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  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (189)
  • Sahel and West Africa Club  (75)
  • Causa, Orsetta  (26)
  • Andrews, Dan  (24)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (262)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • Development  (162)
  • Economics  (102)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1776
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promouvoir l'égalité des genres pour renforcer la croissance économique et la résilience
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Women’s employment rates and wages are still lagging those of men across OECD countries, with average employment and wage gaps now around 15% and 12% respectively. Gaps narrowed at a relatively modest pace over the past decade, calling for further policy action. A lack of affordable high-quality childcare is often an obstacle to women’s participation in the labour market and notably to working full time. A very unequal sharing of parental leave between parents and challenges upon return to work further hampers women’s careers. Biases in the tax system may discourage women from working in some countries. Women face disadvantage in accessing management positions and entrepreneurship. A range of policies can help reduce gender gaps, including better childcare provision, incentivising parents to better share parental leave, re-skilling and upskilling on return from parental leave, encouraging gender equality within firms, integration programmes for foreign-born women, promoting women entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, and levelling taxation for second earners. Moreover, the multiple dimensions and root causes of gender inequality call for mainstreaming gender across policy domains.
    DOI: 10.1787/54090c29-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urbanisation and Conflicts in North and West Africa (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264817104 , 9789264448841 , 9789264562318
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Urbanisation et conflits en Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest
    Keywords: Urbanisierung ; Politischer Konflikt ; Ländlicher Raum ; Westafrika ; Development
    Abstract: North and West Africa are undergoing rapid urbanisation. While cities and urban areas have always been sites of conflict, given their political and economic importance, many insurgencies, rebellions and separatist movements are associated with rural areas. Has increased urbanisation led to increased conflict in cities or do conflicts stay predominantly rural? Combining a regional and local perspective, this report examines and maps the rural-urban geography of conflict in North and West Africa since the late 1990s. A qualitative analysis of ten cities helps to illuminate the local sources of conflict. At a time of increasing violence in West Africa, the report lays out a solid foundation for policy makers, experts and researchers to develop more security and development place-based policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/3fc68183-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Doing green things: skills, reallocation, and the green transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1763
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
    Abstract: The need to rapidly decarbonise economies raises questions about whether countries’ workforces possess the requisite skills to achieve the net zero transition as well as the capacity to redeploy workers from “brown” to “green” jobs. This paper applies a task-based framework to granular data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and country-specific employment sources to generate new indicators of the green skills structure of labour markets for a large number of OECD countries and non-OECD EU countries. Significant cross-country differences emerge in the underlying supply of green skill and the potential of economies to reallocate brown job workers to green jobs within their broad occupation categories. In a majority of detailed brown occupations, workers have in principle the necessary skills to transition to green jobs, with the exception of those in production occupations, who may require more extensive re-skilling. In contrast, workers from most highly automatable occupations are generally not found to have the sufficient skills to transition to green jobs, suggesting more limited scope for the net-zero transition to reinstate labour displaced by automation.
    DOI: 10.1787/286a5007-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promouvoir l'égalité des genres pour renforcer la croissance économique et la résilience (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1776
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les taux d'emploi et les salaires des femmes restent inférieurs à ceux des hommes dans les pays de l'OCDE, avec des écarts moyens d'emploi et de salaire désormais autour de 15% et 12% respectivement. Les écarts se sont réduits à un rythme relativement modeste au cours de la dernière décennie, ce qui appelle de nouvelles mesures politiques. Le manque de services de garde d'enfants abordables et leur qualité insuffisante constituent souvent un obstacle à la participation des femmes au marché du travail et notamment au travail à temps plein. Un partage très inégal du congé parental entre les parents et les difficultés rencontrées lors du retour au travail entravent encore davantage les carrières des femmes. Les biais du système fiscal peuvent décourager les femmes de travailler dans certains pays. Les femmes sont désavantagées dans l’accès aux postes de direction et à l’entrepreneuriat. Différentes politiques peuvent contribuer à réduire les écarts entre les genres, notamment une meilleure offre de garde d'enfants, l'incitation des parents à mieux partager le congé parental, la reconversion et la formation au retour du congé parental, l'encouragement de l'égalité des genres au sein des entreprises, des programmes d'intégration pour les femmes nées à l'étranger, la promotion de l’entrepreneuriat féminin et l’inclusion financière, ainsi que l’égalisation de la fiscalité sur les deuxièmes apporteurs de revenu. En outre, les multiples dimensions et causes profondes des inégalités de genre soulignent l’importance d’intégrer la dimension de genre dans tous les domaines de l’action publique.
    DOI: 10.1787/d1f7a204-fr
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A cost-of-living squeeze? Distributional implications of rising inflation (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1744
    Keywords: Inflation ; Verteilungswirkung ; Verbraucherpreisindex ; Schätzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Energy
    Abstract: Inflation has quickly and significantly increased in most OECD countries since the end of 2021 and further accelerated after Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, mostly driven by surging energy and food prices. Certain categories of households are particularly vulnerable, as large parts of their consumption expenditures are devoted to energy and food. Drawing on national micro-based household budget surveys and on CPI data, this paper provides a quantification of the impact of rising prices on households’ welfare. Declines in household purchasing power between August 2021 and August 2022 are estimated to range from 3% in Japan to 18% in the Czech Republic. This decline is driven by energy prices in most countries, especially Denmark, Italy, and the United Kingdom, while energy prices play a lesser role in countries where inflation is more broad-based like the Czech Republic and the United States. In all considered countries, inflation weighs relatively more on low than high-income households. Rural households are hit particularly hard, most often more than low-incomes ones, and this is driven by energy price inflation. To cushion vulnerable households from rising inflation, especially from energy prices, these findings call for a careful targeting of income and price support measures, notwithstanding their administrative and logistical complexity, taking into account their effects on economic activity, inflation, and, last but not least, environmental goals.
    DOI: 10.1787/4b7539a3-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Borders and Conflicts in North and West Africa (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264317376
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Keywords: Grenzregion ; Politischer Konflikt ; Grenze ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development
    Abstract: This publication examines the role of border regions in shaping patterns of violence since the end of the 1990s in North and West Africa. Using the innovative OECD Spatial Conflict Dynamics indicator (SCDi), the report looks at the growing relationship between political violence and borderlands at the regional level, by analysing more than 170 000 violent events between January 1997 and June 2021 and through the exploration of case studies in the Central and Eastern Sahel. Violence in border regions is both more intense in terms of the number of victims and more diffuse geographically than ever before. This report combines quantitative data on the location of violent events and victims, their mapping over time and space, and an analysis of the actors in conflict to answer three crucial questions i) Are borderlands more violent than other spaces? ii) Has the intensity of violence in border regions increased over time? iii) Are some borderlands more violent than others? The growing importance and complexity of transnational conflicts and transnational violent groups in North and West Africa calls for a more place-based analysis in order to create better tailored and more flexible policy options.
    DOI: 10.1787/6da6d21e-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The post-COVID-19 rise in labour shortages (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1721
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: The labour market recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic has been strong among advanced countries, partly reflecting massive and unprecedented policy support to workers and firms. This paper provides evidence and stylised facts about labour market tightening and labour shortages since the onset of the pandemic. Labour shortages have been widespread across countries, yet particularly in Australia, Canada and the United States; and across industries, yet particularly in contact-intensive ones like accommodation and food, but also manufacturing. This picture is to a good extent driven by cyclical factors: in tight labour markets, workers are more likely to switch for better job opportunities. But this paper argues, based on illustrative evidence, that other factors beyond the economic cycle may also play a role: the post-COVID-19 increase in labour shortages may partly reflect structural changes, in particular changes in preferences, as some workers may no longer accept low-pay and poor or strenuous working conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/e60c2d1c-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Getting on the job ladder: The policy drivers of hiring transitions (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1710
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper delivers new evidence for European countries on the role of a wide range of policies for workers’ mobility in terms of hiring transitions into jobs, with an emphasis on differences across socio-economic groups. Labour market transitions are relevant in the current context where the ongoing recovery from the COVID-19 crisis is characterised by labour shortages and at the same time still low employment in a number of countries. The analysis focuses on the probability to transition from unemployment and selected forms of inactivity (e.g. fulfilling domestic tasks, studying) to jobs and from one job to another. Results of this work show the strong association between hiring flows and the business cycle with specific patterns during recoveries, recessions and expansions. The analysis further reveals that a broad range of policies influence hiring transitions, such as labour market policies, taxes and social support programmes but also product market regulations and regulations affecting certain professions. Country-specific priorities will vary depending on context, challenges and social preferences. Yet common policy objectives at the current recovery context are likely to improve the job prospects of the non-employed, especially youth, low-skilled and women, to help the recovery, foster reallocation and to address labour shortages.
    DOI: 10.1787/0304c673-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conflict networks in North and West Africa (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264455900
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 164 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African studies
    Keywords: Konflikt ; Gewalt ; Netzwerk ; Militärische Intervention ; Politische Instabilität ; Öffentliche Sicherheit ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Conflicts in North and West Africa have become more violent and widespread than in the past. They have also become more difficult to resolve due to the complex relationships between a growing number of belligerents with diverging agendas. Building on a dataset of more than 36 000 violent events over a 23‑year period and three case studies (Lake Chad, Central Sahel and Libya), this report maps conflict networks and the evolution of rivalries and alliances in 21 North and West African countries. It applies an innovative approach, Dynamic Social Network Analysis, to explain the types and evolution of relationships across actors in conflict. Finally, the report analyses the impact of military interventions on the re‑composition of violent groups and the shifting nature of insecurity. This new analysis, based on temporal and spatial approaches contributes to the creation of strategies that will ensure long‑term political stability and serves as a reminder that there is a need for co‑ordinated regional approaches and place‑based policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/896e3eca-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labour market transitions across OECD countries: Stylised facts (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1692
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This paper provides a descriptive analysis of patterns and trends of worker transitions across European countries and the United States, with an emphasis on differences across socio-economic groups. Understanding labour market transitions is important to gauge the scope of labour market reallocation and scarring effects from the COVID-19 crisis. Results of this work show that labour market transitions vary significantly from one country to another and also within countries from one socio-economic group to another. For instance, women are much more likely than men to move in and out of jobs. This reflects the unequal burden of family-related work, which contributes to the higher propensity of women to drop out of the labour force. Zooming in on labour market transitions over the great financial crisis provides an illustration of the long-lasting effects and scarring risks associated with recessions on labour market transitions, especially for young people entering the labour market. The results of this granular analysis inform the policy debate for an efficient and inclusive recovery. While current priorities vary across countries based on economic and social context, one overarching challenge for the recovery is to facilitate hiring dynamics and to minimise long-term unemployment and scarring risks among vulnerable groups who have been hardest hit and face higher risks of scarring from the recession, in particular young people and women.
    DOI: 10.1787/62c85872-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How is life in West Africa's cities? : Results from an online perception survey of life in urban areas (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.32
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development
    Abstract: The number of people living in African cities is expected to double over the next two decades. While the need to provide adequate infrastructure, create high quality jobs and manage pollution in fast growing cities has been well studied, these studies say little about subjective quality of city life. This paper presents findings from the first large-scale quality of life perception survey covering 27 cities in 17 countries in West Africa and the Sahel. Responses from nearly 9000 urban West Africans provide an insight into perceptions of city life, local government quality, and policy priorities with the intention of giving residents a voice in the policy dialogue on the future of African cities. In addition to comparing perceptions across cities, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of an online approach to run large-scale online surveys in West African cities of different sizes and cultural contexts.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd30fbc6-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    COVID-19, productivity and reallocation: Timely evidence from three OECD countries (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1676
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia ; New Zealand ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The longer run consequences of the pandemic will partly hinge on its impact on high productivity firms, and the ongoing process of labour reallocation from low to high productivity firms. While Schumpeter (1939) proposed that recessions can accelerate this process, the nature of the COVID-19 shock coupled with a policy response that prioritised preservation (over reallocation) raises questions about whether job reallocation remained productivity-enhancing. Using novel, near-real-time data for Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, this paper shows that while labour turnover fell in response to the pandemic, job reallocation remained connected to firm productivity – that is, high productivity firms were more likely to expand and low productivity firms were more likely to contract. The pandemic coincided with a temporary strengthening of the reallocation-productivity link in Australia – but a weakening in New Zealand – which appears related to the design of job retention schemes. Finally, firms that intensively used Apps to manage their business were more resilient, even after controlling for productivity. Thus, while policy partly suppressed creative destruction, the nature of the shock – i.e. one where being online and able to operate remotely were key – favoured high productivity and tech-savvy firms, resulting in a reallocation of labour to such firms. The use of timely, novel data to investigate the allocative effects of the pandemic marks a significant advance, given that the seminal paper on productivity-enhancing reallocation during the Great Recession arrived some six years after Lehman Brothers collapsed.
    DOI: 10.1787/d2c4b89c-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The laws of attraction: Economic drivers of inter-regional migration, housing costs and the role of policies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1679
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on inter-regional migration, housing and the role of policies, drawing on a new comparative cross-country approach. The results show that OECD countries exhibit stark variation in both levels and trends in inter-regional migration, which is found to be highly responsive to local housing and economic conditions. In turn, a large number of policies in the area of housing, labour markets, social protection and product markets influence the responsiveness of inter-regional migration to local economic conditions. For instance, more flexible housing supply makes inter-regional migration more responsive to local economic conditions while higher regulatory barriers to business start-ups and entry in professions significantly reduce the responsiveness of inter-regional mobility to local economic conditions. The capacity of workers to move regions in response to local economic shocks is one key dimension of labour market dynamism which could, at the current juncture, contribute to the recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. In this context, the paper proposes articulating structural with place-based policies to help prospective movers as well as stayers.
    DOI: 10.1787/da8e368a-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
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    Migration, housing and regional disparities: A gravity model of inter-regional migration with an application to selected OECD countries (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1691
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Inter-regional migration – the movements of the population from one region to another within the same country – can be an important mechanism of spatial economic adjustment, affecting regional demographic and growth patterns. This paper examines the economic and housing-related factors that affect the decision of people to migrate to another region within the same country, drawing empirical evidence from country-specific gravity models of inter-regional migration for 14 OECD countries. The results suggest that inter-regional migrants move in search of higher income and better employment opportunities, but are discouraged by high housing costs. In particular, house prices are found to be an important barrier to migration, especially in countries having experienced strong increases in the level and cross-regional dispersion of house prices. There is however large heterogeneity across countries in terms of what factors matter the most and in terms of the magnitude of the migration response.
    DOI: 10.1787/421bf4aa-en
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  • 15
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    The COVID-19 shock and productivity-enhancing reallocation in Australia: Real-time evidence from Single Touch Payroll (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1677
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: The consequences of the pandemic for potential output will partly hinge on its impact on high productivity firms, and more generally the ongoing process of productivity-enhancing reallocation – the rate at which scarce resources are reallocated from less productive to more productive firms. While Schumpeter (1939) originally proposed that recessions can accelerate this process, the more ‘random’ nature of the COVID-19 shock coupled with a policy response that prioritised preservation (over reallocation) raises questions about whether job reallocation remained productivity-enhancing over the course of the pandemic. Despite these headwinds, our analysis based on novel high-frequency employment data for Australia shows that job reallocation (and firm exit) remained solidly connected to firm productivity over 2020. The greater resilience of high productivity firms is significant, given that an indiscriminate shakeout of such firms – and the associated destruction of firm-specific intangible capital – would have imparted significant scarring effects. As it turns out, the temporary nature of Australia’s job retention scheme (JobKeeper) made an important (and surprising) positive contribution to this process, with material consequences for aggregate productivity. But the scheme appears to have become more distortive over time, justifying its timely withdraw – on productivity grounds at least.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f6e7cb1-en
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  • 16
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    Africa's Urbanisation Dynamics 2020 : Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264314306
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (145 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dynamiques de l’urbanisation africaine 2020 : Africapolis, une nouvelle géographie urbaine
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa's urbanisation dynamics 2020
    Keywords: Urbanisierung ; Megastadt ; Afrika ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Afrika ; Verstädterung
    Abstract: Africa is projected to have the fastest urban growth rate in the world: by 2050, Africa’s cities will be home to an additional 950 million people. Much of this growth is taking place in small and medium-sized towns. Africa’s urban transition offers great opportunities but it also poses significant challenges. Urban agglomerations are developing most often without the benefit of policies or investments able to meet these challenges. Urban planning and management are therefore key development issues. Understanding urbanisation, its drivers, dynamics and impacts is essential for designing targeted, inclusive and forward-looking policies at local, national and continental levels. This report, based on the Africapolis geo-spatial database (www.africapolis.org) covering 7 600 urban agglomerations in 50 African countries, provides detailed analyses of major African urbanisation dynamics placed within historical, environmental and political contexts. Covering the entire distribution of the urban network — from small towns and secondary cities to large metropolitan regions — it develops more inclusive and targeted policy options that integrate local, national and regional scales of urban development in line with African realities.
    DOI: 10.1787/b6bccb81-en
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  • 17
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    The career effects of labour market conditions at entry (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.20
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper explores the effects of labour market conditions at graduation on an individual’s work-life over the following decade. Australians graduating into a state and year with a 5 percentage point higher youth unemployment rate can expect to earn roughly 8 per cent less in their first year of work and 3½ per cent less after five years, with the effect gradually fading to around zero ten years on. The magnitude of this effect varies according to the characteristics of the individual and the tertiary institution they attend. We then explore the mechanisms behind this scarring. Scarring partly reflects the subsequent evolution of the unemployment rate — the fact that unemployment shocks tend to persist — highlighting the potential for timely and effective macroeconomic stabilisation policies to ameliorate these scarring effects. More generally, job switching to more productive firms emerges as a key channel through which workers recover from adverse shocks that initially disrupt (worker-firm) match quality. We find some evidence that the speed of recovery has slowed since 2000, which is consistent with the decline in labour market dynamism observed in Australia over that period.
    DOI: 10.1787/29c11c75-en
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  • 18
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    The Geography of Conflict in North and West Africa (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264411371
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trémolières, Marie The geography of conflict in North and West Africa
    Keywords: Politischer Konflikt ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Geographie ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Algeria ; Benin ; Burkina Faso ; Cameroon ; Cape Verde ; Chad ; Cote d'Ivoire ; Gambia ; Ghana ; Guinea ; Guinea-Bissau ; Liberia ; Libya ; Mali ; Mauritania ; Morocco ; Niger ; Nigeria ; Senegal ; Sierra Leone ; Togo ; Tunisia ; Development
    Abstract: African governments are increasingly confronted with new forms of political violence. The situation is particularly worrying in the Sahara-Sahel where violence is on the rise. This degrading security situation has prompted African countries and their partners to intervene militarily to stabilise the region and to prevent the spread of extremism and violence against civilians. However, these initiatives face many obstacles due to the transnational nature and geography of violence. Tensions regionalise across state borders when armed groups, defeated by counter-insurgency efforts, relocate to other countries. This study maps the evolution of violence across North and West Africa, with a particular focus on Mali, Lake Chad and Libya. In the regions experiencing the highest levels of political insecurity, it identifies whether and how conflicts tend to cluster or spread, potentially across national borders. The work is based on a new spatial indicator of political violence designed to assess the long-term evolution of conflicts and provide policy options.
    DOI: 10.1787/02181039-en
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  • 19
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    Accessibility and infrastructure in border cities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 23 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, analyses road accessibility, transport corridors and checkpoints set up in border towns in West Africa. An innovative model shows that the population base of border towns could be 14% greater if there were no delays at border crossings. The existence of roadside checks decreases the size of this population base from 12 to 50%. A study of 59 jointly planned or operated border posts in sub-Saharan Africa shows that trade facilitation runs up against the special interests of public servants and private-sector actors making a living from regional integration frictions. Also in this Collection: “Regional Integration in Border Cities”, No. 20 “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Businesses and Health in Border Cities”, No. 22
    DOI: 10.1787/04fbebef-en
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    Regional integration in border cities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 20 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, highlights the contribution of border towns to the process of regional integration in West Africa. For 18 countries, six indicators are used to identify the specificities of border towns at the local, national and international levels: demography, urban morphology, formal enterprises, health infrastructure, road accessibility, border control posts. These indicators are analysed from the perspective of three geographical scales of regional integration (density, distance and division). The report details the economic and institutional obstacles facing border towns. It concludes with place-based political options to facilitate the economic and political development of West African border towns. Also in this Collection: “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Businesses and Health in Border Cities”, No. 22 “Accessibility and Infrastructure in Border Cities”, No. 23
    DOI: 10.1787/f41ef7ab-en
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  • 21
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    Businesses and health in border cities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 22 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, analyses the spatial distribution of formal enterprises and health infrastructure in West Africa. The analysis shows that sectors crucial for regional integration are concentrated in economic capitals rather than in border areas. These results illustrate the difficulty that many West African countries have in distributing the potential for economic development throughout the country. The mapping of health infrastructure shows that border towns have a surplus of medical centres and a deficit of hospitals and maternity wards relative to their urban populations. The report identifies several regions in which closer co-operation could favour the establishment of cross-border health facilities. Also in this Collection: “Regional Integration in Border Cities”, No. 20 “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Accessibility and Infrastructure in Border Cities”, No. 23
    DOI: 10.1787/6721f08d-en
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  • 22
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    Population and morphology of border cities (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 21 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, provides an analysis of the demographic and morphological changes in West African border cities since the mid-20th century. Using the Africapolis harmonised database makes it possible to show that since 1950 border cities have experienced higher rates of growth than other cities in the region. While the average size of cities increases with distance from a border, the opposite is true for urban density; it decreases as distance from a border increases. This suggests that border cities form urban centres that differ from other such centres due to the fact that they specialise in the commercial activities that stimulate growth and foster higher densities. The report identifies the 27 main cross-border agglomerations in the region and discusses their specific characteristics. Also in this Collection: “Regional Integration in Border Cities”, No. 20 “Businesses and Health in Border Cities”, No. 22 “Accessibility and Infrastructure in Border Cities”, No. 23
    DOI: 10.1787/80dfd9d8-en
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  • 23
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    Women and Trade Networks in West Africa (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264683358
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (144 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Femmes et réseaux marchands en Afrique de l’Ouest
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Women and trade networks in West Africa
    Keywords: Frauen ; Netzwerk ; Unternehmensnetzwerk ; Lieferkette ; Westafrika ; Development ; Westafrika ; Handel ; Frau
    Abstract: Women make a significant contribution to West Africa's food economy, perpetuating a long tradition of commerce and participating in cross-border trade and regional outreach. Their activities face numerous obstacles but also present important opportunities, highlighted in this report through an unprecedented relational and spatial analysis of social networks. The study focuses on the rice sector in the Dendi region (Benin, Niger and Nigeria) and on the regional governance networks that support women's entrepreneurship. It confirms that Nigeria occupies a privileged position due to its demographics and growing urbanisation. The report proposes the development of innovative public policies based on the reinforcement of the social capital of women and policy approaches that promote better integration of the initiatives undertaken by governments, international and non-governmental organisations to empower women and strengthen their resilience.
    DOI: 10.1787/7d67b61d-en
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  • 24
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    Will the inflation genie stay in the bottle? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le génie de l’inflation restera-t-il dans sa lampe ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/3cee311b-en
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  • 25
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    Le génie de l’inflation restera-t-il dans sa lampe ? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Details
    Language: French
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Will the inflation genie stay in the bottle?
    Titel der Quelle: L'Observateur de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/1ba9e060-fr
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  • 26
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    Income redistribution across OECD countries : main findings and policy implications (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 23 (September 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Verteilungspolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income inequality has increased in most OECD countries over the past two decades. This is both because market incomes (wages, dividends, interest income) have become more unequally distributed, and also because redistribution through taxes and transfers has fallen. New OECD work explores cross-country evidence on trends in income redistribution since the mid-1990s to shed some light on the main drivers of the general decline.
    DOI: 10.1787/3b63e61c-en
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  • 27
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    A genie in a bottle? : globalisation, competition and inflation (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1462
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Wettbewerb ; Inflation ; Marktmacht ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Declining inflation in many countries over the past few decades at the same time as rising global competition has led to a debate on the importance of globalisation for domestic inflation. This paper explores the implications of global value chain (GVC) integration and market contestability for inflation using a range of industry-level and micro-data sources. We provide evidence that rising participation in GVCs has placed downward pressure on producer price inflation, by increasing the ability of firms to substitute domestic inputs with cheaper foreign equivalents. We investigate the channels, which suggests that increased GVC participation contributed to lower inflation via downward pressures on unit labour costs – by raising productivity and reducing wages – in the importing country, especially when low-wage countries are integrated in supply chains. We then present industry-level evidence to support the conjecture that a higher level of GVC integration dampens producer price inflation by accentuating the impact of global economic slack on domestic inflation. However, we also find an increasing trend in mark-ups, suggestive of rising market power, particularly in services sectors. Thus, looking forward, there is a risk that stalling globalisation since the crisis, coupled with stronger aggregate demand and declining market contestability, could lead to inflationary pressures in the medium term, thereby letting the inflation genie out of the bottle.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/deda7e54-en
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  • 28
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    An empirical investigation on the drivers of income redistribution across OECD countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1488
    Keywords: 1995 - 2015 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Umverteilung ; Steuerprogression ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an empirical investigation on the drivers of tax and transfer income redistribution to working-age households across the OECD over the last two decades, in a context where it has been declining in the vast majority of countries. The analytical approach is based on a reduced-form model of income redistribution which is estimated through cross-country-time series regressions. The baseline model builds on the political economy literature of income redistribution and includes a set of non-policy drivers such as labour market and socio-demographic conditions as well as measures of globalisation and technological change. The baseline model is augmented with major direct policy drivers of income redistribution covering tax revenue and social spending as well as a selection of tax and transfer policy parameters. Changes in the size of the tax and transfer systems likely to have contributed to the decline in income redistribution include the decline in social spending on cash support for working-age population and the diminishing role of personal income taxes in reducing inequality under the effect of increasing trade openness. Changes in specific tax and transfer policy instruments and parameters likely to have contributed to the decline in income redistribution include a flattening of the tax schedule in the upper-part of the wage distribution, a decline in the generosity and duration of unemployment-related transfers, including cuts to social assistance, and pension and early retirement reforms to encourage longer working life.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5cb47f33-en
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  • 29
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    Digital technology diffusion : a matter of capabilities, incentives or both? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1476
    Keywords: 2010 - 2016 ; Digitalisierung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Qualifikation ; Europa ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Insufficient diffusion of new technologies has been quoted as one possible reason for weak productivity performance over the past two decades (Andrews et al., 2016). This paper uses a novel data set of digital technology usage covering 25 industries in 25 European countries over the 2010-16 period to explore the drivers of digital adoption across two broad sets of digital technologies by firms, cloud computing and back or front office integration. The focus is on structural and policy factors affecting firms’ capabilities and incentives to adopt -- including the availability of enabling infrastructures (such as high-speed broadband internet), managerial quality and workers skills, and product, labour and financial market settings. We identify the effects of structural and policy factors based on the difference-in-difference approach pioneered by Rajan and Zingales (1998) and show that a number of these factors are statistically and economically significant for technology adoption. Specifically, we find strong support for the hypothesis that low managerial quality, lack of ICT skills and poor matching of workers to jobs curb digital technology adoption and hence the rate of diffusion. Similarly our evidence suggests that policies affecting market incentives are important for adoption, especially those relevant for market access, competition and efficient reallocation of labour and capital. Finally, we show that there are important complementarities between the two sets of factors, with market incentives reinforcing the positive effects of enhancements in firm capabilities on adoption of digital technologies
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/7c542c16-en
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  • 30
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    Design of insolvency regimes across countries (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1504
    Keywords: 2010 - 2016 ; Insolvenz ; Private Verschuldung ; Marktaustritt ; Allokationseffizienz ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores cross-country differences in the design of insolvency regimes, based on quantitative indicators constructed from countries’ responses to a recent OECD policy questionnaire. The indicators – which are available for 36 countries for 2010 and 2016 – aim to better capture the key design features of insolvency which impact the timely initiation and resolution of personal and corporate insolvency proceedings. According to these metrics, the design of insolvency regimes varies significantly across countries, with important differences emerging with respect to the treatment of failed entrepreneurs, the availability of preventative and streamlining tools and ease of corporate restructuring. While a comparison of indicator values for 2010 and 2016 imply that recent reform efforts have improved policy design, there remains much scope to reform insolvency regimes in many OECD countries. This is particularly significant in light of complementary analysis which shows that the design of insolvency regimes is relevant for understanding three inter-related sources of contemporary labour productivity weakness: the survival of “zombie” firms, capital misallocation and stalling technological diffusion.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d44dc56f-en
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  • 31
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    Defying the odds? : Nigerien responses to foreign and domestic security challenges (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 11 (January 2018)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Innenpolitik ; Bedrohungsvorstellung ; Innere Sicherheit ; Kollektive Sicherheit ; Fundamentalismus ; Dschihadismus ; Militanz ; Islam ; Djihad ; Terrorismus ; Staatsschutz ; Bekämpfung ; Effektivität ; Beurteilung ; Abschätzung ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Development ; Niger ; Niger ; Westafrika
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify the manifold security threats confronting the Republic of Niger. It examines if and how various domestic and external actors may exploit Niger’s adverse structural conditions to their benefit and derives possible future scenarios and recommendations for policymakers. Foreign-based jihadist groups such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Boko Haram will continue to threaten Niger’s domestic stability. However, these groups are unlikely to make further inroads into Nigerien territory. The Tuareg community and conservative Sunni groups are unlikely to rise up against the state as both are well integrated into the political and societal landscape. The most viable threat to Niger’s stability is the continued inability of the current administration to translate macroeconomic gains and donor support into pro-poor growth and social inclusion. The increasing use of authoritarian measures against citizens and journalists has the potential to escalate further and to undermine the legitimacy of the government in the long-term.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 16-17
    DOI: 10.1787/104d1c6d-en
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  • 32
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    Fostering innovative business investment in Spain (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1387
    Keywords: KMU ; Wettbewerb ; Innovationsmanagement ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Spain has chronically low productivity growth, which undermines its ability to generate higher living standards. Important contributors to low productivity growth are the misallocation of capital to low productivity firms and under-investment in knowledge-based capital. To foster a better allocation of capital a first priority is to better tune bank, capital market and government financing to the needs of new innovative firms. This could be done through better small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) bond and loan securitisation tools, reallocating public financing to early stage finance and making it easier for firms to access public innovation funding by shifting some funding from loans to grants for research and development (R&D) projects. Attracting more foreign capital and improving the regulatory framework to increase the return on investment would also help. This could be done by reducing regulatory barriers that hold back competition, improving the neutrality of the tax system, improving pricing signals and reforming insolvency laws.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/f957c2cc-en
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  • 33
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    Insolvency regimes, zombie firms and capital reallocation (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1399
    Keywords: Private Verschuldung ; Insolvenz ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Allokation ; Produktivität ; Marktaustritt ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores cross-country differences in the design of insolvency regimes and their potential links with two inter-related sources of labour productivity weakness: the survival of “zombie” firms (firms that would typically exit in a competitive market) and capital misallocation. New cross-country policy indicators of insolvency regimes are constructed based on countries’ responses to a recent OECD questionnaire, which aimed to better capture the key design features of insolvency which impact the timely initiation and resolution of insolvency proceedings. According to these metrics, cross-country differences in the design of insolvency regimes are significant. Firm level analysis shows that reforms to insolvency regimes which reduce barriers to corporate restructuring and the personal cost associated with entrepreneurial failure may reduce the share of capital sunk in zombie firms. These gains are partly realised via the restructuring of weak firms, which in turn spurs the reallocation of capital to more productive firms. These findings carry strong policy implications, in light of the fact that there is much scope to reform insolvency regimes in many OECD countries and given evidence that rising capital misallocation and the increasing survival of low productivity firms have contributed to the productivity slowdown.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5a16beda-en
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  • 34
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    Skills mismatch, productivity and policies : evidence from the second wave of PIAAC (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1403
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Allokation ; Humankapital ; Fachkräfte ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmobilität ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper extends earlier OECD work exploring the link between skills mismatch, productivity and policies to include the countries in the second wave of OECD Survey of Adult Skills, with a special focus on New Zealand. We find that the percentage of workers who are mismatched in terms of skills is 28% in New Zealand, slightly over the OECD average of 25%. The share of over-skilling is at the OECD average of 18%, while the share of under-skilling - at around 10% - is also above the OECD average of 7%. The results suggest that improving the allocation of skills to OECD best practice could be associated with an increase in productivity of around 7% in New Zealand.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/65dab7c6-en
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  • 35
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    Income redistribution through taxes and transfers across OECD countries (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1453
    Keywords: Umverteilung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Steuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper produces a comprehensive assessment of income redistribution to the working-age population, covering OECD countries over the last two decades. Redistribution is quantified as the relative reduction in market income inequality achieved by personal income taxes, employees’ social security contributions and cash transfers, based on household-level micro data. A detailed decomposition analysis uncovers the respective roles of size, tax progressivity and transfer targeting for overall redistribution, the respective role of various categories of transfers for transfer redistribution; as well as redistribution for various income groups. The paper shows a widespread decline in redistribution across the OECD, both on average and in the majority of countries for which data going back to the mid-1990s are available. This was primarily associated with a decline in cash transfer redistribution while personal income taxes played a less important and more heterogeneous role across countries. In turn, the decline in the redistributive effect of cash transfers reflected a decline in their size and in particular by less redistributive insurance transfers. In some countries, this was mitigated by more redistributive assistance transfers but the resulting increase in the targeting of total transfers was not sufficient to prevent transfer redistribution from declining.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/bc7569c6-en
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  • 36
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    The walking dead? : zombie firms and productivity performance in OECD countries (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1372
    Keywords: 2003 - 2013 ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; Marktaustritt ; Investition ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Allokation ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the extent to which “zombie” firms – defined as old firms that have persistent problems meeting their interest payments – are stifling labour productivity performance. The results show that the prevalence of and resources sunk in zombie firms have risen since the mid-2000s and that the increasing survival of these low productivity firms at the margins of exit congests markets and constrains the growth of more productive firms. Controlling for cyclical effects, cross-country analysis shows that within-industries over the period 2003-2013, a higher share of industry capital sunk in zombie firms is associated with lower investment and employment growth of the typical non-zombie firm and less productivity-enhancing capital reallocation. Besides limiting the expansion possibilities of healthy incumbent firms, market congestion generated by zombie firms can also create barriers to entry and constrain the post-entry growth of young firms. Finally, we link the rise of zombie firms to the decline in OECD potential output growth through two key channels: business investment and multi-factor productivity growth
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/180d80ad-en
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  • 37
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    Confronting the zombies : policies for productivity revival (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper no. 21 (December 2017)
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Insolvenz ; Unternehmenssanierung ; Bank ; Allokation ; Marktaustritt ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policies that spur more efficient corporate restructuring can revive productivity growth by targeting three inter-related sources of labour productivity weakness: the survival of “zombie” firms (low productivity firms that would typically exit in a competitive market), capital misallocation and stalling technological diffusion. New OECD policy indicators show that there is much scope to improve the design of insolvency regimes in order to reduce the barriers to restructuring of weak firms and the personal costs associated with entrepreneurial failure. Insolvency regime reform can not only address the aforementioned sources of productivity weakness but also enhance the productivity impacts of reducing entry barriers in product markets. As the zombie firm problem may partly stem from bank forbearance, complementary reforms to insolvency regimes are essential to ensure that a more aggressive policy to resolve non-performing loans is effective. Distortions in the banking sector highlight the importance of market-based financing instruments for productivity growth with the inherent debt bias in corporate tax systems emerging as a key barrier to technological diffusion. Finally, well-designed job search and retraining policies are effective at returning workers displaced by firm exit to work, particularly in environments where barriers to firm entry are low.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/f14fd801-en
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  • 38
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    Rebalancing Turkey's growth by improving resource allocation and productivity in manufacturing (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1367
    Keywords: Industrie ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Strukturwandel ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Türkei ; Economics ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Turkey’s manufacturing sector has expanded considerably but not efficiently and competitively enough. This paper documents the drivers of its recent growth and diversification, and the factors that have held it back. It documents its segmentation and the outsized tail of poorly performing firms, which undermines aggregate productivity growth. Low productivity eases job creation in the short term, but undermines it in the long run and holds back improvements in living standards because of competitiveness losses. A core of well-performing firms (“frontier firms”) is not growing at full potential because of shortcomings in the policy framework. Intermediary (“follower”) firms sustain competition and deliver jobs, but tend to fall behind in productivity. Lower productivity units (“laggards”), which employ a large share of the low-skilled majority of the working age population, survive mostly thanks to the incomplete enforcement of rules and regulations. The resulting stalemate requires a coherent strategy of “systemic upgrading” of the business environment. This would enable all firms to operate in compliance with the law and on a level-playing field, under supportive regulations, taxation and innovation incentives. All firms could then achieve stronger productivity gains and the most promising firms could grow faster. At the same time, a credible flexicurity system needs to be put in place that facilitates adjustment in the labour market while protecting those affected by structural change.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/c35af920-en
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  • 39
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    Insolvency regimes, technology diffusion and productivity growth : evidence from firms in OECD countries (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1425
    Keywords: Insolvenz ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the link between the design of insolvency regimes across countries and laggard firms’ multi-factor productivity (MFP) growth, using new OECD indicators of the design of insolvency regimes. Firm-level analysis shows that reforms to insolvency regimes that lower barriers to corporate restructuring are associated with higher MFP growth of laggard firms. These results are consistent with the idea that insolvency regimes that do not unduly inhibit corporate restructuring can incentivise experimentation and provide scope to reconfigure production and organisational structures in order to faciliate technological adoption. The results also highlight policy complementarities, with insolvency regimes that reduce the cost of entrepreneurial failure potentially enhancing the MFP gains from lowering administrative entry barriers in product markets. Finally, we find that reducing debt bias in corporate tax systems and well-developed venture capital markets are associated higher laggard firm MFP growth, suggesting that equity financing can also be an important driver of technological diffusion. These findings carry strong policy implications, in light of the fact that there is much scope to reform insolvency regimes in many OECD countries and given evidence that stalling technological diffusion has contributed to the aggregate productivity slowdown.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/36600267-en
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  • 40
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    Breaking the shackles : zombie firms, weak banks and depressed restructuring in Europe (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1433
    Keywords: Kreditrationierung ; Produktivität ; Insolvenz ; Europa ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the connection between “zombie” firms (firms that would typically exit in a competitive market) and bank health and the consequences for aggregate productivity in 11 European countries. Controlling for cyclical effects, the results show that zombie firms are more likely to be connected to weak banks, suggesting that the zombie firm problem in Europe may at least partly stem from bank forbearance. The increasing survival of zombie firms congests markets and constrains the growth of more productive firms, to the detriment of aggregate productivity growth. Our results suggest that around one-third of the impact of zombie congestion on capital misallocation could be directly attributed to bank health and additional analysis suggests that this may partly be due to reduced availability of credit to healthy firms. Finally, improvements in bank health are more likely to be associated with a reduction in the prevalence of zombie firms in countries where insolvency regimes do not unduly inhibit corporate restructuring. Thus, leveraging the important complementarities between bank strengthening efforts and insolvency regime reform would contribute to breaking the shackles on potential growth in Europe.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/0815ce0c-en
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  • 41
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    Coping with creative destruction : reducing the costs of firm exit (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1353
    Keywords: Kündigung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Marktaustritt ; Kosten ; Schumpeterismus ; Employment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A policy framework that does not unduly inhibit the creative destruction process is vital to sustaining productivity growth. Yet, a key question is what happens to workers who lose their jobs due to this process and what are the policies that minimise the costs of worker displacement? Accordingly, this paper exploits a retrospective panel of workers in 13 European countries over the period 1986-2008 to explore the factors which shape the re-employment prospects of workers displaced due to firm exit. The results suggest that higher spending on active labour market policies (ALMPs), financed through an offsetting reduction in spending on passive measures, can aid the re-employment prospects of displaced workers. There may also be a case to better tailor ALMPs to workers displaced by firm exit to the extent that the re-employment probabilities of this group of workers are more sensitive to ALMPs than workers that are displaced for other involuntary reasons. The effectiveness of ALMPs is also enhanced by lower entry barriers in product markets and higher public sector efficiency, while reductions in the labour tax wedge can aid the re-employment prospects of displaced workers. Finally, regional mobility emerges as a key channel through which workers who lose their job due to plant closure become re-employed, suggesting that housing market policies may also be relevant.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/bbb44644-en
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  • 42
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    Cross-border Co-operation and Policy Networks in West Africa (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265875
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Coopération transfrontalière et réseaux de gouvernance en Afrique de l'Ouest
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cross border co-operation and policy networks in West Africa
    Keywords: Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsintegration ; Westafrika ; Development ; Westafrika ; Wirtschaftskooperation
    Abstract: This publication examines how policy actors involved in cross-border co-operation contribute to the regional integration process in West Africa. It uses a pioneering methodology, known as social network analysis, to visualise the formal and informal relationships between actors involved in cross-border policy networks, showing that borders have notable and diverse impacts on exchanges of information and the relative power of networks. The report then analyses a range of regional indicators of co-operation potential, visually demonstrating that borders can also affect the ability of sub-regions within West Africa to develop cross-border initiatives in a number of ways. Combining these two analyses with the perceptions of regional policy makers as to which border areas they consider as priorities for regional integration, the publication concludes with the analytical foundations for more effective place-based policies that can enhance cross-border co-operation in West Africa.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265875-en
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  • 43
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    Insolvency regimes and productivity growth : a framework for analysis (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1309
    Keywords: Insolvenz ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper develops an analytical framework to identify the policies relevant for firm exit and the channels through which they shape aggregate productivity growth. A range of potentially relevant policies are identified, spanning insolvency regimes, regulations affecting product, labour and financial markets, macroeconomic policies, subsidies, taxation and environment regulations. These policies can directly shape aggregate productivity along the exit margin through a variety of channels, including the strength of market selection and the scope and speed at which scarce resources consumed by failing firms can be reallocated to more productive uses. However, since market imperfections often generate obstacles to the orderly exit of failing firms, the efficiency of insolvency regimes emerges as particularly crucial. Thus, the paper analyses corporate and personal insolvency regimes in terms of their goals, optimal design (including trade-offs) and key features relevant for explaining cross-country differences in productivity. Finally, the paper proposes a strategy to obtain policy indicators that better capture cross-country differences in the key design features of corporate and personal insolvency regimes, with a view to facilitate further research on exit policies and productivity growth.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlv2jqhxgq6-en
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  • 44
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    Inequality in Denmark through the looking glass (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1341
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Strukturpolitik ; Wachstumspolitik ; Vergleich ; Dänemark ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper delivers a broad assessment of income inequality in Denmark. As a necessary preamble to provide a basis for discussion, we start by contrasting Danish official inequality measures with those gathered by the OECD in an international context. We show that differences between these two sources are fully explained by differences in methodological choices. We then go beyond synthetic measures of inequality to deliver a granular assessment of income distribution and of the distributional impact of taxes and transfers; and on this basis we compare Denmark to other OECD countries. This approach is then used to quantify the distributional impact of some growth-enhancing reforms undertaken or recommended for Denmark, based on empirical evidence across OECD countries. Finally, we take a forward looking stance by discussing global forces shaping the rise in inequality, in particular skill-biased technological change and deliver a tentative scenario for Denmark in the wider OECD context.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en
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  • 45
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    The distributional impact of structural reforms (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1342
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Verteilungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on household incomes across the distribution, hence on income inequality. The paper builds on a macro-micro approach by combining recent macro-level estimates of the impact of structural reforms on macroeconomic growth with micro-level estimates of the impact of structural reforms on household incomes across the income distribution. It considers the sources of macroeconomic growth, by decomposing growth in GDP per capita into growth in labour utilisation and labour productivity. This allows for shedding light on the mechanisms through which growth and its drivers, including policy drivers, benefit household incomes at different points of the income distribution. Most structural reforms are found to have little impact on income inequality when the latter is assessed through measures that emphasise the middle class. By contrast, a higher number of structural reforms, in particular social protection reforms, are found to have an impact on income inequality and thus may raise tradeoffs and synergies between growth equity objectives when inequality is assessed through measures that emphasise relatively more incomes among the poor. This corresponds to higher degrees of inequality aversion.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jln041nkpwc-en
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  • 46
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    The best versus the rest : the global productivity slowdown, divergence across firms and the role of public policy (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 05 (November 2016)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: firm dynamics ; regulation ; knowledge diffusion ; technological change ; productivity ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this paper, we aim to bring the debate on the global productivity slowdown – which has largely been conducted from a macroeconomic perspective – to a more micro-level. We show that a particularly striking feature of the productivity slowdown is not so much a lower productivity growth at the global frontier, but rather rising labour productivity at the global frontier coupled with an increasing labour productivity divergence between the global frontier and laggard (non-frontier) firms. This productivity divergence remains after controlling for differences in capital deepening and mark-up behaviour, suggesting that divergence in measured multi-factor productivity (MFP) may in fact reflect technological divergence in a broad sense. This divergence could plausibly reflect the potential for structural changes in the global economy – namely digitalisation, globalisation and the rising importance of tacit knowledge – to fuel rapid productivity gains at the global frontier. Yet, aggregate MFP performance was significantly weaker in industries where MFP divergence was more pronounced, suggesting that the divergence observed is not solely driven by frontier firms pushing the boundary outward. We contend that increasing MFP divergence – and the global productivity slowdown more generally – could reflect a slowdown in the diffusion process. This could be a reflection of increasing costs for laggard firms of moving from an economy based on production to one based on ideas. But it could also be symptomatic of rising entry barriers and a decline in the contestability of markets. We find the rise in MFP divergence to be much more extreme in sectors where pro-competitive product market reforms were least extensive, suggesting that policy weaknesses may be stifling diffusion in OECD economies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/63629cc9-en
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  • 47
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    The distribution of the growth dividends (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1343
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Verteilungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Widespread increases in inequality over the past three decades have raised the question of the distribution of the growth dividends. This paper finds that there is no single answer to this question. The mechanisms that link growth and income inequality are found to differ depending on the sources of growth and on whether one considers income inequality before or after government redistribution, that is, inequality in market incomes, i.e. income derived before taxes and transfers, or inequality in disposable incomes, that is, income after taxes and transfers. Labour productivity growth is found to have contributed to rising market income inequality, while this was partly mitigated through government redistribution, on average across OECD countries over the last decades. By contrast, employment growth is found to have had an equalising impact, benefiting mostly the households in the lower part of the income distribution. These two forces tended to offset each other and resulted in a broadly distribution-neutral impact of GDP per capita growth, on average across OECD countries over the last three decades. While inequality has risen in many countries, this would tend to suggest that factors other than GDP growth itself have been driving widening income gaps between rich and poor households.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/7c8c6cc1-en
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  • 48
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    Frontier firms, technology diffusion and public policy : micro evidence from OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 02
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Technische Effizienz ; Allokation ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the characteristics of firms that operate at the global productivity frontier and their relationship with other firms in the economy, focusing on the diffusion of global productivity gains and the policies that faciliate it. Firms at the global productivity frontier – defined as the most productive firms in each two-digit industry across 23 countries – are typically larger, more profitable, younger and more likely to patent and be part of a multinational group than other firms. Despite the slowdown in aggregate productivity, productivity growth at the global frontier remained robust over the 2000s. At the same time, the rising productivity gap between the global frontier and other firms raises key questions about why seemingly non-rival technologies do not diffuse to all firms. The analysis reveals a highly uneven process of technological diffusion, which is consistent with a model whereby global frontier technologies only diffuse to laggards once they are adapted to country-specific circumstances by the most productive firms within each country (i.e. national frontier firms). This motivates an analysis of the sources of differences in the productivity and size of national frontier firms vis-à-vis the global frontier and the catch-up of laggard firms to the national productivity frontier. Econometric analysis suggests that well-designed framework policies can aid productivity diffusion by sharpening firms’ incentives for technological adoption and by promoting a market environment that reallocates resources to the most productive firms. There is also a role for R&D tax incentives, business-university R&D collaboration and patent protection but trade-offs emerge which can inform the design of innovation-specific policies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrql2q2jj7b-en
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  • 49
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    Can pro-growth policies lift all boats? : An analysis based on household disposable income (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 227-268 | volume:2015 | year:2015 | number:1 | pages:227-268
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 227-268
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:227-268
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on GDP per capita and household income distribution. Pro-growth reforms can be distinguished according to whether they are found to generate an increase or a reduction in household disposable income inequality. Those that contribute to reduce inequality include the reduction in regulatory barriers to competition, trade and FDI, as well as the stepping-up in job search assistance and training programmes. Conversely, a tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed is found to lift mean household income but to lower income among poorer households, thus raising inequality. Several other reforms have no significant impact on income distribution. JEL Classification: 047, D37, E61 Keywords: Growth, inequality, pro-growth policies
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb
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  • 50
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    Rapport 2009 de l'OCDE sur la division du travail (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 7-61
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 55 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Italy
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 7-61
    Keywords: Development ; Italy
    Abstract: Les pays en développement diffèrent grandement dans leur potentiel de développement et les défis auxquels ils font face. Dans un sens, toutefois, de nombreux ont un problème commun : trop peu d’aide des bailleurs de fonds de trop. Ce rapport retrace jusqu’à 3 700 relations d’aide entre tous les 151 pays bénéficiaire de l’aide et les 46 principaux bailleurs de fonds, couvrant tous les membres du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) et les plus grandes agences multilatérales. Cette réalité complexe est souvent désigné comme la fragmentation de l’aide. Ce rapport 2009 examine la notion de fragmentation de l’aide entre les pays, et ce qui s’est passé depuis l’adoption de la Déclaration de Paris. Il propose également des mesures de la concentration et la fragmentation, et des options pour réduire la fragmentation excessive. Lorsqu’une relation d’aide entre donneur et partenaire n’est pas considérée comme significative du point de vue du donneur ou du bénéficiaire, se présente alors une opportunité pour une certaine rationalisation. Ce rapport montre qu’une diminution de 23% du nombre de relations est possible en réorganisant seulement 4% de l’aide. Cette réorganisation, à son tour, entraînerait une augmentation du volume de la relation d’aide moyenne entre donneurs et partenaires de 30%.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-10-5kg8f4qq366c
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  • 51
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Italie (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 63-186
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 124 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Switzerland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 63-186
    Keywords: Development ; Switzerland
    Abstract: La Coopération italienne est confrontée à des problèmes majeurs. Premièrement, une réforme du système de coopération pour le développement s’impose de toute urgence, mais il n’existe pas de consensus au sein de la classe politique sur la manière de procéder. Deuxièmement, l’Italie ne parviendra pas à concrétiser l’engagement qu’elle a pris au plan international de porter son aide publique au développement (APD) à 0.51% de son revenu national brut (RNB) d’ici 2010 et elle a peu de chances d’atteindre le pourcentage de 0.7% d’ici 2015. En 2008, le rapport APD/RNB de l’Italie était de 0.22%. Malgré les problèmes qui subsistent, le CAD constate que des améliorations ont été apportées à la gestion de l’aide italienne depuis 2008. Il se félicite de l’intention qu’a l’Italie d’axer ses efforts sur 35 pays prioritaires, des pouvoirs élargis dont disposent à présent les ambassades et les bureaux techniques en ce qui concerne la participation à la formulation des programmes et leur mise en oeuvre, et l’acheminement de l’aide, ainsi que de l’orientation stratégique définie à haut niveau par le Comité de direction pour la coopération pour le développement. L’Italie doit encore se doter d’une stratégie de coopération pour le développement à laquelle adhèrent toutes les parties prenantes et veiller à ce que l’ensemble des ministères et autorités régionales et locales compétents oeuvrent à la réalisation d’objectifs communs : mise en place de systèmes destinés à promouvoir la cohérence entre la politique de coopération pour le développement et les autres politiques ; réforme de la gestion des ressources humaines pour le noyau de spécialistes du développement ; et suivi et évaluation indépendante réguliers. De plus, la faiblesse du débat politique sur la Coopération italienne et le manque de sensibilisation de l’opinion publique à son action montrent que les autorités italiennes doivent collaborer de toute urgence avec la société civile pour rallier l’adhésion des citoyens à la cause du développement et amener le public à exercer des pressions à l’appui de la réforme de la Coopération italienne.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-10-5kg8f4qq17r0
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  • 52
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    Residential Mobility and Public Policy in OECD Countries (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Residential mobility is closely tied to the functioning of housing markets and has important implications for labour mobility and the efficient allocation of resources across the economy. This paper analyses patterns of residential mobility across OECD countries and the role of housing policies in enhancing or hampering residential mobility. Based on cross-sectional household data for 25countries, the results suggest that differences in residential mobility across countries are partially related to differences in public policies. After controlling for household and country- specific characteristics, residential mobility is higher in countries with lower transaction costs, more responsive housing supply, lower rent controls and tenant protection. Residential mobility tends also to be higher in environments with greater access to credit, suggesting that financial deregulation – by lowering borrowing costs and facilitating access to mortgage finance – facilitates mobility. This cross- country evidence is supported by city and state-level evidence for the United States. JEL classification: R23, R31, R21, R38, H20. Keywords: Housing markets, residential mobility, transaction costs, rental market regulations
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2011-5kg0vswqt240
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  • 53
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    Avant-propos (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 3-3
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 2009 OECD Report on Division of Labour
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 4, p. 3-3
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: ANNEX 3 List of Indicators for the Electronic Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE constitue le cadre de débat privilégié des donneurs bilatéraux, qui assurent plus de 90 pour cent de l’APD mondiale.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-10-5kg8f4qq5qxn
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    The Evolution of Homeownership Rates in Selected OECD Countries: Demographic and Public Policy Influences (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Homeownership rates have increased significantly in many OECD countries over recent decades. Using micro-econometric decomposition techniques, this paper shows that part of this increase can be explained by changes in the characteristics of households, including age, household structure, income and education. Nevertheless, a significant portion of the change in homeownership rates remains unexplained by shifts in household characteristics, leaving a potential role for public policy in explaining developments in homeownership rates. Panel estimates suggest that the relaxation of down-payment constraints on mortgage loans has increased homeownership rates among credit-constrained households over recent decades, resulting in a rise in the aggregate homeownership rate that is comparable with the impact of population ageing. In countries where tax relief on mortgage debt financing is generous, however, the expansionary impact of mortgage market innovations on homeownership is smaller. This is consistent with the tendency for such housing tax relief to be capitalised into real house prices, which may crowd-out some financially constrained households from homeownership at the margin. The impact of housing policies regulating the functioning of the rental market, such as rent regulation and provisions for tenure security, on tenure choice is also explored. JEL classification: R21, R31, G21, H24. Keywords: Housing markets, homeownership, mortgage markets, financial regulation, taxation.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2011-5kg0vswqpmg2
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  • 55
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    Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE : Notes méthodologiques par pays 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264089921
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics; Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Banking Statistics: Methodological Country Notes 2010
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Austria ; Belgium ; Canada ; Chile ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Luxembourg ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Slovak Republic ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Les tendances de la rentabilité des banques et les facteurs agissant sur elle sont des indicateurs importants de l’état de santé des systèmes bancaires nationaux. Le présent ouvrage complète la publication Statistiques bancaires de l'OCDE: Comptes des banques 2010, fournissent aux spécialistes un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Outre des informations sur les comptes des banques des pays membres de l'OCDE, elles comprennent des données sur le nombre de banques, leurs filiales et leur personnel, des informations structurelles sur l’ensemble du secteur financier et des ratios visant à faciliter l'analyse de la rentabilité des banques des pays de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques ainsi que dans le but de fournir une description succincte des activités des banques dans chacun des pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/bank_country-200-fr
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  • 56
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    Soutenir le renforcement de l'État dans les situations de conflit et de fragilité : Document d'orientation (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097049
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices et ouvrages de référence du CAD
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility; Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Policy Guidance
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La fragilité des États a des conséquences négatives qui mettent en péril la vie de plus d’un milliard d’êtres humains. Si les États fragiles suscitent de plus en plus d’intérêt de la part de la communauté internationale depuis quelques années, ils sont encore à la traîne par rapport aux autres pays à faible revenu en termes de développement humain. La fragilité – et ses conséquences – peuvent déstabiliser des régions entières et avoir des répercussions à l’échelle mondiale. Relever les défis associés aux situations de fragilité exige une action internationale concertée pour soutenir des processus de renforcement de l’État étayés par de solides relations entre l’État et la société. Il est impératif de pouvoir compter sur des États qui fonctionnent pour faire reculer la pauvreté, maintenir la paix et atteindre les objectifs de développement convenus. La publication intitulée Soutenir le renforcement de l’État dans les situations de conflit et de fragilité : Document d’orientation présente les conceptions contemporaines du renforcement de l’État et des recommandations précises de bonne pratique. Elle reprend un cadre conceptuel internationalement accepté en matière de renforcement de l’État, nourri des réalités quotidiennes qui caractérisent les situations de fragilité ou de conflit. S’appuyant sur les bonnes pratiques déjà mises en œuvre sur le terrain, ce document d’orientation définit comment les pays développés et en développement peuvent mieux accompagner les processus de renforcement de l’État et consolider les fondations sur lesquelles se construisent des États légitimes et compétents. Les recommandations contenues dans ce document d’orientation portent sur des aspects essentiels de l’engagement international, de l’élaboration des stratégies aux activités quotidiennes sur le terrain et dans les services centraux, en passant par la conception et la mise en œuvre des programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097049-fr
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  • 57
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    Document d'orientation pour les études d'impact sur la durabilité (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264086920
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidance on Sustainability Impact Assessment
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document constitue une introduction générale aux études d'impact sur la durabilité (EID). Cette méthode permet d'évaluer les incidences économiques, environnementales et sociales combinées d'un éventail de politiques, programmes, stratégies et plans d'action. Ces évaluations peuvent aussi faciliter la prise de décision et la planification stratégique tout au long du cycle des politiques publiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264086920-fr
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  • 58
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    Programme d'action d'Accra (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098114
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accra Agenda for Action
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Destiné à consolider et approfondir la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration de Paris, le Programme d’action d’Accra établit un bilan des progrès accomplis et définit un programme d’action pour améliorer la qualité de l’aide et ses retombées. Il représente une alliance sans précédent de plus de 80 pays en développement, des donneurs membres du Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE, de quelque 3 000 organisations de la société civile, d’économies émergentes, d’institutions des Nations unies, d’institutions multilatérales et de fonds mondiaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098114-fr
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  • 59
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    Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 1-50
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 1-50
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socio-economic backgrounds as a measure of (in)equality of opportunity in OECD countries and provides insights on the potential role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15-year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality – in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines – while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship, cross-country regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x
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  • 60
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Norvège (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 47-171
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 125 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Norway
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 47-171
    Keywords: Development ; Norway
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les « Principales conclusions et recommandations » du Comité d’aide au développement et le rapport du Secrétariat. Il a été préparé avec les examinateurs représentant le Canada et la Commission européenne pour l’examen qui a eu lieu le 21 octobre 2008. La Norvège est l’un des donneurs les plus généreux pour financer le système d’aide internationale en marge de ses propres mesures et programmes d’aide. Ce pays s’engage pour l’efficacité de l’aide et son approche flexible de l’aide publique au développement lui permet de s’adapter rapidement aux situations nouvelles. Bien que sa flexibilité soit la plupart du temps considérée comme une force, la Norvège doit prendre garde à ne pas ajouter trop de nouvelles priorités à une liste d’initiatives de plus en plus longue. La Norvège a pour ambition de devenir un modèle sur certaines questions transversales telles que le droit des femmes, l’égalité des sexes ou encore la protection de l’environnement, mais elle n’a pas encore réussi à intégrer complètement ces priorités dans ses programmes et ses projets.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v10-art17-fr
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  • 61
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    Vaincre la pauvreté grâce au commerce : Quel rôle pour l'aide à l'appui des échanges (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trading Out of Poverty: How Aid for Trade Can Help
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’aide au commerce vise à faire des politiques commerciales et des politiques d’aide deux éléments indissociables au service de l’élévation des niveaux de vie et de la lutte contre la pauvreté. Ce rapport démontre en quoi le commerce est important pour stimuler la productivité et la croissance économique. Il souligne également le fait que si de nombreux pays retirent des avantages du commerce, certains ne peuvent pas en tirer pleinement profit. Enfin, le rapport met en évidence la nécessité d’adapter l’intégration économique au contexte national et résume les principales conclusions sur les mesures à prendre ainsi que les bénéfices que peut entraîner le commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v10-art16-fr
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  • 62
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Irlande (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 7-120
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 114 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Ireland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 7-120
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant l’Italie et la Nouvelle Zélande pour l’examen de l’aide de l’Irlande qui a eu lieu le 24 mars 2009. L’Irlande s’applique avec succès à renforcer l’efficacité de son aide. L’objectif de cette dernière est de faire reculer la pauvreté et, dans cette optique le programme est judicieusement ciblé sur un nombre limité de pays africains très pauvres. L’Irlande manifeste un grand souci de prévisibilité et de flexibilité, et l’attention qu’elle porte aux priorités locales est fort appréciée par les partenaires avec lesquels elle travaille dans les pays en développement. L’Irlande s’emploie actuellement à atteindre les normes internationales les plus élevées en matière de coopération pour le développement tout en faisant face aux effets de la crise économique mondiale. L’Irlande, qui s’emploie à privilégier l’obtention de résultats, devrait redoubler d’efforts pour mesurer l’impact de son programme d’aide. Le CAD invite les autorités irlandaises à faire connaître les résultats obtenus afin d’entretenir le soutien en faveur de la coopération pour le développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-10-5km7v0wxx39n
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  • 63
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    Intergenerational Social Mobility in OECD Countries (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 1-44
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 1-44
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses recent patterns of intergenerational social mobility across OECD countries and examines the role that public policies can play. It shows that the relationship between parental or socio-economic background and offspring educational and wage outcomes is positive and significant in practically all countries for which evidence is available. Intergenerational social mobility is measured by several different indicators, since no single indicator provides a complete picture. However, one pattern that emerges is of a group of countries, southern European countries and Luxembourg, which appears to rank as relatively immobile on most indicators, while another group, the Nordic countries, is found to be more mobile. Furthermore, public policies such as education and early childcare play a role in explaining observed differences in intergenerational social mobility across countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2010-5km33scz5rjj
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  • 64
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Autriche (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 121-249
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 129 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Austria
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 121-249
    Keywords: Development ; Austria
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant le Luxembourg et la Norvège pour l’examen de l’aide de l’Autriche qui a eu lieu le 29 avril 2009. L’examen a mis en évidence la priorité assignée par l’Autriche à la lutte contre la pauvreté. Par ailleurs, les autorités autrichiennes ont récemment annoncé « un accroissement substantiel des moyens financiers affectés à l’aide humanitaire », nouvelle fort encourageante. La réforme structurelle amorcée en 2004 avec la création de l’AAD a bien avancé. L’Autriche doit continuer de s’employer à porter son rapport APD/RNB à 0.7 % pour 2015. Elle devrait élaborer un plan précis, assorti de cibles annuelles, pour la concrétisation de ses engagements. Conçue à travers des mécanismes participatifs, une politique à moyen terme pourrait contribuer à la formation d’un consensus, qu’elle refléterait, sur la stratégie d’aide de l’Autriche et renforcer l’appropriation de cette dernière dans l’ensemble de l’administration et de la société civile.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-10-5km7v0wxtm0r
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  • 65
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Australie (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 173-304
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 132 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Australia
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 173-304
    Keywords: Development ; Australia
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les « Principales conclusions et recommandations » du Comité d’aide au développement et le rapport du Secrétariat. Il a été préparé avec les examinateurs représentant l’Irlande et le Portugal pour l’examen qui a eu lieu le 4 décembre 2008. Des changements constructifs d’importance sont intervenus dans le programme d’aide de l’Australie depuis 2004, les priorités ont évolué vers la réduction de la pauvreté, la promotion des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD) et le déliement complet des programmes d’aide. Tout en augmentant le montant des aides, l’Australie doit s’efforcer d’avoir une approche efficace, notamment en travaillant en collaboration ou à travers d’autres donneurs. L’Australie a su intégrer la question de l’égalité des sexes dans ses programmes et doit maintenant adopter la même démarche pour les questions environnementales.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v10-art18-fr
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  • 66
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Suède (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 151-380
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 130 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Sweden
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 3, p. 151-380
    Keywords: Development ; Sweden
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant le Japon et les États-Unis pour l’examen de l’aide de la Suède qui a eu lieu le 9 juin 2009. En 2008, au pro-rata de son RNB, la Suède a été le donneur le plus généreux. La Suède a joué un rôle constructif, et souvent de modèle, au niveau international pour assurer la qualité de la coopération pour le développement, notamment en promouvant l’efficacité de l’aide et des bonnes pratiques en matière d’action humanitaire. Ardente partisane du multilatéralisme, la Suède prône par ailleurs des réformes structurelles au sein des organismes multilatéraux et s’est faite le champion des nouveaux mécanismes de financement. Dans le même temps, les Suédois demeurent fort désireux de voir leur pays continuer de s’investir fortement au sein de la communauté internationale des donneurs, mais aussi améliorer son propre système de coopération pour le développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-10-5km7v0wxrk0q
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  • 67
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    Migration and labour market outcomes in OECD countries (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 1-34
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 1, p. 1-34
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Immigration pressures are increasing in most OECD countries. This article investigates the consequences of immigration for natives’ labour market outcomes, as well as issues linked to immigrants’ integration in the host country labour market. Changes in the share of immigrants in the labour force may have a distributive impact on natives’ wages, and a temporary impact on unemployment. However, labour market integration of immigrants (as well as integration of second-generation immigrants both in terms of educational attainments and of labour market outcomes) remains the main challenge facing host economies. In both cases, product and labour market policies have a significant role to play in easing the economy’s adjustment to immigration.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2010-5kmhf827kws6
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  • 68
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    Suivi des Principes pour l'engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires : Rapport global (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056534
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations; Global Report
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations: Global Report
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Deux ans après que le Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE, réuni au niveau des ministres, ait approuvé les Principes pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires, six États - Afghanistan, Haïti, République centrafricaine, République démocratique du Congo, Sierra Leone et Timor-Leste – ont décidé de faire le point sur la qualité et l’impact de l’engagement international. L’enquête qui s’est appuyée sur six consultations nationales, a suivi une approche faisant appel à plusieurs méthodes pour promouvoir un dialogue entre les parties prenantes nationales et internationales et pour dégager un consensus plus solide sur les objectifs et priorités clés. Le Rapport global fait la synthèse des principales conclusions et recommandations émanant de ces six pays et met ainsi directement en évidence ce qui fonctionne et ce qui ne fonctionne pas.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056534-fr
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  • 69
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    Assistance technique liée au commerce : Que nous apprennent les évaluations récentes ? (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030060
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Series Statement: Objectif développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade-Related Assistance; What Do Recent Evaluations Tell Us?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade-Related Assistance: What Do Recent Evaluations Tell Us?
    Keywords: Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur les principales conclusions et recommandations ressortant des évaluations réalisées par les donneurs pour recenser les facteurs qui ont contribué au succès (ou à l’échec) des programmes passés et prodiguer des conseils destinés à accroître l’efficacité et l’impact des activités futures d’aide liée au commerce. Ce rapport vient à point nommé pour alimenter le débat en cours entre spécialistes de l’aide et des échanges sur les moyens de faire en sorte que « l’aide à l’appui des échanges » constitue, de par sa conception et ses modes d’acheminement, un complément efficace au PDD.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030060-fr
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  • 70
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    Real House Prices in OECD Countries : The Role of Demand Shocks and Structural and Policy Factors (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.831
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the factors influencing the level and volatility of real house prices in a panel of OECD countries over the period 1980-2005. Results suggest that real house prices tend to rise proportionally with real household incomes, while declines in structural unemployment and real interest rates are associated with higher real house prices. The process of mortgage market deregulation has coincided with a noticeable increase in real house prices in OECD countries, while high rates of leverage are found to amplify house price volatility. Estimates suggest that tax reliefs on mortgage debt financing costs tend to be capitalised into real house prices and may also amplify price volatility, reflecting the tendency for such policies to encourage leverage. While higher transaction costs are associated with lower house price volatility, this effect is modest compared to the impact of banking supervision. Indeed, prudential banking supervision and policies designed to contain the excessive build-up of leverage are shown to significantly reduce the extent of house price volatility, underscoring the importance of ongoing efforts to reform prudential frameworks in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/5km33bqzhbzr-en
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  • 71
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    Suivi des Principes pour l'engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires : République Démocratique du Congo (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091870
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Keywords: Development ; Congo, the Democratic Republic of the
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un bilan du degré de mise en œuvre en République Démocratique du Congo des Principes pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires,deux ans après que les ministres du Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE les aient approuvés. Il s’agit également de définir les actions prioritaires destinées à améliorer l’efficacité de l’engagement international dans le pays. Le Rapport Pays sur la République Démocratique du Congo rend compte des conclusions issues d’une consultation nationale entre des parties prenantes représentant des institutions tant nationales qu'internationales, enrichies d’entretiens et de collectes de données.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091870-fr
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  • 72
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    La légitimité de l'État dans les situations de fragilité : Analyser la complexité (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083899
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 p)
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The State's Legitimacy in Fragile Situations; Unpacking Complexity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The State's Legitimacy in Fragile Situations: Unpacking Complexity
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La légitimité revêt de l’importance car elle transforme le pouvoir en autorité politique, ce qui permet de gouverner par des moyens non coercitifs. Dans les situations de fragilité, un défaut de légitimité compromet l’existence de relations constructives entre l’État et la société, ce qui affaiblit les capacités de l’État et contribue ainsi à sa fragilité. Des sources multiples de légitimité entrent souvent en concurrence ou en conflit, ce qui place l’État dans l’incapacité en fin de compte d’imposer des règles du jeu. Les donneurs qui opèrent dans des situations de fragilité s’intéressent relativement peu à la légitimité, et concentrent leur effort sur le renforcement des capacités et des institutions comme moyens de renforcer l’efficacité de l’État. La légitimité de l’État dans les situations de fragilité fait valoir l’argument selon lequel les donneurs doivent accorder bien plus d’attention à la légitimité, et élargir leur vision afin d’inclure certains aspects de la légitimité qui découlent des convictions et traditions communes des individus, et non pas seulement d’un modèle d’État occidental. Les donneurs doivent aussi suivre de près l’impact de leurs interventions afin d’éviter de porter atteinte à la légitimité de l’État. En conclusion, la présente publication propose des recommandations concrètes sur la façon dont les donneurs peuvent favoriser de meilleures relations entre l’État et la société dans les situations de fragilité.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083899-fr
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  • 73
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    La mesure du capital - Manuel de l'OCDE 2009 : Deuxième édition (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067752
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Edition: Deuxième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009; Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 ; Segunda edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 : Segunda edición
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette version révisée de La Mesure du Capital est le premier guide complet décrivant les différentes manières de mesurer les fonds propres. Il s'adresse aux statisticiens, chercheurs et analystes, donne des conseils pratiques tout en offrant des connaissances théoriques. Il propose aussi une vue d'ensemble de la documentation pertinente. Le manuel est composé de trois parties - une première partie avec une description non technique des principaux concepts et étapes de la mesure du capital; une deuxième partie visant leur mise en œuvre et une troisième partie décrivant la théorie ainsi qu’une formulation mathématique plus complète des processus de mesure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067752-fr
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  • 74
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    Rapport 2008 du CAD sur l'aide multilatérale (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056824
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (229 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 2008 DAC Report on Multilateral Aid
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’aide multilatérale représente plus du tiers de l'aide publique au développement totale. L'ampleur de l'utilisation du système multilatéral reflète combien les donneurs considèrent ce canal de l’aide important. Néanmoins, une image plus claire du système multilatéral est nécessaire pour analyser ce canal, et ce premier rapport du Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE (CAD) sur l’aide multilatérale tente de combler cette lacune. Ce rapport donne un aperçu de l’architecture de l’aide multilatérale, du financement des organisations multilatérales par les membres du CAD à leurs propres stratégies et politiques en matière d'aide multilatérale. Le rapport met en évidence les questions comme la fragmentation, l’efficacité des multilatéraux, les processus de réforme et les points de vue des pays partenaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056824-fr
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  • 75
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    Suivi des Principes pour l'engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires : Hai͏̈ti (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091948
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations; Haiti
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations: Haiti
    Keywords: Development ; Haiti
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un bilan du degré de mise en œuvre en Haïti des Principes pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires,deux ans après que les ministres du Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE les aient approuvés. Il s’agit également de définir les actions prioritaires destinées à améliorer l’efficacité de l’engagement international dans le pays. Le Rapport Pays sur Haïti rend compte des conclusions issues d’une consultation nationale entre des parties prenantes représentant des institutions tant nationales qu'internationales, enrichies d’entretiens et de collectes de données.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091948-fr
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  • 76
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    Suivi des Principes pour l'engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires : République Centrafricaine (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264091689
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Keywords: Development ; Central African Republic
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un bilan du degré de mise en œuvre en République centrafricaine des Principes pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires,deux ans après que les ministres du Comité d’aide au développement de l’OCDE les aient approuvés. Il s’agit également de définir les actions prioritaires destinées à améliorer l’efficacité de l’engagement international dans le pays. Le Rapport Pays sur la République centrafricaine rend compte des conclusions issues d’une consultation nationale entre des parties prenantes représentant des institutions tant nationales qu'internationales, enrichies d’entretiens et de collectes de données.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264091689-fr
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  • 77
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    Guide sur l'externalisation des services et fonctions de l'État dans les situations post-conflit et de fragilité (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264092181
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Partenariat pour la gouvernance démocratique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Contracting Out Government Functions and Services in Post-Conflict and Fragile Situations
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: L’externalisation des fonctions et des services à des prestataires externes est une pratique établie dans de nombreux pays développés et en développement. D’une part, l’externalisation peut offrir un soutien essentiel aux États qui doivent fournir d’urgence des services de base. D’autre part, elle risque de contourner les États et nuire à leur relèvement à long terme. Le Partenariat pour la gouvernance démocratique de l’OCDE a été formé en 2007 afin d’aborder dans une optique plus stratégique cette question majeure. Le guide ne prend pas position en faveur ou contre l’externalisation. Ce n’est pas non plus un manuel technique. Ce guide est destiné aux praticiens de terrain et aux décideurs des politiques publiques dans les États qui sortent d’un conflit ou qui sont considérés comme fragiles. Son but est d’aider les décideurs et les praticiens à faire des choix éclairés sur les types d’externalisation les mieux adaptés à leur pays. C’est un outil permettant aux décideurs d’évaluer la viabilité de l’externalisation — de façon temporaire ou sur le long terme — dans la prestation d’un service essentiel (tel que l’éducation de base, la santé, l’eau et l’assainissement) ou d’une fonction gouvernementale (telle que la gestion des finances publiques et les ressources humaines). Le guide illustre ces points à l’aide d’études de cas tirées des expériences acquises dans de nombreux États fragiles, allant de l’Afghanistan à Haïti et au Libéria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264092181-fr
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  • 78
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    Normes de qualité pour l'évaluation du développement (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083912
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices et ouvrages de référence du CAD
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (series); Quality Standards for Development Evaluation (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC-Reihe Leitlinien und Grundsatztexte; Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quality Standards for Development Evaluation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Directrices y Referencias del CAD (series) Estándares de Calidad para la Evaluación del Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC-Reihe Leitlinien und Grundsatztexte: Qualitätsstandards für die Entwicklungsevaluierung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series (series): Quality Standards for Development Evaluation (Arabic version)
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les Normes de qualité pour l’évaluation du développement se veulent un guide de bonnes pratiques pour l’évaluation dans le domaine du développement. Elles ont pour but d’améliorer la qualité des processus d’évaluation du développement et des produits qui en découlent ainsi que de faciliter la collaboration. Fruit d’un consensus international, elles détaillent les éléments clés qui font la qualité de chacune des phases d’un processus type d’évaluation, à savoir la définition de la finalité de l’évaluation, la planification et la conception de cette dernière, sa mise en oeuvre et la présentation de ses résultats, et enfin l’examen des leçons à tirer et l’utilisation de ces résultats. L’ouvrage s’ouvre sur quelques considérations générales qu’il convient de garder présentes à l’esprit tout au long du processus d’évaluation. Une annexe renvoie à d’autres publications de l'OCDE CAD en rapport avec l’évaluation du développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083912-fr
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  • 79
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    Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux 2008 : Quatrième édition (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264045767
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Quatrième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 2008; Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa ; Cuarta edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 2008: Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa : Cuarta edición
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: L’investissement direct international (IDI) est l’un des principaux moteurs de la mondialisation. À l’heure où les modalités d’investissement des entreprises multinationales deviennent de plus en plus complexes, il convient de disposer de statistiques d’IDI fiables et comparables sur le plan international pour pouvoir prendre des décisions judicieuses. La Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux représente la norme mondiale en matière de statistiques d’IDI. Elle constitue une référence unique pour les statisticiens et les utilisateurs pour tous les aspects des statistiques d’IDI, tout en restant compatible avec d’autres normes statistiques acceptées au niveau international. Cette édition introduit de nouvelles ventilations analytiques des données et de nouveaux traitements statistiques qui rendent mieux compte des réalités actuelles de l’économie mondiale. Cette Définition de référence révisée propose des méthodes de classement des différents types d’IDI (par exemple, les fusions-acquisitions, les investissements de création) et d’identification de l’investisseur ultime. Cette nouvelle édition traite désormais des utilisations des statistiques d’IDI, notamment les indicateurs de mondialisation, et comporte un chapitre consacré aux statistiques relatives aux activités des entreprises multinationales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048768-fr
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  • 80
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    Prestation de services dans les situations de fragilité : Principaux concepts, constats et enseignements (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 7-65
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Service delivery in fragile situations: Key concepts, findings and lessons
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 7-65
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La mise en place de services publics efficaces et pérennes est une priorité dans les États fragiles ou affectés par un conflit. Ce rapport permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre la fragilité de l’État et la fourniture de services, et donne des orientations aux donneurs qui souhaitent renforcer la fourniture de services et les structures de gouvernance dans ces États. A partir d’une analyse des principales questions qui se posent aux pouvoirs publics et des approches à leur disposition, le rapport recense les défis et difficultés auxquels doivent faire face la communauté internationale et ses partenaires dans les situations précaires. En conclusion, le rapport dégage des enseignements de l’expérience et formule des recommandations destinées à aider les donneurs à mieux cibler leurs interventions.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art9-fr
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  • 81
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    Compendium des exemples pays et enseignements tirés de l'application de la Méthodologie d'évaluation des régimes nationaux de passation des marchés : Mise en commun des expériences (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 65-160
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 96 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compendium of Country Examples and Lessons Learned from Applying the Methodology for Assessment of National Procurement Systems: Sharing Experiences
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 65-160
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Ce document présente l’expérience de 22 pays d’Afrique, d’Amérique latine et d’Asie et les enseignements qu’ils ont tirés de l’application de la Méthodologie d’évaluation des régimes nationaux de passation des marchés proposée par l’Activité conjointe du CAD-OCDE sur la passation des marchés. La Méthodologie a été mise au point et jugée apte à être testée sur le terrain en 2006 comme un outil visant à faciliter la réalisation des objectifs de la Déclaration de Paris et à promouvoir le renforcement des systèmes de passation des marchés. Elle est le résultat des efforts conjoints de partenaires du développement multilatéraux et bilatéraux et de pays partenaires à travers le monde. Ces expériences et enseignements constituent les premiers résultats obtenus par un panel de gouvernements partenaires qui se sont portés volontaires travaillant en coopération avec les parties prenantes nationales de la société civile, du secteur privé, des médias, des membres élus des assemblées représentatives et leurs partenaires du développement international. Le présent document se limite à la mise en commun des expériences relatives à l’utilisation de la Méthodologie. Les exemples pays tirés des exercices pilotes et d’autres applications sont utilisés au titre d’études de cas. On trouvera en Annexe A une cartographie des expériences de divers pays ayant appliqué la Méthodologie. Ce document a pour ambition de réunir des informations contextuelles utiles tirées de diverses sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art22-fr
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  • 82
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    Concepts et dilemmes pour le renforcement de l'État dans les situations de fragilité : De la fragilité à la résilience (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 67-161
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 96 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concepts and dilemmas of State building in fragile situations: From fragility to resilience
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 67-161
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Ce rapport vise à combler une lacune d’importance et à éclairer le débat sur le renforcement de l’État. Il apporte des précisions utiles sur les causes et les caractéristiques de la fragilité, ainsi que sur les moyens qu’a un État de parvenir à la stabilité et d’assurer sa résilience à terme. Il montre que le renforcement de l’État doit être envisagé sous l’angle de la formation de l’État et des relations entre l’État et la société. Sur cette base, il passe en revue les conséquences qui en découlent pour les efforts internationaux de renforcement de l’État au regard des divers aspects de la fragilité et se clôt sur un ensemble de recommandations pratiques pour l’élaboration des politiques et des programmes des donneurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art10-fr
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    The policy determinants of hours worked across OECD countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-39
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 1-39
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article investigates the policy determinants of hours worked among employed individuals in OECD countries, focussing on the impact of taxation, working-time regulations, and other labour and product market policies. It explores the factors underlying cross-country differences in hours worked — in line with previous aggregate approaches — while at the same time it looks more closely at labour force heterogeneity — in the vein of microeconomic labour supply models. The paper shows that policies and institutions have a different impact on working hours of men and women. Firstly, while high marginal taxes create a disincentive to work longer hours for women, their impact on hours worked by men is almost insignificant. Secondly, working-time regulations have a significant impact on hours worked by men, and this impact differs across education categories. Thirdly, other labour and product market policies, in particular stringent employment protection of workers on regular contracts and competition-restraining product market policies, have a negative impact on hours worked by men, over and beyond their impact on employment levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art1-en
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  • 84
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    Enquête 2008 de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration de Paris : Rendre l'aide plus efficace d'ici 2010 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050853
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Pour une meilleure aide au développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 2008 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration; Making Aid More Effective by 2010
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 2008 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration: Making Aid More Effective by 2010
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Ce rapport d’enquête apporte des éléments de réponse à la dernière enquête de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration de Paris et évalue les progrès accomplis dans 55 pays partenaires. Il permet de comprendre en quoi il est difficile d’accroître l’efficacité de l’aide au développement. À moins d’intensifier considérablement leurs efforts, les pays partenaires et les bailleurs de fonds ne réussiront pas à tenir les engagements internationaux et objectifs-cibles auxquels ils ont souscrit en vue de rendre l’aide efficace d’ici 2010. Il faut agir maintenant. Ce rapport formule trois recommandations d’action à haut niveau qui contribueront à accélérer le processus et à faire de la relation d’aide un véritable partenariat.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050853-fr
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  • 85
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    Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: L’édition 2009 du Manuel de l’OCDE sur les statistiques de brevets intègre les développements récents du domaine. Elle fournit des lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des données de brevets à des fins de mesure de S&T, et des recommandations pour la compilation et l’interprétation des indicateurs de brevets dans ce contexte. Le manuel vise à montrer à quoi les données de brevets peuvent ou ne peuvent pas être utilisées, et comment compter les brevets de façon à maximiser l’information sur la S&T tout en minimisant le bruit et les biais statistiques. Enfin, il décrit comment les données de brevets peuvent être utilisées dans l’analyse d’un large spectre de thèmes liés au changement technique et à la prise de brevets, y compris les liens science-industrie, les stratégies de brevets des entreprises, l’internationalisation de la recherche, et la mesure de la valeur des brevets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056466-fr
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  • 86
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    Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.708
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds as a measure of (in) equality of opportunity in OECD countries and looks at the role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15- year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Policies allowing increasing social mix are found to reduce school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance. Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socioeconomic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.
    DOI: 10.1787/223056645650
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  • 87
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    Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine : Quelques jalons (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075894
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business; A Reader
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business: A Reader
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development
    Abstract: L’agriculture africaine est un géant endormi. Dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, l’agro-industrie en est encore à ses balbutiements. Nombre d’entre eux paient désormais le prix fort pour leurs importations de denrées alimentaires et tentent de juguler les pressions inflationnistes. En raison de la vigueur attendue des prix alimentaires mondiaux à long terme, l’augmentation de la productivité des cultures vivrières devient une priorité absolue pour l’Afrique. Cela suppose d’investir massivement dans les infrastructures d’irrigation, d’entreposage et de transports, mais aussi de faciliter l’accès aux marchés des facteurs de production (engrais, semences, matériel agricole et crédit). Si un cadre contractuel donne de bons résultats dans le cas des cultures d’exportation, ce genre de dispositif est encore rare pour les cultures vivrières. Une implication accrue du secteur privé dans la conception et la mise en oeuvre de ce type de programmes de commercialisation pour les cultures vivrières devrait permettre d’assurer un développement durable des industries alimentaires locales. Les facilités actuelles de financement internationales – à l’instar de l’EPSA (Initiative pour le soutien renforcé au secteur privé en Afrique) – devraient être pleinement exploitées. L’aptitude de l’Afrique à libérer le potentiel de son agriculture commerciale dans les décennies à venir dépend aussi largement d’un soutien efficace et durable de la part de la communauté internationale du développement. Les conclusions résumées ici posent les jalons de futures discussions à l’échelle internationale sur le développement du secteur privé agricole en Afrique et la manière de sortir les petits paysans de la pauvreté.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075894-fr
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  • 88
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    Intergenerational Social Mobility (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.707
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses recent patterns in intergenerational social mobility across OECD countries and examines the role that public policies can play in affecting such mobility. It shows that the relationship between parental or socio-economic background and offspring’s educational and wage outcomes is positive and significant in practically all countries for which evidence is available. Intergenerational social mobility is measured by several different indicators since no single indicator provides a complete picture. However, one pattern that emerges is of a group of countries, e.g. southern European countries and Luxembourg, which appears to rank as relatively immobile on most indicators, while another group, e.g. Nordics, is found to be more mobile. Furthermore, public policies such as education and early childcare play a role in explaining observed differences in intergenerational social mobility across countries. In addition, this study also finds a positive cross-country correlation between intergenerational social mobility and redistributive policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/223106258208
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  • 89
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    Revue économique de l'OCDE : Volume 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-fr
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  • 90
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    Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060296
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (215 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation; Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: Les objectifs de ce document d’orientation sont : i) expliciter les incidences du changement climatique sur les pratiques de développement et, par conséquent, la nécessité d’intégrer pleinement l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques des agences d’aide et des pays partenaires ; ii) recenser les approches qui permettent d’intégrer l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques de développement aux niveaux national, sectoriel et des projets, tant en milieu urbain que rural ; et iii) indiquer comment les donneurs peuvent concrètement soutenir les efforts des pays partenaires pour réduire leur vulnérabilité face à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. S’il revient aux pays partenaires de jouer un rôle moteur dans le cadre d’efforts visant à intégrer l’adaptation au changement climatique dans le développement, les agences d’aide auront un rôle déterminant à jouer en soutenant ces efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060296-fr
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  • 91
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    Ressources naturelles et croissance pro-pauvres : Enjeux économiques et politiques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264041844
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (159 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices et ouvrages de référence du CAD
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth; The Economics and Politics
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics and Politics
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Cette publication démontre que les ressources naturelles peuvent contribuer à la croissance, à l’emploi, aux exportations et aux recettes budgétaires dans les pays à faible revenu où le capital naturel représente un quart de la richesse totale. Elle souligne l’importance de l’adoption de mesures qui encouragent une gestion durable de ces ressources. Elle met enfin en évidence la nécessité de bien appréhender les enjeux politiques de la gestion des ressources naturelles pour favoriser une croissance économique à long terme qui profite aux pauvres. La partie I propose une vue d’ensemble des enjeux économiques et politiques de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles. Elle décrit les caractéristiques propres aux ressources naturelles et les difficultés de gestion qui en résultent, le rôle que peut jouer une gestion durable des ressources naturelles à l’appui d’une croissance pro-pauvres, et les enjeux politiques et en matière de gouvernance associés à ces ressources naturelles. Elle formule ensuite des recommandations à l’intention des responsables des politiques quant aux moyens à mobiliser pour concrétiser les approches préconisées dans la publication. La partie II analyse sept secteurs en particulier : la pêche, la forêt, la faune et la flore sauvages, l’écotourisme, la productivité des sols, la sécurité relative à l’eau, les ressources minérales et les énergies renouvelables.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264041844-fr
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  • 92
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    Intergenerational Social Mobility in European OECD Countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.709
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper breaks new ground by providing comparable estimates of intergenerational wage and education persistence across 14 European OECD countries based on a new micro data from Eurostat. A further novelty is that it examines the potential role of public policies and labour and product market institutions in explaining observed differences in intergenerational wage mobility across countries. The empirical estimates show that intergenerational wage persistence is relatively high in southern European countries, as well as in the United Kingdom. Likewise, intergenerational persistence in education is relatively high both in southern European countries and in Luxembourg and Ireland. By contrast, both persistence in wages and education tends to be lower in Nordic countries. In addition, empirical results show that education is one important driver of intergenerational wage persistence across European countries. There is a positive crosscountry correlation between intergenerational wage mobility and redistributive policies, as well as a positive correlation between wage-setting institutions that compress the wage distribution and mobility.
    DOI: 10.1787/223043801483
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  • 93
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    Vers une croissance pro-pauvres : L'emploi et la protection sociale (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 7-63
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Employment and Social Protection
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 7-63
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: L’emploi et la protection sociale sont deux moyens déterminants d’assurer l’instauration d’une croissance pro-pauvres et la réalisation des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement. Dans les pays en voie de développement la majorité des pauvres travaillent, mais principalement dans le secteur informel de l’économie, où les conditions d’emploi sont médiocres, la productivité faible et les revenus insuffisants. Une action visant à créer des conditions plus propices à la création d’entreprises à l’échelon local entraînera une amélioration des résultats obtenus sur le plan de l’emploi dans les pays en développement. La protection sociale est un investissement dans les personnes. Elle offre aux ménages la possibilité d’investir dans des activités productives et dans leur capital humain, et d’accroître ainsi leur productivité et leurs revenus. La protection sociale et l’emploi sont des priorités de développement permanentes, mais ils revêtent encore plus d’importance en période de difficulté économique. Il est jugé de plus en plus souhaitable, dans les pays en développement, que les pouvoirs publics intensifient leur action dans ces deux domaines.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art21-fr
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  • 94
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Communauté européenne (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 8, no. 4, p. 147-293
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 148 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of the European Community
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 4, p. 147-293
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Résumé. Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant l’Australie et les États-Unis pour l’examen de l’aide de la Communauté européenne qui a eu lieu le 26 juin 2007. Il est apparu que la Communauté européenne dans son ensemble a déboursé pour plus de 10 milliards USD d’aide publique au développement en 2006 et que la Commission européenne joue un rôle « fédérateur » qui pourrait être important par rapport aux institutions des 27 États membres de l’Union européenne. Le CAD a loué à la fois les restructurations opérées par la Commission dans le système de coopération pour le développement et les améliorations apportées depuis l’examen par les pairs de 2002 dans l’acheminement de l’aide communautaire. Il a salué les orientations stratégiques adoptées en 2007 en vue d’assurer une meilleure division du travail entre la Commission et les États membres et le Consensus européen pour le développement qui, depuis 2005, définit un cadre d’action commun pour ces derniers. Il a noté que la Communauté européenne reste confrontée à un certain nombre de défis, notamment les suivants : faire en sorte que l’objectif de développement, privilégié par le Consensus, transparaisse dans les politiques suivies par l’Union européenne, assurer la mise en oeuvre effective de ces politiques au niveau des pays, et poursuivre la réforme des institutions et la simplification des procédures.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v8-art34-fr
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  • 95
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Danemark (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 8, no. 4, p. 7-145
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 140 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Denmark
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 4, p. 7-145
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: Résumé. Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant la Grèce et les Pays-Bas pour l’examen de l’aide du Danemark qui a eu lieu le 8 juin 2007. Parmi les principales questions abordées figurent les suivantes : l’importance des moyens financiers alloués à l’aide publique au développement (APD) et la décision bienvenue des autorités danoises de maintenir à au moins 0.8 % la part du revenu national brut (RNB) consacrée à l’APD ; le solide fondement juridique résultant du soutien de longue date accordé à la coopération pour le développement ; le caractère à la fois intégré et décentralisé du système qui favorise l’efficacité d’acheminement de l’aide et autorise une marge de manoeuvre pour l’alignement et l’harmonisation des programmes ; l’accent louable mis sur l’assurance qualité ; la nécessité de poursuivre les efforts de mise en oeuvre des engagements souscrits en vertu de la Déclaration de Paris sur l’efficacité de l’aide ; les améliorations à apporter au dispositif d’apprentissage et à la diffusion des enseignements de l’expérience à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’organisation, en particulier concernant des domaines qui retiennent plus spécialement l’attention de la communauté des donneurs, comme l’intégration des questions transversales, le renforcement des capacités et la décentralisation ; la nécessité de pousser plus avant le déliement de l’aide.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v8-art33-fr
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  • 96
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : États-Unis (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 101-220
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 139 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 101-220
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant le Canada et le Royaume-Uni pour l’examen de l’aide des États-Unis qui a eu lieu le 7 décembre 2006. Le Comité a salué la sensible augmentation de l’aide publique au développement consentie par les États-Unis, laquelle a atteint le niveau record de 27.6 milliards USD en 2005. Il a aussi félicité les États-Unis d’avoir fait de la coopération pour le développement un des trois piliers de leur politique étrangère. Les principales recommandations concernent la nécessité de reconnaître expressément l’importance fondamentale de la lutte contre la pauvreté, d’adopter une position plus claire sur le rôle de la cohérence des politiques au service du développement, de poursuivre la délimitation des champs de compétences respectifs des instances militaires et des institutions oeuvrant dans le domaine du développement, et de prêter une plus grande attention aux objectifs d’efficacité de l’aide énoncés dans la Déclaration de Paris ainsi que l’utilité que pourrait revêtir l’élaboration conjointe par le Département d’État et l’USAID d’un plan stratégique global destiné à guider l’action humanitaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v7-art41-fr
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  • 97
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    Les approches à l'échelle de l'ensemble de l'administration pour les États fragiles (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 201-257
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Whole-of-Government Approaches to Fragile States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 201-257
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Comme il ressort des Principes du CAD pour l’engagement international dans les États fragiles et les situations précaires, les questions interdépendantes en rapport avec la gouvernance, la performance économique, l’insécurité et la pauvreté posent des problèmes aigus dans les États fragiles, d’où la nécessité d’une collaboration étroite entre les sphères de la défense, de la diplomatie, du développement, et au-delà. L’engagement international dans les États fragiles exige l’adoption d’approches et d’instruments complexes s’inscrivant dans un cadre cohérent si l’on veut parvenir à une paix durable.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v8-art39-fr
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  • 98
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Royaume-Uni (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 7-132
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 131 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of the United Kingdom
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 7-132
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement et le rapport du Secrétariat. Il a été préparé avec des examinateurs des États-Unis et l’Italie en vue de la réunion d’examen par les pairs du 31 mai 2006. L’examen a salué l’action déterminée que mène le Royaume-Uni pour concourir à la réalisation des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD) et porter son aide au développement à 0.7 % du revenu national brut (RNB) d’ici 2013. Le CAD a reconnu l’efficacité et la spécificité du modèle de coopération pour le développement britannique, qui est ancré sur un socle législatif solide et s’articule autour d’un mandat clairement défini dans le cadre d’un programme cohérent conduit sous la direction d’un ministre auquel est attribué un siège au Cabinet. Le Comité a recensé plusieurs améliorations possibles, (par exemple en matière d’approche de travail avec les donneurs, d’identification de priorités pour la cohérence des politiques, d’engagement avec la société civile et de clarification institutionnelle concernant l’aide humanitaire) qui placeraient le Royaume-Uni en bonne position pour relever les défis que constituent l’accroissement du volume de l’aide, le fait d’opérer dans les environnements plus complexes qui prévalent dans les États fragiles et la nécessité d’établir la réalité des résultats obtenus au regard du développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v7-art37-fr
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  • 99
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    Relever le défi posé par le renforcement des capacités : Évoluer vers de bonnes pratiques (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 259-306
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 49 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Challenge of Capacity Development: Working Towards Good Practice
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 259-306
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Documents à l’appui, le rapport dresse un bilan de quatre décennies d’expérience à partir de données communiquées par des donneurs tant bilatéraux que multilatéraux ainsi que d’universitaires, afin d’aider les responsables des politiques et les praticiens à mettre sur pied des approches efficaces du renforcement des capacités et à déterminer les éléments qui risquent de faire encore obstacle à l’amélioration des capacités au plan national. Cette analyse repose sur un cadre conceptuel qui conduit le praticien à envisager le renforcement des capacités à trois niveaux interdépendants : celui de l’individu, celui de l’organisation et celui du contexte à mettre en place. Elle offre des pistes de réflexion sur ce que recouvre le renforcement des capacités, sur les raisons de son importance et, enfin et surtout, sur ce qui peut être fait pour le favoriser.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v8-art40-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 100
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    Vers un guide du CAD pour l'évaluation des activités en faveur de la prévention des conflits et de la construction de la paix (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 7-121
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 116 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Encouraging Effective Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Towards DAC Guidance
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 7-121
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Sont décrites dans le présent rapport les grandes lignes d’une méthode susceptible d’être suivie pour élaborer des orientations sur l’évaluation des activités de prévention des conflits et de construction de la paix. Les auteurs se sont appuyés sur un large tour d’horizon des documents existants ainsi que sur des entretiens avec des experts de premier plan, et le rapport a été rédigé en concertation avec les réseaux du CAD sur les conflits, la paix et la coopération pour le développement et sur l’évaluation du développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v8-art37-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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