory agencies and other regulatory bodies have been created, and regulatory responsibilities redefined. This book reviews the evolving institutional structures to regulate the electricity supply industry in IEA member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189317-en
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  • 75
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Belgium 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Belgium
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of Belgium's energy policies and programmes. It finds that due Belgium’s geographical setting, cross-border trade has a significant influence on the country’s energy policy. Belgium has actively increased its gas transmission capacity, and has become key player in the overall European gas markets. There is still room for improvement, however, in the electricity transmission capacity. Belgium has started to liberalise its electricity and gas market. But the traditional utilities Electrabel and Distrigas retain much influence. Further efforts are required to make a competitive market. Belgium has made the political decision to phase out nuclear power, closing down the existing units when they reach forty years of age and building no new units. The report recommends Belgium to look for realistic and economic alternatives for large-scale energy production. The recommendations made by the Ampere Commission on improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewables and co-generation provide only a partial solution for future energy needs. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions will be one of the major challenges for Belgian energy policy in this decade. In 1998, Belgium’s energy-related CO2 emissions were 15% above the 1990 level. The report identifies reasons for the growing emissions, analyses current policies and suggests additional measures to help in this challenging task. One of the most crucial elements is curbing the growth of energy consumption, which exceeded 20% in all sectors in the 1990s. Federal-regional co-operation is essential for successful energy-policy development and implementation in Belgium. The report makes recommendations in several areas where co-operative action appears necessary.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193277-en
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    Oil Supply Security : The Emergency Response Potential of IEA Countries in 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Every five years, the International Energy Agency publishes an exhaustive report on its Member countries’ preparations to respond to major oil supply disruptions. This review, the first since 1996, finds strong legislative frameworks and administrative structures in each IEA country. Most countries have oil stocks well above the 90 days of net oil imports to which they are committed. IEA countries also have viable demand restraint programmes. Weaknesses in national programmes have been identified and will be corrected. The review provides a complete overview of emergency response potential agency-wide. It also contains detailed country-by-country analyses for 28 countries, including the Czech Republic, the newest IEA member, and the candidate countries Poland, Korea and the Slovak Republic. In each case, an assessment is made of the main emergency response measures, including stockdraw, demand restraint, fuel switching, extra oil production and the sharing of oil supplies. A separate section presents the legislative and regulatory texts underlying each country programme. The IEA was founded in 1974 following the oil shock of 1973. Its main initial objective was to ensure an effective response to any further oil disruption. While much has changed in 26 years, safeguarding the energy security of its Members remains a core mission for the Agency.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188464-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Spain 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264194649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Spain
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of Spains energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that due to Spain’s geographical setting and limited domestic energy resources, security of supply is a core objective of Spanish energy policy. Energy supply grew by some 3.5% per year from 1996 to 1999 and electricity consumption by 6% per year. Spain is increasingly dependent on imported energy. As Spanish energy markets are being liberalised, it is essential for the government to ensure that it sends signals to the markets which evoke sustainable investment in energy. Progress has been made in electricity and gas market liberalisation during the last few years and full liberalisation of both markets is scheduled for the beginning of 2003. But many details are yet to be defined. The electricity market is still dominated by two large companies and the gas market by one. The report recommends measures to achieve effective competition. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains a major challenge for the Spanish government. Carbon dioxide emissions continued to increase along with energy demand. Spanish GHG emissions in 1998 were already 21% above the 1990 level, while Spain is committed to reduce them to 15% above 1990.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264194649-en
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    Nuclear Power in the OECD Countries (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (179 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This comprehensive overview explores the policy issues and other factors affecting the future of nuclear power in OECD countries. It provides a wealth of historical and current information of interest to both energy industry professionals and policy makers. Nuclear power has grown steadily since the early 1960s. Today it provides one quarter of OECD electricity supply from 300 GWe capacity. It is an important contributor to OECD energy security. Existing nuclear plants appear ready to meet the challenges of electricity market competition. The industry has experienced sustained improvements in technical and economic performance. A major advantage of nuclear power is that it produces none of the airborne pollutants or carbon dioxide that fossil-fuelled plants do. Nonetheless, nuclear power must cope with many challenges. New nuclear plants face formidable competition from fossil fuel generation, given nuclear power’s high capital cost and today’s fossil fuel prices. Almost half of OECD countries have placed restrictions on building nuclear power plants. Disposal facilities for high-level wastes are under development, but face technical and political hurdles before they can become operational. Can nuclear power meet these challenges and thrive in future energy markets? Or will its contribution to energy supply ebb in coming years? This book provides a critical assessment of the issues that will shape the answers to these questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188525-en
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    Energy Consumption in Industry : 2000 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192546
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication presents annual energy consumption data in manufacturing sectors. Over the last 25 years, energy consumption has become just as important as energy supply for policy makers. There is a need for energy efficiency indicators and data to monitor developments in energy consumption and energy efficiency trends as they affect the environment. In order to analyse energy use and energy efficiency, it is essential to have disaggregated industry level consumption data. This publication provides such data. Time series of annual energy consumption are provided at the disaggregated manufacturing industry level for most of the OECD countries from 1990 to 1999 where available.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192546-en
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  • 80
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Australia 2001 (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264193246
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Australia
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of Australia's energy policies and programmes. It finds that Australia is rich in low-cost energy resources, especially coal. The country exports large amounts of coal, liquefied natural gas and uranium to the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. This contributes to international availability and security of energy supply. Efforts are under way to increase LNG exports and to make Australian coal even more competitive. For most of the past decade, Australia has been at the forefront of energy market liberalisation. Following liberalisation by individual states in the early 1990s, the competitive National Electricity Market was established in 1998. The NEM integrates markets across the eastern and south-eastern states. The benefits have been considerable: strong competition, significant price reductions and consumer choice. Gas market reform has been under way since 1997 and is beginning to yield the first benefits. More work is needed to complete the reform process. In the power market, this includes open access for all consumers and providing efficient price signals for interconnection. The Australian government spends almost A$ 1 billion on climate change mitigation programmes. Many of these programmes are market-oriented, including a mandatory certificates trading system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264193246-en
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    Les services réguliers interurbains d'autocars en Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122785
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.114
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Regular Interurban Coach Services in Europe
    Keywords: Transport ; Europäische Union ; Regionalverkehr
    Abstract: Alors que la déréglementation est largement à l’oeuvre dans le secteur des transports, les services réguliers de lignes d'autocars demeurent très réglementés. Ces services apparaissent en effet aux yeux des pouvoirs publics comme un concurrent potentiel des chemins de fer. Pourtant, dans les pays où une déréglementation des services d'autocars a été tentée, le bilan est incontestablement positif (sauf pour les transports locaux à courte distance).La Table Ronde a cherché à faire le point sur les services réguliers interurbains par autocars à partir d’exemples de pays qui ont suivi des approches originales. Cette publication permet de voir ce type d'activité sous un jour entièrement nouveau. Il en ressort notamment que le transport de lignes par autocars constitue un marché spécifique pour une clientèle qui ne dispose pas de moyens de transport alternatifs. Ouvrir ce marché bénéficierait aux populations les plus défavorisées. Mais ce n’est pas la seule leçon de cette Table Ronde.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122785-fr
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    Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre en Europe (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122839
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.115
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Road Freight Transport for Own Account in Europe
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Straßengüterverkehr
    Abstract: Le transport routier de marchandises pour compte propre assure une part importante des transports terrestres en Europe. En tonnages transportés, son activité représente, selon les pays européens, entre deux et cinq fois celle des transports ferroviaires. Pourtant, le transport pour compte propre ne retient guère l'attention et il n'est même pas considéré comme relevant du domaine de la logistique. Or, il assume une fonction essentielle dans le domaine du transport et connaît une profonde mutation du fait de la tendance croissante des entreprises à confier leurs envois à des transporteurs professionnels plutôt qu'à les effectuer elles-mêmes. Comprendre l’importance des transports routiers de marchandises pour compte propre, analyser les conséquences des évolutions réglementaires qui ont marqué ce domaine d’activité et mieux appréhender son avenir, tel fut l’objet des rapports introductifs et du débat entre experts que cette publication retrace.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122839-fr
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  • 83
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    La desserte terrestre des ports maritimes (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122808
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.113
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Land Access to Sea Ports
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Land Access to Sea Ports
    Keywords: Transport ; Europa ; Seehafen ; Verkehrsanbindung
    Abstract: Au cours des dernières années, le transport intercontinental a connu une véritable révolution : l’expansion considérable de la conteneurisation, le développement des mégatransporteurs, des navires porte-conteneurs toujours plus gros et la massification des flux en sont autant de signes tangibles. Ces changements se sont traduits par un abaissement considérable des coûts du transport maritime qui a rendu les pays lointains beaucoup plus accessibles. Le transport terrestre est donc souvent devenu le maillon le plus onéreux de la chaîne de transport en trafic international, d'où la pression croissante des armateurs pour contrôler ce secteur d'activité. Sur terre, la route reste dominante, mais face à la congestion des infrastructures, le rail et la voie d’eau peuvent jouer un rôle. Dans quelles conditions ces deux derniers modes peuvent-ils prendre une part plus importante dans les transports terrestres ? Il faut savoir que faute d'un réseau spécifiquement dédié au fret, le rail ne peut pas vraiment être compétitif tandis que la navigation fluviale ne pourra jouer un rôle significatif que si elle parvient à diminuer ses coûts de transbordement. Une plus grande concurrence au sein de ces deux modes de transport ne pourrait-elle engendrer des gains de productivité et de qualité de service ? La Table Ronde a permis d'aborder l’ensemble des questions relatives à la compétitivité des modes de transport terrestre en dégageant des lignes directrices pour l’action des pouvoirs publics en matière de desserte des ports maritimes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122808-fr
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    Les transports de déchets (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282122853
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.116
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport of Waste Products
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.:
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Transport of Waste Products
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Abfall ; Transport ; Abfall ; Transport
    Abstract: Le traitement des déchets est appelé à s'accroître, car le volume de ces déchets est étroitement dépendant de la croissance économique. Le transport de déchets constitue donc un enjeu majeur pour l'avenir. Plusieurs questions se posent à cet égard. Faut-il renforcer la réglementation relative à ces transports et en revoir les modalités d'application ? Le principe de proximité pour le traitement des déchets, intégré dans cette réglementation au nom de la protection de l'environnement, ne doit-il pas être remis en cause, ce principe de proximité empêchant une massification des flux qui serait favorable aux modes de transport les plus écologiques ? Le bilan environnemental des transports de déchets ne saurait être établi que dans le cadre d'une approche globale intégrant l'ensemble des filières de traitement de ces déchets. Il faut en effet se méfier des fausses bonnes idées, telles que "le transport de déchets doit être limité" ou " le recyclage est la meilleure solution". La suppression des décharges ou le retraitement pourraient accroître sensiblement les transports de déchets. La Table Ronde reprend ces points en examinant successivement, à partir de l'expérience des différents pays, les évolutions du secteur des transports de déchets et les problèmes statistiques rencontrés pour les appréhender, la réglementation applicable à ces transports et leur bilan environnemental, en insistant tout particulièrement sur les difficultés engendrées par la répartition modale actuelle de ces transports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282122853-fr
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  • 85
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    Transport of Waste Products (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.116
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les transports de déchets
    DDC: 363.728
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Electronic books ; Abfall ; Transport
    Abstract: With the treatment of waste set to increase -- since the volume of waste is closely related to economic growth -- waste transport will be a major challenge in the future. This raises several issues. Should transport regulations be made more stringent and their implementation reviewed? Should the proximity principle -- incorporated in the regulations in the interests of environmental protection -- be questioned, since it prevents the consolidation of flows in sufficient volume to make the most environmentally-friendly modes of transport viable? The environmental performance of waste transport can be established only within the framework of an overall approach which incorporates all waste treatment routes. We must indeed be wary of seemingly good ideas such as "waste transport must be restricted" or "recycling is the best solution". The closure of landfills or reprocessing could well lead to a large increase in waste transport. The Round Table picks up on these issues and uses the cases of different countries to examine, in turn, developments in the waste transport sector and the statistical problems encountered in trying to understand them, the regulations applicable to the modes of transport used and their environmental performance, focusing closely on the difficulties created by the current modal split in this sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112854-en
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    Economic Evaluation of Road Traffic Safety Measures (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282112861
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.117
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluation économique des mesures de sécurité routière
    DDC: 388.312
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport ; Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Electronic books ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Wirtschaftlichkeit ; Bewertung
    Abstract: In economic appraisals of road safety measures, determining which method to use for the valuation of those measures is a problem. There are two methods open to us. Remarkably, one accurately measures a non-relevant concept (the human capital method), while the other measures the correct parameter, but not very accurately (the willingness-to-pay method). The Round Table examined the many complementary aspects of the two and found that what was needed, above all, were practical guides for each method. The Round Table noted that values for human life are highly comparable from one mode of transport to another, concluding that this should encourage governments to take charge of safety with the same forcefulness whatever the mode of transport. It also found that spending on road safety was already adequate, but that the money was not 'wisely' spent. Arguably the proposals put forward by this Round Table were unconventional. For instance, it held that difficulties in producing major changes in driver behaviour signalled that more attention should be paid to educational measures and infrastructure investment. This publication reviews the road safety policies and their economic evaluation. At a time when the authorities in many countries are beginning to set still more ambitious targets for those policies, the Round Table highlights the need for measures that are effective over the long term and economically efficient.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282112861-en
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  • 87
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    Energy Labels & Standards (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Within the foreseeable future, refrigerators will be using 30% less electricity in some countries. Homes in the United States will be emitting 4% less carbon dioxide. Dozens of other common energy-using products will have become cleaner and more energy efficient. And all because of the growing use of energy labels and standards in industrialised countries. Energy labels and standards are only one way in which governments can diminish energy use, improve performance and slash greenhouse gas emissions. But they have proved remarkably effective, and their use is steadily spreading. This report by the International Energy Agency chronicles a number of success stories and offers suggestions on how they can be replicated. This study, the first in a planned series of Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles, analyses existing programmes, provides guidance for programmes now under consideration and points the way to possible international collaboration. It highlights the key elements in successful programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188099-en
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    Regulatory Reform : European Gas (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188372
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    DDC: 333.8/233/094
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The countries of Continental Europe have started the process of reforming their natural gas markets. This book sets the context for, and considers the issues raised by, these reforms. It also analyses the key elements of effective reform, such as third party access to the gas infrastructure. Unlike earlier reformers, Europe faces important challenges of growing import dependency and reliance on a few large producer countries, against a background of strong demand growth. It is vital that both short and long term security of supply are sustained in the new market conditions. At the same time a key objective of reform is to improve economic efficiency through competition and short term trade, in order to reduce prices for natural gas consumers. The book argues that security and competition are not incompatible, and that security can be enhanced by competition provided that reform is handled with care. As Europe implements the EU Gas Directive, this book is a timely review for energy policy makers and others involved in the reform process. It is the latest in a series of IEA publications on energy market reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188372-en
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  • 89
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Japan 1999 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: This IEA report provides a comprehensive in-depth assessment of the energy policies of Japan, including recommendations for policy development. Since the last in-depth review in 1994, the two major themes in Japan's energy policy have been reform of the regulatory framework and measures to respond to climate change. Energy sector reform in the energy sector is an important component of overall policy on economic recovery. Increasingly, the market will be relied on to achieve a satisfactory outcome. Independent Power Producers have entered the electricity market since 1995. The report analyses anticipated further reforms to liberalise the market for extra-high-voltage consumers (28% of all supply) and to introduce accounting separation of the activities of the existing utilities. Approximately 90% of carbon dioxide produced in Japan is energy-related. Policy to reduce emissions from the energy sector is focused on drastic energy efficiency measures and on the promotion of nuclear power and "new energies". The review discusses the cost-effectiveness of present energy efficiency measures, but considers that the current nuclear energy production target is achievable.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181328-en
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  • 90
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    The Future Role of Coal : Markets, Supply and the Environment (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180994
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: In preparation for their 1998 Plenary meeting, the members of the IEA’s Coal Industry Advisory Board prepared individual papers addressing the key issues facing the coal industry at this challenging time. The result is a collection of unique perceptions on the future role of coal from the leaders of the industry. They provide a valuable, first-hand insight into the views and concerns of the coal industry as it faces a rapidly changing market due to: ? uncertainties within the electricity generating industry, which in turn are a result of the continuing transition to a liberalised electricity market and of unanswered questions about the final structure, shape and regulatory framework of this market; ? increasing environmental commitments by governments, especially in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Coal, with its ample, cost-effective and geographically diverse reserves, has traditionally been a major factor in energy security and price stability. Is this important role now under threat? How does the coal industry itself see its market evolving? What are the industry’s views of the role of coal in a future where carbon emissions are strictly limited? Important questions with thought-provoking responses in this challenging collection of individual papers from the IEA’s Coal Industry Advisory Board.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180994-en
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  • 91
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Canada 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264182042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Canada
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of Canada's energy policies and programmes. It finds that successful regulatory reform of the gas market has contributed to rapid growth in exports of gas to the US. Encouraged by potential trade benefits flowing from regulatory reform of the electricity market, and benefits flowing to Canadian consumers, some provinces have also undertaken major regulatory reform of the electricity industries in their jurisdictions. Development of Canada’s huge resources of oil sands and heavy oil have supplemented continuing development of conventional oil. These developments combined with rapid economic and population growth have posed policy challenges for Canadian governments in several areas. This report discusses the issues arising for policy makers, including the process currently underway in Canada to develop a national implementation strategy to meet the national target for greenhouse gas emissions, and progress in improving the efficient use of energy. Federal-provincial co-operation is essential for successful energy policy development and implementation in Canada. The report makes recommendations in several policy areas where co-operative action appears necessary, notably to encourage the development of regional energy markets which would bring together existing provincial reform policies and widen their scope to other provinces where market reforms have made less progress. The report looks comprehensively at the Canadian energy sector and also includes description and analysis of nuclear power, renewable energy sources and energy resource industries such as uranium and coal as well as oil and gas.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264182042-en
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  • 92
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    Transport and Leisure (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264182370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.111
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et loisirs
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Leisure-related transport is a poorly known and widely underestimated phenomenon. And yet, it generates more traffic than journey-to-work travel. Indeed, the great number of leisure activities that involve transport range from shopping, visiting family or friends and sporting activities to local and international tourism. This book sets out to describe and analyse leisure-related transport in terms of flow size, points of concentration, modes of transport, temporal trends and structural changes. It then examines the consequences that growth in leisure activities could have for transport policy: integrating local and long-distance transport, increasing the use of environmentally-friendly means of transport, promoting local recreational trips or improving the living environment. This may be seen as a genuine opportunity for policymakers: in responding to the challenge posed by leisure-related transport they can indeed respond to the challenges posed by any kind of transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264182370-en
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  • 93
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    Dealing with Climate Change : Policies and Measures in IEA Member Countries (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This volume describes more than 400 separate policy actions that IEA Member countries took to mitigate climate change in the energy sector during 1999. Listings are provided for each country with classifications of actions into five major policy approaches: fiscal policy; market policy; regulatory policy; R&D policy; and policy processes. In addition, policies are classified according to energy source and end-use.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188389-en
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  • 94
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    Experience Curves for Energy Technology Policy (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264182165
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The fact that market experience improves performance and reduces prices is well known and widely exploited in technology-intensive industries, but sparsely used in analysis for energy technology policy. Knowledge of the “experience effect” can help in the design of efficient programmes for deploying of environment-friendly technologies. The effect must be taken into account when estimating the future costs of achieving targets, including targets for carbon dioxide reduction. This book discusses issues raised by the “experience effect”, such as price-cost cycles, competition for learning opportunities in the market, risk of “technology lockout” and the effects of research, development and deployment policies on technology learning. Case studies illustrate how experience curves can be used to set policy targets and to design policy measures that will encourage both investment in and use of environment-friendly energy technologies. Low-cost paths to stabilising CO2 emissions are explored.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264182165-en
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  • 95
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Netherlands 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of the Netherlands' energy policies and programmes. It finds that Dutch citizens are very environmentally minded. They are prepared to pay extra for clean and renewable energy to meet the national climate commitments. The government has set ambitious targets for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and increasing the share of renewables in the energy market. The Netherlands aims at cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 50 million tonnes by 2010, and at raising the share of renewables from 1% in 1995 to 10% in 2020. The government has put together a programme that can achieve this – as well as a back-up plan if the target is not reached, and a plan for the long term. But efficient markets are also important to the Dutch. In the electricity and gas industries, full retail competition is to be introduced on an accelerated schedule in 2004. Since competition was introduced into the power market in 1998, the necessary institutions and secondary legislation have been put in place, making the market highly competitive. Three out of the four large generators in the country have been sold to foreign utility investors. There is room for improvement in the rules for the allocation of interconnector capacity, to be found in co-operation with the Netherlands’ European neighbours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188228-en
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  • 96
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    Electric Power Technology : Opportunities and Challenges of Competition (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789164187673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: How will the introduction of electricity market competition affect power generation and transmission technology? Which technologies are most likely to receive a push from competitive markets? These are the questions examined in this review, which considers a wide range of options in both generation and transmission. Competition strengthens the search for the most cost-effective technologies. All electricity generation technologies are affected: those for existing and new plants as well as those for improving capital and operating efficiency. In existing plants, reliability, life extension, operating flexibility and demand-side technology are some of the major factors of change. In new plants, gas turbines are set to continue their growth, but there is still a place for conventional steam and other power plants. New government policies for technology support and environmental protection also have a role in evolving technological choices when competition is introduced.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789164187673-en
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  • 97
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    International Collaboration in Energy Technology : A Sampling of Success Stories (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181298
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Enhanced energy technology is the key to ensuring environmental sustainability together with economic growth and energy security. In the drive to develop cleaner, more efficient energy technologies, what role does international collaboration play? This publication provides an array of success stories illustrating how the International Energy Agency’s collaborative framework for energy technology development has speeded advances towards more comprehensive solutions. In coal combustion sciences, for example, one project generated equipment sales worth over $400 million in one participating country alone. More than 30 countries world-wide participate in the programme, which mobilises close to $150 million annually. Costs and resources are shared among participating governments, utilities, industries and universities, thus ensuring maximum yield from research budgets and avoiding unproductive duplication of effort. The technology collaboration programme operates through agreements among governments. The 40 currently active agreements focus on the dissemination of energy technology information, cleaner use of fossil fuels, development of renewable energy sources and systems, more efficient energy use and nuclear fusion technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181298-en
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    The Road from Kyoto: Current CO2 and Transport Policies in the IEA (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: More than 27% of total carbon dioxide emissions in OECD countries is produced by the transport sector, and there are still few signs that transportation energy use is peaking. Without new action, the prospects for reductions in CO2 emissions from this sector look bleak. This report reviews transport-related CO2 abatement policies in six IEA countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The report focuses on past, recent and potential future policies and the policy context in each country. It provides a comprehensive description of selected key policy elements. A separate IEA report, which will be published early next year, will offer quantitative estimates of a major element in transport climate-change policy – the potential for reducing CO2 emissions by improving the fuel efficiency of passenger cars.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189164-en
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    South East Asia Gas Study (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264182073
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (78 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In addition to existing gas producing countries, there are several emerging countries in Southeast Asia that are promoting gas production and use. Since rising energy needs will increase Asia’s dependency on imported oil, the further development of gas resources will play an increasingly important role in improving energy security and in providing environmental protection for the region. This study, a follow-up to the IEA’s Asia Gas Study (1996), describes the current situation, uncertainties and future challenges in the gas sectors of the Philippines, Vietnam and Myanmar. Over the next ten years, the role of natural gas will expand steadily in these countries. The development of gas sectors could also encourage the construction of a gas pipeline network in Southeast Asia.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264182073-en
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  • 100
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    Caspian Oil and Gas : The Supply Potential of Central Asia and Transcaucasia (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180970
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Central Asian/Transcaucasian region has the potential to become a significant producer and exporter of oil and gas. Estimates of its reserve base are on the scale of the North Sea. Over the next decade, as world oil demand continues to grow, the region will gain in importance by helping to diversify the sources of oil and gas for importing countries beyond traditional supply sources, including the Middle East. This comprehensive study provides detailed descriptions, data and analysis of the oil and gas sectors of Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It examines the potential for oil and gas production and exports, as well as technical, legal, financial and other barriers to fulfilling this potential. It also looks at export markets, investment frameworks and major investment projects underway and planned.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180970-en
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