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  • 2005-2009  (137)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (125)
  • Dinar, Ariel  (12)
  • Environment  (137)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076273
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 ; Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is designed for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproduction of collembolans in soil. The parthenogenetic Folsomia candida is the recommended species for use, but an alternative species such as sexually reproducing Folsomia fimetaria could also be used if they meet the validity criteria. This Guideline can be used for testing both water soluble and insoluble substances but it is not applicable to volatile ones. The Guideline aims to determine toxic effects of the test substance on adult mortality and reproductive output expressed as LCx and ECx respectively, or NOEC/LOEC value. The number of treatment concentrations varies depending on endpoints to be determined. For a combined approach to examine both the NOEC/LOEC and ECx, eight concentrations in a geometric series with four replicates for each concentration as well as eight control replicates should be used. In each test vessel, 10 juveniles F. candida (or 10 males and 10 females adults F. fimetaria) should be placed on 30 g of modified OECD artificial soil using a 5 % organic matter content. The duration of a definitive reproduction test is 4 weeks for F. candida or 3 weeks for F. fimetaria.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076242
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 ; Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an amphibian metamorphosis assay intended to screen substances which may interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The assay was validated with the species Xenopus laevis, which is recommended for use in the Guideline. The assay uses three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. The assay starts with tadpoles at the development stage 51 on the Nieuwkoop and Faber scale and is extended for a duration of 21 days. Four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). After 7 days of exposure, a sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is sampled for the measurement of the length of the hind-limb. At termination of 21-day exposure period, developmental stage, snout-to-vent length and hind limb length are measured on all remaining tadpoles. A sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is fixed (whole-body or dissected) for histopathology of the thyroid gland.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264076228
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 ; Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons ; un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for certain endocrine active substances where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). This assay covers the screening of oestrogenic and androgenic activity, and aromatase inhibition. The assay was validated on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio); however zebrafish does not allow the detection of androgenic activity. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, depending on the species used, one or two biomarker endpoint(s) are measured in males and females as indicators of oestrogenic, aromatase inhibition or androgenic activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka only.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076211
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 ; Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for fish reproduction where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). The short term reproduction assay was validated in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and this is the recommended species. The assay is run with three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. For the fathead minnow, four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). During the conduct of the assay, the egg production is measured quantitatively daily in each test vessel. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, two biomarker endpoints are measured in males and females separately, as indicators of endocrine activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Gonads of both sexes are also preserved and histopathology may be evaluated to assess the reproductive fitness of the test animals and to add to the weight of evidence of other endpoints.
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070608
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test article (gas, vapour or aerosol/particulate test article) by inhalation. The revised Test Guideline describes two studies: a traditional LC50 protocol and a Concentration x Time (C x t) protocol. It can be used to estimate a median lethal concentration (LC50), non-lethal threshold concentration (LC01) and slope, and to identify possible sex susceptibility. This Test Guideline enables a test article quantitative risk assessment and classification according to the Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. In the traditional LC50 protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or to three concentrations, at least, for a predetermined duration, generally of 4 hours. Usually 10 animals should be used for each concentration. In the C x T protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or a series of concentrations over multiple time durations. Usually 2 animals per C x t interval are used. Animals (the preferred species is the rat) should be observed for at least 14 days. The study includes measurements (including weighing), daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264055582
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Finlande 2009
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Finlande 2009
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive review of Finland's environmental programs and policies covers air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071186
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 ; Études de cancérogénèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The objective of a long-term carcinogenicity study is to observe test animals for a major portion of their life span for the development of neoplastic lesions during or after exposure to various doses of a test substance by an appropriate route of administration. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rats and mice, and for oral administration. Both sexes should be used. Each dose group and concurrent control group should contain at least 50 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used. Animals are dosed with the test substance daily (oral, dermal or inhalation administration) and the mode of exposure should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the study will normally be 24 months for rodents. For specific strains of mice, duration of 18 months may be more appropriate. Termination of the study should be considered when the number of survivors in the lower dose groups or the control group falls below 25 per cent. The results of these studies include: measurements (weighing, food consumption), and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076457
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 ; Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Crop field trials are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to: (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice; (2) determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) determine residue values such as the “Supervised Trial Median Residue” and “Highest Residue” for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). This Test Guideline requires one sample from treated plots at each sampling interval for crops that have eight or more crop field trials. The test substance(s) should be stored under appropriate conditions for the study duration and applied soon after preparation or mixing. Test substance applications should not be made in strong wind, during rain or when rainfall is expected shortly after application. For all applications, the application rate should be expressed in terms of amount of product and/or active ingredient per unit area. At the end of each crop field trial, the (stored) samples are analysed for residue level (expressed for example in mg/kg).
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Seoul : National institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
    ISBN: 9789264079847
    Sprache: Koreanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 440; Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents; A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 ; Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs ; Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents: A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 : Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs : Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
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  • 12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 113 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.8
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness calls upon donor and partner countries to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of country systems in a way that guarantees ownership and sustainable results. Within this context, the current paper provides a synthesis of major elements and approaches of institutional assessment that may be applied to environmental management. It suggests that while a large number of diagnostic tools are in use, their level of elaboration is not sufficient for systemic sector-specific capacity assessments that would match partners’ and donors’ needs. In order to facilitate the improvement of these tools, the paper provides an inventory of core functions for environmental management. This inventory may be used by those involved in capacity assessments to consider more amply specifics of the environmental sector. Each function will need to be associated with benchmarks reflecting the multifaceted nature of institutional capacity. The evolving approaches to environmental management, as well as changes in the international and country context, impose the need to regularly update both the list of functions and complementary benchmarks.
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071209
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 ; Études de toxicité chronique
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The objective of these chronic toxicity studies is to characterize the profile of a substance in a mammalian species (primarily rodents) following prolonged and repeated exposure. The Test Guideline focuses on rodents and oral administration. Both sexes should be used. For rodents, at least 20 animals per sex per group should normally be used at each dose level, while for non-rodents a minimum of 4 per sex per group is recommended. At least three dose levels should be used in addition to the concurrent control group. Frequency of exposure normally is daily, but may vary according to the route chosen (oral, dermal or inhalation) and should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the exposure period should be 12 months. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264060548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Water is vital for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. The situation is becoming more urgent due to increasing pressure, competition and even conflict over the use of water resources. The OECD has been working for many years to address these challenges. The results of recent work are summarised in Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation. The report examines: strategic financial planning for water supply and sanitation that balances the key sources of revenues for the water sector – the“3Ts” of taxes, tariffs and transfers; the design and implementation of water pricing strategies that balance financial sustainability with other policy objectives; recent developments in private sector participation in the water sector; and trends and the future outlook of water use in agriculture. It considers both developing and OECD countries and offers concrete recommendations and checklists for action. The report is an invaluable resource for policy makers, academics, NGOs and all others interested in the challenges facing the water sector today. The key messages for policy makers are summarised in this volume.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264076372
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 ; Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro assay, which provides mechanistical information, and can be used for screening and prioritization purposes. The test system utilises the hERalpha-HeLa-9903 cell line derived from a human cervical tumor and stably transfected. This cell line can measure the ability of a test chemical to induce hERalpha-mediated transactivation of luciferase gene expression. The cells are exposed to 7 non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test chemical for 20-24 hours to induce the reporter gene products. Four reference chemicals should be included in each experiment: a strong estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a weak estrogen (17alpha-estradiol), a very weak estrogen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and a negative control (corticosterone). The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264054950
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Environment ; Development ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Kurzfassung: The negative impacts of climate change will hit poor people and poor countries disproportionately, and further compromise the achievement of their development objectives. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation provides essential information and advice on how to facilitate the integration of adaptation into development processes. The objectives of this policy guidance are to: i) promote understanding of the implications of climate change on development practice and the associated need to mainstream climate adaptation in development co-operation agencies and partner countries; ii) identify appropriate approaches for integrating climate change adaptation into development policies at national, sectoral and project levels and in urban and rural contexts; and iii) identify practical ways for donors to support developing country partners in their efforts to reduce their vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. While efforts to integrate climate change adaptation will be led by developing country partners, international donors have a critical role to play in supporting such efforts.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264071223
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 ; Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The objective of a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study is to identify carcinogenic and the majority of chronic effects, and to determine dose-response relationships following prolonged and repeated exposure. The rat is typically used for this study. For rodents, each dose group and concurrent control group intended for the carcinogenicity phase of the study should contain at least 50 animals of each sex, while for the chronic toxicity phase of the study should contain at least 10 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels should be used, in addition to the concurrent control group for both the chronic toxicity phase and the carcinogenicity phase of the study. The three main routes of administration are oral, dermal, and inhalation. The Test Guideline focuses on the oral route of administration. The period of dosing and duration of the study is normally 12 months for the chronic phase, and 24 months for the carcinogenicity phase. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology. All these observations permit the detection of neoplastic effects and a determination of carcinogenic potential as well as the general toxicity.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264070806
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 ; Toxicité subchronique par inhalation ; 90 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 : Toxicité subchronique par inhalation : 90 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a period of 90 days, and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 10 male and 10 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 90 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test chemical. The results of the study include measurement and daily and detailed observations (haematology and clinical chemistry), as well as ophthalmology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. This Test Guideline allows the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, interim sacrifices, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044845
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (118 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: As the Polluter-Pays Principle is a fundamental principle of cost allocation, its analysis covers a substantial part of the vast field of environmental resource allocation. This report, originally published in 1975, presents a selection of relevant theoretical and practical analyses now that the Polluter-Pays Principle must be regarded as a mainstay of Member countries’ environmental policies. First, in the matter of definitions of the Polluter-Pays Principle, the definition officially adopted by the OECD is outlined, together with an answer to the questions which consequently arise. With regard to analysis of the Polluter-Pays Principle, one study deals in detail with the economic foundations of the Principle and possible effects of its application, such as on behaviour of the polluting firm. Lastly, the important problem of implementing the PolluterPays Principle is discussed at some length.
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 425; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale; méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 425: Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale: méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The method permits estimation of an LD50 with a confidence interval and the results allow a substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals. It is easiest to apply to materials that produce death within couple of days. This Test Guideline is intended for use with rodents (rat female preferably). There are a limit test and a main test. The limit test can be used efficiently to identify chemicals that are likely to have low toxicity. The test substance is administered generally in a single dose by gavage to animals fasted prior to dosing. Single animals are dosed in sequence usually at 48h intervals. The first animal is dosed a step below the best preliminary estimates of the LD50. The second animal receives a lower dose (if the first animal dies) or a higher dose (if the first animal survives). Animals are observed with a special attention given during the first 4 hours and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days generally. Weights Animals should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy. Globally the LD50 is calculated using the maximum likelihood method. Following this, it may be possible to compute interval estimates for the LD50; most narrow is the interval and better is LD50 estimation. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070127
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 211; Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 211: Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test method described in this Test Guideline assesses the effect of chemicals on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna Straus. To this end, young female Daphnia are exposed to the test substance added to water at a range of concentrations (at least five). For semi-static tests, at least 10 animals at each test concentration and for flow-through tests, 40 animals divided into four groups of 10 animals at each test concentration, are used. The test duration is 21 days. Reproductive output of the parent animals and the total number of living offspring produced per parent alive at the end of the test should be reported. The study report should also include: the daily counting of the offspring, the daily recording of the parent mortality, the weekly measurement of oxygen concentration, temperature, hardness and pH values and the determination of the concentrations of test substance. Optionally, the sex ratio of the offspring may be recorded. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and hence the no observed effect concentration (NOEC). In addition, and as far as possible, the data are analyzed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause an x % reduction in reproductive output.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9788483203941
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environmental Risks and Insurance; A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Assurance et risques environnementaux; Une analyse comparative du rôle de l'assurance dans la gestion des risques liés à l'environnement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environmental Risks and Insurance: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Assurance et risques environnementaux: Une analyse comparative du rôle de l'assurance dans la gestion des risques liés à l'environnement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Desde la creciente incidencia de la contaminación ambiental y la contaminación del suelo hasta las catástrofes naturales, los riesgos producidos por la constante interacción entre las actividades humanas y el medio ambiente son diversos, numerosos y, a menudo, con consecuencias catastróficas. Por lo tanto, la elaboración de planes eficaces de gestión de riesgos, dirigidos a la formulación de estrategias de respuesta viables, requiere la contribución de todos los actores económicos involucrados: grupos privados, instituciones financieras, gobiernos y organizaciones internacionales. Este informe se centra en el papel de las compañías aseguradoras y reaseguradoras en la gestión de riesgos ambientales, en particular, el riesgo de contaminación ambiental y el riesgo de catástrofes naturales. Se discute la asegurabilidad de tales riesgos, se analiza el aumento del riesgo de responsabilidad por contaminación ambiental y las tendencias subyacentes en el desarrollo de regímenes de responsabilidad ambiental en los países de la OCDE. También presenta una visión general de los diversos productos de seguro medioambiental y de las técnicas desarrolladas en respuesta a la evolución legal y fáctica. Además, describe las características especiales de los riesgos por catástrofes naturales, el funcionamiento tradicional del mercado de seguros en la cobertura de tales peligros y opciones alternativas de cobertura, desde los planes gubernamentales contra el riesgo de desastres hasta los nuevos instrumentos financieros de mercado.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264070684
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 407; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 407: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest during one limited period (one dose level daily during 28 days). This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 10 animals (5 female and 5 male) should be used for each dose level. Three tests groups, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The report of this study will include results from clinical and functional observations, body weight and food/water consumption measurements, hematology and clinical biochemistry; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264049161
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Turkey 2008; (Turkish version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008: (Turkish version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: This edition of OECD's periodic review of Turkey's environmental policy finds that Turkey has achieved consolidation of environmental progress and its environmental legislation is increasingly incorporating the EU environmental aquis. But pollution, energy, and resource intensities still need to be reduced and environmentally related health problems need to be addressed. This review systematically looks at air, water, nature and biodiversity, the environmental-economic interface, the environmental-social interface, and international co-operation, making 45 specific recommendations.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264049901
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: Sustainable development depends on maintaining long-term economic, social, and environmental capital. In failing to make the best use of their female populations, most countries are underinvesting in the human capital needed to assure sustainabilitly. This market and systems failure is discussed in this publication in terms of gender constraints, which are based on the socially-constructed and historically developed roles of men and women. It also illuminates how female contributions can be better realized at present and how strategies can be developed for meeting the needs of future generations. This report is a contribution by the OECD to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development and its cross-cutting work on gender.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Riyadh : Ministry of Higher Education King Saud University, Translation Center, Saudi Arabia
    ISBN: 9789960552095
    Sprache: Arabisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (431 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water; Improving Approaches and Methods
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264046825
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Politique environnementale, innovation technologique et dépôts de brevets
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Environmental policy, technological innovation and patents
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Umweltpolitik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Patent ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Papierindustrie ; Wasseraufbereitung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Technological innovations Environmental aspects ; Technological innovations Patents ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Umweltpolitik ; Umwelttechnik ; Technische Innovation ; Patentdokumentation
    Kurzfassung: This report presents three case studies to illustrate the relationship between environmental policy and technological innovation. The case studies cover abatement technologies for wastewater effluent from pulp production, abatement of motor vehicle emissions, and development of renewable energy technologies. On the basis of patent data, the nature, extent, and causes of innovation in each of these areas have been explored. While a particular focus has been placed on the role of environmental policy in bringing about the innovation documented, it is recognised that other factors play a key role in inducing innovation that has positive environmental implications.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264054196
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This book examines the contributions that space technologies can make in tackling some of the serious problems posed by climate change. Focusing on examples of water management, marine resources and maritime transport, it sets out the rationale for further developing satellite systems to measure and monitor climate change and help mitigate its consequences. The report underlines the need to consider satellites not just as research and development systems, but as an important component of a critical communication- and information-based infrastructure for modern societies. The tool box for decision makers that concludes the book reviews different methodological options for deciding on investments in space-based earth observation.
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264049284
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Hongrie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary; (Hungarian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Hongrie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary: (Hungarian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Hungary
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive review of Hungary's environmental programs and policies, covering air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264067622
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 ; Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 : Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes how to plan and carry out processing studies, i.e. determine residue levels in primary processed commodities following pesticide application on raw agriculture commodities (RAC) under conditions likely to lead to maximum residues. It provides the distribution of residues (active ingredient, and/or metabolites, degradation products), and preferential accumulation in various processed products resulting from the processing of a commodity. Used RACs (of plant origin and animal origin) should contain field-treated quantifiable residues, at sufficient levels so that concentration/dilution factors for the various consumed products and non-consumed intermediates can be determined. Pesticides residues to be measured are determined by the residue definition based on studies on the nature of the residue in processing and/or in plant and livestock. For each field test site (at least two independent) the processing factor (Pf) is calculated as the ratio between the residue level in the processed commodity and in the RAC or the commodity to be processed. If a given commodity has two or more significantly different commercial procedures, two trials for each procedure are necessary. Spiked samples should be run concurrently with those from the processing study to ensure the method validity.
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264059610
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique ; Que faire?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique : Que faire?
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Climate change is a fact of life. We need to act urgently if we are to avoid an irreversible build-up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming at a potentially huge cost to the economy and society worldwide. OECD analysis suggests that if we act now, we have 10 to 15 years’ “breathing space” during which action is possible at a relatively modest cost. But every year of delay reduces this breathing space, while requiring ever more stringent measures to make a difference. Current financial turmoil is not a reason to delay. Indeed, its macroeconomic consequences will be resolved in a relatively short time, after which growth will resume, while the consequences of inaction on global warming will continue to grow more and more costly over time...
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264043329
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (522 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Perspectives de l'environnement de l'OCDE à l'horizon 2030
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Der OECD-Umweltausblick bis 2030 liefert Analysen ökonomischer und ökologischer Trends bis 2030 sowie Simulationen politischer Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der wichtigsten Herausforderungen. Wenn keine neuen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, laufen wir Gefahr, die Umwelt und die natürliche Ressourcenbasis, die zur Sicherung von Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand notwendig ist, irreversibel zu schädigen. Bei politischer Untätigkeit drohen hohe Kosten. Der Ausblick zeigt allerdings, dass es sowohl möglich als auch finanzierbar ist, die größten ökologischen Probleme der heutigen Zeit – darunter Klimawandel, Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt, Wassermangel und Gesundheitsschädigungen durch Umweltverschmutzung – zu bewältigen. Er richtet das Augenmerk auf den Policy Mix, mit dem diesen Herausforderungen auf kosteneffiziente Weise begegnet werden kann. Im Vergleich zur Ausgabe 2001 wurde der Blickwinkel dieses Ausblicks erweitert, da nicht nur auf die Entwicklungen in den OECD-Ländern, sondern auch auf Brasilien, Russland, Indien, Indonesien, China sowie Südafrika (BRIICS) und insbesondere auf die Frage eingegangen wird, wie die Länder im Hinblick auf globale und lokale Lösungen für ökologische Probleme besser zusammenarbeiten können.
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264039582
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Denmark
    Kurzfassung: This systematic review of environmental policies and programmes in Denmark finds progress in tackling environmental challenges over the last ten years, but insists the country must green its economy (e.g. transport, agriculture, energy sectors and fiscal policies) and must face special challenges associated with health, biodiversity, and marine protection.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264040304
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report evaluates strategies to improve the efficiency with which environmental resources are used to meet human needs. Many firms in OECD countries have developed strategies that involve:- developing goals to reduce resource use and pollutant release while improving customer service;- working towards the goals through innovation in technology, practices, and ways of thinking; and- designing indicators to monitor progress.Similar approaches have been used outside business, for example by governments, communities and groups of households. Such strategies have achieved improvements in material and energy efficiency in the region of 10% to 40%. The full potential for improving eco-efficiency is much greater, but it is only likely to be achieved through coherent government policies for sustainable development. The report identifies policies that can encourage innovation by firms and communities, and provide an economy-wide framework of economic and regulatory incentives for the adoption of more sustainable patterns of production and consumption.
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  • 39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 41
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Kurzfassung: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Seo, S. Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Distribution of Climate Change Impacts On Agriculture Across Agro-Ecological Zones In Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Greenhouse gas ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; IPCC ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Rural Development ; Soil
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the distribution of climate change impacts across the 16 agro-ecological zones in Africa using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization combined with economic survey data from a Global Environment Facility/World Bank project. Net revenue per hectare of cropland is regressed on a set of climate, soil, and socio-economic variables using different econometric specifications "with" and "without" country fixed effects. Country fixed effects slightly reduce predicted future climate related damage to agriculture. With a mild climate scenario, African farmers gain income from climate change; with a more severe scenario, they lose income. Some locations are more affected than others. The analysis of agro-ecological zones implies that the effects of climate change will vary across Africa. For example, currently productive areas such as dry/moist savannah are more vulnerable to climate change while currently less productive agricultural zones such as humid forest or sub-humid zones become more productive in the future. The agro-ecological zone classification can help explain the variation of impacts across the landscape
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  • 43
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Wang, Jinxia Can China Continue Feeding Itself ?
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature
    Kurzfassung: Several studies addressing the supply and demand for food in China suggest that the nation can largely meet its needs in the coming decades. However, these studies do not consider the effects of climate change. This paper examines whether near future expected changes in climate are likely to alter this picture. The authors analyze the effect of temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues using a cross section consisting of both rainfed and irrigated farms. Based on survey data from 8,405 households across 28 provinces, the results of the Ricardian analysis demonstrate that global warming is likely to be harmful to China but the impacts are likely to be very different in each region. The mid latitude region of China may benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to be damaged by warming. More precipitation is beneficial to Chinese farmers except in the wet southeast. Irrigated and rainfed farmers have similar responses to precipitation but not to temperature. Warmer temperatures may benefit irrigated farms but they are likely to harm rainfed farms. Finally, seasonal effects vary and are offsetting. Although we were able to measure the direct effect of precipitation and temperature, we could not capture the effects of change in water flow which will be very important in China. Can China continue feeding itself if climate changes? Based on the empirical results, the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the losses that will occur to other farmers in China. If future climate scenarios lead to significant reductions in water, there may be large damages not addressed in this study
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  • 44
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Seo, Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change In African Cropland By Agro-Ecological Zones
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Cropland ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Millet ; Vegetables
    Kurzfassung: This paper quantifies how African farmers have adapted their crop and irrigation decisions to their farm's current agro-ecological zone. The results indicate that farmers carefully consider the climate and other conditions of their farm when making these choices. These results are then used to forecast how farmers might change their irrigation and crop choice decisions if climate changes. The model predicts African farmers would adopt irrigation more often under a very hot and dry climate scenario but less often with a mild and wet scenario. However, farms in the deserts, lowland humid forest, or mid elevation humid forest would reduce irrigation even in the very hot and dry climate scenario. Area under fruits and vegetables would increase Africa-wide with the very hot and dry climate scenario, except in the lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zone. Millet would increase overall under the mild and wet scenario, but decline substantially in the lowland dry savannah and lowland semi-arid agro-ecological zones. Maize would be chosen less often across all the agro-ecological zones under both climate scenarios. Wheat would decrease across Africa. The authors recommend that care must be taken to match adaptations to local conditions because the optimal adaptation would depend on the agro-ecological zone and the climate scenario
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 45
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Dinar, Ariel Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects
    Schlagwort(e): Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development
    Kurzfassung: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries
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  • 46
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Seo, Niggol Long-Term Adaptation
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Agroclimatic conditions ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Ecological Zones ; Ecological zone ; Environment ; FAO ; Farm ; Farmers ; Farming ; Farms ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Poor households ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Kurzfassung: Using economic data from more than 8,500 household surveys across 10 African countries, this paper examines whether the choice of farm type depends on the climate and agro-ecological zone of each farm. The paper also studies how farm type choice varies across farmers in each zone, using a multinomial logit choice model. Farmers are observed to choose from one of the following five types of farms: rainfed crop-only, irrigated crop-only, mixed rainfed (crop and livestock), mixed irrigated, and livestock-only farming. The authors compare current decisions against future decisions as if the only change were climate change. They focus on two climate scenarios from existing climate models: the Canadian Climate Centre scenario, which is hot and dry, and the Parallel Climate Model scenario, which is mild and wet. The results indicate that the change in farm types varies dramatically by climate scenario but also by agro-ecological zone. Policy makers must be careful to encourage the appropriate suite of measures to promote the most adapted farm type to each location
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264067493
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 ; Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 : Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the extent and kinetics of primary and ultimate biodegradation of organic chemicals whose route of entry into the environment begins with their discharge to wastewater. It consists of five simulation tests in a) sewer systems, b) activated sludge, c) anaerobic digester sludge, d) treated effluent in the mixing zone of surface water, and e) untreated wastewater that is directly discharged to surface water. These tests are appropriate for chemicals released continuously or episodically to wastewater. The five test methods described are open batch systems or closed gas flow-through batch systems. The principle objectives are to i) measure the rate of primary biodegradation, ii) measure the rate of mineralization and iii ) follow the formation and decay of major transformation products when appropriate. Typically, a test chemical, radiolabelled (14C) in an appropriate position, is incubated with a representative environmental sample. Abiotic and biotic treatments are prepared for each test chemical and condition. The level of parent and degradation products is determined using chromatographic separation and radio-analytical detection methods.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264067479
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 ; Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 : Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to estimate the developmental toxicity of a test chemical to the dung dwelling life stages of dung-dependent dipteran species. Two test species can be used. The test chemical is mixed with bovine faeces, to which either 10 eggs of Scathophaga stercoraria or 10 larvae of Musca autumnalis are added. The test will be terminated 5 days after emergence of the last adult in the control (〉 18 days for S. stercoraria, 〉13 days for M. autumnalis). Then the possible impacts of the test chemical on the following measurement endpoints are assessed under controlled conditions: sex and total number of emerged adult flies, retardation of emergence indicated by the developmental rate and morphological change. Depending on the experimental design, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) or the Effect concentration for x percent effect (ECx) can be determined. This Guideline can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but is not applicable to volatile substances. If the toxicity of the chemical is unknown, five nominal test concentrations should be conducted. A positive control should be tested periodically. The test is considered valid if in the controls hatching of larvae is superior or equal to 70% of the number of introduced eggs, emergence of adults is superior or equal to 70% and superior or equal to 50% of the respectively hatched and introduced larvae and if the emergence of adult flies starts after 18 +- 2 days (S. stercoraria) or after 13 +- 2 days(M. autumnalis).
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264067455
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 ; Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 : Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the effects of chemical substances in soil on the reproductive output of the soil mite species Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae). It can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but not with volatile substances. Adult females of similar age are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into 20 g dry mass of artificial soil 28-35 days after the start of the egg laying period. Depending on the endpoint (ECx, NOEC or both), five to twelve concentrations should be tested. At least two to four replicates for each test concentrations and six to eight control replicates, of 10 animals each, are recommended. At 20¡ãC, the test lasts 14 days after introducing the females, which usually allows the control offspring to reach the deutonymph stage. The number of surviving females (mortality ¡Ü 20% for a valid test) and the number of juveniles per test vessel (at least 50 for a valid test) are determined. The fecundity of the mites exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels should be recorded.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264067585
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 ; Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau - Photolyse directe
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 : Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau Photolyse directe
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test guideline describes studies on phototransformation in water to determine the potential effects of solar irradiation on chemicals in surface water, considering direct photolysis only. It is designed as a tiered approach. The Tier 1 is based on a theoretical screen. The rate of decline of a test chemical in a direct photolysis study is generally assumed to follow pseudo first-order kinetics. If the maximum possible losses is estimated to be superior or equal to 50% of the initial concentration over a 30-day period, an experimental study is proceeded in Tier 2. The direct photolysis rate constants for test chemicals in the laboratory is determined using preferably a filtered xenon arc lamp capable of simulating natural sunlight in the 290 to 800 nm, or sunlight irradiation, and extrapolated to natural water. If estimated losses are superior or equal to 20%, the transformation pathway and the identities, concentrations, and rate of formation and decline of major transformation products are identified. An optional task is the additional determination of the quantum yield for various types of water bodies, seasons, and latitudes of interest. The test chemical should be directly dissolved in the aqueous media saturated in air at a concentration which should not exceed half its solubility. For linear and non-linear regressions on the test chemical data in definitive or upper tier tests, the minimum number of samples collected should be 5 and 7 respectively. The exact number of samples and the timing of their collection is determined by a preliminary range-finding. Replicates (at least 2) of each experimental determination of kinetic parameters are recommended to determine variability and reduce uncertainty in their determination.
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264039612
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (304 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Australia
    Kurzfassung: OECD's periodic review of Australia's environmental policies and programmes. This edition reviews progress since the last review in 1998 and in relation to the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. It systematically examines environmental management (water, air, nature), sustainable development (environment-economy interface, environment-agriculture interface, environment-social interface) and international commitments. In each area, it makes a series of recommendations.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264050099
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Reconciling development and environmental goals
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Economic development Government policy ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Environment ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Umweltpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Kurzfassung: Policy coherence is increasingly in the interest of OECD countries and developing countries alike, given their growing economic, social and environmental interdependence. This report presents scenarios showing numerical results of changes to individual policies as well as policy packages implemented simultaneously by OECD and developing countries. The results can be used to anticipate the outcomes of decisions and implement the appropriate set of policies. The scenarios also show how policy combinations could substantially improve both economic and environmental outcomes together, confirming the need for policy coherence.
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061903
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 ; Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 : Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The residues in Livestock studies are conducted in order to quantify levels of residues in meat, milk, eggs and edible meat by-products following the use of a pesticide product. The situations to which such studies apply include application of a pesticide to raw agricultural commodities (RACs), and the feeding by livestock; pesticides that may be directly applied to livestock; and pesticides that are used in livestock premises. The primary purposes of the Residues in Livestock study are to provide: the basis for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) and for conducting dietary intake assessments for consumer safety. Separate feeding studies should be conducted for a ruminant (lactating dairy cows) and poultry (egg-laying hens). The test substance(s) should be applied daily (during at least 28 days) preferably by capsule. A Residues in Livestock study will normally comprise 3 different dose levels, 1X, 3X and 10X. Three animals per dose group (and one for the control) should be used for ruminants. For hens 9-10 animals per dose group (and 3 to 4 animal for control per study) should be used. The study report should include: daily feed consumption, bodyweights measurement, milk or egg production and analyse (after and before dosing), detailed observations (health problems…) and tissues analyse.
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: In 2003, by endorsing the Guiding Principles for Reform of Environmental Enforcement Authorities in Transition Economies, the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) agreed on a reference model to guide the modernisation of their systems for environmental regulation and compliance assurance. This report reviews their progress in implementing the Guiding Principles. The main conclusion is that countries took action to comply with the Guiding Principles, mostly to elevate the status of environmental enforcement authorities, clarify responsibilities, and provide training and a better infrastructure. While such improvements are an important basis for further reform, continued lack of progress in modernising strategies and instruments of work will inhibit institutional and environmental performance.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-40
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: At their meeting in Almaty in October 2000, EECCA Ministers of Environment, Finance, and Economy, Ministers and senior representatives from several OECD countries, as well as senior officials from International Financial Institutions (IFI), International Organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, recognised the critical condition of the urban water supply and sanitation sector in EECCA and endorsed "Guiding Principles for the Reform of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the NIS". Participants requested the EAP Task Force to assess progress in implementing these Guiding Principles for review at a major conference of stakeholders that took place in 2005 in Yerevan, Armenia. This paper is an update of a report that was prepared for the Ministerial meeting in Yerevan, drawing on more recent data, and responds to the Ministers' request to prepare such a paper for the Environment for Europe Conference in 2007.
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper argues that the sustained provision of adequate financial resources for the environment is a prerequisite for addressing environmental challenges in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and South-Eastern Europe (SEE). It sets out options for how optimal use could be made of the various available sources of environmental finance, including domestic public expenditure, private sector participation and official development assistance. Recommendations are provided for Ministers on priority actions for ensuring that financial resources are made available for the environment. EECCA and SEE governments need to continue to prioritise the environment in policy and public expenditure frameworks, and make better use of incentive-based instruments. They also need to create a suitable climate for the private sector to participate in environmental financing. The international community must ensure that IFI loans for environmental investments are more accessible, especially for low-income countries, including by providing adequate grant co-financing. Finally, EECCA and SEE countries should strengthen their capacity to prepare environmental investment projects, with effective support from IFIs and donors.
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  • 57
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264067394
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 ; Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 : Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: A developmental neurotoxicity study will provide information on the effects of repeated exposure to a substance during in utero and early postnatal development. The test substance is administered daily, generally orally, to mated females (rats are preferred) from the time of implantation (GD 6) throughout lactation (PND 21). At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used and a total of 20 litters are recommended at each dose level. Dams are tested to assess effects in pregnant and lactating females and may also provide comparative information. Offspring are randomly selected from within litters for neurotoxicity evaluation. All dams and all offspring should be carefully observed at least once daily with respect to their health condition, including morbidity and mortality. The evaluation consists of observations to detect gross neurologic and behavioural abnormalities, and the evaluation of brain weights and neuropathology during postnatal development and adulthood. The report should include the body weight, the food/water consumption; the detailed clinical observations, the necropsy findings, a detailed description of all behavioural, the number of animals at the start and at the end of the study and the toxic response data by sex and dose level.
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Tokyo : Japan Bioindustry Association
    ISBN: 9789264032675
    Sprache: Japanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264013384
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 504 ; Résidus dans les cultures en rotation (Etudes en conditions limitées sur le terrain)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 504 : Résidus dans les cultures en rotation (Etudes en conditions limitées sur le terrain)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to determine the amount of pesticide residues which may be accumulated into rotational crops via soil uptake following realistic agricultural practices. These data may be used to establish crop rotation restrictions, for dietary risk assessment and to determine whether maximum residue limits will be needed in rotational crops. Three representative crops should be tested to determine the uptake of residues: these are root and tuber vegetables; leafy vegetables; and small grains. The test uses three rotational intervals. The rotated crops should be planted after the minimum rotational interval that could be expected as part of agricultural practice: 7-30 days, and 270-365 days for crops rotated the following year. The limited field trials should be conducted at two diverse geographical regions. The pesticide should be applied to primary crop or bare soil by the method specified on the pesticide label or proposed label at the maximum label rate and the maximum number of applications. Residues should be analyzed within 30 days of harvesting (and should be stored frozen prior to analysis).
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264037663
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (175 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators; A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité ; Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Guidance on Safety Performance Indicators: A Companion to the OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation de l'OCDE sur les indicateurs de performance en matière de sécurité : Document d'accompagnement des Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Industry and Services
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061811
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (2 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Introduction aux autres lignes directrices
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are a collection of about 100 of the most relevant internationally agreed testing methods used by government, industry and independent laboratories to identify and characterise potential hazards of new and existing chemical substances, chemical preparations and chemical mixtures. They are a basic set of tools used primarily in regulatory safety testing and subsequent chemical and chemical product notification and chemical registration. In addition, they can also be used for the selection and ranking of candidate chemicals during the development of new chemicals and products and in toxicology research. They cover tests for physical-chemical properties of chemicals, human health effects, environmental effects, as well as degradation and accumulation in the environment. Adopted in 1981, the Guidelines have become the recognised reference tool for professionals working on the testing of chemicals and the assessment of their potential hazards.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264027350
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Policies for a better environment
    DDC: 333.7
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Zentralasien ; Environment ; Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Zentralasien ; Umweltpolitik
    Kurzfassung: In 2003, the Ministers of Environment of the 12 countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), together with their partners in the “Environment for Europe” process, adopted the EECCA Environment Strategy. This book provides a review of progress in achieving the Strategy's objectives, and provides a solid analytical base for discussions on future environmental co-operation between EECCA countries and their partners. Part I of the book looks at progress across the area on such strategic objectives as pollution prevention and control and environmental policy integration. Part II provides country profiles.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264067356
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 225; Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 225: Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure to sediment-associated chemicals on the reproduction and the biomass of the endobenthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller). The method is described for static test conditions. Worms of similar physiological state are exposed to a series of toxicant concentrations applied to the sediment phase of a sediment-water system (artificial sediment amended with a food source and reconstituted water). Test vessels without the test substance serve as controls. The test animals are exposed to the sediment-water systems for a period of 28 days. The endpoints of this type of study are the ECx for reproduction and biomass. In addition the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) may be calculated. The purpose of the study, ECx or NOEC derivation, will determine the test design. At least five concentrations and a minimum of three replicates for ECx, or four replicates for NOEC/LOEC, for each concentration should be tested. The test is conducted with at least 10 worms for each replicate. The report should include the total number and the dry weight of the worms, the observations of abnormal behaviour, of mortalities, the water characteristics within the test vessels and the total organic content.
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  • 64
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 57 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study deals with "instruments used to address mercury emissions to air", by which is meant all legislation, regulation and other measures intended to control or reduce anthropogenic, atmospheric mercury emissions. As the links are complex between actual inputs of mercury to society (consumption for intended use and mobilisation of mercury-impurities via industrial processes) and the final release sources, all types of measures addressing any phase in the life-cycle of mercury which may ultimately lead to atmospheric mercury emissions are included here. Due to its volatility, most forms of mercury released or discarded as waste - as vapour, as liquid elemental mercury, as compounds, as integrated in products, consumer waste or flue-gas cleaning residues - may lead to emissions to air.
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  • 65
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061835
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 ; Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 : Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Studies of Metabolism in Crops are used to elucidate the degradation pathway of the active ingredient and require the identification of the metabolism and/or degradation products when a pesticide is applied to a crop directly or indirectly. A Metabolism in Crops study should be submitted for each type of crop group. Five categories for crop metabolism studies can be considered: root vegetables, leafy crops, fruits, pulses and oilseeds, and cereals. The active ingredient should be administered such as foliar, soil/seed, or post-harvest treatments to reflect its intended use pattern. It should be labelled, to allow for quantification; the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. The study should be performed using a sandy loam soil treated with the radiolabelled test substance. It may be performed either in a greenhouse or in an outdoor test plot or plant growth chambers. The maximum application rate (the proposed Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) application rate) should be utilized. Samples of all raw agricultural commodities are collected for characterization and/or identification of residues and determination of the total radioactive residue.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264061927
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 506; Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 506: Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The aim of these studies is to demonstrate the time period for which stability has been shown in representative commodities from crops. Freezer storage stability studies should include sufficient starting material and should have a sufficiently high concentration of residue to allow for any observed decline during storage to be quantified. Samples could either be from crops (or animals) that have been treated with pesticides in the field, or from the spiking of control commodities with known amounts of each component of the residue definitions. Freshly spiked control samples of the stored commodities should be analysed at each of the time points when aged/stored commodities are removed from frozen storage for analysis. The control samples used for procedural recovery determinations will be the same commodity. At least two sampling intervals (time zero and other) should be used; the sampling interval depends on the stability of the residues. Duplicate samples of every commodity at each time point for all components of the residue definitions need to be analysed. The report should include the residue results and the statistical treatments.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264037670
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264006805
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Environment and regional trade agreements
    DDC: 382/.91
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Commercial treaties ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Trade blocs ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Bilateraler Handel ; Handelsabkommen ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation
    Kurzfassung: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increased significantly in number over the past few years. The number of RTAs which include environmental provisions is also increasing. However, these provisions, and the experience related to their negotiation and implementation, have not been examined in depth yet. This study contributes to filling this gap. It provides an overview of approaches to environmental issues in RTAs and summarises country experiences in their negotiation and practical application. Regional and bilateral trade arrangements are surveyed, including customs unions and free trade agreements. The study is based on the analysis of RTA texts, and on literature examining their actual implementation, as well as on first-hand comments and input from experts from both OECD and non-OECD countries.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264018440
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report analyses selected public expenditure programmes supporting environmental investments in water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure in four OECD countries: Austria, Belgium (the Region of Flanders), France and Germany. These programmes have been selected as they involve different approaches to managing public expenditure for water investments. The study focuses on mechanisms for managing government assistance at both national (Austria) and sub-national (Belgium, France, Germany) levels. In selecting the case studies, special attention has been given to the relevance of the expenditure programmes in their national environment and economic policy regimes as well as the potential for replication of good practices in transition economies.
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  • 70
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    Taipei City : Association of Taiwan Agenda 21
    ISBN: 9789264037687
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies; Policy Issues and Challenges
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les subventions dommageables à l'environnement ; Problèmes et défis
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies: Policy Issues and Challenges
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les subventions dommageables à l'environnement : Problèmes et défis
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264067370
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 313; Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement ; Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 313: Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement : Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is intended for testing the emissions from wood and wooden commodities that are not covered and are in contact with fresh water or seawater. Preservative treated wood test specimens are immersed in water. The recommended wood species are Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Pinus resinosa Ait. (red pine), or Pinus spp (Southern pine). Wood test specimens are recommended to be sets of five according to EN 113 size blocks. Control with untreated wood specimens allows for the determination of background levels for emissates from wood other than the preservative used. The number of sets of wood test specimens used for analysing is at least five: three sets of specimens are treated with preservative, one set of specimens is untreated and one set of specimens for the estimation of the oven dry moisture content of the test specimens before treatment. The water (emissate) is collected and chemically analyzed multiple times over the exposure period sufficient to perform statistical calculations (6 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 15 days, 22 days, 29 days). Tests with untreated samples can be discontinued if there is no background detected in the first three data points.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264067431
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 507; Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 507: Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method conducted as model studies to predict the degradation pathway of the active ingredient under hydrolytic conditions, to identify the degradation products, and to determine the relative amount of degradation products. Three representative hydrolysis conditions should be investigated. Radiolabelled active test substance are used to elucidate the possible degradation pathway and for quantitation of the extent of degradation. The use of tritium (3H) as a label is not permitted due to the possibility of hydrogen exchange with the water. The proposed value for the concentration of a water soluble active ingredient in the studies required here is 1.0 mg/L. Samples may be analysed directly by chromatography or may be extracted with a series of solvents or solvent mixtures with various polarities and other characteristics depending on the nature of the expected residues. The characterisation and identification of extractable residues is made. Ideally samples should be stored at/or below -18°C. The report should include the routes of degradation observed, the degradation pathway, the composition of total radioactive residues, the limit of quantification for radioactivity determination and chromatographic separation.
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  • 73
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    Berne : Office fédéral de l'environnement OFEV, Switzerland
    ISBN: 9783905822014
    Sprache: Italienisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Rapporto sulle performance ambientali
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Switzerland 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Switzerland
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264067417
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 ; Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs ; Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 440; Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents; A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 : Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs : Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents: A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Uterotrophic Bioassay is an in vivo short-term screening test. It is based on the increase in uterine weight or uterotrophic response. The Uterotrophic Bioassay relies for its sensitivity on an animal test system in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is not functional. Two oestrogen sensitive states in the female rodent meet this requirement: i) immature females after weaning and prior to puberty and ii) young adult females after ovariectomy with adequate time for uterine tissues to regress. The test substance is administered daily by oral gavage or subcutaneous injection. Each treated and control group should include at least 6 animals. Graduated test substance doses are administered to a minimum of two treatment groups of experimental animals using one dose level per group and an administration period of three consecutive days for immature method and a minimum administration period of three consecutive days for ovx-adult method. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last dose. For oestrogen agonists, the mean uterine weight of the treated animal groups relative to the vehicle group is assessed for a statistically significant increase. A statistically significant increase in the mean uterine weight of a test group indicates a positive response in this bioassay. The report should include: the daily body weights, the daily record of status of animal, the wet and blotted uterine weight, the daily food consumption.
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  • 75
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    Taipei City : Association of Taiwan Agenda 21
    ISBN: 9789264037694
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Economic Aspects of Extended Producer Responsibility
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 76
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    Berne : Office fédéral de l'environnement OFEV, Switzerland
    ISBN: 9783905822007
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Umweltprüfberichte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Switzerland 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali; Svizzera 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Der Hauptzweck der OECD Umweltprüfberichte ist es, die Mitgliedstaaten dabei zu unterstützen, im Umweltmanagement gemeinsam und individuell bessere Ergebnisse zu realisieren. Dies soll erreicht werden durch: die Unterstützung der einzelnen Länder bei der Bewertung der erzielten Fortschritte; die Förderung des Dialogs zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten über ihre Politiken durch ein Peer-Review-Verfahren und die Aufforderung an die Regierungen der Mitgliedstaaten, ihre Bemühungen um eine verbesserte Berichterstattung über ihre Tätigkeiten gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit, in den Entwicklungsländern und anderswo zu verstärken. Inwiefern wurden die nationalen Zielsetzungen erreicht? In welchem Umfang wurden die internationalen Verpflichtungen eingehalten? Diesen Fragen wird im Rahmen der Umweltperformance-Prüfung nachgegangen. Ziele und Verpflichtungen können allgemeiner oder spezifischer Natur oder gar quantifiziert sein. Darüber hinaus wird die Umweltperformance vor dem Hintergrund des Zustands der Umwelt im betreffenden Land, seiner natürlichen Ressourcen, seines wirtschaftlichen Umfeldes und seiner demografischen Entwicklung betrachtet.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264037861
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (162 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment; Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique ; Guide de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment: Good Practice Guidance for Development Co-operation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'évaluation environnementale stratégique : Guide de bonnes pratiques dans le domaine de la coopération pour le développement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: La Meta de Desarrollo del Milenio 7 convoca a asegurar la sostenibilidad ambiental mediante la integración de los principios del desarrollo sostenible en las políticas y los programas de los países. La Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) es una de las principales herramientas disponibles para lograr esta integración. La Declaración de París sobre la Efectividad de la Ayuda al Desarrollo, acordada y suscrita por más de 100 donantes y países en desarrollo en marzo de 2005, compromete conjuntamente a los donantes y los países socios a "desarrollar y aplicar enfoques comunes para la evaluación estratégica ambiental a nivel de sector y nación". Esta Guía explica los beneficios de usar la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica en la cooperación para el desarrollo, y presenta los pasos clave para su aplicación, basándose en experiencias recientes. El documento identifica 12 diferentes puntos de ingreso para la aplicación práctica de la EAE en la cooperación para el desarrollo. Para cada punto de ingreso, ofrece una nota guía, una lista de control de preguntas y estudios de caso prácticos. La Guía también aborda la evaluación y el desarrollo de capacidades para los procesos de la EAE. Aunque la publicación de esta Guía va dirigida ante todo a los profesionales que trabajan en las agencias de desarrollo y los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo, también resultará valiosa para otros analistas de políticas y planificadores. La Guía contiene un prólogo realizado por Rt, Hon. Hillary Benn, Secretario de Estado para el Desarrollo Internacional del Reino Unido; Kemal Dervis, Administrador, PNUD, y Richard Manning, Presidente del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD). El Equipo de Trabajo sobre la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica, responsable de la preparación de esta Guía, recibió el Institutional Award de la Asociación Internacional para la Evaluación de Impactos (IAIA, por sus siglas en inglés).
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264042049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel d'application pour la gestion écologique des déchets
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Following the adoption of Council Recommendation C(2004)100 in 2004 on Environmentally Sound Management of Waste, member countries wished to reinforce the implementation of this legal Act by issuing a practical Guidance Manual. This publication aims at facilitating the implementation of an environmentally sound waste management policy by governments on one hand, and by waste treatment facilities on the other hand. Every element of the Recommendation C(2004)100 is explained in detail, as well as the different core performance criteria which characterise environmentally sound management of waste, through various types of information (such as technical, financial, regulatory). Waste management practices applied in certain member countries are presented as examples...
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264031128
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (270 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Belgique 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Belgique 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Belgium
    Kurzfassung: This comprehensive review of Belgium's environmental policies and programmes examines the full range of issues including air and water management, nature and biodiversity management, climate change, sustainable development, environmental taxation, environmental policy, and international co-operation. It includes a statistical annex containing key environmental data.
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 100 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The present report presents the case studies made of instrument mixes addressing non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark and in the Chesapeake Bay area of the United States. While all these case studies discuss instruments addressing nutrient run-off, the UK and the Danish case studies also discuss instruments addressing the use of pesticides in the agriculture sector.
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061873
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 ; Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 : Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Metabolism in Livestock studies are used to determine the qualitative and quantitative metabolism and/or degradation of the active ingredient resulting from pesticide use in feedstuffs, direct application to livestock, or premise treatment. The studies provide an estimate of total residues in the edible livestock commodities, as well as the excreta; identify the major components of the terminal residue in the edible tissues; elucidate a metabolic pathway for the pesticide in ruminants and poultry; provide evidence whether or not a residue should be classified as fat soluble. The studies should be conducted using radiolabelled test compound. A stable position of labelling is chosen and the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. A ruminant (lactating goats) study can be carried out on a single animal per experiments. For poultry (laying hens), the use of ten birds per experiments (or dose) is recommended. The minimum dosage used in livestock oral metabolism studies should approximate the level of exposure expected from the feeding of treated crops with the highest observed residues. Treatment should be administered orally (via a balling gun, capsule or gavage) or by dermal application. The study includes: the excreta, milk and eggs collect (twice daily), and tissues collect (muscle, liver…).
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  • 82
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Scarperation
    Schlagwort(e): Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry
    Kurzfassung: The environment and security literature has argued that freshwater scarcity often leads to inter-state conflict, and possibly acute violence. The contention, however, ignores the long history of hydro-political cooperation exemplified by hundreds of documented agreements. Building on a theory that considers the relationship between scarcity and hydro-political cooperation, this paper empirically investigates why treaties are negotiated for some rivers and between some riparians, and not others. The paper suggests that long-term water scarcity has a significant influence on levels of cooperation. Additional variables considered include trade, level of governance among the riparian states, and the geography of the river. Findings confirm that cooperation and scarcity embody a concave (inverted U curve) relationship. Governance has a positive impact on cooperation. In addition, riparians may either arrange the use of their scarce water resources via a treaty or trade (and indirectly exchange [virtual] water). Scarcity, governance, and trade were found to be most salient in explaining levels of cooperation while geography is significant in some of the estimates
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789264031326
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (506 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) ; Électricité, eau et transports ; quelles politiques ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) : Électricité, eau et transports : quelles politiques ?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Infrastructure to 2030 ; Vol. 2: Mapping policy for electricity, water and transport
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastrukturpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; OECD ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Telekommunikationswirtschaft ; Prognose 2030
    Kurzfassung: Infrastructure systems play a vital role in economic and social development. Demand for infrastructure is set to continue to expand significantly in the decades ahead, driven by major factors of change such as global economic growth, technological progress, climate change, urbanisation and growing congestion. However, challenges abound: many parts of infrastructure systems in OECD countries are ageing rapidly, public finances are becoming increasingly tight and infrastructure financing is becoming more complex. This book assesses the future viability of current "business models" in five infrastructure sectors: electricity, water, rail freight, urban mass transit and road transport. It proposes policy recommendations that aim to enhance capacity to meet future infrastructure needs, including measures that could be taken by governments both collectively and individually to create more favourable institutional, policy and regulatory frameworks.
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264030541
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (247 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali; Svizzera 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Switzerland's performance in fighting pollution is among the best of any OECD country. But it is faced with numerous environmental challenges from agriculture and from unsustainable consumption patterns in transport, recreational activities, and land use. This comprehensive report makes a series of recommendations for further strengthening Switzerland's environmental policy in such areas as environmental management, air, noise, water, nature/landscapes/biodiversity, agriculture and international co-operation.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264030589
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (245 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; New Zealand
    Kurzfassung: This comprehensive review of New Zealand's environmental policies and programmes covers environmental management including waste and water management; nature and biodiversity conservation; economy and the environment; agriculture, forestry and the environment; the environmental-social interface; and international co-operation. It includes a series of recommendations as well as a rich statistical annex.
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264031166
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Chine 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Chine 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This first OECD review of China's environmental situation and policies systematically examines the physical and institutional context for environmental policy as well as specific issues including air, water, waste, and biodiversity; explores the environment-economic and environmental-social policy interfaces; reviews China's international engagement on environmental issues; and makes a series of recommendations. This book has been selected as Notable Government Document for 2007 by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-35
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 35 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-35
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This document provides an overview of example transfers that contain chemicals of concern, the sources of those transfers, the chemicals included and management methods for these transfers. In particular, Chapter 5 describes release estimation techniques (RETs) that can be applied to estimate quantities of chemicals in transfers. A case study on oil refining is provided following the general description, including detailed descriptions of unit operations, identification of chemicals in waste/wastewater generated by industries, and calculations for determining the quantities of chemicals transferred off site.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264035447
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du rapport des groupes d'experts de l'OCDE sur la toxicologie à court et à long terme
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 8, p. 1-57
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach under which the responsibility of producers for their products is extended to include the social costs of waste management, including the environmental impact of waste disposal. This paper sets out a framework for assessing the costs and benefits of EPR. As comparedwith “conventional” waste management EPR involves the collection of particular end-of-life products, product categories or waste streams. In some cases these wastes would traditionally be handled appropriately through municipal waste management programs. Packaging would be one example. In other cases they might be handled, or might need to be handled, as special wastes which would be inappropriate for a municipal waste management programme. Solvents, scrap tires, used crankcase oil, lead acid batteries and electronics fit into this category. To evaluate the costs and benefit ratio for EPR programmes, the costs of these features need to be weighed against the benefits in terms of the reduced social costs of waste management, including the various externalities associated with landfilling or incineration and the environmental risks associated with “doing nothing” by maintaining existing practices.As compared with alternative policy instruments, an attraction of EPR is the incentive it creates for producers to consider post-consumer waste-management costs when making decisions about product design and marketing. Such “Design-for-Environment” incentives are an important part of the overall assessment of EPR, but their practicalevaluation could be difficult.
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-38
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-38
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The environmental safety/risks of transgenic organisms are normally based on the information on the characteristics of the host organism, the introduced traits, the environment into which the organism is introduced, the interaction between these, and the intended application. The OECD?s Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on identifying parts of this information, which could be commonly used in countries for environmental safety/risk assessment to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. Biosafety Consensus Documents are one of the major outputs of its work. Biosafety Consensus Documents are intended to be a ?snapshot? of current information on a specific host organism or trait, for use during regulatory assessments. They are not intended to be a comprehensive source of information on everything that is known about a specific host or trait; but they do address the key or core set of issues that member countries believe are relevant to risk/safety assessment. This information is said to be mutually acceptable among member countries. To date, 24 Biosafety Consensus Documents have been published. They include documents which address the biology of crops, trees and microorganisms as well as those which address specific traits which are used in transgenic crops.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264022386
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du groupe d'experts de l'OCDE sur l'écotoxicologie
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264030213
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Proposition de révision de l'introduction aux lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, section 3
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264067318
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 435 ; Méthode d'essai in vitro sur membrane d'étanchéité pour la corrosion cutanée
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 435 : Méthode d'essai in vitro sur membrane d'étanchéité pour la corrosion cutanée
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is for an in vitro membrane barrier test method that can be used to identify corrosive substances. The test method utilizes an artificial membrane designed to respond to corrosive substances in a manner similar to animal skin in situ. The in vitro membrane barrier test method may be used to test solids, liquids (aqueous substances with a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.5 often do not qualify for testing) and emulsions. The test described in this Test Guideline allows the identification of corrosive chemical substances and mixtures and allows the subcategorisation of corrosive substances as permitted in the GHS. This classification is based on the substance penetration time through the membrane barrier. The test system is composed of two components, a synthetic macromolecular bio-barrier and a Chemical Detection System (which one detect the test substance). An appropriate number of replicates is prepared for each test substance and its corresponding controls. The times of applying the test substance to the membrane barrier are recorded and staggered. The time (in minutes) elapsed between application of the test substance to the membrane barrier and barrier penetration is used to predict the corrosivity of the test substance.
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069565
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 104; Pression de vapeur
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 104: Pression de vapeur
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes eight methods to measure the vapour pressure. Each one can be applied in different vapour pressure ranges. The vapour pressure (in Pascal) of a substance is defined as the saturation pressure above a solid or liquid substance and is determined at various temperatures (in Kelvin). The methods used are: the dynamic method (Cottrell’s method), the static method, the isoteniscope Method, the effusion method: vapour pressure balance, the effusion method: Knudsen cell, the effusion method: isothermal thermogravimetry, the gas saturation method and the spinning rotor method. The vapour pressure from any of the preceding methods should be determined for at least two temperatures. Three or more are preferred in the range 0 to 50°C, in order to check the linearity of the vapour pressure curve. In case of Effusion methods and Gas saturation method, 120 to 150 °C is recommended for the measuring temperature range instead of 0 to 50°C.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264066113
    Sprache: Russisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (137 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264066120
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264026544
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Nuclear Energy Today
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'énergie nucléaire aujourd'hui
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Kurzfassung: Die Studie befasst sich mit den wichtigsten gegenwärtigen Fragen zur Kernenergie, und gibt einen zuverlässigen, auf Fakten gestützten Überblick über die Thematik. In der Studie werden die grundlegenden Fragen angesprochen, die für die Kernenergiedebatte heute von Bedeutung sind. Es werden wissenschaftliche und technologische Grundlagen ausgearbeitet sowie Fakten und offene Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung radioaktiver Abfälle, der kerntechnischen Sicherheit, dem Strahlenschutz, der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie dem internationalen Atomrecht und der Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen behandelt. Es wird die Kernenergie im Kontext der nachhaltigen Entwicklung betrachtet und auch auf das Potenzial neuer Kernenergie-Technologien eingegangen.
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-78
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 78 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-78
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Many chemicals are used to produce hundreds of thousands of different goods, from cars and computers to synthetic fabrics, kitchen appliances and paints. Through green procurement (GP) it is possible to reduce risks that arise from the use of chemical products by encouraging the use of chemical products which have low impact on human health and the environment throughout their life cycle, and discouraging the use of chemical products with a high impact. However, given the large number and variety of available chemical products and the differing priorities of product users, it is challenging to compare and select products for green procurement...
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-91
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 92 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-91
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) addresses active substances for insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods (in the EU, “product type 18”), used in animal housing and manure storage systems. Biocidal products marketed as insecticides are used in many different applications. They may be used in buildings, outdoors, in sewer systems and for veterinary purposes in animal housings Van Dokkum et al., 1998). The emission scenarios of insecticides for manure storage systems and for stables are connected closely to those of veterinary hygiene biocidal products (the EU “product type 3”). For this product type and for veterinary medicinal products, several reports have been published already (Montfoort et al., 1996; Montforts, 1999; Van der Linden, 2000). In specific cases, there may be borderline cases with food and feeding area disinfectants (the EU “product type 4”), veterinary medicinal products (the EU “product type 3”) or wood preservatives (the EU “product type 8”). This can occur if a biocide is used for more than one purpose. This is, for example, the case when a biocide is often used as an insecticide in animal housings, as a preservative in feed (disinfectant) and as a medicinal product against external parasites for chickens.
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    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264024045
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Corée 2006
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Corée 2006
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: This comprehensive review of Korea's environmental policies and programmes brings the reader information on the extent to which Korea is meeting its domestic environmental objectives and international commitments. It reviews progress in pollution abatement and nature and biodiversity management, as well as progress in integrating environmental concerns in agricultural, energy, fiscal, and transport policy. It also examines the environmental-social interface and international commitments. The report includes a series of recommendations and selected statistical data.
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