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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is there a trade-off between productivity and employment? : A cross-country micro-to-macro study (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.157
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The impact of productivity on employment remains uncertain, particularly in light of growing concerns regarding potential negative effects of technological progress on labour demand. This report uses harmonised and comparable data from 13 countries spanning the last two decades to comprehensively analyse how productivity growth affects employment dynamics at various levels of aggregation. The study's findings highlight a positive correlation between productivity growth and employment as well as wage growth, both at the firm level and on a broader scale. This outcome arises from counteracting mechanisms and heterogeneous dynamics across different groups of firms. The findings have relevant policy implications: productivity is not just an isolated key economic objective, but well-designed and complementary policies can also help convert technological and organisational change into higher employment and wage growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/99bede51-en
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    A portrait of AI adopters across countries : Firm characteristics, assets’ complementarities and productivity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2023/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in firms across 11 countries. Based on harmonised statistical code (AI diffuse) applied to official firm-level surveys, it finds that the use of AI is prevalent in ICT and Professional Services and more widespread across large – and to some extent across young – firms. AI users tend to be more productive, especially the largest ones. Complementary assets, including ICT skills, high-speed digital infrastructure, and the use of other digital technologies, which are significantly related to the use of AI, appear to play a critical role in the productivity advantages of AI users.
    DOI: 10.1787/0fb79bb9-en
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Identifying artificial intelligence actors using online data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper uses information collected and provided by GlassAI to analyse the characteristics and activities of companies and universities in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States that mention keywords related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) on their websites. The analysis finds that those companies tend to be young and small, mainly operate in the information and communication sector, have AI at the core of their business, and aim to provide customer solutions. It is noteworthy that the types of AI-related activities reported by them vary across sectors. Additionally, although universities are concentrated in and around large cities, this is not necessarily reflected in the intensity of AI-related activities. Taken together, this novel and timely evidence informs the debate on the most recent stages of digital transformation of the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f5307e7-en
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.2
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the demand for positions that require skills needed to develop or work with AI systems across 14 OECD countries between 2019 and 2022. It finds that, despite rapid growth in the demand for AI skills, AI-related online vacancies comprised less than 1% of all job postings and were predominantly found in sectors such as ICT and Professional Services. Skills related to Machine Learning were the most sought after. The US-focused part of the study reveals a consistent demand for socio-emotional, foundational, and technical skills across all AI employers. However, leading firms – those who posted the most AI jobs – exhibited a higher demand for AI professionals combining technical expertise with leadership, innovation, and problem-solving skills, underscoring the importance of these competencies in the AI field.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c691b9a-en
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Identifying and characterising AI adopters : A novel approach based on big data (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2022/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This work employs a novel approach to identify and characterise firms adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI), using different sources of large microdata. Focusing on the United Kingdom, the analysis combines data on Intellectual Property Rights, website information, online job postings, and firm-level financials for the first time. It shows that a significant share of AI adopters is active in Information and Communication Technologies and professional services, and is located in the South of the United Kingdom, particularly around London. Adopters tend to be highly productive and larger than other firms, while young adopters tend to hire AI workers more intensively. Human capital appears to play an important role, not only for AI adoption but also for firms’ productivity returns. Significant differences in the characteristics of AI adopters emerge when distinguishing between firms carrying out AI innovation, those with an AI core business, and those searching for AI talent.
    DOI: 10.1787/154981d7-en
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Declining business dynamism : structural and policy determinants (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 94 (November 2020)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.94
    Keywords: Business dynamism ; Firm demography ; Job reallocation ; Employment dynamics ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses trends in business dynamism across 18 countries and 22 industries over the last two decades, using highly representative comparable data. It finds that declines in business dynamism, pervasive in many countries, are driven by dynamics occurring at a disaggregated sectoral level, rather than reallocation across sectors. Average trends within sectors point to steady declines in each country over the last two decades, even after accounting for the role of the business cycle, with market structure and firm heterogeneity emerging as prominent determinants. Investments in intangibles and digital technologies, globalisation, and changes in demographics also contribute to these trends. Policy can, however, help boost business dynamism by reducing barriers to entry and to knowledge diffusion, favouring experimentation and creative destruction, and increasing absorptive capacity and firms’ potential to benefit from technological change.
    DOI: 10.1787/77b92072-en
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Bits and bolts : the digital transformation and manufacturing (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2019, 01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Industrie ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The digital transformation forces a re-think of government policy as manufacturing business models increasingly transition from “bolts” to “bits”. The road to Industry 4.0 implies important and pervasive changes in business dynamics, firm growth and the nature of competition. This report presents a framework for measuring the digital transformation of manufacturing industries, and maps the impact of digital technologies across these several dimensions: firm productivity growth, business dynamism, industry concentration, firm mark-ups and mergers and acquisition activity. It suggests policies that governments can use to facilitate digital adoption and reap the benefits of the digital revolution in manufacturing.
    DOI: 10.1787/c917d518-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    DynEmp and MultiProd : metadata (2019)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2019, 03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents a new effort to collect comprehensive metadata for DynEmp and MultiProd, two OECD distributed microdata projects that collect information to analyse employment dynamics and productivity in a harmonised way across countries. It gives an overall description of both projects, presents the methodologies used for the data collection, summarises the main features of the data by country and provides further country-specific information.
    DOI: 10.1787/3dcde184-en
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018, 14
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Vereinte Nationen ; 2001 - 2015 ; Industrie ; Klassifikation ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study proposes a taxonomy of sectors according to the extent to which they have gone digital. The taxonomy accounts for some of the key facets of the digital transformation, and recognises that sectors differ in their development and adoption of the most advanced “digital” technologies, in the human capital needed to embed them in production and in the extent to which digital tools are used to deal with clients and suppliers. The indicators used to classify 36 ISIC revision 4 sectors over the period 2001-15 are: share of ICT tangible and intangible (i.e. software) investment; share of purchases of intermediate ICT goods and services; stock of robots per hundreds of employees; share of ICT specialists in total employment; and the share of turnover from online sales. The study further proposes an overall summary indicator of the digital transformation in sectors which encompasses all the considered dimensions.
    DOI: 10.1787/f404736a-en
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Cross-country evidence on start-up dynamics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides a description of start-up dynamics exploiting the richness of the recently collected DynEmp v.2 database. The contribution of new firms in terms of new jobs to the existing workforce can be expressed as a combination of four different elements: the start-up rate; the average size of firms at point of entry; the survival rate; and the average growth rate of survivors. This decomposition shows that the four elements interplay in very different ways, even across economies with similar aggregate start-up contributions. The most homogenous component across countries is the survival rate, which is equal to just above 60% after three years from entry, to about 50% after five years, and to just over 40% after seven years. Furthermore, in most countries the probability of exiting is highest at the age of two, and decreases (linearly) beyond that age. When looking at employment growth of surviving businesses, it is found that the large majority of surviving micro start-ups do not grow; however, the tiny proportion of small start-ups which do grow creates a disproportionate amount of jobs.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtkb9mxtb-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe - Informal Entrepreneurship (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Employment Policy Papers no.8
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This policy brief was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. This policy brief focuses on the informal self-employed and informal entrepreneurs, which together comprise what we define as “informal entrepreneurship”. The policy brief provides estimates of the size of the informal economy and informal entrepreneurship in the EU, investigates its main causes and impacts on the economy, and finally presents a policy framework for formalisation strategies based on the distinction between deterrence, incentives and persuasion measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtpbxspw7k-en
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  • 12
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    Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe - Finance for Inclusive Entrepreneurship (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Employment Policy Papers no.5
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: More than one-third of the European Union’s adult population would rather be self-employed than an employee if given the chance to choose, according to the 2012 Flash Eurobarometer survey. At the same time, there is a large entrepreneurial potential in social groups that are either disadvantaged in the labour market (e.g. youth, migrants, and the low-skilled) or underrepresented in the entrepreneurial population (e.g. women and seniors). Inclusive entrepreneurship policies aim to give the opportunity for people from these groups to start-up in business and self-employment both for economic reasons and to support the goal of social inclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmkgkzzs-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
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    Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development in Andalusia, Spain (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 192 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers no.2011/03
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2011/03
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Spain
    Abstract: Andalusia has experienced remarkable growth over the last decades, only halted by the recent economic crisis. The challenge today is to renew with the "prodigious decade" (mid 1990s-mid 2000s) of Andalusia’s development, which will require endogenous development through entrepreneurship and SME growth. This report analyses Andalusia’s capacity to support entrepreneurship and SME development and how such capacity is affected by local policies. It also identifies the challenges faced by new and small firms in growing; analyses the set of local policies for entrepreneurship and SMEs; detects policy gaps; and provides recommendations to fill such gaps and improve current policies. Best practices from other OECD countries corroborate the recommendations and complement the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgdt917nvs5-en
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  • 14
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    A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Policy Transferability to Wales (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers no.2010/07
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2010/07
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper is written in the context of a coalition government in the Welsh Assembly which is committed to full employment (defined as an employment rate of 80%) based on quality jobs. At the outset it should be noted that not all activities relevant to the subject matter of this report have been devolved to the Welsh Assembly. Though the Assembly has powers relating to education and training it does not have responsibility for employment issues. It should also be emphasised that the Welsh Assembly has introduced many new policies and strategies and has recently integrated bodies such as Education and Learning Wales (ELWa) and the Welsh Development Agency into Government Departments. This report considers the transferability of ten policy audits focusing on specific policy interventions in different OECD countries in the fields of labour market participation, skills development and economic and physical regeneration. First, it considers the main policy challenges for Wales in relation to the labour market. It then examines evidence of policy gaps in the current approach of the Welsh Assembly Government. This leads on to an assessment of the policy options that might be considered in relation to the challenges facing Wales. The next section attempts to consider the potential role of the reviewed initiatives in filling these gaps. A final section draws conclusions and makes some policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km7rq3vv2hg-en
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  • 15
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    A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Executive Summary and Synthesis of Findings (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers no.2010/05
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2010/05
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: This Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries has been carried out by the OECD LEED Programme in collaboration with the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG). The aim of the review is to identify successful and/or innovative policy initiatives that could be relevant to Wales and regional economic development models that could inspire Wales's future strategy-making. Given the large volume of material already available on Welsh economic challenges and policies, the focus was not on "looking in" but on "looking out" at initiatives that could inspire Wales from other OECD regions, based on existing understanding of the challenges. The two main objectives of the review have therefore been: a) identify and analyse innovative and/or successful single policy tools that could potentially be applied in Wales; b) identify and analyse some broader regional economic strategies and their delivery arrangements that could inspire the overall economic development approach of Wales.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km7rq46tvnr-en
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Policy Audits (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 259 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers no.2010/06
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2010/06
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: This section introduces the first of the three 'learning tools' (i.e. policy audits, transferability papers, regional case studies) envisaged by the 'OECD-WAG Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Approaches in OECD Countries' and covers four areas: the nature of the policy audits; the selection process; an overview of the lessons learned; some general conclusions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km7rq3zbc8s-en
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  • 17
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    Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development in the Marche Region, Italy (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 163 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers no.2010/12
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2010/12
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: The Marche region is one of the most industrialised regions in Italy and is considered a region of excellence, not only for its economic performance, but also for its cultural, natural and social richness. Marche belongs to what has come to be called the “Third Italy”: a model of development based on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in industrial districts. Its economy is driven by the performance of a myriad of SMEs, which have been characterised by a high level of creativity and innovation in the past…
    DOI: 10.1787/5km7jf7tj6mt-en
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  • 18
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    A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries: Case Studies of Regional Economic Development Approaches (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 202 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers no.2010/08
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2010/08
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report collects five case studies of regional economic development models that have been considered of interest to Wales and similar regions. For each of the five strategies the aim has been to analyse rationale and conceptual framework, policy pillars, delivery mechanisms and potential transferability to Wales. The case studies have been prepared following a qualitative approach that has consisted of desk reviews of existing policy documents and interviews with regional policymakers and other relevant local development stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km7rq22x8kl-en
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