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  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (2,119)
  • Anderson, Kym
  • Christiaensen, Luc
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (2,111)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (89)
  • México D.F. : Edebé Ediciones Internacionales S.A de C.V., Mexico
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migrants, Markets, and Mayors : Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Employment Challenges ; Female Migrants ; Government ; Migration ; Urban Development ; Urban Markets
    Abstract: Research on migration and urban development in Africa has primarily focused on larger cities and rural-to-urban migration. However, 97 percent of Africa's urban centers have fewer than 300,000 inhabitants, and a sizable share of urban migrants come from other urban areas. A more holistic and dynamic perspective, incorporating migration flows along the full urban hierarchy, as well as urban-urban migrants, is needed to better understand and leverage migration for urban development. Migrants, Markets, and Mayors: Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities draws on demographic data, research literature, key informant interviews, and empirical research to better understand how migrants in Africa's secondary cities fare in urban labor markets, how they affect aggregate urban productivity, and how mayors can leverage migrants' potential to the benefit of all. It explores these questions across countries and four urban case settings: Jijiga in Ethiopia, Jinja in Uganda, and Jendouba and Kairouan in Tunisia. Although mayors in secondary cities often see migrants as a burden to their cities' labor markets and a threat to development, the report finds that migrants contribute increasingly less to urban population growth and that they usually strengthen the resident labor force. The report also finds that labor market outcomes for migrants are at least as good as those for nonmigrants. Africa's secondary cities are well placed to leverage migration, but evidence-based policies are needed to manage the growth and development of land and labor markets. The report reviews policy options that mayors can take to strengthen the financial, technical, and planning capacity of secondary cities and better leverage migration to benefit migrants and nonmigrants alike. "Much of the literature on migration to cities examines migration in a nonspatial fashion or focuses on rural-urban migration to the largest, most visible cities. This volume fills a gap by focusing on migration to secondary cities, coming up with a compelling set of facts. Overall, the volume is very well done and sets a benchmark for future research." J. Vernon Henderson, School Professor of Economic Geography, London School of Economics
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Does Agricultural Intensification Pay? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aihounton, Ghislain Does Agricultural Intensification Pay?
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Farm Performance ; Food Security ; Intensification ; Rice Farmers ; Rural Transformaiton ; Rural Transformation ; Smallholder Labor Productivity ; Specialization
    Abstract: Modern inputs and mechanization are promoted across Africa to raise smallholder labor productivity and broker the structural transformation. Yet, adoption has remained low and the implications for returns to labor and labor allocation remain poorly understood. This paper explores the effects of different intensification packages on farm performance, market orientation, and food security using data from lowland rice farmers in Cote d'Ivoire. Employing a multinomial treatment effect model, the findings reveal that intensification increases land and labor productivity, especially when agro-chemicals and mechanized land preparation are combined. Returns to labor double to triple, inducing specialization and greater market orientation as well as greater food security, while productively releasing agricultural labor for other activities. Labor in agriculture becomes more waged. The gender balance remains the same. Child labor input does not decrease. The findings call for greater attention to labor productivity and confirm that agricultural intensification can pay and enhance rural transformation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10405
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  • 3
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    Jobs, Food and Greening : Exploring Implications of the Green Transition for Jobs in the Agri-food System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agri-Food Jobs ; Agricultural Pollution ; Agriculture Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Industry ; Food Industry Pollution ; Green Issues ; Green Transition Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: The agri-food system (AFS) employs about one third of the global workforce and contributes about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This together with its large exposure to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation makes what happens in AFS central to the green transition and its implications for jobs and the structural transformation. Microeconomic evidence suggests that the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices will increase labor requirements, at least in the short run and at lower levels of incomes, when its mechanization is still limited. Econometric macro-model-based simulations suggest however that especially substantial investment in climate friendly agricultural R and D as well as soil and water preserving practices and market integration will more than offset the negative effects of climate change and even accelerate the structural transformation, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Overall, the findings underscore the tremendous potential of increasing agricultural and climate friendly R and D investment for brokering an environmentally sustainable structural transformation. Repurposing of agriculture's current USD 638 billion support package towards supporting more climate friendly practices, including to overcome the time lag between the moment of investment and the realization of the benefits, provides an important policy entry point
    DOI: 10.1596/39819
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  • 4
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    Rural Employment in Africa : Trends and Challenges (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Labor Markets ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural off farm activities remains low. This paper uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services which rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digitization, the imperative of greening and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/37023
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  • 5
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Silesia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, the number of jobs directly linked to coal-mining in Silesia is substantial, with 72,000 employees in the mining conglomerates, and an additional 17,000 providing goods and services to the mines. Second, coal-related employment is heavily concentrated geographically: as much as 40 percent of the population of Bierunsko-Iedzinski is employed directly and indirectly in the mining sector, and 80 percent of the mining conglomerates' contract value goes to subcontractors within a 20km radius of the mines. Third, the coal sector is highly integrated among a few large firms: 28 percent of the indirect workforce is employed by 10 subcontractors. Fourth, workers in the mining conglomerates have lower foundational (but better technical) skills than their regional and national counterparts, especially those with lower education. Finally, while eager to work, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that they are averse to both, commuting and relocating for work, even though less so than in Wielkopolska, yet more so that in Lower Silesia, the two other regions. Together this suggests that there are important welfare and political economic benefits to adequate job creation locally. The paper further advances a data-driven viable-job-matching tool specifically tailored to the Polish labor market and illustrates how it could be used to assess the potential of local labor markets and future investments to absorb the coal-affected workers accounting for their skills profile, re/upskilling needs, and job attribute preferences
    DOI: 10.1596/38119
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  • 6
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition : Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Lower Silesia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Lower Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, while the number of people directly and indirectly affected by coal mine closures in Lower Silesia (~5,500) is relatively small compared to the total regional labor force (lessthan1%), affected workers are heavily concentrated geographically. Second, workers in heavily affected municipalities have lower foundational (but better technical) skills than their regional and national counterparts, and already operate in lagging local economies. Third, while eager to work, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that they are averse to both, commuting and relocating for work, even though less so than in Silesia and Wielkopolska, the two other regions. Together this suggests that there are important welfare and political economic benefits to adequate job creation locally. The paper further advances a data-driven viable-job-matching tool specifically tailored to the Polish labor market and illustrates how it could be used to assess the potential of local labor markets and future investments to absorb the coal-affected workers accounting for their skills profile, re/upskilling needs and job attribute preferences
    DOI: 10.1596/38090
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  • 7
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Wielkopolska (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal ; Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Energy Sector ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Wielkopolska, which is most advanced in the transition out of coal. Finding viable job transitions is of enormous importance. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, even though limited from a regional perspective (4,000 workers), affected jobs are highly concentrated in a few already lagging and depopulating municipalities. Second, while coal-related workers are similarly skilled as other workers in Wielkopolska, non-coal related workers in the at-risk municipalities are substantially less skilled, exposing them to potential displacement effects. Finally, while ready to work and to be re-skilled, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that all workers are averse both to commuting and relocating for work, even more so than in Silesia and Lower Silesia. Complementary social protection and employment support will be needed, and the paper suggests some policy options based on international experience. The paper concludes by illustrating how a big-data driven job-matching tool, calibrated on the Polish labor market, could be used to assist caseworkers in identifying "viable-job-transition-pathways" for affected workers as well as to help policymakers identify reskilling needs and attract investments
    DOI: 10.1596/38175
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  • 8
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    Economic and Social Development along the Urban-Rural Continuum : New Opportunities to Inform Policy (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Cattaneo, Andrea Economic and Social Development along the Urban-Rural Continuum: New Opportunities to Inform Policy
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Access To Health Services ; Communities and Human Settlements ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Peri-Urban ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Poverty Analysis ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Rural-Urban Linkage ; Territorial Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: The economic and social development of nations relies on their population having physical access to services and employment opportunities. For the vast majority of the 3.4 billion people living in rural locations, this largely depends on their access to urban centers of different sizes. Similarly, urban centers depend on their rural hinterlands. Building on the literature on functional areas/territories and the rural-urban continuum as well as insights from central place theory, this review paper advances the notion of catchment areas differentiated along an urban-to-rural continuum to capture these urban-rural interconnections. It further shows how a new, publicly available data set operationalizing this concept can shed new light on policy making across a series of development fields, including institutions and governance, urbanization and food systems, welfare and poverty, and access to health and education services. Together the insights support a more geographically nuanced perspective on development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9756
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  • 9
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    Assessing the Affordability of Nutrient-Adequate Diets (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Schneider, Kate Assessing the Affordability of Nutrient-Adequate Diets
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Diet Cost ; Food Affordability ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Price ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Meal Sharing ; Nutrient Adequacy ; Nutrition ; Poverty and Health ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The affordability of nutritious diets is increasingly used as a metric of how well a food system provides access to nutritious diets for all. Recent work on least-cost diets has focused on individuals, while most food and anti-poverty programs and policies target the household level. Members within households have differing nutritional needs, presenting the methodological question: how should the cost of nutritious diets be estimated at the household level This study develops bounds on the cost, affordability, and seasonal variation of least-cost diets for whole households, illustrated with the example of Malawi. When intrahousehold sharing is not possible to observe, the bounded approach provides insights into the range of the cost and affordability, and the extent to which the cost may vary seasonally. The results reveal that when meals are shared, ignoring demographic diversity within households greatly underestimates the affordability of adequate diets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9834
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  • 10
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    Migrants, Markets, and Mayors : Rising Above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities - Key Insights (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Urban Labor Market ; Urbanization
    Abstract: In our rapidly urbanizing world, mayors often see migrants as a burden to their city's labor market and a threat to its development. Drawing on national household surveys and four secondary city case studies in Africa, this study finds that migrants, being younger, better educated and/or complementary to the resident labor force, usually strengthen the urban labor force. In secondary cities, labor market outcomes for migrants are at least as good as those for residents. Migrants also contribute increasingly less to urban population growth. Secondary cities thus appear well placed to leverage migration. This requires good urban management that develops land and labor markets, prepares for growth and benefits everyone, migrants as well as residents. Migrant specific interventions are warranted when divisions between natives and migrants are deep. Strengthening the financial, technical, and planning capacity of towns to better integrate migrants is part and parcel of the good job's agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/36755
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  • 11
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    Just Coal Transition in Western Macedonia, Greece : Insights from the Labor Market (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report analyzes the consequences for the labor force of Western Macedonia's (Greece) decarbonization as part of Europe's new Green Deal. Already, the region records the highest unemployment rate of the country (27 percent in 2018). A survey of contractors suggests that about 16,000 jobs could potentially be affected by the closure of the mines (about 4,500 directly in coal and power production and another 11,000-11,500 indirectly supplying goods and services). It mainly concerns older and less educated, but medium-skilled workers. Many do not expect much of a future in Western Macedonia, with most of the better-skilled seeing themselves move to other regions. But much will also depend on the coal transition path chosen, including the timing and labor intensity of the power plant decommissioning and land reclamation plans, as well as those of the new alternative activities promoted. Timely consultations with the workers affected will also be critical
    DOI: 10.1596/34737
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  • 12
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    The Future of Work in Agriculture : Some Reflections (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: As countries develop (and food saturation takes hold), agriculture's role as domestic employer declines. But the broader agri-food system (AFS) also expands, and the scope for agriculture-related job creation shifts beyond the farm. Historically, technological revolutions both have shaped and have been shaped by these dynamics. Today, a digital revolution is taking hold, affecting agricultural labor and skill demands. In this process, societies evolve from having a surplus to a shortage of domestic farm labor, typically met largely by foreign agricultural wage workers. Yet, anti-immigration sentiments are flying high in migrant-destination countries, and robots in the fields and packing plants offer an alternative. Agricultural trade may be similarly challenged. In the world's poorest countries, particularly in Africa, labor productivity in agriculture remains at historically low levels. So, what can the role of agriculture as a source of employment be in the future? This viewpoint elaborates on these trends and reviews a number of policy options, including inclusive value chain development, better immigration policies, social insurance schemes and ramp up in agricultural education and extension
    DOI: 10.1596/33704
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  • 13
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    Migration and Jobs : Issues for the 21st Century (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: With an estimated 724 million extreme poor people living in developing countries, and the world's demographics bifurcating into an older north and a younger south, there are substantial economic incentives and benefits for people to migrate. There are also important market and regulatory failures that constrain mobility and reduce the net benefits of migration. This paper reviews the recent literature and proposes a conceptual framework to better integrate and coordinate policies for addressing the different market and regulatory failures. The paper advances five types of interventions in need of particular attention in terms of design, implementation and evaluation; namely, 1) active labor market programs that serve local, regional and foreign markets; 2) remittances and investment subsidies to promote job creation and labor productivity growth; 3) social insurance programs that cover all jobs and facilitate labor mobility; 4) labor taxes to internalize the social costs of migration in receiving regions; and 5) more flexible, private sector driven schemes to regulate the flow of migrants and minimize irregular migration
    DOI: 10.1596/31807
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  • 14
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    Jobs Challenges in Slavonia, Croatia - A Subnational Labor Market Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A thriving region until the early 1990s, Slavonia, the eastern region of Croatia, has been confronted with stagnation and decline, ageing and outmigration as well as impoverishment ever since. This followed Croatia's homeland war of 1991-1995, with Slavonia one of the frontlines, economic restructuring of its state-led economy during the 1990s and 2000s and the global economic crisis of the late 2000s. More recently, after Croatia's EU accession in 2013 and coinciding with the economic upswing since 2014 in Croatia and the EU, Slavonia's labor market has started to tighten, with registered vacancies now exceeding the number of job seekers for highly educated as well as some unskilled and semi-skilled occupations. However, inactivity and unemployment remain high. In 2017, the share of the working-age population in work was only 51 percent, 10 percentage points below the rest of Croatia (61 percent) and 17 percentage points below the 2017 EU28 average. A legacy of war, limited availability of care services, and especially lower education levels explain an important part of Slavonia's much higher inactivity and unemployment. On the demand side, labor productivity in Slavonia's firms is systematically lower than in the rest of the country (except in agriculture and forestry), also consistent with Slavonia's sizeablewage gap. This, together with general disenchantment of the Slavonian population with the economicand business environment, has prompted outmigration. At the same time, a small number of firms alsooutperform their sectoral competitors elsewhere in Croatia, signaling Slavonia's potential.Looking ahead, private sector job creation remains a top priority, especially focusing on Slavonia's lower educated, who make up the bulk of the unemployed and inactive. This especially requires a reduction in the regulatory burden and an increase in Slavonian firms' competitiveness, which will also help to close the substantial wage gap with the rest of Croatia. Given the large share of its population in agriculture and forestry-related activities (close to 30 percent), Program Slavonia's current focus on agriculture and forestry is clearly warranted. With Slavonia's longstanding history and labor force experience in manufacturing and the rising number of vacancies in this sector, so is attention to manufacturing
    DOI: 10.1596/32300
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  • 15
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    Migrants, Towns, Poverty and Jobs : Insights from Tanzania (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: For a long time, the urbanization and development discourse has coincided with a focus on economic growth and big cities. Yet, much of the world's new urbanization is taking place in smaller urban entities (towns), and the composition of urbanization may well bear on the speed of poverty reduction. This paper reviews the latter question within the context of Tanzania. It starts from the observation that migration to towns contributed much more to poverty reduction than migration to cities because many more (poor) rural migrants ended up in Tanzania's towns than its cities, despite larger welfare gains from moving to the city. Drawing on the findings from a series of studies, looking at this from different angles (theoretical and empirical, quantitative and qualitative), the paper shows how towns are better at enabling the rural poor to access off-farm employment and exit poverty because they are more nearby. It concludes with a call for greater consideration of the role of towns in accelerating Africa's poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/29679
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  • 16
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    Why Secondary Towns Can Be Important for Poverty Reduction : A Migrant's Perspective (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper develops the concept of 'action space' as the range of possible destinations to which a migrant can realistically move at a given point in time and, intimately linked to this, the set of possible livelihoods at destination. It shows how this space expands and contracts over time through 'cumulative causation.' Such a dynamic framework allows for appreciating the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle ground between semi-subsistence agriculture and the capitalistic city, between what is close by and familiar and what is much further away and unknown. By opening the horizons of the (poorer) rural population and facilitating navigation of the nonfarm economy, secondary towns allow a broader base of the poor population to become physically, economically, and socially mobile. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing countries. These are the insights emerging from the in-depth life history accounts of 75 purposively selected rural-urban migrants from rural Kagera, in Tanzania
    DOI: 10.1596/29391
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  • 17
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    Care Needed : Improving the Lives of People with Dementia (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264085107 , 9789264303683 , 9789264303676
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p. , 21 x 28cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Care needed
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Alterskrankheit ; Pflegebedürftigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Across the OECD, nearly 19 million people are living with dementia. Millions of family members and friends provide care and support to loved ones with dementia throughout their lives. Globally, dementia costs over USD 1 trillion per year and represents one of the leading causes of disability for elderly adults. These numbers will continue to rise as populations age. Until a cure or disease-modifying treatment for dementia is developed, the progress of the disease cannot be stopped. This report presents the most up-to-date and comprehensive cross-country assessment of the state of dementia care in OECD countries. In recent years, OECD countries have enhanced their efforts to provide high-quality dementia care during diagnosis, early and advanced dementia, but improving measurement is necessary for enhancements in care quality and outcomes for people with dementia. The report advises a set of policies that can help countries to improve diagnosis, strengthen access to care services, improve the quality of care, and support the families and carers of people living with dementia. Measuring and comparing the services that are delivered to people with dementia and the outcomes they achieve is a crucial part of improving dementia care. Most health systems have very poor data on dementia care and countries should work to strengthen the measurement of quality and outcomes of dementia care.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085107-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 18
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    Enhancing Connectivity through Transport Infrastructure : The Role of Official Development Finance and Private Investment (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264304505 , 9789264307223 , 9789264307230
    Language: English
    Pages: 200 p. , 21 x 28cm
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Enhancing connectivity through transport infrastructure
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Private Investition ; Welt ; Development
    Abstract: Transport infrastructure is crucial to connect developing countries and help them to boost trade, growth and regional integration. This is because cross-border or long-distance roads and railways as well as international ports and airports are needed to move products and people around in a globalised world. What can bilateral and multilateral development partners do to help connect developing countries through transport infrastructure? This report takes stock of continental and regional transport plans in Africa, Asia, Latin America and parts of Europe to place development co-operation in context. It then examines the strategies and activities of development partners for transport connectivity. It also takes a hard look at the allocation of official development finance for transport connectivity, particularly in relation to the distribution of private investment for the same types of infrastructure. How large is the financing gap for transport connectivity to meet the Sustainable Development Goals? What can development partners do to fill this gap? How can they create an environment that can help mobilise more private resources? The report provides a comprehensive picture of the current state of play as well as food for thought on what can be done to move forward. It also features 16 profiles of development partners and their activities for improving transport connectivity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264304505-en
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  • 19
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    Why Secondary Towns Can Be Important for Poverty Reduction - A Migrant's Perspective (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ingelaere, Bert Why Secondary Towns Can Be Important for Poverty Reduction - A Migrant's Perspective
    Abstract: This paper develops the concept of "action space" as the range of possible destinations to which a migrant can realistically move at a given point in time and, intimately linked to this, the set of possible livelihoods at destination. It shows how this space expands and contracts over time through "cumulative causation." Such a dynamic framework allows for appreciating the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle ground between semi-subsistence agriculture and the capitalistic city, between what is close by and familiar and what is much further away and unknown. By opening the horizons of the (poorer) rural population and facilitating navigation of the nonfarm economy, secondary towns allow a broader base of the poor population to become physically, economically, and socially mobile. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing countries. These are the insights emerging from the in-depth life history accounts of 75 purposively selected rural-urban migrants from rural Kagera, in Tanzania
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8193
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  • 20
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    Where to Create Jobs to Reduce Poverty : Cities Or Towns? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Christiaensen, Luc Where to Create Jobs to Reduce Poverty: Cities Or Towns?
    Abstract: Should public investment be targeted to big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to minimize national poverty? To answer this policy question, this paper extends the basic Todaro-type model of rural-urban migration to the case of migration from rural areas to two potential destinations, secondary town and big city. The analysis first derives the labor income, migration cost and poverty line conditions under which a poverty gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an equilibrium phenomenon. Then sufficient statistics are developed for the policy decisions based on these parameters. The empirical remit of the model is illustrated with long-running panel data from Kagera, Tanzania. Further, the paper shows that the structure of the sufficient statistics is maintained in the case where the model is generalized to introduce heterogeneous workers and jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8069
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  • 21
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    Agriculture in Africa - Telling Myths from Facts : A Synthesis (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Christiaensen, Luc Agriculture in Africa - Telling Myths from Facts: A Synthesis
    Abstract: Stylized facts drive research agendas and policy debates. Yet robust stylized facts are hard to come by, and when available, often outdated. In a special issue of Food Policy, 12 papers revisit conventional wisdom on African agriculture and its farmers' livelihoods using nationally representative surveys from the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture Initiative in six African countries. At times, the findings simply confirm the common understanding of the topic. But the studies also throw up several surprises, redirecting some policy debates while fine-tuning others. Overall, the project calls for more attention to checking and updating the common wisdom. This requires nationally representative data, and sufficient incentives among researchers and policy makers alike. Without well-grounded stylized facts, they can easily be profoundly misguided
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7979
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  • 22
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    Where to Create Jobs : Cities or Towns? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Should public investment be targeted to big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to minimize national poverty? To answer this policy question the authors extend the basic Todaro-type model of rural-urban migration to the case of migration from rural areas to two potential destinations, secondary town and big city. The authors first derive labor income, migration cost and poverty line conditions under which a poverty gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an equilibrium phenomenon. The authors then develop sufficient statistics for the policy decisions based on these income parameters. The empirical remit of the model is illustrated with long running panel data from Kagera, Tanzania. Further, we show that the structure of the sufficient statistics is maintained in the case where the model is generalized to introduce heterogeneous workers and jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/27478
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 23
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    Cote d'Ivoire Jobs Diagnostic : Employment, Productivity, and Inclusion for Poverty Reduction (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: After a decade of crisis and stellar economic growth over the past five years, Cote d'Ivoire has now set its sight on becoming an emerging economy. Improving prospects for productive employment will be essential for socially sustainable growth and poverty reduction. The "Cote d'Ivoire Jobs Diagnostic: Employment, Productivity, and Inclusion for Poverty Reduction" report provides a comprehensive and multi-sectoral empirical analysis of employment challenges and opportunities to inform strategies and policy actions in Cote d'Ivoire. The report aims to expand policy discussions on employment from a focus on the number of jobs and unemployment to a broader attention on the quality, productivity and inclusiveness of jobs. It makes the case for a jobs strategy with a sharper poverty lens that would focus on raising labor productivity in agriculture and informal off-farm employment to foster structural transformation, while, in parallel, pursuing longer-term goals of expanding the thin formal sector
    DOI: 10.1596/26384
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 24
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    Agriculture in Africa : Telling Myths from Facts (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464811371
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (190 p)
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Agriculture and Rural Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Stylized facts set agendas and shape debates. In rapidly changing and data scarce environments, they also risk being ill-informed, outdated and misleading. So, following higher food prices since the 2008 world food crisis, robust economic growth and rapid urbanization, and climatic change, is conventional wisdom about African agriculture and rural livelihoods still accurate? Or is it more akin to myth than fact? The essays in "Agriculture in Africa" Telling Myths from Facts? aim to set the record straight. They exploit newly gathered, nationally representative, geo-referenced information at the household and plot level, from six African countries. In these new Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture, every aspect of farming and non-farming life is queried-from the plots farmers cultivate, the crops they grow, the harvest that is achieved, and the inputs they use, to all the other sources of income they rely on and the risks they face. Together the surveys cover more than 40 percent of the Sub-Saharan African population. In all, sixteen conventional wisdoms are examined, relating to four themes: the extent of farmer's engagement in input, factor and product markets; the role of off-farm activities; the technology and farming systems used; and the risk environment farmers face. Some striking surprises, in true myth-busting fashion, emerge. And a number of new issues are also thrown up. The studies bring a more refined, empirically grounded understanding of the complex reality of African agriculture. They also confirm that investing in regular, nationally representative data collection yields high social returns
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1134-0
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  • 25
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    On the Structural Transformation of Rural Africa (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barrett, Christopher B On the Structural Transformation of Rural Africa
    Abstract: From 2000 to 2014, per capita gross domestic product in Sub-Saharan Africa increased by almost 35 percent in real terms, doubling in some countries. Such progress happened while agricultural productivity growth remained low in the aggregate, despite some bright spots, and poverty reduction was steady but discouragingly slow. This paper argues that ending extreme poverty will require structural change in agriculture, and in rural African economies more broadly. Drawing on a range of recent research, the paper outlines broad priority areas for policy actions to accelerate productivity and initiate structural change in the agriculture sector and the rural nonfarm economy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7938
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  • 26
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    La pauvrete dans une Afrique en essor (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464809668
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (184 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: French Translation ; Conflicts ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Chronic Poverty
    Abstract: L'idee que l'on se fait de l'Afrique a radicalement change. Encore considere comme le continent des guerres, des famines et de la pauvrete chronique a la fin des annees 90, le continent africain est maintenant evoque sous l'angle de l'Afrique qui monte et du XXIe siecle africain. Deux decennies de croissance economique sans precedent devaient en principe ameliorer sensiblement le bien-etre des populations africaines. Il est toutefois difficile de dire si c'est effectivement le cas en raison de la mediocre qualite des donnees, de la nature du processus de croissance (s'agissant notamment du role des ressources naturelles), des conflits qui sevissent dans une partie la region et de la forte expansion demographique. Poverty in a Rising Africa decrit les problemes de donnees et analyse systematiquement les informations disponibles sur la pauvrete et les inegalites dans une perspective tant monetaire que non monetaire. Le premier chapitre evalue la disponibilite et la qualite des donnees necessaires pour cerner la pauvrete monetaire, examine les mecanismes de gouvernance et les processus politiques qui sous-tendent la production statistique et propose quelques methodes pour combler le deficit de donnees. Le chapitre 2 evalue la robustesse des estimations sur la pauvrete en Afrique et brosse a grands traits le profil de ce fleau. Selon les auteurs, la reduction de la pauvrete en Afrique est peut-etre legerement superieure a ce que les estimations traditionnelles portent a croire. Pour autant, meme les estimations les plus optimistes indiquent que davantage de personnes vivaient dans la pauvrete en 2012 qu'en 1990. Le troisieme chapitre considere la pauvrete dans une perspective elargie en prenant en compte les dimensions non monetaires du bien-etre, telles que l'education, la sante et la liberte, en utilisant la methode d'Amartya Sen (1985) axee sur les notions de capabilities et de functionings. Des progres ont certes ete accomplis dans plusieurs de ces domaines, mais les niveaux de resultats restent obstinement bas. Enfin, le chapitre 4 examine les donnees relatives aux inegalites en Afrique en analysant non seulement les types d'inegalites monetaires, mais aussi d'autres aspects tels que l'inegalite des chances, la mobilite intergenerationnelle dans le travail et l'education et l'extreme richesse
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0965-1
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  • 27
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    Price Seasonality in Africa : Measurement and Extent (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gilbert, Christopher L Price Seasonality in Africa: Measurement and Extent
    Abstract: Everyone knows about seasonality. But what exactly do we know? This study systematically measures seasonal price gaps at 193 markets for 13 food commodities in seven African countries. It shows that the commonly used dummy variable or moving average deviation methods to estimate the seasonal gap can yield substantial upward bias. This can be partially circumvented using trigonometric and sawtooth models, which are more parsimonious. Among staple crops, seasonality is highest for maize (33 percent on average) and lowest for rice (16½ percent). This is two and a half to three times larger than in the international reference markets. Seasonality varies substantially across market places, but maize is the only crop in which there are important systematic country effects. Malawi, where maize is the main staple, emerges as exhibiting the most acute seasonal differences. Reaching the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger requires renewed policy attention to seasonality in food prices and consumption
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7539
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of External Support in Building Tax Capacity in Developing Countries : Prepared for Submission to G20 Finance Ministers (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report responds to the February 2016 request from the G20. The report has been prepared in the framework of the Platform for Collaboration on Tax (the "PCT"), under the responsibility of the Secretariats and Staff of the four mandated organizations. The report reflects a broad consensus among these staff, but should not be regarded as the officially endorsed views of those organizations or of their member countries. The request arises in the context of increased recognition of the centrality to development of strong tax systems and of the importance of external support in building them, and a correspondingly increased willingness of advanced economies to provide substantially greater financing and other support for this. In that context, the report uses the experiences of the international organizations to analyze how support for developing tax capacity can be improved
    DOI: 10.1596/28409
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  • 29
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    Prevalence, Economic Contribution, and Determinants of Trees on Farms across Sub-Saharan Africa (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miller, Daniel C Prevalence, Economic Contribution, and Determinants of Trees on Farms across Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Trees on farms are often overlooked in agricultural and natural resource research and policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper addresses this gap using data from the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture in five countries: Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. Trees on farms are widespread. On average, one third of rural smallholders grow trees. They account for an average of 17 percent of total annual gross income for tree-growing households and 6 percent for all rural households. Gender, land and labor endowments, and especially forest proximity and national context are key determinants of on-farm tree adoption and management. These new, national-scale insights on the prevalence, economic contribution and determinants of trees on farms in Africa lay the basis for exploring the interaction of agriculture, on-farm tree cultivation, and forestry. This will improve our understanding of rural livelihood dynamics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7802
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  • 30
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    Secondary Towns and Poverty Reduction : Refocusing the Urbanization Agenda (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Christiaensen, Luc Secondary Towns and Poverty Reduction: Refocusing the Urbanization Agenda
    Abstract: This review is framed around the exploration of a central hypothesis: A shift in public investment toward secondary towns from big cities will improve poverty reduction performance. Of course the hypothesis raises many questions. What exactly is the dichotomy of secondary towns versus big cities? What is the evidence for the contribution of secondary towns versus cities to poverty reduction? What are the economic mechanisms for such a differential contribution and how does policy interact with them? The review finds preliminary evidence and arguments in support of the hypothesis, but the impacts of policy on poverty are quite complex even in simple settings, and the question of secondary towns and poverty reduction is an open area for research and policy analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7895
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  • 31
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    How Much of the Labor in African Agriculture is Provided by Women? (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Palacios-Lopez, Amparo How Much of the Labor in African Agriculture is Provided by Women?
    Abstract: Communities & Human Settlements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7282
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  • 32
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    Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and... Urban Push? (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jedwab, Remi Demography, Urbanization and Development: Rural Push, Urban Pull and... Urban Push?
    Abstract: Communities & Human Settlements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7333
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  • 33
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    Seasonality in Local Food Markets and Consumption : Evidence from Tanzania (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kaminski, Jonathan Seasonality in Local Food Markets and Consumption: Evidence from Tanzania
    Abstract: This paper revisits the extent of seasonality in African livelihoods. It uses 19 years of monthly food prices from 20 markets and three years of nationally representative household panel surveys from Tanzania. Trigonometric specifications are introduced to measure the seasonal gap. When samples are short and seasonality is poorly defined, they produce less upward bias than the common dummy variable approach. On average, the seasonal gap for maize prices is estimated to be 27 percent; it is 15 percent for rice. In both cases it is two and a half to three times higher than in the international reference market. Food price seasonality is not a major contributor to food price volatility, but it does translate into seasonal variation in caloric intake of about 10 percent among poor urban households and rural net food sellers. Rural net food-buying households appear able to smooth their consumption. The disappearance of seasonality from Africas development debate seems premature
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7520
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  • 34
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    The ABC of Gender Equality in Education : Aptitude, Behaviour, Confidence (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264229945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'égalité des sexes dans l'éducation ; Aptitudes, comportement et confiance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'égalité des sexes dans l'éducation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The ABC of gender equality in education
    RVK:
    DU 4000
    Keywords: Bildungschancen ; Geschlechterunterschiede ; Schüler ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; PISA-Studie ; Geschlechtsunterschied ; Schulleistungsmessung
    Abstract: This fascinating compilation of the recent data on gender differences in education presents a wealth of data, analysed from a multitude of angles in a clear and lively way. In particular it looks at underperformance among boys, lack of self confidence among girls and family, school and societal influences before addressing policies to help boys and girls reach their full potential.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264229945-en
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  • 35
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    In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264235120 , 9264232664
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als In it together
    DDC: 339.209177
    RVK:
    CC 7700
    RVK:
    MS 6500
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Soziale Ungleichheit
    Abstract: The gap between rich and poor keeps widening. Growth, if any, has disproportionally benefited higher income groups while lower income households have been left behind. This long-run increase in income inequality not only raises social and political concerns, but also economic ones. It tends to drag down GDP growth, due to the rising distance of the lower 40% from the rest of society. Lower income people have been prevented from realising their human capital potential, which is bad for the economy as a whole. This book highlights the key areas where inequalities are created and where new policies are required, including: the consequences of current consolidation policies; structural labour market changes with rising non-standard work and job polarization; persisting gender gaps; the challenge of high wealth concentration, and the role for redistribution policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264235120-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 36
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    The End of Seasonality? : New Insights from Sub-Saharan Africa (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kaminski, Jonathan The End of Seasonality?
    Abstract: This paper revisits the extent of seasonality in African livelihoods, which has disappeared from Africa's development debate. Through econometric analysis of monthly food price series across 100 locations in three countries during 2000-12, it is shown that seasonal movements in maize wholesale prices explain 20 (Tanzania, Uganda) to 40 (Malawi) percent of their monthly volatility. Monthly maize peak prices are on average 30 (Tanzania, Uganda) to 50 (Malawi) percent higher than their monthly troughs and two to three times higher than the seasonal gaps observed for white maize at the South African Futures Exchange. Furthermore, household food consumption is found to inversely track food prices in each country, decreasing when staple prices increase and increasing when they decline. Clearly, (excess) seasonality in African food markets and consumption persists, necessitating policy attention
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6907
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  • 37
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    Grain Price Spikes and Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy Responses : A Global Economywide Analysis (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Jensen, Hans G Grain Price Spikes and Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy Responses
    Abstract: When prices spike in international grain markets, national governments often reduce the extent to which that spike affects their domestic food markets. Those actions exacerbate the price spike and international welfare transfer associated with the terms of trade change. Several recent analyses have assessed the extent to which those policies contributed to the 2006-08 international price rise, but only by focusing on one commodity or using a back-of-the-envelope method. This paper provides a more comprehensive analysis that uses a global economywide model that is able to take account of the interactions between markets for farm products that are closely related in production or consumption. The model is able to estimate the impacts of those insulating policies on grain prices and on the grain trade and economic welfare of various countries. The results support the conclusion from earlier studies that there is a need for stronger World Trade Organization disciplines on export restrictions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7007
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  • 38
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    Post-Harvest Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa : What Do Farmers Say? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kaminski, Jonathan Post-Harvest Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: The 2007-2008 global food crisis has renewed interest in post-harvest loss, but estimates remain scarce, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses self-reported measures from nationally representative household surveys in Malawi, Uganda, and Tanzania. Overall, on-farm post-harvest loss adds to 1.4-5.9 percent of the national maize harvest, substantially lower than the Food and Agriculture Organization's post-harvest handling and storage loss estimate for cereals, which is 8 percent. Post-harvest loss is concentrated among less than a fifth of households. It increases with humidity and temperature and declines with better market access, post-primary education, higher seasonal price differences, and possibly improved storage practices. Wider use of nationally representative surveys in studying post-harvest loss is called for
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6831
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  • 39
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    Urbanization and Poverty Reduction : The Role of Rural Diversification and Secondary Towns (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Urbanization and Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadt-Land-Beziehungen ; Ländliche Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Urbanisierung ; Tansania
    Abstract: A rather unique panel tracking more than 3,300 individuals from households in rural Kagera, Tanzania during 1991/4-2010 shows that about one in two individuals/households who exited poverty did so by transitioning from agriculture into the rural nonfarm economy or secondary towns. Only one in seven exited poverty by migrating to a large city, although those moving to a city experienced on average faster consumption growth. Further analysis of a much larger cross-country panel of 51 developing countries cannot reject that rural diversification and secondary town development lead to more inclusive growth patterns than metropolitization. Indications are that this follows because more of the poor find their way to the rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns, than to distant cities. The development discourse would benefit from shifting beyond the rural-urban dichotomy and focusing instead more on how best to urbanize and develop the rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6422
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  • 40
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    Political Economy of Public Policies : Insights from Distortions to Agricultural and Food Markets (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Political Economy of Public Policies
    Abstract: The agricultural and food sector is an ideal case for investigating the political economy of public policies. Many of the policy developments in this sector since the 1950s have been sudden and transformational, while others have been gradual but persistent. This paper reviews and synthesizes the literature on trends and fluctuations in market distortions and the political-economy explanations that have been advanced. Based on a rich global data set covering a half-century of evidence on commodities, countries, and policy instruments, the paper identifies hypotheses that have been explored in the literature on the extent of market distortions and the conditions under which reform may be feasible
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6433
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  • 41
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    Poverty Reduction during the Rural-Urban Transformation : The Role of the Missing Middle (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Poverty Reduction during the Rural-Urban Transformation
    Abstract: As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture and urbanize. But structural transformation and urbanization patterns differ substantially, with some countries fostering migration out of agriculture into rural off farm activities and secondary towns, and others undergoing rapid agglomeration in mega cities. Using cross-country panel data for developing countries spanning 1980-2004, the analysis in this paper finds that migration out of agriculture into the missing middle (the rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns) yields more inclusive growth patterns and faster poverty reduction than agglomeration in mega cities. This suggests that patterns of urbanization deserve much more attention when striving for faster poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6445
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  • 42
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    Food Price Spikes, Price Insulation, and Poverty (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Food Price Spikes, Price Insulation, and Poverty
    Abstract: This paper has two purposes. It first considers the impact on world food prices of the changes in restrictions on trade in staple foods during the 2008 world food price crisis. Those changes-reductions in import protection or increases in export restraints-were meant to partially insulate domestic markets from the spike in international prices. The authors find that this insulation added substantially to the spike in international prices for rice, wheat, maize, and oilseeds. As a result, although domestic prices rose less than they would have without insulation in some developing countries, in many other countries they rose more than they would have in the absence of such insulation. The paper's second purpose it to estimate the combined impact of such insulating behavior on poverty in various developing countries and globally. The analysis finds that the actual poverty-reducing impact of insulation is much less than its apparent impact, and that its net effect was to increase global poverty in 2008 by 8 million people, although this increase was not significantly different from zero. Since there are domestic policy instruments, such as conditional cash transfers, that could now provide social protection for the poor far more efficiently and equitably than variations in border restrictions, the authors suggest it is time to seek a multilateral agreement to desist from changing restrictions on trade when international food prices spike
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6535
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  • 43
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    On the Fungibility of Spending and Earnings : Evidence from Rural China and Tanzania (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc On the Fungibility of Spending and Earnings
    Abstract: A common behavioral assumption of micro-economic theory is that income is fungible. Using household panel data from rural China and Tanzania, this study finds however that people are more likely to spend unearned income on less basic consumption goods such as alcohol and tobacco, non-staple food, transportation and communication, and clothing, while they are somewhat more likely to spend earned income on basic consumption goods such as staple food, and invest it in education. This resonates with the widespread cultural notion that money that is easily earned is also more easily spent. Cognitively, the results could be understood within the context of emotional accounting, whereby people classify income based on the emotions it evokes, prompting them to spend hard earned money more wisely to mitigate the negative connotations associated with its acquisition. The policy implications are real, bearing for example on the choice between employment guarantee schemes and cash transfers in designing social security programs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6298
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
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    Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions to Agriculture and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: To what extent has Sub-Saharan Africa's slow economic growth over the past five decades been due to price and trade policies that discouraged production of agricultural relative to non-agricultural tradables? This paper uses a new set of estimates of policy induced distortions to relative agricultural prices to address this question econometrically. First, the authors test if these policy distortions respond to economic growth, using rainfall and international commodity price shocks as instrumental variables. They find that on impact there is no significant response of relative agricultural price distortions to changes in real GDP per capita growth. Then, the authors test the reverse proposition and find a statistically significant and sizable negative effect of relative agricultural price distortions on the growth rate of Sub-Saharan African countries. The fixed effects estimates yield that, during the 1960-2005 period, a ten percentage points increase in distortions to relative agricultural prices decreased the region's real GDP per capita growth rate by about half a percentage point per annum
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6206
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  • 45
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    A Toolkit of Policy Options to Support Inclusive Green Growth (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2012, the Mexican Presidency of the G20 introduced inclusive green growth as a cross-cutting priority on the G20 development agenda. The second meeting of the G20 Development Working Group (DWG), hosted by the Government of the Republic of Korea, took place in Seoul the 19th and 20th of March 2012. As agreed during the first DWG meeting, this second meeting focused on the priorities for their presidency in the first half of 2012: infrastructure, food security and inclusive green growth (IGG). At its Seoul meeting, the DWG also agreed that IGG co-facilitators and relevant international organizations (IOs) should work together in 2012 to develop a nonprescriptive good practices guide/toolkit on enabling national policy frameworks for inclusive green growth to support countries who voluntarily wish to design and implement affordable and inclusive green growth policies, with the aim of achieving sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The toolkit is organized as follows. First, the necessity of applying the different tools in the context of a broad inclusive green growth strategy is stressed, and a harmonized framework combining approaches and tools identified by all four IOs is set forth. Second, the document offers an overview of key tools that can be mobilized to implement an inclusive green growth strategy. Quick technical descriptions of these tools are offered along with suggested sources for further details. Finally, capacity building and knowledge sharing initiatives are presented, with the Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGKP) highlighted as a powerful collaborative tool to advance policies for inclusive green economies
    DOI: 10.1596/27097
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  • 46
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    The Role of Agriculture in a Modernizing Society : Food, Farms and Fields in China 2030 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: China's success in addressing food problems after adopting the reforms in 1978 has been nothing less than remarkable. Grain output (rice, wheat and maize) has almost doubled and most hunger has been eliminated. Ever since China embarked on its reform agenda more than 30 years ago, its economic growth and poverty reduction have been nothing less than remarkable. Agriculture has been an important contributor to these developments. Since 1978, China has almost doubled its cereal production (rice, wheat and maize) and it is now feeding 1.3 billion people, or 20 percent of the world's population, while having less than 11 percent of the world s agricultural land and less than 6 percent of its water. New challenges are presenting themselves for China's agriculture, and old ones are resurfacing. High (land saving) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth and increasingly open domestic and international markets, combined with grain self-sufficiency targets, a multitude of very small, fragmented production structures, and distorted land and labor markets have defined Chinese agriculture over the past three decades. The relative importance of agriculture s three problems in policymaking thus evolves during the course of development away from the food to the farm and field problems. This shift has however recently been compounded by a resurgence of the food problem, as global supplies struggle to keep up with demand. China's agriculture anno 2030 will be predominantly a modern commercial smallholder agriculture that ensures self-sufficiency in cereal food (rice and wheat), but not in cereal feed (maize and soybeans). The sector will maximize rural employment opportunities in labor intensive high value agricultural products and act as a diligent custodian of its precious natural resources
    DOI: 10.1596/26882
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  • 47
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    Incorporating Green Growth and Sustainable Development Policies into Structural Reform Agendas (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report examines how green growth and sustainable development policies can be incorporated into structural reform agendas. Indeed, as demonstrated in the report, many of these policies are closely linked and synergistic with the framework policies applied by G20 governments in their efforts to pursue strong and sustainable growth. The report, has been prepared in response to the request from G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in their communication of 25-26 February 2012 that asked the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with the World Bank and the United Nation (UN), to prepare a report that provides options for G20 countries on inserting green growth and sustainable development policies into structural reform agendas, tailored to specific country conditions and level of development. The report will be an input to the G-20 leader's summit in Los Cabos and provides a toolkit of policy options from which countries may draw-upon when designing their own green growth strategies. The G20 development working group has also tasked the International Organizations with the development of a non-prescriptive toolkit of policy options to support inclusive green growth in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/27111
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  • 48
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    Boosting Jobs and Living Standards in G20 Countries (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Almost four years since the onset of the global financial and economic crisis, unemployment and underemployment remain stubbornly high in many G20 countries, and many workers remain trapped in low paid, often informal, jobs with little social protection. Job creation has been anemic in many countries, too slow to fully reabsorb the mass of unemployed and underemployed or, particularly in some emerging market economies, to keep pace with labour force growth and the pressures of rural-urban migration. This raises concerns about the long-term negative effects on human capital, growing inequality and lower future output growth. The political pressures are high, and the risk of a drift towards protectionist measures aimed at 'keeping jobs at home' cannot be ignored. While there is substantial variation in national contexts, G20 countries can help minimize these risks through collective and collaborative work aimed at identifying and implementing credible policy reforms that will boost job creation, employment and the quality of jobs. The report aims at providing a preliminary review of countries' experiences against the backdrop of an evolving economic outlook and could form the basis of a more in-depth analysis, should Ministers request it. Improving labour market outcomes involves several challenges relating to both the quantity and quality aspects of job creation. There is a need in all countries to harness growth to generate labour market opportunities that correspond to labour force growth
    DOI: 10.1596/27112
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  • 49
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    How Has the Global Economic Crisis Affected People with Different Levels of Education ? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.1
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: With all the economic turmoil of the past several years, have you ever wished you could buy an insurance policy to protect against the effects of a global recession? Well, such an insurance policy already exists – and it’s called higher education. During the first two years of the global economic crisis, in country after country, people with a tertiary (higher) education were much less likely to be unemployed, much more likely to be participating in the labour force, and more likely to have higher earnings, compared to their less-educated counterparts. These and other findings are discussed in the first issue of the OECD’s new education brief series, Education Indicators in Focus.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9fgpwlc6s0-en
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  • 50
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    Equity and Quality in Education : Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264130852
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Across OECD countries, almost one in every five students does not reach a basic minimum level of skills. In addition, students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds are twice as likely to be low performers. Lack of fairness and inclusion can lead to school failure and this means that one in every five young adults on average drop out before completing upper secondary education. Reducing school failure pays off for both society and individuals. The highest performing education systems across OECD countries combine quality with equity. This report presents policy recommendations for education systems to help all children succeed in their schooling.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264130852-en
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    Pensions at a Glance Asia/Pacific 2011 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107007
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107007-en
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  • 52
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    Does Money Buy Strong Performance in PISA? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Argent rime-t-il avec bonne performance dans l'enquête PISA ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This issue will show that strong performers do not invest scarce resources in smaller classes, but in higher teachers' salaries. They are neither the countries that spend the most on education, nor are they the wealthiest countries; rather they are the countries that are committed to providing high-quality education to all students in the belief that all students can achieve at high levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9fhmfzc4xx-en
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  • 53
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    ICT Applications for the Smart Grid : Opportunities and Policy Implications (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.190
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h2q8v9bln-en
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  • 54
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    Machine-to-Machine Communications : Connecting Billions of Devices (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.192
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gsh2gp043-en
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  • 55
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    Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 368 p. , 21x28cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Parallel Title: Print version Inventory of estimated budgetary support and tax expenditures for fossil fuels
    Keywords: Fossil fuels Taxation ; Gas industry Subsidies ; Fossil fuels Finance ; Fossil fuels ; Petroleum industry and trade Subsidies
    Abstract: This publication provides preliminary, quantitative estimates of direct budgetary support and tax expenditures supporting the production or consumption of fossil fuels in selected OECD member countries. The information has been compiled as part of the OECD's programme of work to develop a better understanding of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS). It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. It is also intended to inform the ongoing efforts of G20 nations to reform fossil-fuel subsidies. For each of the 24 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country's tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided
    Description / Table of Contents: ForewordExecutive summary -- Introduction -- Australia -- Belgium -- Canada -- Chile -- France -- Germany -- Hungary -- Iceland -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Japan -- Korea -- Luxembourg -- Mexico -- Netherlands -- New Zealand -- Norway -- Poland -- Spain -- Sweden -- Turkey -- United Kingdom -- United States -- Glossary.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264128736-en
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  • 56
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    Greening China's Rural Energy : New Insights on the Potential of Smallholder Biogas (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Greening China's Rural Energy
    Abstract: Clean, safe energy for rural areas is an important component of green growth and sustainable development. Biogas could be an important contributor, if its record in reality lives up to its expected potential. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of biogas use by smallholder farmers in rural China, using data collected from 2,700 households in five provinces. The authors find that user satisfaction is high, and environmental and economic benefits appear tangible. There are strong indications of reduced use of wood and crop residues for fuel. Less time is spent on collecting fuel wood and cooking, which is especially beneficial to women. Adopters also save on fertilizers, because of the use of biogas residues. Moreover, problems with suspension of biogas use, whether due to technical or human factors, remained limited. However, few tangible benefits to respiratory health were detected. Overall, these findings are grounds for optimism about the potential for of smallholder biogas to contribute to more sustainable development, in China and beyond
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6102
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  • 57
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    Institutional and Financial Relations across Levels of Government (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167001
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Institutional and financial relations across levels of government
    Keywords: Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Dezentralisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Dezentralisation
    Abstract: As financial markets put more and more pressure on governments to reduce their deficits and debts, sub-central levels of government are a key player in the implementation of national strategies. The room for manoeuvre to implement consolidations strategies coordinated across levels of government highly depends on the institutional structure of intergovernmental relations, and the effectiveness of their multi-level governance structure. This was already the case for recovery strategies, in the beginning of the crisis. This report provides an overview of the institutional and financial relations across levels of government that enables policymakers evaluate their position and identify good practices for mobilizing sub-central governments for national growth, equity and stability objectives. This report is divided into two parts: the first part is analytical and the second part provides institutional and quantitative country information and comparisons.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167001-en
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    OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264169166
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD handbook on measuring the space economy
    Keywords: Raumfahrt ; Weltraum ; Economics ; Raumfahrt ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: This publication provides a summary of the key methodological issues surrounding indicators and statistics on the space sector and the larger space economy and it meant to be complementary to The Space Economy at a Glance 2011.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264169166-en
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  • 59
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    Improving Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems : OECD Conference Proceedings (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving agricultural knowledge and innovation systems
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Science and Technology ; Konferenzschrift 2011 ; Wissensbasiertes System ; Innovation ; Landwirtschaft
    Abstract: This conference proceedings from the OECD Conference on Agricultural Knowledge Systems (AKS), held in Paris, on 15-17 June 2011, discusses a large range of experiences and approaches to AKS explores how to foster development and adoption of innovation to meet global food security and climate change challenges. The conference considered developments in institutional frameworks, public and private roles and partnerships, regulatory frameworks conducive to innovation, the adoption of innovations and technology transfers, and the responsiveness of AKS to broader policy objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167445-en
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  • 60
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    International Drivers of Corruption : A Tool for Analysis (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167513
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD International drivers of corruption
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Weltwirtschaft ; Globalisierung ; Korruption
    Abstract: Corruption and other governance problems result primarily from processes generated within the domestic political economy. There are major international factors, however, that interact with domestic processes: international drivers of corruption. This report introduces an analytical tool to help readers understand how these international drivers of corruption affect governance and corruption at the country level. It provides a means for identifying those drivers that matter most for domestic governance, as well as opportunities for international actors to work more effectively to improve governance in specific country contexts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167513-en
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  • 61
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    Sick on the Job? : Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Mental Health and Work
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mal-être au travail ? ; Mythes et réalités sur la santé mentale et l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mal-être au travail ? : Mythes et réalités sur la santé mentale et l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sick on the job?
    DDC: 158.72
    RVK:
    CU 3040
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Arbeit ; Psychische Gesundheit
    Abstract: The costs of mental ill-health for the individuals concerned, employers and society at large are enormous. Mental illness is responsible for a very significant loss of potential labour supply, high rates of unemployment, and a high incidence of sickness absence and reduced productivity at work. In particular, mental illness causes too many young people to leave the labour market, or never really enter it, through early moves onto disability benefit. Today, between one-third and one-half of all new disability benefit claims are for reasons of mental ill-health, and among young adults that proportion goes up to over 70%. Indeed, mental ill-health is becoming a key issue for the well-functioning of OECD’s labour markets and social policies and requires a stronger focus on policies addressing mental health and work issues. Despite the very high costs to the individuals and the economy, there is only little awareness about the connection between mental health and work, and the drivers behind the labour market outcomes and the level of inactivity of people with mental ill-health. Understanding these drivers is critical for the development of more effective policies. This report aims to identify the knowledge gaps and begin to narrow them by reviewing evidence on the main challenges and barriers to better integrating people with mental illness in the world of work.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124523-en
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    Strategic Transport Infrastructure Needs to 2030 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264168626
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD Strategic transport infrastructure needs to 2030
    RVK:
    RB 10762
    Keywords: -2030 ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Infrastrukturversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Transport ; Economics ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Bedarfsplanung
    Abstract: Transcontinental Infrastructure Needs to 2030/50 explores the long-term opportunities and challenges facing major gateway and transport hub infrastructures -- ports, airports and major rail corridors – in the coming decades. The report uses projections and scenarios to assess the broader economic outlook and future infrastructure requirements, and examines the options for financing these, not least against the backdrop of the economic recession and financial crisis which have significantly modified the risks and potential rewards associated with major infrastructure projects. Building on numerous in-depth case studies from Europe, North America and Asia, the report offers insights into the economic prospects for these key facilities and identifies policy options for improved gateway and corridor infrastructure in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264114425-en
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    Literacy, Numeracy and Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments : Framework for the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264128859
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments
    RVK:
    DW 1000
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Erwachsene ; Analphabetismus ; Informationstechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Erwachsener ; Schreib- und Lesefähigkeit ; Rechenfähigkeit
    Abstract: A basic level of literacy and numeracy is essential for full participation in modern societies. While very few people in most of the advanced countries could be regarded as illiterate or innumerate, recent studies have shown that there are, in fact, significant numbers of people with poor skills, and that low levels of skills are associated with lower wages and greater chances of unemployment and disengagement from the labour market. At the same time, technological changes, particularly the increasing presence of information and communication technologies in all areas of life, have led to a growing demand for higher-level cognitive skills that involve understanding, interpreting, analysing and communicating complex information. In this context, policy makers need the most comprehensive and up-to-date information if they want to ensure that the supply of skills in the labour force matches labour-market demand. The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), an international assessment of adult skills managed by the OECD, will be central in providing that information. Implemented by 25 countries in Europe, the Americas and Asia, PIAAC is compiling one of the richest sources of data regarding the skills that adults use in their work, home and communities, and related information, including family background, education, employment, income, civic participation and health. Results from the data, which are being collected from August 2011 to March 2012, will be available at the end of 2013. This report maps the development of the Programme, from determining what should be measured, to defining the meaning of PIAAC’s three core domains, “literacy”, “numeracy” and “problem solving in technology-rich environments”, to designing assessment tasks and determining how those tasks will be interpreted. It summarises the draft frameworks, developed by dedicated experts, for each of the assessment domains, and includes examples of the items and stimuli used to measure proficiency in the three domains. In essence, it provides an overview and a look at the underpinnings of PIAAC.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264128859-en
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    Strategic Environmental Assessment in Development Practice : A Review of Recent Experience (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166745
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strategic environmental assessment in development practice
    Keywords: Umweltverträglichkeit ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Abstract: The principles of sustainable development play an integral role in making development assistance work at the level of policies, plans and programmes. In response to the Paris Declaration call to “… develop and apply common approaches for ‘Strategic Environmental Assessment’ at sector and national levels” among donors and partners, the Guidance on Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment was endorsed in 2006 by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, representatives of developing countries receiving aid, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and many other agencies. Since then, a growing number of countries at all levels of development have legislation or regulations prescribing the application of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)  and many more are introducing it as part of their policy tools. This is creating unique opportunities for better policy making and planning by incorporating environmental considerations into high-level decision-making and opening new mechanisms to build consensus on development priorities within governments themselves and between governments and societies. Many development co-operation agencies and their partners are already making good progress in applying SEA. This publication presents the nine most interesting case studies of SEA in progress, selected from a total 100. These nine cases highlight that SEA can:• Safeguard environmental assets for sustainable poverty reduction and development;• Build public engagement in decision making;• Prevent costly mistakes by alerting decision-makers to potentially unsustainable development options at an early stage in the decision-making process;• Speed up implementation of projects and programmes;• Facilitate co-operation around shared environmental resources and contribute to conflict prevention.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264166745-en
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    Are Boys and Girls Ready for the Digital Age? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Garçons et filles sont-ils également prêts à affronter l'ère numérique ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Information and communication technologies revolutionise not only the speed at which information can be transmitted, but also how information is conveyed and received. Technological innovations have a profound effect on the types of skills that are demanded in today's labour markets and the types of jobs that have the greatest potential for growth. Most of these jobs now require some familiarity with, if not mastery of, navigating through digital material where readers determine the structure of what they read rather than follow the pre-established order of text as presented in a book…
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gzj7398bw-en
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  • 66
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    Global Security Risks and West Africa : Development Challenges (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264171848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This publication explores current global security issues, their development in West Africa and their potential impact on regional stability. It takes a close look at issues such as terrorism and trafficking, climate change, and the links between “security and development”. Some of these issues are still the object of heated debate. This book draws attention to the risk of oversimplified analyses and biased perceptions of security risks. It also highlights the need for coordinated policies and dialogue between West Africa, North Africa and OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264171848-en
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  • 67
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    Food and the Tourism Experience : The OECD-Korea Workshop (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264171923
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (173 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Tourism
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Food and the tourism experience
    Keywords: Tourismuswirtschaft ; Gastronomie ; Tourismuspolitik ; Tourismusökonomie ; Südkorea ; Spanien ; Österreich ; Japan ; Frankreich ; Italien ; Nordeuropa ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Tourism is a major part of the contemporary experience economy, in which food plays an important role. Food is a key part of all cultures, a major element of global intangible heritage and an increasingly important attraction for tourists. The linkages between food and tourism also provide a platform for local economic development, which can be strengthened by the use of food experiences for branding and marketing destinations. One of the major challenges in the experience economy is dealing with the shift towards intangible culture and heritage. The focus of many tourists has changed from the classic 'must see' physical sights such as museums and monuments towards a ‘must-experience’ imperative to consume intangible expressions of culture, such as atmosphere, creativity and lifestyle. This provides new opportunities for tourism destinations as well as new challenges, particularly in the areas of experience development, marketing and branding. This publication provides an understanding of the role of food tourism in local economic development and its potential for country branding. It also presents several innovative case studies in the food tourism sector and the experience industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264171923-en
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  • 68
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    OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Mexico (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060111
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en México
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD review of telecommunication policy and regulation in Mexico
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspolitik ; Regulierung ; Mexiko ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Mexico ; Mexiko ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; Regulierung
    Abstract: This publication reviews the telecommunication market in Mexico, examines the current policy and regulatory framework of the sector and puts forward proposals for reform in order to develop competition in the market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060111-en
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  • 69
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    Mortality Risk Valuation in Environment, Health and Transport Policies (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264130807
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Abstract: The book presents a major meta-analysis of 'value of a statistical life' (VSL) estimates derived from surveys where people around the world have been asked about their willingness to pay for small reduction in mortality risks. The analysis seeks to explain the differences in the estimates, for example across countries. Differences in incomes and the magintude of the risk reduction people have been asked to value were found to be the factors having the strongest impact on VSL, but a number of other policy-relevant factors are also important. Based on the meta-analysis, and a broad review of the literature, the book also presents clear advice on how VSL values best can be used in assessments of environmental, health and transport policies, such as in cost-benefit analyses. Using explicit VSL estimates to quantify the benefits to society of fatality risk reductions can play an important role in the development of more cost-effective public policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264130807-en
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  • 70
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    How Are Countries Around the World Supporting Students in Higher Education? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.2
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Few would dispute that having a higher education is more important than ever to help people build positive economic futures and strengthen the knowledge economies of countries. Yet as the second issue of the OECD’s new brief series Education Indicators in Focus explains, OECD countries have adopted dramatically different strategies for increasing higher education access – both in terms of how higher education is financed, and in the level of financial support they provide to individuals seeking a degree.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9fd0kd59f4-en
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  • 71
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    Dealing Effectively with the Challenges of Transfer Pricing (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264169463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dealing effectively with the challenges of transfer pricing
    Keywords: Verrechnungspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Verrechnungspreis
    Abstract: This report addresses the practical administration of transfer pricing programmes by tax administrations. Technical analysis of how transfer prices should be computed in accordance with the arm’s length principle is outside the scope of this report. Instead the report focuses on the practical experiences of a number of FTA member countries and some non-member countries. The report discusses ways in which the management of transfer pricing programmes can be optimised, so that transfer pricing audits and enquiries are conducted efficiently and in a timely manner, for the benefit of MNEs and tax administrations alike. It is concerned with the practical steps tax administrations need to take to correctly identify transfer pricing cases that merit audit or enquiry and then to progress those cases to as early a conclusion as possible.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264169463-en
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    Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2011 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264106154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264106154-en
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  • 73
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    Estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y regulación de telecomunicaciones en México (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166790
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Mexico
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Mexico
    Abstract: El presente estudio ha sido realizado por la Dirección de Ciencia, Tecnología e Industria de la ocde (dsti) bajo los auspicios del Comité de Políticas de la Información, Informática y Comunicación (Comité iccp) en respuesta a una solicitud del gobierno de México, a instancias de la Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Cofetel), y a través de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (sct), por ser ambas instituciones las encargadas de representar a México en el Comité iccp. La revisión de la ocde de la política y la regulación de las telecomunicaciones tomó como base las respuestas de las autoridades mexicanas a un cuestionario, así como los resultados de una extensa serie de entrevistas realizadas a los principales actores del sector de las telecomunicaciones durante una misión de investigación efectuada en México. El informe fue objeto de una revisión de pares en el Comité iccp el 27 de octubre de 2011, siendo la revisión encabezada por la doctora Mónica Ariño (Ofcom, Reino Unido) y el señor François Lions (arcep, Francia). Se terminó a principios de noviembre de 2011 y refleja los avances hasta ese momento.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264166790-es
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    Case Law (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 57-57
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jurisprudence
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 57-57
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany Judgement of the Federal Administrative Court on the Konrad Repository Project (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsb1q8g0
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  • 75
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    Case Law (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 65-69
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 5 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jurisprudence
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 65-69
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France ; South Africa ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: France Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights on the Right to a Fair Trial, in the Litigation Collectif Stop MELOX and MOX versus France (2007) Decision of the Council of State Quashing a Decree Concerning a Nuclear Installation in Brennilis, for the Want of Public Information and Consultation (2007) South Africa Judgement of the Cape High Court in the Case of McDonald and Others versus Minister of Minerals and Energy and Others (2007) United Kingdom Decision of the Wick Sheriff Court Fining UKAEA for Plutonium Exposure (2007) United States Judgement of the US Court of Appeals on Environmental Analysis of the Effects of Terrorism (2006) Vacatur of US Court of Federal Claims Decision Regarding Price-Anderson Compensation of Costs in a Private Tort Claim (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gw7n4tp22
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    International Regulatory Activities (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 77-78
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Travaux réglementaires internationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 77-78
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union
    Abstract: European Union Council Directive on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel (2006)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsb12146
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  • 77
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    Administrative Decisions (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 57-58
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Décisions administratives
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 57-58
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden Environmental Court Decision on Initial Measures for the Dismantling of Barsebäck (2006)*
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsb15rzr
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  • 78
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    National legislative and regulatory activities (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 75-97
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 75-97
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Bulgaria ; Czech Republic ; France ; Germany ; India ; Ireland ; Korea, Republic of ; Lithuania ; Poland ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Turkey ; United States
    Abstract: Bulgaria General legislation Czech Republic General legislation France General legislation Regulatory infrastructure and activity Germany General legislation India Liability and compensation Organisation and structure Ireland Radiation protection General legislation Korea (Republic of) Organisation and structure Lithuania Regulatory infrastructure and activity Radioactive waste management Radiation protection International co-operation Nuclear safety Poland General legislation Romania Environmental protection Russian Federation Radioactive waste management Slovenia Nuclear safety Spain Liability and compensation Nuclear security Sweden Nuclear safety Turkey Radiation protection Regulatory infrastructure and activity Nuclear safety Liability and compensation United States General legislation
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5k9gw8km6k32
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    Intergovernmental organisation activities (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 99-106
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 99-106
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: European Atomic Energy Community Adopted legislative instruments Reports Meetings International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety Non-binding instrument on the transboundary movement of scrap metal 55th IAEA General Conference Basic Safety Standards Nuclear Law Institute OECD Nuclear Energy Agency Basic Safety Standards International Nuclear Law Essentials International School of Nuclear Law New members Russian Federation request for membership
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5k9gw8km4w7h
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  • 80
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    National Legislative and Regulatory Activities (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 71-91
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Travaux Législatifs et Réglementaires Nationaux : (French version)
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 71-91
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; France ; Italy ; Japan ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Turkey ; United States
    Abstract: Brazil Resolution of the National Council on Energy Policy on the Resumption of Construction of a Thermonuclear Plant (2007) France Decree on Technical Enquiries in the Event of Incidents or Accidents Relating to Nuclear Activities (2007) Order on the Organisation of the General Directorate of Enterprises (GDE) within the Ministry of Industry (2007) Decree on the Listing of Basic Nuclear Installations (2007) Decree on Basic Nuclear Installations and Verifying the Nuclear Safety of Radioactive Materials Transport (2007) Italy Decree Implementing the Council Directive 2003/122/Euratom on the Control of High-activity Sealed Radioactive Sources and Orphan Sources (2007) Amendment to the Environmental Law Decree (2007) Japan Amendment to the Law on Final Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste (2007) Lithuania Law on the Nuclear Power Plant (2007) Luxembourg Grand-ducal Regulations on the Protection of the Public Against the Risks Resulting from Ionising Radiation (2006) Law on Approving the Agreement Between Luxembourg and Belgium Relating to Information Exchange in the Event of an Incident or Accident (2006) People’s Republic of China Regulations on the Management and Monitoring of Nuclear Safety Equipment for Civilian Use (2007) Official Reply of the State Council to Questions on the Liabilities of Compensation for Damages Resulting from Nuclear Accidents (2007) Romania Government Decision on the Monitoring of the Health of Personnel (2007) Order on Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials During Transport (2007) Order on Preventive Protection of Nuclear Installations (2007)Order on the Verification of the Physical Protection System of Nuclear Installations (2007) Ordinance on the Safe Management of Radioactive Waste (2007) Government Decision Regarding Financial Resources Necessary for the Safe Management of Radioactive Waste (2007) Amendment of the Law on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (2007) Russian Federation Reform of the Russian Nuclear Power Industry (2007) Slovak Republic Atomic Act Amendment on Alternative Financing of the Nuclear Regulatory Body (2007) Slovenia Decree on the Control of Radioactive Contamination in the Shipment of Scrap Metal (2007) Spain Amendment to the Nuclear Energy Act (2007) Sweden Decision on the Merger of Regulatory Authorities (2007) Turkey Law Concerning the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and the Sale of Energy Generated from Those Plants (2007) United States Final Rule Amending Regulations Applicable to the Licensing of New Nuclear Power Plants (2007) Final Rule Implementing a National Source Tracking System (2006) Final Rule on Design Basis Threat (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gw7n4rs9q
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    Multilateral agreements (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 107-129
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 107-129
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This article describes the status of nuclear multilateral agreements in force as of December 2011.
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5k9gw8km0fbn
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    Case law (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 65-74
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 10 p
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 65-74
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Canada ; European Union ; France ; Slovak Republic ; United States
    Abstract: Canada Judicial review of Darlington new nuclear power plant projectAppeal decision upholding criminal convictions related to attempt to export nuclear-related dual-use items to Iran: Her Majesty the Queen v. Yadegari European Commission Greenland cases France Chernobyl accident – decision of dismissal of the Court of Appeal of Paris Slovak Republic Aarhus Convention compliance update United States Judgement of a US court of appeals upholding the NRC’s dismissal of challenges to the renewal of the operating licence for Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5k9gw8km868v
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    Texts (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 93-110
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Textes de lois
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 93-110
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; China, People’s Republic ; Lithuania ; Turkey
    Abstract: Lithuania Law on the Nuclear Power Plant (2007) People’s Republic of China Official Reply of the State Council to Questions on the Liabilities of Compensation for Damages Resulting from Nuclear Accidents (2007) Turkey Unofficial Translation of the Turkish Law No. 5710 Concerning the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and the Sale of Energy Generated from Those Plants (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gw7n4pn5d
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    Measuring Regulatory Performance : A Practitioner's Guide to Perception Surveys (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167148
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 16x23cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Keywords: Surveys Methodology ; Trade regulation Evaluation ; Surveys Design ; Public administration Evaluation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167179-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 85
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    OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Colombia 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167728
    Language: English
    Pages: 115 p. , ill. , 16x23cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Print version OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Colombia 2012
    DDC: 332.67309861
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: This Investment Policy Review examines Colombia's achievements in developing an open and transparent investment regime and its efforts to reduce restrictions on international investment. The Review  shows  that, in the past few years, Colombia has made tremendous progress in promoting investment liberalisation and improving its investment policy framework. Colombia has also recently undertaken important policy reforms in many of the areas covered by the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, including human rights, labour issues and bribery. In recognition of its progress in pursu
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Introduction and Summary; The role of foreign investment in Colombia's economic development; Non­discrimination and equal treatment of investors; Policies in support of responsible business conduct; Colombia's policy framework for investment; Investment framework in support of green growth; Chapter 1. The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Colombia's Economic Development; Recent FDI developments; Table 1.1. Colombia's international investment; Figure 1.1. FDI flows in and from Colombia (1994­mid­2011)
    Description / Table of Contents: Figure 1.2. Colombia's inward FDI position by main sectors (mid­2011)Box 1.1. Private investment targets in Colombia's National Development Plan 2010­14; Foreign investor participation in privatisation programmes; Note; References; Chapter 2. Colombia and the National Treatment Instrument; Introduction; Box 2.1. The Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises; The principle of non­discrimination of foreign direct investment in Colombia's investment regime; Box 2.2. Colombia and the Andean Community; Expropriation
    Description / Table of Contents: Exceptions to the National Treatment instrument notified by ColombiaHorizontal measures; Sectoral measures; Government procurement; Measures at the territorial subdivisions; Measures notified by Colombia for transparency; Measures based on public order and essential security considerations; Other measures reported for transparency; Colombia's plans for eliminating existing restrictions; Colombia and the OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index; Box 2.3. Calculating the FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index; Figure 2.1. 2010 FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index by country
    Description / Table of Contents: Figure 2.2. FDI stocks and the FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness IndexNotes; References; Chapter 3. Colombia and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Box 3.1. The 2011 update of the OECD Guidelines for MNEs; General policies for promoting responsible business conduct; Box 3.2. Working in partnership to implement the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Colombia's policies in major areas of responsible business conduct; Disclosure; Human Rights; Employment and industrial relations; Environment; Combating bribery, bribe solicitation and extortion
    Description / Table of Contents: Box 3.3. Colombia's Anti­Corruption Statute of 2011: Measures to combat bribery in business transactionsConsumer interests; Box 3.4. Colombia's 2011 Consumer Protection Statute: Key features; Science and technology; Competition; Taxation; Box 3.5. Overview of taxes applicable to enterprises in Colombia; Establishment of a National Contact Point; Colombia's National Contact Point; Notes; References; Chapter 4. Colombia's Policy Framework for Investment; Box 4.1. The OECD Policy Framework for Investment; Investment policy
    Description / Table of Contents: Transparency and accessibility of the legislative and regulatory framework
    Note: Description based upon print version of record , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167742-en
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  • 86
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    National Legislative and Regulatory Activities (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 59-75
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 1, p. 59-75
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Argentina ; Australia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Iceland ; Indonesia ; Ireland ; Italy ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Poland ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Sweden
    Abstract: Argentina Amendment to the Criminal Code (2004) Australia Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Amendment Act (2006) Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Legislation Amendment Act (2006) Finland Amendments to the Radiation Act and Radiation Decree (2005) France Decree on Securing Financing for Nuclear Charges (2007)Decree Licensing the Construction of the Basic Nuclear Installation “Flamanville 3” Comprising an EPR Reactor (2007) Germany Amendment to the Act on Preventive Radiation Protection (2006) Administrative Provisions on the Supervision of Environmental Radioactivity (2006)Ordinance on Radioactive Drugs (2007) Amendment to the Ordinance on the Treatment of Foodstuffs with Radiation (2006) European Agreement Relating to the International Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) (2006)Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (2006)Ordinance to Amend the RID Regulations (2006) Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods on the Rhine and Mosel Rivers (2006) Amendments to the 1961 Foreign Trade Act and to the 1993 Foreign Trade Ordinance (2006) Iceland Regulations in the Field of Radiation Protection (2003) Indonesia Decree on Nuclear Reactor Licensing (2006) Ireland Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Act 1998 (Appointment of Competent Authorities) Order (2006) Italy Decree on Emergency Planning with Regard to the Transport of Radioactive and Fissile Materials (2006) Netherlands Covenant Between the Government and the Borssele Operator Concerning the Life Extension (2006) New Zealand Consolidated Edition of the 1965 Radiation Protection Act (2005) Poland Regulation on Ionising Radiation Sources (2006) Romania Decision Approving the Structure and Organisation of the Romanian Nuclear Agency (2007)Amendment of the 2003 Decision Approving the Internal Rules of the National Commission for the Control of Nuclear Activities (CNCAN) (2007) Amendment of the 2003 Ordinance on the Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste, including Final Disposal (2007) Russian Federation Act on Administrative and Property Management of the Civilian Nuclear Energy Sector (2007) Slovak Republic Amendment of the Atomic Act (2007) Slovenia Regulation on Monitoring of Radioactivity (2007) South Africa Regulations on the Contents of the Annual Public Report (2006)Regulations on the Keeping of Records (2006)Regulations on Safety Standards and Regulatory Practices (2006) Sweden Amendment to the Act and Ordinance on Nuclear Activities (2006)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gvsb13rf5
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  • 87
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    International Regulatory Activities (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 111-119
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 9 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Travaux Réglementaires Internationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 111-119
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union
    Abstract: European Union Council Decision Authorising the Republic of Slovenia to Ratify the 2004 Protocol Amending the Paris Convention (2007) Council Decision Approving the Accession of the European Atomic Energy Community to the Amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (2007) Council Decision Establishing the European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy and Conferring Advantages upon it (2007) International Atomic Energy Agency Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2007) Resolution on the Exclusion of Small Quantities of Nuclear Material from the Application of the Vienna Convention (2007) International Expert Group on Nuclear Liability (2007) Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources and its Supplementary Guidance (2007) 51st IAEA General Conference OECD Nuclear Energy Agency Decision on the Exclusion of Small Quantities of Nuclear Substances from the Application of the Paris Convention (2007)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2007-5k9gw7n4l1xn
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  • 88
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    Documents and legal texts (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 131-200
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 131-200
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; European Union ; India ; Korea, Republic of ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: European Union Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011 establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste India The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Rules Republic of Korea Act on Establishment and Operation of Nuclear Safety Commission Russian Federation Federal Law on the Management of Radioactive Wastes and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2011-5k9gw8klx9hb
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  • 89
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    Who is Vouching for the Input Voucher? : Decentralized Targeting and Elite Capture in Tanzania (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Pan, Lei Who is Vouching for the Input Voucher?
    Abstract: Input subsidy programs carry support as instruments to increase agricultural productivity, provided they are market-smart. This requires especially proper targeting to contain the fiscal pressure, with decentralized targeting of input vouchers currently the instrument of choice. Nonetheless, despite clear advantages in administrative costs, the fear of elite capture persists. These fears are borne out in the experience from the 2008 input voucher pilot program in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, examined here. Elected village officials received about 60 percent of the distributed vouchers, a factor that significantly reduced the targeting performance of the program, especially in more unequal and remote communities. When targeting the poor, greater coverage and a focus on high trust settings helped mitigate these concerns. The findings highlight the continuing need for scrutiny when relying on decentralized targeting. A clearer sense of purpose (increasing productivity among poorer farmers versus increasing aggregate output) could also enhance the targeting performance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5651
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  • 90
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    Would freeing up world trade reduce poverty and inequality? : The vexed role of agricultural distortions (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Would freeing up world trade reduce poverty and inequality?
    Keywords: 1980-2005 ; Agraraußenhandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Agrarpreis ; Agrareinkommen ; Armut ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Welt
    Abstract: Trade policy reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions that were harming agriculture in de/veloping countries, yet global trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. Those distortions reduce some forms of poverty and inequality but worsen others, so the net effects are unclear without empirical modeling. This paper summarizes a series of new economy-wide global and national empirical studies that focus on the net effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade on poverty and inequality globally and in various developing countries. The global LINKAGE model results suggest that removing those remaining distortions would reduce international inequality, largely by boosting net farm incomes and raising real wages for unskilled workers in developing countries, and would reduce the number of poor people worldwide by 3 percent. The analysis based on the Global Trade Analysis Project model for a sample of 15 countries, and nine stand-alone national case studies, all point to larger reductions in poverty, especially if only the non-poor are subjected to increased income taxation to compensate for the loss of trade tax revenue
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5603
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  • 91
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    Small Area Estimation-Based Prediction Methods to Track Poverty : Validation and Applications (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Small Area Estimation-Based Prediction Methods to Track Poverty
    Abstract: Tracking poverty is predicated on the availability of comparable consumption data and reliable price deflators. However, regular series of strictly comparable data are only rarely available. Price deflators are also often missing or disputed. In response, poverty prediction methods that track consumption correlates as opposed to consumption itself have been developed. These methods typically assume that the estimated relation between consumption and its predictors is stable over time-an assumption that cannot usually be tested directly. This study analyzes the performance of poverty prediction models based on small area estimation techniques. Predicted poverty estimates are compared with directly observed levels in two country settings where data comparability over time is not a problem. Prediction models that employ either non-staple food or non-food expenditures or a full set of assets as predictors are found to yield poverty estimates that match observed poverty well. This offers some support to the use of such methods to approximate the evolution of poverty. Two further country examples illustrate how an application of the method employing models based on household assets can help to adjudicate between alternative price deflators
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5683
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  • 92
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: NORA Region 2011 : The Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland and Coastal Norway (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097629
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD territorial reviews
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Nordeuropa ; Färöer ; Grönland ; Island ; Norwegen ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Faroe Islands ; Greenland ; Iceland ; Färöer ; Grönland ; Island ; Norwegen ; Regionalentwicklung ; Wirtschaftliche Lage
    Abstract: The North Atlantic (NORA) region is a transnational area comprising the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, and the coastal counties of Norway. These territories are linked by shared characteristics and challenges, as well as by historical, institutional and cultural links. Improving accessibility to the region, ensuring sustainable development of its fisheries, enlarging and diversifying its economic base, and meeting the challenges of climate change are key issues. Strengthened regional co-operation can help these territories address them by exchanging know-how and best practices, pooling resources and reaching economies of scale, improving the efficiency of public sector provision, and increasing the “voice” of the region. However, transnational co-operation in the NORA region faces some barriers, as it involves territories that compete in their main economic activities, are separated by large distances, and have strong institutional and economic links with other countries and regions. In order to get the most from transnational co-operation, this report recommends that the NORA territories: focus co-operation efforts on targeted themes and issues; draw up a regional development strategy; promote greater awareness of the benefits of co-operation; develop a “variable geometry” approach to regional co-operation; and enlarge and refine the role of the NORA institution as a facilitator of co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097629-en
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  • 93
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    Improving the Practice of Transport Project Appraisal (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.149
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la pratique de l'évaluation des projets de transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is indispensable for making good decisions on what transport projects to fund. It essentially aims to figure out which projects offer the best value for money. However, the practical relevance of CBA does not always live up to its appeal in principle. One problem is that there is sometimes disagreement over what to include in CBA, both on the cost side and the benefits side of the analysis. As a result, value for money is not always fully transparent. More politically, value for money is only a partial criterion for decision-making, leading to disagreement about the relative importance of the results from CBA compared to other inputs to the decision-making process. This report examines the extent to which these shortcomings can be addressed. In terms of what to include in CBA, discussion focuses on equity and distributional impacts, productivity effects, agglomeration benefits and external costs. The focus then turns to how best to present guidance on project selection to decision makers. The report includes papers on the way CBA is used in three countries – France, Mexico and the United Kingdom – and how it is evolving in response to changing policy priorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103081-en
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  • 94
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    OECD Territorialexamen: Schweiz 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096868
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Switzerland 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE; Suisse, 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Switzerland 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE: Suisse, 2011
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Switzerland
    Abstract: BLURB - GERMAN Die Regionen in der Schweiz erzielen in vielen Hinsichten gute Ergebnisse. Sie verbuchen ein hohes BIP pro Einwohner, die Arbeitslosigkeit ist niedrig, und manche Regionen verzeichnen ein beeindruckendes Wirtschaftswachstum. Auβerdem steht die Schweiz nicht vor Herausforderungen, mit denen viele ähnliche Regionen in der OECD konfrontiert wurden, wie mangelnder Zugang zu Dienstleistungen oder Bevölkerungsrückgang durch Überalterung oder Abwanderung. Nur die Förderung der Arbeitsproduktivität stellt weiterhin ein Problem dar, mit dessen Lösung die Regionalpolitik sich befassen muss. Zur Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsleistung wurde 2008, im Anschluss an den OECD-Prüfbericht 2002, die neue Schweizer Regionalpolitik (NRP) eingeführt. Die NRP stellt einen klaren Paradigmenwechsel dar, da sie sich nicht mehr auf den Bau von Infrastrukturen und die Gewährung von Finanzhilfen konzentriert, sondern die Wirtschaftsförderung zur gezielten Mehrwertschöpfung in den Regionen in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Dieser Bericht enthält Empfehlungen, wie das Ergebnis der NRP durch die Ausweitung des Wirkungsbereichs auf das gesamte Land, engere interkantonale Zusammenarbeit und besser koordinierte Sektoralpolitiken optimiert werden kann. Ferner befasst der Bericht sich mit der regionalen Innovationsförderung. In diesem Rahmen wird empfohlen, die Aufgaben der einzelnen Staatsebenen klarer zu definieren, Forschung und Technologietransfer auf Landesebene vom Bund finanzieren zu lassen und die Kantone mit der Innovationsförderung in den Funktionalräumen zu beauftragen. Der OECD-Prüfbericht Raumentwicklung Schweiz 2011 ist in das breiter gefasste Raumentwicklungsprogramm des OECD Territorial Development Policy Committee eingebettet. Ziel der Prüfberichte ist es, den Behörden der einzelnen Staaten praxisbezogene Ratschläge für die Raumentwicklung zu geben. Zu den bereits geprüften Ländern zählen Chile, Finnland, Frankreich, Italien, Japan, Kanada, Korea, Luxemburg, Mexiko, Norwegen, Polen, Portugal, Schweden und die Schweiz, die Tschechische Republik und Ungarn. Leseempfehlung OECD-Prüfbericht Raumentwicklung Schweiz (2002)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096868-de
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    Corporate Governance in Israel 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264097698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Corporate governance in Israel 2011
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Israel ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Israel ; Israel ; Corporate Governance
    Abstract: The Review of Corporate Governance in Israel was prepared as part of the process of Israel’s accession to OECD Membership. The report describes the corporate governance setting including the structure and ownership concentration of listed companies and the structure and operation of the state-owned sector. The Review then examines the legal and regulatory framework and company practices to assess the degree to which the recommendations of the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises have been implemented.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264097698-en
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  • 96
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Germany 2011 : Combined: Phase 1 + Phase 2 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264110489
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    RVK:
    PP 8040
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Deutschland ; Taxation ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Finanzbauverwaltung ; Steuersystem ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 90 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264110489-en
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  • 97
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Canada 2011 : Combined: Phase 1 + Phase 2 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264110458
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Kanada ; Taxation ; Canada ; Kanada ; Finanzbauverwaltung ; Steuersystem ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 90 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264110458-en
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  • 98
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    How Are School Systems Adapting to Increasing Numbers of Immigrant Students? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quelle est la réponse des systèmes d'éducation face à l'effectif croissant d'élèves issus de l'immigration ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Whether in flight from conflict, with the hope of building a better life, or to seize a social or economic opportunity, people have been crossing borders for as long as there have been borders to cross. Modern means of transportation and communication, the globalisation of the labour market, and the ageing of populations in OECD countries will drive migration well into the next decades. The key to maintaining social cohesion during these population movements is to integrate immigrants and their families well into their adopted countries; and education can be a powerful lever to achieve this.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h362hs646-en
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  • 99
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    OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews: Belgium 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098268
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (121 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Assistance Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: This publication presents the Development Assistance Committee peer review of the aid programmes and policies of Belgium for 2010. The policies and programmes of each DAC member are critically examined approximately once every four or five years. Five members are examined annually. The OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate provides analytical support and is responsible for developing and maintaining the conceptual framework within which the Peer Reviews are undertaken. The Peer Review is prepared by a team, consisting of representatives of the Secretariat working with officials from two DAC members who are designated as “examiners”. The country under review provides a memorandum setting out the main developments in its policies and programmes. Then the Secretariat and the examiners visit the capital to interview officials, parliamentarians, as well as civil society and NGO representatives of the donor country to obtain a first-hand insight into current issues surrounding the development co-operation efforts of the member concerned. Field visits assess how members are implementing the major DAC policies, principles and concerns, and review operations in recipient countries, particularly with regard to poverty reduction, sustainability, gender equality and other aspects of participatory development, and local aid co-ordination. The Secretariat then prepares a draft report on the member’s development co-operation which is the basis for the DAC review meeting at the OECD. At this meeting senior officials from the member under review respond to questions formulated by the Secretariat in association with the examiners. This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098268-en
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    OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of England and Wales 2009 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264113763
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Learning for Jobs is an OECD study of vocational education and training (VET) designed to help countries make their VET systems more responsive to labour market needs. In England and Wales, a substantial commitment, backed by increased resources, has been made to the enhancement of workplace skills. Policy-making is self-evidently dynamic and innovative and governments are making conscious attempts to improve employer engagement – the particular topic of this report. At the same time there are a number of challenges – in particular that of linking enhanced employer engagement to a strong apprenticeship system, and of overcoming the obstacle of a complex and unstable institutional environment. The OECD review assesses the main challenges faced by the VET system and presents an interconnected package of policy recommendations. For each recommendation, the report describes the challenge, the recommendation itself, supporting arguments, and issues of implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264113763-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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