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  • Malpass, David  (7)
  • Krafft, Caroline  (4)
  • Bruck, Tilman  (2)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (13)
  • Social Development  (12)
  • Gender Informatics
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ragui, Assaad Connecting People to Projects: A New Approach to Measuring Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Employment Survey Questionnaire ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Informatics ; Household Enterprises ; Labor Market Panel Surveys ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Survey Design ; Women's Employment
    Abstract: Innovations to date in detecting women's employment have focused primarily on improving individual-level questions. This paper explores an alternative approach, using data on household enterprises and asking who participates in these activities. This research uses the latest waves of the Labor Market Panel Surveys for the Arab Republic of Egypt (2018) and Tunisia (2014). The research questions are (1) How do men's and women's employment rates change when adding enterprise-based detection questions to standard individual-level questions (2) Was the additional market employment detected with project-based approaches classified as subsistence work with individual measurement approaches (3) For which women is additional employment detected using project-based approaches The paper presents descriptive results on work based on the different approaches. It also estimates changes in state (being reclassified as working) from adding enterprise-level data. The findings show large increases in employment rates for rural women in both countries when including enterprise-based detection questions
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stojetz, Wolfgang Coping with Compounding Challenges in Conflict Crises: Evidence from North-East Nigeria
    Keywords: Conflict Crisis ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Displacement ; Internallydisplaced Persons ; Law and Development ; Most Vulnerable Refugee Groups ; Social Development ; Violent Conflict
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the intersectionality of gender, forced displacement, and collective violence shapes coping behaviors in conflict crises, paying particular attention to household composition by gender and age. Drawing on survey data from 17,951 individuals in North-east Nigeria, the analysis finds that coping behaviors at the household, adult, and child levels are interlinked and strongly shaped by compounding challenges stemming from individual gender, household forced displacement status, and local violence shocks. These challenges have significant welfare implications and create severe vulnerabilities and special needs for specific groups of households and individuals, such as rural communities affected by violence, large households with many children, female breadwinners, and displaced girls. The findings emphasize the need for and potential of concerted policy approaches that account for the intersectionality of gender, displacement, and violence in conflict settings and pay particular attention to specific types of communities, households, and individuals
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Krafft, Caroline Quality and Inequality in Pre-Primary and Home Environment Inputs to Early Childhood Development in Egypt
    Keywords: Children and Youth ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Education Quality ; Home Environment ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Pre-Primary ; Pre-Primary Child Development Investment ; Primary Education Investment ; School Readiness Indicators ; Social Development ; Socioeconomic Inquality
    Abstract: By the time children in low- and middle-income countries start primary school, large socioeconomic disparities are evident in children's learning and development. Both pre-primary and home environments can play important roles in influencing school readiness and can contribute to disparities in early childhood development, but there is limited evidence on their relative roles in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines how pre-primary quality, stimulation at home, and early childhood development vary by socioeconomic status for pre-primary students in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The results demonstrate substantial socioeconomic inequality in stimulation at home, more so than in pre-primary quality and inputs, although there is variation in the degree of inequality across different dimensions of pre-primary quality. "Double inequality" is observed, where students with less stimulating home environments experience slightly lower quality pre-primary inputs. There are particularly large pre-primary inequities in structural quality (physical environment) and less inequity in process quality (pedagogy). These results suggest that targeted investments in pre-primary education in Egypt are necessary to reduce inequality in school readiness but are likely insufficient to close the socioeconomic status gap in children's development. Investing in interventions to improve vulnerable children's home learning environments, as well as investing in quality pre-primary, is critical to address disparities in children's development
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Debt ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Resources Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Public Goods ; Inflation ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the Europe Institute at the University of Zurich. He discusses on: Churchill symposium; Ukraine, refugees, and fragility; energy realignment; inflation, debt, and growth; the challenge of global public goods; and Swiss partnership
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Krafft, Caroline Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence
    Keywords: Child Marriage ; Conflict ; Education ; Educational Populations ; Gender-Based ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Humanitarian Settings ; Quality of Life and Leisure ; Reproductive Health ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Violence Against Girls
    Abstract: Child marriage has lasting negative health, human capital, and welfare consequences. Conflict settings are characterized by a number of complex changes that can potentially increase the risk of child marriage, but there has been limited population-based research directly estimating the relationship between conflict and child marriage. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 19 conflict-affected countries, this paper estimates the relationship between conflict and child marriage. It identifies the relationship based on variation over space and time in conflict intensity. The findings are mixed; in some countries conflict is associated with an increase in child marriage, in others it is associated with a decrease in child marriage, and in some cases there is not a statistically significant relationship. This overall pattern is robust to a variety of approaches to measuring conflict. These findings underscore how efforts to reduce child marriage need to consider conflict as a potential risk factor, but also one that is likely to interact with local economic, social, and demographic environments
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Capital Flows ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the 2022 Nordic Baltic Governors Meeting on June 9, 2022. He spoke about the following: war in Ukraine; the World Bank Group is responding, with increased financial support to FCV countries, and with more staff on the ground. Addressing the challenges of fragility, conflict and violence requires strengthened international cooperation and deeper collaboration with governments, with partners such as the UN, with civil society, and the affected populations themselves, and climate action
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Energy ; Energy and Economic Development ; Food Security ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass to the U.S. Treasury's Event on Tackling Food Insecurity : The Challenge and Call to Action, on April 19, 2022. He spoke about Russia's invasion of Ukraine has triggered major threats to global food and nutrition security. He mentioned that the global food and fertilizer prices were already on the rise prior to the war. He added that food and nutrition insecurity were also rising. He described that the deepening of the crisis in the last two months is directly linked to the terrible war being waged by Russia on Ukraine, and the costly financial, shipping, and logistical hurdles now faced by agribusinesses and importers. He also said that food crises are particularly devastating for the poorest and most vulnerable people. He expects to launch an overall surge in their financial support in coming weeks. He told them that funding for food security will be an important component. He also mentioned two mechanisms that can be mobilized alongside IDA and IBRD, to boost food security and resilience, in a well-coordinated manner as follows: (i) the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), which was set up by the G20 in response to the 2007-2008 food crisis; and (ii) the World Bank also hosts a multi-donor Trust Fund, Food Systems 2030, that can help countries strengthen their food systems to meet short and long-term goals. He spoke about the tragedy unfolding in Ukraine must not be compounded with another tragedy - a global food crisis. He concluded by saying that they can count on the World Bank Group to work with all partners to help the people of developing economies to confront these challenges
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the G24 Meeting of Ministers and Governors on October 11, 2022. The developing world is facing an extremely challenging outlook shaped by sharply higher food, fertilizer, and energy prices, rising interest rates and credit spreads, currency depreciation, capital outflows, and higher level of debts that adds to higher inflation, impacting especially the poor. With the current trends, the risks of a global recession in 2023 are high. The World Bank Group, together with the IMF, stands ready to continue working with the G20 to make progress in the debt agenda and we look forward to working with India's upcoming G20 Presidency on this
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Environment ; Equity and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Fragility Forum 2022, Development and Peace in Uncertain Times on March 7, 2022. He said that there are no words to express the horror of the Ukrainian people, and the World Bank Group is doing everything it can to assist Ukraine and the region. He spoke about the largest refugee flow in Europe since WW2. He explained that they are assessing the consequences and how the WBG can respond, both in eastern Europe and in fragile countries around the world. He was hoping this fragility forum will confront challenges and provide new ideas on how the international community can more effectively help people facing conflict and fragility. He mentioned the following: (i) first, we are living in a world where protracted armed conflict keeps increasing, as we have seen in the Middle East and Africa, where immensely destructive impacts are reversing decades of progress in development; (ii) second, the pandemic has hit societies that are already in turmoil, food systems that are already impacted by climate change, and populations already displaced by conflict; (iii) third, climate change is a threat multiplier, placing major strain on economies and societies, particularly in fragile settings; and (iv) equally worrying are the new acute and destabilizing political crises, including coups d'etats, as well as the unfreezing of old conflicts and the emergence of new inter-state wars. He highlighted that the World Bank Group has been active in fragile settings from our very inception and the support to countries affected by fragile, conflict, and violence (FCV) has deepened over the last decade. He spoke about their current FCV strategy provides a basis for differentiating their response at every stage of fragility and conflict as follows: helping prevent or mitigate risks in fragile environments; ensuring that they remain engaged in active crises and conflicts; and working to ensure sustainable recovery in post-crisis transitions. He hopes that the discussions during the Forum will help deepen our understanding of challenges related to fragility and set the concrete actions and priorities for the international community, for governments, and for people working to reverse the alarming trends we are seeing now
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors at the 2022 Spring Meetings on April 20, 2022. He spoke about the following: (i) Global Economy and Risk; (ii) Global Health Issues; and (iii) International Financial Architecture
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: External Debt ; Investment Climate ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development
    Abstract: Bank Group President David Malpass said that deep structural reforms are needed now more than ever to secure social cohesion and put the region on a sustainable and more inclusive development path. The World Bank Group has maintained a long-standing partnership with Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) and its individual members, providing a range of support including investment programs, budget support, advisory services, and technical assistance. The World Bank is partnering with the African Union to support the Africa Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) with resources to purchase and deploy single-dose vaccines for up to four hundred million people across Africa. Debt transparency and sustainability will be vital to a sustained recovery and attracting new investment. He spoke about two critical paths to help strengthen implementation of reforms and policies going forward. He concluded by saying that this day's summit and its strong political endorsement for the next phase of regional structural reforms is thus critical for the emergence of a more sustainable and more inclusive growth path for CEMAC in the future
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Stojetz, Wolfgang The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement: Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in El Fasher, Darfur
    Keywords: Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Inequality ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Livelihoods ; Poverty Reduction ; Protracted Displacement ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development
    Abstract: During protracted displacement, women and girls often face serious gender-specific challenges and vulnerabilities, including adverse norms and institutional barriers. Yet, quantitative evidence on gendered drivers and differentials during protracted displacement remains scarce. Using survey data from 18,533 displaced and non-displaced individuals in El Fasher, Sudan, this paper documents that livelihood outcomes are signiFicantly shaped by strong and complex intersectionality between long-term displacement and gender. Being female and being a long-term displaced person have separate negative impacts on work and welfare. Therefore, being a long-term displaced woman is particularly challenging: internally displaced women work more than non-internally displaced women but are poorer, on average. For men, there is no such difference in employment between the internally displaced and non-internally displaced. These outcomes are the result of the 'double burden of female displacement': women are disadvantaged by norms and institutions both at their destination (due to being a displaced person) and their place of origin (due to their gender). The double burden is strongest for older displaced women. In contrast, protracted displacement can be an opportunity for younger displaced women. Future policies should address the challenges stemming from the intersectionality of gender and displacement and develop targeted programs
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Krafft, Caroline How do Gender Norms Shape Education and Domestic Work Outcomes? The Case of Syrian Refugee Adolescents in Jordan
    Keywords: Adolescent Girls ; Care Work ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender Norms ; Refugee ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development
    Abstract: Forced displacement has disrupted Syrian refugees' lives and exposed them to new communities and norms. This paper assesses how gender norms shape the lives of Syrian refugee adolescent girls in Jordan, using nationally representative data. Factor analysis is used to summarize a variety of beliefs and behavioral aspects of norms: gender role attitudes, justification of domestic violence, decision making, and mobility. The paper compares these outcomes by sex, nationality, and for adolescents versus adults. It complements the data on individual beliefs and behaviors with family and community beliefs and behaviors as proxies for others' expectations and behaviors. The paper then examines how own, family, and community gender norms relate to two key adolescent outcomes: domestic work and enrollment in school. The findings show that while gender role attitudes are similar across generations and nationalities, Syrian adolescent girls are particularly restricted in their mobility. Nonetheless, they have similar educational outcomes as boys and, after accounting for differences in socioeconomic status, as Jordanian girls. While gender inequality in domestic work is substantial, higher levels of own and mother's decision making predict lower domestic workloads, illustrating the linkages between different dimensions of gender norms and social and economic outcomes
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