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  • Cunningham, Wendy  (5)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (5)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • Education  (3)
  • Social Development  (2)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investing in Human Capital in South Africa : A Framework for a Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Approach (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Acceleration ; Human Capital ; Life Cycle ; Multisectoral Framework ; Policies ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: South Africa's economic growth and development agenda and to present a harmonized approach for investing in priority areas for human capital formation. The policy note first presents an in-depth diagnostic of the status of human capital in the country, applying a life cycle approach. The life cycle approach places a strong emphasis on investing in human capital development holistically, involving all relevant sectors, and as a continuum, following the trajectory of an individual's life. Focus is given to three critical stages of an individual's life, (i) early childhood; (ii) school age; and (iii) youth to adulthood. Based on the findings of the analysis, the policy note identifies the priority challenges and proposes a framework for action. The findings of this policy note aim to serve as a basis for a much-needed dialogue across key relevant government entities, including sector departments such as the Department of Health, the Department of Basic Education, the Department of Higher Education and Training, Department of Social Development, and others, such as National Treasury, Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, the Office of the Presidency as well as provincial government departments, on how best to invest in human capital, both in the short and medium-to-long term. The note could also be used to inform a range of stakeholders, including civil society, development partners, and the private sector of the human capital development challenges in South Africa and how certain gaps could be addressed through better coordination of interventions. Lastly, the note aims to motivate further research on key areas where there are information and knowledge gaps on human capital in South Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/40941
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Assessment of Gender Gaps in Liberia through a Women's Empowerment Lens (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education ; Empowerment Factors ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Health ; Gender Equality ; Gender Gap ; Health ; Labor ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Advancing gender equality by strengthening women's empowerment is essential for improving development outcomes in Liberia. This report draws on existing literature and data review, as well as new qualitative evidence collected in Liberia. It shows that despite some progress, significant gender gaps still hold back the individual well-being of half of the population. Although abject poverty is part of the story, formal and informal institutions that shift the balance of decision-making power and access to resources away from women also disempower. Eliminating institutional and resource constraints and strengthening women's ability to make choices to improve their lives can leverage women's skills and talents and enhance their contributions to a more prosperous and sustainable Liberia. This report is grounded in the concepts underlying women's and girls' empowerment - namely, a process whereby women and girls who have been denied the ability to make choices and realize them acquire such an ability. The analysis is focused on identifying the constraints Liberian women face in achieving better outcomes in education, health, and productive employment, through the lens of the three pillars of empowerment: context, resources, and agency
    DOI: 10.1596/40333
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Demand for Digital and Complementary Skills in Southeast Asia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cunningham, Wendy The Demand for Digital and Complementary Skills in Southeast Asia
    Keywords: Analog Employment ; Analog Skills ; Cognitive Skills ; Digital Divide ; Digital Skills ; Digital Workplace ; Education ; Employment ; ICT in The Workplace ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Jobs ; Labor Force Survey of Digital Skills ; Labor Markets ; Occupational Skills ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Socioemotional Skills ; Technology in Low and Middle-Income Countries
    Abstract: As the economies of Southeast Asia continue adopting digital technologies, policy makers increasingly ask how to prepare the workforce for emerging labor demands. However, little is known about the skills that workers need to adapt to these changes. Skills profiles in low- and middle-income countries are typically derived from data collected in the United States, which is known to inaccurately reflect their occupational skills. This paper uses online job postings data from Malaysia to identify the digital, cognitive, and socioemotional skills required for digital and non-digital occupations. The skills profiles for each occupation are then merged with labor force survey data from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam to sketch skills profiles of the workforces in these countries. Using descriptive statistics and linear probability model regressions, the paper finds evidence that highly digital occupations require not only digital skills, but also cognitive and socioemotional skills. Similarly, virtually all occupations, regardless of the digital intensity of the job, require some basic or intermediate digital skills. Pairwise correlations and a factor analysis confirm the complementarity between digital skills and different subsets of cognitive and socioemotional skills. The data also confirm that, even with the excitement about the digital revolution, the bulk of employment in Southeast Asia is in low- (around two-thirds) or medium-digital (around one-third) occupations. Only between 1 and 5 percent of jobs are highly digital in the four countries studied. These findings suggest that as education and training systems adapt to teach basic digital skills, they will need to continue to foster cognitive and socioemotional skills
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10070
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Earnings Inequality Within And Across Gender, Racial, And Ethnic Groups In Four Latin American Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy Earnings Inequality Within And Across Gender, Racial, And Ethnic Groups In Four Latin American Countries
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Geschlecht ; Rasse ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Konzentrationsmaß ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Lateinamerika ; Bolivien ; Brasilien ; Guatemala ; Guyana ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap
    Abstract: Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former phenomenon. Using household survey data from four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Guyana) for which stratification by race or ethnicity is possible, this paper demonstrates (using Theil index decompositions as well as Gini indices, and 90/10 and 50/10 percentile comparisons) that within-group earnings inequality rather than between-group earnings inequality is the main contributor to overall earnings inequality. Simulations in which the relatively disadvantaged gender and/or racial/ethnic group is treated as if it were the relatively advantaged group tend to reduce overall earnings inequality measures only slightly and in some cases have the effect of increasing earnings inequality measures
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Youth Well-Being In Brazil : An Index For Cross-Regional Comparisons (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Leon, Joana Severo Youth Well-Being In Brazil
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Adolescents ; Age ; Aids ; Birth Weight ; Childhood To Adulthood ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Cigarette Smoking ; Education ; Families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Illicit Drug Use ; Mortality ; Mortality Rate ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Adolescents ; Age ; Aids ; Birth Weight ; Childhood To Adulthood ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Cigarette Smoking ; Education ; Families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Illicit Drug Use ; Mortality ; Mortality Rate ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Adolescents ; Age ; Aids ; Birth Weight ; Childhood To Adulthood ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Cigarette Smoking ; Education ; Families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Illicit Drug Use ; Mortality ; Mortality Rate ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This study constructs three indices to measure how well Brazil's young people are surviving their transition to adulthood. Youth development is difficult to quantify because of the multi-dimensionality of youth behavior. Most monitoring use individual indicators in specific sectors, making it difficult to track overall progress. The study adapts to the Brazilian case a methodology developed by Duke University to measure the well-being of U.S. children and youth. It uses readily available data to construct three indices for each Brazilian state based on 36 indicators encompassing the health, behavior, school performance, institutional connectedness, and socioeconomic conditions. The indices conclude that young people in the states of Santa Catarina and the Federal District are doing particularly well and those in Alagoas and Pernambuco are the worst off. While these rankings are expected to continue into the next generation, young people in other states have a brighter (Espiritu Santo) or more dismal (Rio Grande de Sul, Tocatins) future due to underinvestment in today's children. Still others (Rio de Janeiro) are underutilizing their resources so their young citizens are in a worse situation than they could be if the state were to invest more. The hope is that the methodology can be used in Brazil as it has been used in the United States to estimate the indices annually, thus allowing policymakers, young people, and society to track the well-being of youth in each state over time
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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