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  • Sorbe, Stéphane  (8)
  • Europarat  (4)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (12)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Taxation  (12)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A set of matrices to map the location of profit and economic activity of multinational enterprises (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the methodology and data sources used to build a set of matrices mapping the location of profit and economic activity of multinational enterprises (MNEs) across jurisdictions. These matrices were originally designed for the purpose of assessing the effect of proposals for the reform of international corporate tax arrangements under consideration by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). They could also serve other analytical purposes in the future. The set consists of a profit matrix and three matrices focusing on indicators of economic activity (turnover, tangible assets and payroll). Each matrix contains data spanning more than 200 jurisdictions (matrix rows) and broken down across more than 200 jurisdictions of MNE ultimate parent (matrix columns), focusing primarily on year 2016. The matrices combine data from a range of sources in a consistent framework, including newly available aggregated Country-by-Country Report (CbCR) data, the ORBIS database, and the OECD Analytical AMNE database. Gaps in data are filled using extrapolations based on macroeconomic data, including via a sophisticated procedure to extrapolate profit based on foreign direct investment (FDI) data. Extensive benchmarking has been undertaken to ensure consistency across the data sources and extrapolations used in the matrices.
    DOI: 10.1787/4ec98acc-en
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  • 2
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    Corporate taxation and investment of multinational firms : Evidence from firm-level data (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.51
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper explores the effect of corporate taxes on the investment of multinational enterprises (MNEs), and whether this effect differs across MNE groups depending on their profitability rate. Firm-level analysis conducted on a cross-country panel of MNE entities confirms the earlier finding that MNE investment in a jurisdiction is negatively affected by effective corporate tax rate increases in that jurisdiction. The analysis also suggests that the tax sensitivity of MNE investment differs across entities belonging to different MNE groups, with a U-shape relationship between tax sensitivity and MNE group profitability. Entities belonging to groups with negative profitability or relatively high profitability rates are found to be relatively less sensitive than those belonging to groups with lower but positive profitability rates. For example, the estimated tax sensitivity of firms in MNE groups with a profitability rate above 10% is found to be nearly half the sensitivity of a firm in an MNE group with a profitability rate between 0% and 10%. This has implications with regard to the tax reform proposals currently under discussion by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, as this suggests that highly profitable MNE groups, which are more likely to be impacted by the proposals, may be less sensitive to taxes in their investment behaviour than the typical MNE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9c6f9f2e-en
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  • 3
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    Innovation, patent location and tax planning by multinationals (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1360
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Innovationsmanagement ; IP-Management ; Steuerplanung ; Steuerrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; BEPS, multinational enterprises, tax planning, patents, corporate taxation, research and development ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the effect of international differences in taxes on the choice of patent location by multinational enterprises (MNEs). The analysis is based on a large sample of patents and firms from the OECD-PATSTAT and OECD-ORBIS databases over 2004-10. The approach is to compare the number of patent applications of MNE entities with different links to other countries and thus different sets of location choices, while controlling for other factors affecting patenting behaviour. The results suggest that lower corporate taxes, either in the form of a lower statutory rate or a preferential intellectual property regime, are associated with more patent applications. Both the location of research activities, which is proxied by the location of patent inventors, and the legal ownership of patents are found to be sensitive to corporate taxes. For instance, a 5 percentage point cut in the preferential tax rate on patent income is associated with a 6% increase in patent applications. On average, about two-thirds of the increase comes from patents invented at home and one third from patents invented abroad, but the relative importance of these two effects is likely to vary with the design of the preferential regime and especially the existence of activity requirements. In addition, strong anti-avoidance measures against tax planning are found to reduce patent shifting by MNEs.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b08459e5-en
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    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
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    Debt and tax planning by multinationals (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1357
    Keywords: Verbindlichkeiten ; Kapitalstruktur ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Steuerplanung ; Eigenkapital ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) manipulate the location of their debts to reduce their corporate tax burden. Indeed, by locating debts in higher-tax rate countries, MNEs can deduct interest payments against a higher tax rate. This paper provides evidence of such manipulation of debt location. The analysis is based on a large sample of firm-level data from the ORBIS database. By comparing the indebtedness of MNE entities with similar characteristics but different debt shifting opportunities, the analysis suggests that a 1 percentage point higher tax rate is associated with 1.3% higher third-party debt. This is a lower bound estimate of debt manipulation, since it excludes the manipulation of internal debt. The analysis also shows that strict rules limiting interest deductibility (e.g. thin capitalisation or interest-to-earnings rules) can reduce debt manipulation. The possibility to locate debts in higher-tax rate countries reduces the effective cost of debt for MNE groups. The empirical analysis suggests that this can lead MNE groups to increase their overall external indebtedness, compounding the “debt bias” existing in most tax systems.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b524037b-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
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    Tax planning by multinational firms : firm-level evidence from a crosscountry database (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1355
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuerplanung ; Steuerrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper exploits firm-level data from the ORBIS database to assess international tax planning by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Profit shifting to lower-tax rate countries is measured by comparing the profitability of MNE entities having different links to countries with different tax rates and thus different profit shifting opportunities. The paper also considers other aspects of tax planning that have been less documented in the empirical literature, such as the exploitation of mismatches between tax systems and preferential tax regimes, by comparing how profits reported by MNE entities are taxed relative to non-multinational entities with similar characteristics. The analysis builds on available unconsolidated financial account data, which, despite its limitations, is considered as the best existing cross-country firm-level data. Results are based on a very large sample of firms (1.2 million observations of MNE accounts) in 46 OECD and G20 countries and a sophisticated procedure to identify MNE groups. They provide robust evidence that MNEs shift profits to lower-tax rate countries and that large MNEs also exploit mismatches between tax systems and preferential tax treatment to reduce their tax burden. Overall, the estimated net tax revenue loss ranges from 4% to 10% of global corporate tax revenues. The empirical analysis also shows that strong “anti-avoidance” rules against tax planning are associated with reduced profit shifting, but also higher compliance costs for firms.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/9ea89b4d-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
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    International tax planning, competition and market structure (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1358
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Steuerplanung ; Wettbewerb ; Verdrängungseffekt ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates if tax planning by large multinationals distorts competition in their favour and allows them to crowd out other firms. The competitive implications of tax planning are frequently mentioned in the tax policy debate, but not yet documented empirically to our knowledge. This paper aims to fill this gap. Drawing on firm-level data from the ORBIS database, it compares price-cost mark-up rates of firms with different tax planning opportunities, using several proxy measures of these opportunities, such as links to tax havens. Tax-planning multinationals are found to have higher mark-up rates than other firms, even after controlling for other factors influencing mark-ups. However, the direction of causality is difficult to establish since a high mark-up can be a factor encouraging a firm to engage in tax planning. Based on a new indicator of industry concentration, the empirical analysis also shows that industries with a strong presence of tax-planning multinationals tend to be more concentrated than other industries, but less so when strong rules against tax planning are in place. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that large multinationals use their tax savings to crowd out other firms and ultimately obtain higher mark-ups.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/e9c35474-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
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    Anti-avoidance rules against international tax planning : a classification (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1356
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuerplanung ; Steuerrecht ; Klassifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes the main anti-avoidance rules against international tax planning by multinational enterprises in OECD and G20 countries. Building on this information and on previous classification efforts in the literature, a new classification of anti-avoidance strength is compiled. It takes into account five key dimensions of anti-avoidance: (i) transfer price rules and documentation requirements; (ii) rules on interest deductibility such as thin capitalisation and interest-to-earnings rules to prevent the manipulation of debt location; (iii) controlled foreign company (CFC) rules; (iv) general anti-avoidance rules (GAARs); and (v) withholding taxes on interest payments, royalties and dividends, taking into account bilateral tax treaties. The classification is based on a simple framework aiming to capture the main features of anti-avoidance rules in a harmonised way across countries, although it inevitably leaves aside certain country-specific characteristics as well as the enforcement of existing rules. The empirical analysis in Johansson et al., (2016), which is based on this classification, suggests that strong anti-avoidance rules can reduce profit shifting.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/1a16e9a4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
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    International tax planning and fixed investmen (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1361
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Steuerplanung ; Steuerrecht ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses how international tax planning affects real business investment by multinationals. Earlier studies have shown that corporate taxes reduce business investment. This paper shows that tax planning multinationals are less sensitive to corporate taxes than other firms in their investment decisions. This is presumably because tax planning multinationals do not face the full tax burden associated with their investments, since they shift part of the resulting profits to lower-tax rate countries. On average across industries, a 5 percentage point corporate tax rate increase is found to reduce investment by 5% in the long term. In industries with a strong presence of multinationals with profit-shifting opportunities, this effect is halved. These results obtained with industry-level data are confirmed by a firm-level analysis. Consistently with these results, the investment of tax planning multinationals is found to be more sensitive to taxes when strong rules against tax planning are in place.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/83239540-en
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  • 9
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    The Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters : Amended by the 2010 Protocol (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264115606
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Convention multilatérale concernant l'assistance administrative mutuelle en matière fiscale ; Amendée par le Protocole de 2010
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The multilateral convention on mutual administrative assistance in tax matters
    Keywords: Taxation ; OECD ; Europarat ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Finanzverwaltung ; Steuersache ; Internationale Amtshilfe ; Multilateraler Vertrag
    Abstract: This publication contains the official text of the Multilateral Convention on Mutual Assistance in Tax Matters as amended by the 2010 Protocol. The original Convention was developed jointly by the Council of Europe and the OECD and opened for signature by the member states of both organisations on 25 January 1988. The original Convention was amended in 2010 to align it to the international standard on information exchange for tax purposes and to open it to all countries, responding to the call of the G20 to make it easier for all countries to secure the benefits of the new co-operative tax environment. The amended Convention entered into force on 1 June 2011. This Convention aims to help governments enforce their tax laws, provides an international legal framework for co-operation among countries in countering international tax avoidance and evasion. It offers a variety of tools for administrative co-operation in tax matters, providing all forms of exchange of information, assistance in tax collection and service of documents. It also facilitates joint audits and information sharing to counter other serious crimes (e.g. money laundering, corruption) when certain conditions are met. It preserves the rights of taxpayers, provides extensive safeguards to protect the confidentiality of the information exchanged, in particular in relation to personal data. The operation of this self-standing multilateral convention is overseen by a Co-ordinating Body comprised of the Parties to the Convention.
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264115606-en
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  • 10
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    La Convention multilatérale concernant l'assistance administrative mutuelle en matière fiscale : Amendée par le Protocole de 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264115682
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters; Amended by the 2010 Protocol
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: La présente publication contient le texte officiel de la Convention multilatérale concernant l’assistance administrative mutuelle en matière fiscale telle qu’amendée par le Protocole de 2010. La Convention originale a été développée conjointement par le Conseil de l’Europe et l’OCDE et a été ouverte à la signature des États membres des deux organisations le 25 janvier 1988. La Convention originale a été amendée en 2010 pour l’aligner sur le standard international sur l’échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales et pour l’ouvrir à tous les pays, répondant à l’appel du G20 de faciliter l’accès aux bénéfices du nouvel environnement fiscal international à tous les pays. La Convention amendée est entrée en vigueur le 1er juin 2011. Cette Convention vise à aider les gouvernements à assurer le respect de leurs lois fiscales, fournit un cadre juridique pour la coopération entre les pays pour lutter contre l’évasion et la fraude fiscales internationales. Elle offre une variété d’outils pour la coopération administrative en matière fiscale, fournissant toutes formes d’échange de renseignements, l’assistance au recouvrement et la notification de documents. Elle facilite aussi les contrôles conjoints et le partage d’informations pour lutter contre d’autres délits graves (par exemple le blanchiment et la corruption) lorsque certaines conditions sont remplies. Elle préserve les droits des contribuables, fournit de larges garanties pour protéger la confidentialité des renseignements échangés, en particulier en ce qui concerne les données personnelles. Le fonctionnement de cette Convention multilatérale autonome est supervisé par un organe de coordination formé des Parties à la Convention.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264115682-fr
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  • 11
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    La Convention concernant l'assistance administrative mutuelle en matière fiscale : Edition du XXe anniversaire (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264041066
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Edition: Edition du XXe anniversaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters; Twentieth Anniversary Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters: Twentieth Anniversary Edition
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Cette convention propose aux autorités fiscales un cadre juridique de coopération internationale sans violer la souveraineté nationale ni les droits des contribuables. L'édition du XXème anniversaire de La Convention contient le texte assorti de commentaires. Cette convention multilatérale, entrée en vigueur en 1995, suscite un intérêt croissant puisque presque la moitié des pays qui l’ont signée, l’ont fait au cours des cinq dernières années. Ce regain d’intérêt reflète l'importance croissante de l'échange de renseignements et d’autres formes de coopération entre administrations fiscales dans un monde des affaires et financier où les frontières s'estompent de plus en plus.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264041066-fr
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  • 12
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    The Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters : Twentieth Anniversary Edition (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264041042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Edition: Twentieth Anniversary Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Convention concernant l'assistance administrative mutuelle en matière fiscale ; Édition du XXe anniversaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Convention concernant l'assistance administrative mutuelle en matière fiscale : Édition du XXe anniversaire
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The convention on mutual administrative assistance in tax matters
    Keywords: Taxation ; Internationale Amtshilfe ; Steuersache
    Abstract: This Convention offers tax authorities a legal framework for co-operating across borders without violating the sovereignty of other countries or the rights of taxpayers. Includes the text of the convention and commentaries. The Convention entered into force in 1995, and interest is growing, with almost half of the countries that have signed the Convention doing so in the last five years. This reflects the growing importance of exchange of information and other forms of co-operation between tax administrations in an increasingly borderless business and financial world. ThisTwentieth Anniversary edition includes the text of the convention as well as commentaries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264041042-en
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