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  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (332)
  • Andersen, Hans Christian
  • Spamer, Adolf (1883-1953)
  • Environment  (332)
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Author, Corporation
  • 101
    ISBN: 9789264018440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report analyses selected public expenditure programmes supporting environmental investments in water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure in four OECD countries: Austria, Belgium (the Region of Flanders), France and Germany. These programmes have been selected as they involve different approaches to managing public expenditure for water investments. The study focuses on mechanisms for managing government assistance at both national (Austria) and sub-national (Belgium, France, Germany) levels. In selecting the case studies, special attention has been given to the relevance of the expenditure programmes in their national environment and economic policy regimes as well as the potential for replication of good practices in transition economies.
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  • 102
    ISBN: 9789264042049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel d'application pour la gestion écologique des déchets
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the adoption of Council Recommendation C(2004)100 in 2004 on Environmentally Sound Management of Waste, member countries wished to reinforce the implementation of this legal Act by issuing a practical Guidance Manual. This publication aims at facilitating the implementation of an environmentally sound waste management policy by governments on one hand, and by waste treatment facilities on the other hand. Every element of the Recommendation C(2004)100 is explained in detail, as well as the different core performance criteria which characterise environmentally sound management of waste, through various types of information (such as technical, financial, regulatory). Waste management practices applied in certain member countries are presented as examples...
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  • 103
    ISBN: 9789264067394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 ; Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 : Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: A developmental neurotoxicity study will provide information on the effects of repeated exposure to a substance during in utero and early postnatal development. The test substance is administered daily, generally orally, to mated females (rats are preferred) from the time of implantation (GD 6) throughout lactation (PND 21). At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used and a total of 20 litters are recommended at each dose level. Dams are tested to assess effects in pregnant and lactating females and may also provide comparative information. Offspring are randomly selected from within litters for neurotoxicity evaluation. All dams and all offspring should be carefully observed at least once daily with respect to their health condition, including morbidity and mortality. The evaluation consists of observations to detect gross neurologic and behavioural abnormalities, and the evaluation of brain weights and neuropathology during postnatal development and adulthood. The report should include the body weight, the food/water consumption; the detailed clinical observations, the necropsy findings, a detailed description of all behavioural, the number of animals at the start and at the end of the study and the toxic response data by sex and dose level.
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (2 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Introduction aux autres lignes directrices
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are a collection of about 100 of the most relevant internationally agreed testing methods used by government, industry and independent laboratories to identify and characterise potential hazards of new and existing chemical substances, chemical preparations and chemical mixtures. They are a basic set of tools used primarily in regulatory safety testing and subsequent chemical and chemical product notification and chemical registration. In addition, they can also be used for the selection and ranking of candidate chemicals during the development of new chemicals and products and in toxicology research. They cover tests for physical-chemical properties of chemicals, human health effects, environmental effects, as well as degradation and accumulation in the environment. Adopted in 1981, the Guidelines have become the recognised reference tool for professionals working on the testing of chemicals and the assessment of their potential hazards.
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  • 105
    ISBN: 9789264037694
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Economic Aspects of Extended Producer Responsibility
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 106
    ISBN: 9789264027350
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Policies for a better environment
    DDC: 333.7
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Zentralasien ; Environment ; Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Zentralasien ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: In 2003, the Ministers of Environment of the 12 countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), together with their partners in the “Environment for Europe” process, adopted the EECCA Environment Strategy. This book provides a review of progress in achieving the Strategy's objectives, and provides a solid analytical base for discussions on future environmental co-operation between EECCA countries and their partners. Part I of the book looks at progress across the area on such strategic objectives as pollution prevention and control and environmental policy integration. Part II provides country profiles.
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  • 107
    ISBN: 9789264031128
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (270 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Belgique 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Belgique 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Belgium
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of Belgium's environmental policies and programmes examines the full range of issues including air and water management, nature and biodiversity management, climate change, sustainable development, environmental taxation, environmental policy, and international co-operation. It includes a statistical annex containing key environmental data.
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  • 108
    ISBN: 9789264061927
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 506; Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 506: Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The aim of these studies is to demonstrate the time period for which stability has been shown in representative commodities from crops. Freezer storage stability studies should include sufficient starting material and should have a sufficiently high concentration of residue to allow for any observed decline during storage to be quantified. Samples could either be from crops (or animals) that have been treated with pesticides in the field, or from the spiking of control commodities with known amounts of each component of the residue definitions. Freshly spiked control samples of the stored commodities should be analysed at each of the time points when aged/stored commodities are removed from frozen storage for analysis. The control samples used for procedural recovery determinations will be the same commodity. At least two sampling intervals (time zero and other) should be used; the sampling interval depends on the stability of the residues. Duplicate samples of every commodity at each time point for all components of the residue definitions need to be analysed. The report should include the residue results and the statistical treatments.
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  • 109
    ISBN: 9789264067370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 313; Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement ; Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test n 313: Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement : Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is intended for testing the emissions from wood and wooden commodities that are not covered and are in contact with fresh water or seawater. Preservative treated wood test specimens are immersed in water. The recommended wood species are Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Pinus resinosa Ait. (red pine), or Pinus spp (Southern pine). Wood test specimens are recommended to be sets of five according to EN 113 size blocks. Control with untreated wood specimens allows for the determination of background levels for emissates from wood other than the preservative used. The number of sets of wood test specimens used for analysing is at least five: three sets of specimens are treated with preservative, one set of specimens is untreated and one set of specimens for the estimation of the oven dry moisture content of the test specimens before treatment. The water (emissate) is collected and chemically analyzed multiple times over the exposure period sufficient to perform statistical calculations (6 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 15 days, 22 days, 29 days). Tests with untreated samples can be discontinued if there is no background detected in the first three data points.
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tokyo : Japan Bioindustry Association
    ISBN: 9789264032675
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789264030541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (247 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali; Svizzera 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Switzerland's performance in fighting pollution is among the best of any OECD country. But it is faced with numerous environmental challenges from agriculture and from unsustainable consumption patterns in transport, recreational activities, and land use. This comprehensive report makes a series of recommendations for further strengthening Switzerland's environmental policy in such areas as environmental management, air, noise, water, nature/landscapes/biodiversity, agriculture and international co-operation.
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  • 112
    ISBN: 9789264030589
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (245 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of New Zealand's environmental policies and programmes covers environmental management including waste and water management; nature and biodiversity conservation; economy and the environment; agriculture, forestry and the environment; the environmental-social interface; and international co-operation. It includes a series of recommendations as well as a rich statistical annex.
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  • 113
    ISBN: 9789264031326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (506 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) ; Électricité, eau et transports ; quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 (Vol. 2) : Électricité, eau et transports : quelles politiques ?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Infrastructure to 2030 ; Vol. 2: Mapping policy for electricity, water and transport
    Keywords: Infrastrukturpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; OECD ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Telekommunikationswirtschaft ; Prognose 2030
    Abstract: Infrastructure systems play a vital role in economic and social development. Demand for infrastructure is set to continue to expand significantly in the decades ahead, driven by major factors of change such as global economic growth, technological progress, climate change, urbanisation and growing congestion. However, challenges abound: many parts of infrastructure systems in OECD countries are ageing rapidly, public finances are becoming increasingly tight and infrastructure financing is becoming more complex. This book assesses the future viability of current "business models" in five infrastructure sectors: electricity, water, rail freight, urban mass transit and road transport. It proposes policy recommendations that aim to enhance capacity to meet future infrastructure needs, including measures that could be taken by governments both collectively and individually to create more favourable institutional, policy and regulatory frameworks.
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  • 114
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 ; Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 505 : Résidus dans les animaux d'élevage
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The residues in Livestock studies are conducted in order to quantify levels of residues in meat, milk, eggs and edible meat by-products following the use of a pesticide product. The situations to which such studies apply include application of a pesticide to raw agricultural commodities (RACs), and the feeding by livestock; pesticides that may be directly applied to livestock; and pesticides that are used in livestock premises. The primary purposes of the Residues in Livestock study are to provide: the basis for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) and for conducting dietary intake assessments for consumer safety. Separate feeding studies should be conducted for a ruminant (lactating dairy cows) and poultry (egg-laying hens). The test substance(s) should be applied daily (during at least 28 days) preferably by capsule. A Residues in Livestock study will normally comprise 3 different dose levels, 1X, 3X and 10X. Three animals per dose group (and one for the control) should be used for ruminants. For hens 9-10 animals per dose group (and 3 to 4 animal for control per study) should be used. The study report should include: daily feed consumption, bodyweights measurement, milk or egg production and analyse (after and before dosing), detailed observations (health problems…) and tissues analyse.
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  • 115
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 ; Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 501 : Métabolisme dans les plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Studies of Metabolism in Crops are used to elucidate the degradation pathway of the active ingredient and require the identification of the metabolism and/or degradation products when a pesticide is applied to a crop directly or indirectly. A Metabolism in Crops study should be submitted for each type of crop group. Five categories for crop metabolism studies can be considered: root vegetables, leafy crops, fruits, pulses and oilseeds, and cereals. The active ingredient should be administered such as foliar, soil/seed, or post-harvest treatments to reflect its intended use pattern. It should be labelled, to allow for quantification; the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. The study should be performed using a sandy loam soil treated with the radiolabelled test substance. It may be performed either in a greenhouse or in an outdoor test plot or plant growth chambers. The maximum application rate (the proposed Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) application rate) should be utilized. Samples of all raw agricultural commodities are collected for characterization and/or identification of residues and determination of the total radioactive residue.
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  • 116
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264061873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 ; Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 : Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Metabolism in Livestock studies are used to determine the qualitative and quantitative metabolism and/or degradation of the active ingredient resulting from pesticide use in feedstuffs, direct application to livestock, or premise treatment. The studies provide an estimate of total residues in the edible livestock commodities, as well as the excreta; identify the major components of the terminal residue in the edible tissues; elucidate a metabolic pathway for the pesticide in ruminants and poultry; provide evidence whether or not a residue should be classified as fat soluble. The studies should be conducted using radiolabelled test compound. A stable position of labelling is chosen and the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. A ruminant (lactating goats) study can be carried out on a single animal per experiments. For poultry (laying hens), the use of ten birds per experiments (or dose) is recommended. The minimum dosage used in livestock oral metabolism studies should approximate the level of exposure expected from the feeding of treated crops with the highest observed residues. Treatment should be administered orally (via a balling gun, capsule or gavage) or by dermal application. The study includes: the excreta, milk and eggs collect (twice daily), and tissues collect (muscle, liver…).
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: In 2003, by endorsing the Guiding Principles for Reform of Environmental Enforcement Authorities in Transition Economies, the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) agreed on a reference model to guide the modernisation of their systems for environmental regulation and compliance assurance. This report reviews their progress in implementing the Guiding Principles. The main conclusion is that countries took action to comply with the Guiding Principles, mostly to elevate the status of environmental enforcement authorities, clarify responsibilities, and provide training and a better infrastructure. While such improvements are an important basis for further reform, continued lack of progress in modernising strategies and instruments of work will inhibit institutional and environmental performance.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-40
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: At their meeting in Almaty in October 2000, EECCA Ministers of Environment, Finance, and Economy, Ministers and senior representatives from several OECD countries, as well as senior officials from International Financial Institutions (IFI), International Organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, recognised the critical condition of the urban water supply and sanitation sector in EECCA and endorsed "Guiding Principles for the Reform of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the NIS". Participants requested the EAP Task Force to assess progress in implementing these Guiding Principles for review at a major conference of stakeholders that took place in 2005 in Yerevan, Armenia. This paper is an update of a report that was prepared for the Ministerial meeting in Yerevan, drawing on more recent data, and responds to the Ministers' request to prepare such a paper for the Environment for Europe Conference in 2007.
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  • 119
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This study deals with "instruments used to address mercury emissions to air", by which is meant all legislation, regulation and other measures intended to control or reduce anthropogenic, atmospheric mercury emissions. As the links are complex between actual inputs of mercury to society (consumption for intended use and mobilisation of mercury-impurities via industrial processes) and the final release sources, all types of measures addressing any phase in the life-cycle of mercury which may ultimately lead to atmospheric mercury emissions are included here. Due to its volatility, most forms of mercury released or discarded as waste - as vapour, as liquid elemental mercury, as compounds, as integrated in products, consumer waste or flue-gas cleaning residues - may lead to emissions to air.
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  • 120
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The present report presents the case studies made of instrument mixes addressing non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark and in the Chesapeake Bay area of the United States. While all these case studies discuss instruments addressing nutrient run-off, the UK and the Danish case studies also discuss instruments addressing the use of pesticides in the agriculture sector.
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  • 121
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper argues that the sustained provision of adequate financial resources for the environment is a prerequisite for addressing environmental challenges in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and South-Eastern Europe (SEE). It sets out options for how optimal use could be made of the various available sources of environmental finance, including domestic public expenditure, private sector participation and official development assistance. Recommendations are provided for Ministers on priority actions for ensuring that financial resources are made available for the environment. EECCA and SEE governments need to continue to prioritise the environment in policy and public expenditure frameworks, and make better use of incentive-based instruments. They also need to create a suitable climate for the private sector to participate in environmental financing. The international community must ensure that IFI loans for environmental investments are more accessible, especially for low-income countries, including by providing adequate grant co-financing. Finally, EECCA and SEE countries should strengthen their capacity to prepare environmental investment projects, with effective support from IFIs and donors.
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  • 122
    ISBN: 9789264031166
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Chine 2007
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Chine 2007
    Keywords: Environment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This first OECD review of China's environmental situation and policies systematically examines the physical and institutional context for environmental policy as well as specific issues including air, water, waste, and biodiversity; explores the environment-economic and environmental-social policy interfaces; reviews China's international engagement on environmental issues; and makes a series of recommendations. This book has been selected as Notable Government Document for 2007 by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
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  • 123
    ISBN: 9789264066120
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 124
    ISBN: 9789264016842
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 311 ; Essai de biodégradabilité anaérobie des composés organiques dans une boue digérée ; mesure du dégagement gazeux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 311 : Essai de biodégradabilité anaérobie des composés organiques dans une boue digérée : mesure du dégagement gazeux
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a screening method for the evaluation of potential anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals under specific conditions. Washed digested sludge, containing low (〈10 mg/L) concentrations of inorganic carbon (IC), is diluted about ten-fold to a total solids concentration of 1 g/L to 3 g/L and incubated at 35 °C ±2°C in sealed vessels with the test substance at 20 to 100 mg C/L for up to 60 days. The activity of the sludge is measured by running parallel blank controls. To check the procedure a reference substance (phenol, sodium benzoate, polyethylene glycol 400) is tested in parallel. At least triplicate test vessels for the test substance, blank controls, reference substance, inhibition controls and pressure control chambers are prepared. The increase in headspace pressure in the vessels resulting from the production of carbon dioxide and methane is measured. The inorganic carbon is measured at the end of the test. The amount of carbon (inorganic plus methane) resulting from the biodegradation of the test substance, is calculated from the net gas production and net IC formation in the liquid phase, in excess of blank control values. The extent of biodegradation is calculated from total IC and methane-C produced as a percentage of the measured or calculated amount of carbon added as test substance.
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  • 125
    ISBN: 9789264066113
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 126
    ISBN: 9789264013391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du rapport du groupe d'experts sur la chimie physique
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 127
    ISBN: 9789264022386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du groupe d'experts de l'OCDE sur l'écotoxicologie
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 128
    ISBN: 9789264067318
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 435 ; Méthode d'essai in vitro sur membrane d'étanchéité pour la corrosion cutanée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 435 : Méthode d'essai in vitro sur membrane d'étanchéité pour la corrosion cutanée
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is for an in vitro membrane barrier test method that can be used to identify corrosive substances. The test method utilizes an artificial membrane designed to respond to corrosive substances in a manner similar to animal skin in situ. The in vitro membrane barrier test method may be used to test solids, liquids (aqueous substances with a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.5 often do not qualify for testing) and emulsions. The test described in this Test Guideline allows the identification of corrosive chemical substances and mixtures and allows the subcategorisation of corrosive substances as permitted in the GHS. This classification is based on the substance penetration time through the membrane barrier. The test system is composed of two components, a synthetic macromolecular bio-barrier and a Chemical Detection System (which one detect the test substance). An appropriate number of replicates is prepared for each test substance and its corresponding controls. The times of applying the test substance to the membrane barrier are recorded and staggered. The time (in minutes) elapsed between application of the test substance to the membrane barrier and barrier penetration is used to predict the corrosivity of the test substance.
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  • 129
    ISBN: 9789264030213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposition de révision de l'introduction aux lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, section 3
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 130
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069565
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 104; Pression de vapeur
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 104: Pression de vapeur
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes eight methods to measure the vapour pressure. Each one can be applied in different vapour pressure ranges. The vapour pressure (in Pascal) of a substance is defined as the saturation pressure above a solid or liquid substance and is determined at various temperatures (in Kelvin). The methods used are: the dynamic method (Cottrell’s method), the static method, the isoteniscope Method, the effusion method: vapour pressure balance, the effusion method: Knudsen cell, the effusion method: isothermal thermogravimetry, the gas saturation method and the spinning rotor method. The vapour pressure from any of the preceding methods should be determined for at least two temperatures. Three or more are preferred in the range 0 to 50°C, in order to check the linearity of the vapour pressure curve. In case of Effusion methods and Gas saturation method, 120 to 150 °C is recommended for the measuring temperature range instead of 0 to 50°C.
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  • 131
    ISBN: 9789264026544
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Energy Today
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'énergie nucléaire aujourd'hui
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Die Studie befasst sich mit den wichtigsten gegenwärtigen Fragen zur Kernenergie, und gibt einen zuverlässigen, auf Fakten gestützten Überblick über die Thematik. In der Studie werden die grundlegenden Fragen angesprochen, die für die Kernenergiedebatte heute von Bedeutung sind. Es werden wissenschaftliche und technologische Grundlagen ausgearbeitet sowie Fakten und offene Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung radioaktiver Abfälle, der kerntechnischen Sicherheit, dem Strahlenschutz, der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie dem internationalen Atomrecht und der Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen behandelt. Es wird die Kernenergie im Kontext der nachhaltigen Entwicklung betrachtet und auch auf das Potenzial neuer Kernenergie-Technologien eingegangen.
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  • 132
    ISBN: 9789264024045
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Corée 2006
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Corée 2006
    Keywords: Environment ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of Korea's environmental policies and programmes brings the reader information on the extent to which Korea is meeting its domestic environmental objectives and international commitments. It reviews progress in pollution abatement and nature and biodiversity management, as well as progress in integrating environmental concerns in agricultural, energy, fiscal, and transport policy. It also examines the environmental-social interface and international commitments. The report includes a series of recommendations and selected statistical data.
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  • 133
    ISBN: 9789264067295
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 227 ; Essai sur plante terrestre ; essai de vigueur végétative
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 227 : Essai sur plante terrestre : essai de vigueur végétative
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess effects on vegetative vigour of terrestrial plants following above-ground exposure by general chemicals, biocides and crop protection products. The test can be conducted in order to determine the dose-response curve, or at a single concentration/rate as a limit test (range finding test is carried out depending on the results) according to the aim of the study. Plants are grown from seed usually to the 2- to 4- true leaf stage. Test substance is then sprayed on the plant and leaf surfaces at appropriate rate(s). After the application, the plants are evaluated against untreated control plants for effects on vigour and growth at various time intervals through 21 - 28 days from treatment. This study includes measurement of biomass of surviving plants (dry or fresh shoot weight, shoot height), visible detrimental effects on different parts of the plant, visual phytotoxicity and mortality (daily during the study) Appropriate statistical analysis are used to obtain an effective concentration ECx or an effective application rate ERx for the most sensitive parameter(s) of interest. Also, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) can be calculated in this test.
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  • 134
    ISBN: 9789264070066
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 208; Essai sur plante terrestre ; essai d'émergence de plantules et de croissance de plantules
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 208: Essai sur plante terrestre : essai d'émergence de plantules et de croissance de plantules
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess effects on seedling emergence and early growth of higher plants following exposure to the test substance applied to the soil surface or into the soil. Seeds are placed in contact with soil treated with the test substance and evaluated for effects following usually 14 to 21 days after 50 % emergence of the seedlings in the control group. Endpoints measured are visual assessment of seedling emergence, biomass measurements, shoot height, and the visible detrimental effects on different parts of the plant. The test can be conducted in order to determine the dose-response curve, or at a single concentration/rate as a limit test, according to the aim of the study. An appropriate statistical analysis is used to obtain effective concentration ECx or effective application rate ERx for the most sensitive parameter(s) of interest. Also, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) can be calculated in this test.
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  • 135
    ISBN: 9789264066106
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 136
    ISBN: 9789264016194
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 221 ; Lemna sp. Essais d'inhibition de la croissance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 221 : Lemna sp. Essais d'inhibition de la croissance
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of substances to freshwater aquatic plants of the genus Lemna (duckweed). Exponentially growing plant cultures of the genus Lemna (Lemna gibba and Lemna minor usually) are allowed to grow as monocultures in, at least, five concentrations of the test substance over a period of seven days. The objective of the test is to quantify substance-related effects on vegetative growth over this period based on assessments of selected measurement variables. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes measurement of pH, light intensity, concentrations of the test substance, the counting of the frond number and measurement of at least one other variable (total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight). From the average specific growth rates (or yield) recorded in a series of test solutions, the concentration bringing about a specified x % inhibition of growth rate (or yield) is determined and expressed as the ErCx (or EyCx). An additional response variable used is yield. In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
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  • 137
    ISBN: 9789264013179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; États-Unis 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : États-Unis 2005
    Keywords: Environment ; United States
    Abstract: This book presents OECD assessments and recommendations regarding the United States' efforts to manage its environment including air, water, nature, and biodiversity; to do this in a sustainable manner; and to do this in co-operation with its global neighbours. In particular, it assesses progress made since 1996, when OECD's previous review on the US was done.
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  • 138
    ISBN: 9789264016316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 310 ; Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 310 : Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemical. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral salts medium, which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms. In order to check the test procedure, a reference substance (aniline, sodium benzoate or ethylene glycol and 1-octanol) of known biodegradability should be tested in parallel. It is recommended that triplicate bottles be analysed after a sufficient number of time intervals. Also at least five test bottles (from test vessels, blank controls, and vessels with the reference substance) are analysed at the end of the test, to enable 95% confidence intervals to be calculated for the mean percentage biodegradation value. The CO2 evolution resulting from the ultimate aerobic biodegradation of the test substance is determined by measuring the Inorganic Carbon (IC) produced in the test bottles in excess of that produced in blank vessels containing inoculated medium only. The extent of biodegradation is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum IC production (ThIC), based on the quantity of test substance added initially. Biodegradation 〉60% ThIC within the 10-d window in this test demonstrates that the test substance is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
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  • 139
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Praha 10 : Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic
    ISBN: 9788072123179
    Language: Czech
    Pages: Online-Ressource (215 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Czech Republic 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République tchèque 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Czech Republic 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République tchèque 2005
    Keywords: Environment ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This book presents the results of a peer review of the Czech Republic's environmental policies and programmes. It systematically covers air, water, and waste management; nature and biodiversity management; the environmental/economic interface; the enviornmental/social interface; and international co-operation. It includes extensive statistical information as well as specific recommendations in each of the topics covered.
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  • 140
    ISBN: 9789264095403
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360 p.)
    Series Statement: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Abstract: These OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries. This is intended to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. This book offers ready access to those consensus documents which have been published thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic crops, regulators in national authorities as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
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  • 141
    ISBN: 9789264023994
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 ; Télécommunications, transports terrestres, eau et électricité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les infrastructures à l'horizon 2030 : Télécommunications, transports terrestres, eau et électricité
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Infrastructure to 2030 ; [Vol. 1]: Telecom, land transport, water and electricity
    RVK:
    Keywords: 2004-2030 ; Infrastruktur ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Economics ; OECD ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Wasserversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Telekommunikationswirtschaft ; Prognose 2030
    Abstract: Energy, transport, water and telecommunications all are essential to future development and growth. However, infrastructure investment requirements over the coming decades will be massive, running into trillions of dollars. How will the needed investments be financed, given that OECD populations are ageing fast and public finances tightening? How will such factors as urbanisation, climate change and globalisation affect the development of infrastructures in OECD countries? And how will the role of the public sector and private actors evolve over time? These are just some of the questions this OECD report addresses in this long-term assessment of the future of infrastructures in both OECD and non-OECD countries.
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  • 142
    ISBN: 9789264035447
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résumé des considérations du rapport des groupes d'experts de l'OCDE sur la toxicologie à court et à long terme
    Keywords: Environment
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  • 143
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-194
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 194 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-194
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The OECD conducted a survey in 2004 on Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS),Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate (PFAS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), related substances and products/mixtures containing these substances within OECD and non-OECD member countries. The information sought were quantities manufactured or imported, concentration of the chemicals in the products or mixtures, uses, use in consumer products, availability of alternatives or substitutes and essential uses for which no substitutes are available. The 37th Joint Meeting decided that lists of these groups of chemicals with CAS numbers would be useful prior to the next OECD survey. The aim of the annexes is to provide OECD member countries and other organisations with a consolidated and updated set of lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA and related chemical substances that will assist in providing responses to the next OECD survey of these substances, to be carried out in 2006. The annexed lists will be updated, as appropriate, following the 2006 survey.
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  • 144
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-37
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-37
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this emission scenario document (ESD) is to provide a realistic worst-case emission scenario for chemicals used at recovered paper mills. The general information about the processes and chemicals used is derived from literature data and several reports from the European Union and the United States. The emission estimation methods given in this ESD are based on those developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with parameter defaults reflecting Canadian operations. This ESD on Recovered Paper Mills was developed in 2004 along with two sister documents, an ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills, and an ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills. Although they were designed as stand alone documents, by their nature they represent different phases of the life cycle of paper products. The ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills represents the production stage when pulp is first produced. The ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills is representative of the industrial phase of the life cycle, when the pulp is converted to paper and/or board products. This ESD on Recovered Paper Mills is illustrative of the recovery stage, when paper products are recovered, reworked and recycled back into the community.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-79
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This case studies report is part of the OECD effort to develop guidance for regulatory applications of (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship [(Q)SAR] models, and emphasizes the use of programme-specific case studies to highlight the importance of legal and practical constraints and information requirements of individual regulatory programmes within OECD member countries in applying (Q)SAR approaches. This report provides a snapshot of the experiences of OECD member countries with respect to the use of (Q)SAR models in chemical assessment. The document provides both current regulatory uses in OECD member countries as well as prospective regulatory applications -- especially those within the European Union (EU) member states as a result of proposed legislation on chemicals (i.e., Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)). As such, the case studies report should be regarded as a living document which will be updated periodically as requested by member countries to describe the expanding role of (Q)SAR in regulatory settings...
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  • 146
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-36
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-36
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this emission scenario document (ESD) is to provide a realistic worst-case emission scenario for chemicals used at non-integrated paper mills. The general information about the processes and chemicals used is derived from literature data and several reports from the European Union and the United States. The emission estimation methods given in this ESD are based on those developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development with parameter defaults reflecting Canadian operations. This ESD on Non-integrated Paper Mills was developed in 2004 along with two sister documents, an ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills, and an ESD on Recovered Paper Mills. Although they were designed as stand alone documents, by their nature they represent different phases of the life cycle of paper products. The ESD on Kraft Pulp Mills represents the production stage when pulp is first produced. This ESD on Nonintegrated Paper Mills is representative of the industrial phase of the life cycle, when the pulp is converted to paper and/or board products. The ESD on Recovered Paper Mills is illustrative of the recovery stage, when paper products are recovered, reworked and recycled back into the community.
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  • 147
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-28
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-28
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The main purpose of this workshop was to take the first steps in considering whether the general approaches which have been used in the past by the Working Group, primarily to address the safety/ risk assessment of transgenic plants, could be applicable to similar work on the safety/ risk assessment of transgenic fish.The objective of the workshop was to identify and review the kinds of (and availability of) baseline information of (non-transgenic) from traditional fish farming or breeding, and to determine what information might be relevant to risk/ safety assessment; and what information might be needed for the development of a biology document. The overall approach used by the Workshop was similar to that done to first identify and circumscribe the issues about crop species that would inform a risk/safety assessment of the same species after it had been transformed.
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  • 148
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-107
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 107 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-107
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This is Part 2 of the Resource Compendium of Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTR) Release Estimation Techniques. It defines diffuse sources and discusses how diffuse source data are collected, describes the different types of techniques available for various diffuse sources and discusses how to identify or calculate the input data for the techniques. One final point raised in this document is that there are release data available in various emission inventories. However, most PRTR programmes have yet to integrate such data. (While a PRTR is not an emission inventory per se, these inventories provide examples on how releases from diffuse sources are included and calculated). In the future, countries may wish to look at the data sources available to determine whether such data can be integrated into annual PRTR reports.Part 2 of the Resource Compendium specifically addresses estimation techniques for releases from diffuse sources, provides guidance and information on what techniques are available and notes the locations of where this information might be found. While this document is not a comprehensive guide of all techniques available and all source categories, it does provide a wide range of information about techniques currently used in a large number of OECD countries.
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  • 149
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-91
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1-91
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) addresses active substances for insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods (in the EU, “product type 18”), used in animal housing and manure storage systems. Biocidal products marketed as insecticides are used in many different applications. They may be used in buildings, outdoors, in sewer systems and for veterinary purposes in animal housings Van Dokkum et al., 1998). The emission scenarios of insecticides for manure storage systems and for stables are connected closely to those of veterinary hygiene biocidal products (the EU “product type 3”). For this product type and for veterinary medicinal products, several reports have been published already (Montfoort et al., 1996; Montforts, 1999; Van der Linden, 2000). In specific cases, there may be borderline cases with food and feeding area disinfectants (the EU “product type 4”), veterinary medicinal products (the EU “product type 3”) or wood preservatives (the EU “product type 8”). This can occur if a biocide is used for more than one purpose. This is, for example, the case when a biocide is often used as an insecticide in animal housings, as a preservative in feed (disinfectant) and as a medicinal product against external parasites for chickens.
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  • 150
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 2, p. 1-53
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 2, p. 1-53
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of broad trends in progress on assessment and implementation of adaptation to climate change in “developed countries”, defined here as being Member states of the OECD and/or Parties listed under Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Primary inputs to this analysis are the National Communications (NCs) by these countries to the UNFCCC. NCs follow a standardised reporting format which facilitates cross-national comparison. They also reflect "whole government" perspectives. At the same time, however, the coverage of particular issues within these documents need not be comprehensive, nor might it necessarily reflect policy priorities on the ground. Therefore, this paper also examines other policies and projects which highlight progress on implementing adaptation, but which have not been reflected in the NCs.
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  • 151
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 8, p. 1-157
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 157 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 8, p. 1-157
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This report explores the costs and benefits of systems for charging householders for waste. The study looks only at charges which vary with the amount and characteristics of the waste collected, referred to in the report as differential and variable rate, or DVR, charging systems. It is not concerned with taxes or charges levied on householders whichdo not vary according to how the waste collection services are used. The study uses a cost-benefit approach to attempt to draw out whether the balance of effects of such systems is positive or negative...
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  • 152
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-78
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 11, p. 1-78
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Many chemicals are used to produce hundreds of thousands of different goods, from cars and computers to synthetic fabrics, kitchen appliances and paints. Through green procurement (GP) it is possible to reduce risks that arise from the use of chemical products by encouraging the use of chemical products which have low impact on human health and the environment throughout their life cycle, and discouraging the use of chemical products with a high impact. However, given the large number and variety of available chemical products and the differing priorities of product users, it is challenging to compare and select products for green procurement...
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  • 153
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-38
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-38
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The environmental safety/risks of transgenic organisms are normally based on the information on the characteristics of the host organism, the introduced traits, the environment into which the organism is introduced, the interaction between these, and the intended application. The OECD?s Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on identifying parts of this information, which could be commonly used in countries for environmental safety/risk assessment to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. Biosafety Consensus Documents are one of the major outputs of its work. Biosafety Consensus Documents are intended to be a ?snapshot? of current information on a specific host organism or trait, for use during regulatory assessments. They are not intended to be a comprehensive source of information on everything that is known about a specific host or trait; but they do address the key or core set of issues that member countries believe are relevant to risk/safety assessment. This information is said to be mutually acceptable among member countries. To date, 24 Biosafety Consensus Documents have been published. They include documents which address the biology of crops, trees and microorganisms as well as those which address specific traits which are used in transgenic crops.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach under which the responsibility of producers for their products is extended to include the social costs of waste management, including the environmental impact of waste disposal. This paper sets out a framework for assessing the costs and benefits of EPR. As comparedwith “conventional” waste management EPR involves the collection of particular end-of-life products, product categories or waste streams. In some cases these wastes would traditionally be handled appropriately through municipal waste management programs. Packaging would be one example. In other cases they might be handled, or might need to be handled, as special wastes which would be inappropriate for a municipal waste management programme. Solvents, scrap tires, used crankcase oil, lead acid batteries and electronics fit into this category. To evaluate the costs and benefit ratio for EPR programmes, the costs of these features need to be weighed against the benefits in terms of the reduced social costs of waste management, including the various externalities associated with landfilling or incineration and the environmental risks associated with “doing nothing” by maintaining existing practices.As compared with alternative policy instruments, an attraction of EPR is the incentive it creates for producers to consider post-consumer waste-management costs when making decisions about product design and marketing. Such “Design-for-Environment” incentives are an important part of the overall assessment of EPR, but their practicalevaluation could be difficult.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-35
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This document provides an overview of example transfers that contain chemicals of concern, the sources of those transfers, the chemicals included and management methods for these transfers. In particular, Chapter 5 describes release estimation techniques (RETs) that can be applied to estimate quantities of chemicals in transfers. A case study on oil refining is provided following the general description, including detailed descriptions of unit operations, identification of chemicals in waste/wastewater generated by industries, and calculations for determining the quantities of chemicals transferred off site.
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  • 156
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-79
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1-79
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The preparation of the Resource Compendium is considered a first step in OECD’s Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) release estimation techniques work. The Compendium consists of three separate documents, corresponding to the three main source categories – point sources, diffuse sources and transfers. This document is Part 1 of the Compendium, summarising techniques used for estimating point source releases from Member countries. (Part 2 describes techniques used for diffuse sources and Part 3 summarises techniques used to estimate the concentration of chemicals in transfers.) The principal objective in the development of the Resource Compendium was to collect information from OECD governments and selected industries on the techniques used (or are expected to be used) to estimate releases from point and diffuse sources and for transfers and to provide a summary of this information. Another objective of this project was to provide a listing of reports and other documentation describing the various methods being used in OECD countries to estimate releases to air, water, and land. This document is Part 1 of the Resource Compendium. It describes the types of techniques used to estimate releases from point sources and how they can be applied. To the extent possible, the names and contact information for individuals who can provide reports and documents about specific techniques available in their country were included. Information for this document was obtained through a survey of OECD countries.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 10, p. 1-87
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This report presents numerous examples of the variety of tools for presenting and illustrating PRTR data and the types of uses of PRTR data in OECD member countries. It presents examples of uses for the purposes of the public, community groups, industry, the government, and academic and independent research institutions. The intent of this report is not to describe all of the many programmes, activities, and tools that use PRTR data, but to present examples in each category to illustrate the wide variety of current and evolving uses of such data.
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  • 158
    ISBN: 9789264013544
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 159
    ISBN: 9789264009394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen; Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales ; Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Instruments et méthodes pour les entreprises
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umwelt und OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen: Betriebliche Instrumente und Konzepte
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. El Medio Ambiente y las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales : Herramientas y Enfoques Empresariales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Corporate Tools and Approaches (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environment and the OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises
    DDC: 658.4083
    RVK:
    Keywords: Umweltmanagement ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Umweltbelastung ; Internationale Umweltpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Umweltbezogenes Management
    Abstract: This book provides a detailed examination of the environment chapter of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and other relevant provisions of the Guidelines and gives concrete ideas and guidance to enterprises wishing to implement the Guidelines. Topics covered include environmental management systems; public information and stakeholder consultation; life cycle assessment; risk management; emergency preparedness and response; continuous improvements in environmental performance; environmental education and training; and contributing to the development of environmental policy.
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  • 160
    ISBN: 9789264035782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biens et services environnementaux ; Pour une ouverture des marchés au service de l'environnement et du développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biens et services environnementaux : Pour une ouverture des marchés au service de l'environnement et du développement
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade that benefits the environment and development
    RVK:
    Keywords: Natürliche Ressourcen ; Umweltwirtschaft ; GATS ; OECD-Staaten ; APEC-Staaten ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Umweltschutzindustrie ; Umweltschutz ; Dienstleistung ; Außenhandel ; Liberalisierung
    Abstract: This collection of studies is intended as a practical tool to help negotiators navigate the numerous, complex issues that have arisen in international discussions over liberalising trade in environmental goods and services. In addition to explaining the background to the two earlier lists of environmental goods (stemming from separate efforts by the OECD and by the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum), the different chapters: Explore various practical issues related to the classification of environmental goods, including "dual use" goods. Provide concrete examples of synergies between trade in environmental services and environmental goods. Synthesise the findings of various country studies on environmental goods and services undertaken by the OECD and other inter-governmental organisations.
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  • 161
    ISBN: 9789264008700
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme fiscale écologique axée sur la réduction de la pauvreté
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Environmental fiscal reform for poverty reduction
    DDC: 363.7
    RVK:
    Keywords: Ökosteuer ; Umweltabgabe ; Steuerreform ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Armut ; OECD-Staaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Lebensbedingungen ; Umweltschutz ; Steuerpolitik ; Steuerreform ; Finanzpolitik ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Transparenz ; Politischer Prozess ; Politische Beteiligung ; Environment ; Taxation ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: This DAC Reference Paper outlines key issues faced when designing Environmental Fiscal Reform (EFR). EFR refers to a range of taxation and pricing measures which can raise fiscal revenues while furthering environmental goals. The objective is to provide insights and “good practice” on how development co-operation agencies can help developing countries take advantage of EFR approaches in both their development and poverty reduction strategies. Following a review of the instruments of EFR and related technical issues, Environmental Fiscal Reform for Poverty Reduction focuses on the political economy and governance aspects of EFR. This includes an examination of the precondition for successful design and implementation, the various steps involved through the EFR Policy Cycle, the challenges faced at each stage, and the main stakeholders involved. The role of donors in supporting EFR processes is also outlined. Subsequently, these issues are reviewed in relation to sectors of particular relevance for developing countries: forestry, fisheries, fossil fuel, electricity, drinking water and industrial pollution control.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789264009684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Chili 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Chili 2005
    Keywords: Environment ; Chile
    Abstract: This review of Chile's environmental policies and performance, carried out in co-operation with the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, systematically examines Chile's performance and policy with regards to air, water, nature conservation, and biodiversity. It also examines the environmental-economic interface, sectoral integration (mining, forestry, and aquaculture), and the environmental-social interface, as well as international commitments. It makes a series of recommendations and includes tables showing selected environmental and social data.
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  • 163
    ISBN: 9789264009141
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; France 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : France 2005
    Keywords: Environment ; France
    Abstract: This book presents the results of a peer review of France's environmental policies and programmes. It systematically looks at environmental management (air, water, biodiversty), sustainable development, and international commitments. This edition includes a sectoral chapter covering energy. The book presents specific conclusions and policy recommendations, and includes extensive statistical data.
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  • 164
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 5, no. 9, p. 1-28
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 9, p. 1-28
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This report summarises the findings of the Terrestrial Risk Indicators (TERI) Project, carried out under the OECD Pesticides Programme. It is based on individual reports prepared by participants of an expert group (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland) on their results of testing the selected TERI indicators with national pesticide sales and use data.
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  • 165
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 5, no. 5, p. 1-70
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 5, p. 1-70
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report focuses on one environmental instrument which is part of the UK’s wider programme of policies to deal with its various obligations to control climate change. The instrument is the Climate Change Levy (CCL) which takes the form of a tax on energy. However, the CCL cannot be viewed in isolation – it is part of a fairly elaborate package of measures, and its interaction with the other instruments in that package need to be understood. Accordingly, we first set out a brief history of the UK’s approach to climate change control, and describe the various components of the policy package. A detailed history of the CCL is then provided, and this is followed by an analysis of the features of the CCL, focusing particularly on the political factors that influenced its design, and the various reactions to it. Finally, we look at the likely future of the CCL in light of developments in climate change policy in the wider Europe.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 1-23
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; Kyrgyzstan
    Abstract: The Ministry of Ecology and Emergency Situations (MEES) of the Kyrgyz Republic approached the OECD/EAP Task Force Secretariat with the request to assess the national system of environmental compliance assurance in light of good international practice and identify priority actions for its reform. In response to this request, which was also voiced during the 2003 REPIN meeting, the Network members supported the Kyrgyz Republic’s initiative to be the first country to test the Peer Review Scheme. A peer review involves a systematic examination and assessment of the performance of a state by other states, with the ultimate goal of helping the reviewed country adopt best practices and comply with established standards and principles. The peer review mechanism is free of any threat of non-compliance sanctions arising from the findings of the review: its impact relies on the influence and persuasion exercised by “peers” (equal partners in the review process). The review serves the following purposes: • To provide international peer support for institutional reform of enforcement authorities;• To enhance their transparency, accountability, and visibility, at national and international level;• To extend opportunities for inter-government policy dialogue and support capacity building.
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  • 167
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 1-167
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 167 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 1-167
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) describes emission scenarios for three parts of the life cycle for antifouling products used on ship and boat hulls: (1) application; (2) service life; and (3) removal. The primary aim of this ESD is for use in risk assessments in notification and authorisation procedures in regulatory frameworks used in OECD countries. The ESD is intended to be used for general risk assessment and is explicitly not for site specific risk assessments. Furthermore it is important to note that the recommended scenarios for service life of the antifouling products in the ESD are limited to the calculation of the initial local concentrations in the primary receiving environmental compartments.
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 9, p. 1-37
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Workshop on Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment, organised in co-operation with the Finnish Ministry for the Environment, took place in Helsinki on 16-17 June 2005. It provided an opportunity to bring relevant stakeholders together to exchange views and discuss recent experiences regarding private investment that contributes to the solution of global environmental problems. This report has two parts: the key messages emerging from the workshop (Part I) and a summary of the presentations and discussions (Part II). It builds upon presentations by, and discussions among, workshop participants who represented national governments, MEA Secretariats and implementing agencies, businesses, international governmental and non-governmental organisations, research institutes and other stakeholder groups. For background information, please see "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Private Investment: Business Contribution to Addressing Global Environmental Problems", published as Document No. 387 in OECD Papers, Vol. 5, Issue 2.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 5, p. 1-47
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This paper discusses the manure policy in the Netherlands with emphasis on the N and Paccounting system MINAS. MINAS was introduced by the Netherlands’ government in 1998, to step-wise decrease the N and P surpluses at farm level in 5 to 10 years to environmental acceptable levels (e.g. Henkens and Van Keulen, 2001). Individual farms that exceed certain levy-free surpluses for N and P (expressed in kg per ha per year) are charged with a financial levy, so as to encourage farmers to decrease the N and P surpluses. Whilst the use of nutrient balances in agricultural research has a history of at least one century, using nutrient balances with levies on surpluses as an instrument to ecologically transform agriculture had no precedent.
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  • 170
    ISBN: 9789264011793
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République tchèque 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Zpráva o politice, stavu a vývoji životního prostøedí; Česká Republika 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République tchèque 2005
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Zpráva o politice, stavu a vývoji životního prostøedí: & 268;eská Republika 2005
    Keywords: Environment ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This book presents the results of a peer review of the Czech Republic's environmental policies and programmes. It systematically covers air, water, and waste management; nature and biodiversity management; the environmental/economic interface; the enviornmental/social interface; and international co-operation. It includes extensive statistical information as well as specific recommendations in each of the topics covered.
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  • 171
    ISBN: 9789264069824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 117; Cœfficient de partage (n-octanol/eau), méthode HPLC
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 117: Cœfficient de partage (n-octanol/eau), méthode HPLC
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the HPLC method, which permits to determine the partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) (Pow).Reverse phase HPLC is performed on analytical columns packed with a solid phase containing long hydrocarbon chains chemically bound onto silica. The chemicals are retained in the column in proportion to their hydrocarbon-water partition coefficient, with hydrophilic chemicals eluted first and lipophilic chemicals last. The HPLC method covers log Pow in the range of 0 to 6, but it can be expanded to cover the log Pow range between 6 and 10 in exceptional cases. The HPLC operation mode is isocratic. The test substance is injected in the smallest detectable quantities in the column. The retention time is determined in duplicate. The partition coefficient of the test substance is obtained by interpolation of the calculated capacity factor on the calibration graph. For very low and very high partition coefficients extrapolation is necessary.
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  • 172
    ISBN: 9789264070325
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 222; Essai de reproduction chez le lombric (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 222: Essai de reproduction chez le lombric (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals in soil on the reproductive output (and other sub-lethal end points) of the earthworm species Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. Adult worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance either mixed into the soil or applied to the soil surface. The range of test concentrations is selected to encompass those likely to cause both sub-lethal and lethal effects over a period of eight weeks. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. This study includes the observation of unusual behaviour and morphology, the counting and weighing of the adult worms after the four primary weeks, the number of juveniles hatched at the end of the second 4-week period. The reproductive output of the worms exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or ECx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output. The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.
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  • 173
    ISBN: 9789264108592
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suède 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suède 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Sweden
    Abstract: This review of Sweden’s environmental performance takes stock of Sweden’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1996. It finds that Sweden has benefited from solid institutional and regulatory frameworks, extensive use of economic instruments, and significant planning and legislative reform. To meet its Environmental Quality Objectives, Sweden will need to implement more efficient environmental policies, further integrate environmental concerns with other policy, and further strengthen international environmental cooperation. The report makes 44 recommendations to help strengthen Sweden’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
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  • 174
    ISBN: 9789264108639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales; España 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales: España 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Spain
    Abstract: This review of Spain’s environmental performance takes stock of Spain’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1997. It finds that despite substantial increases in GDP, tourism, construction, population density in coastal areas, and road freight transport, progress has been made in decoupling some environmental pressures from economic growth and in developing environmental infrastructure. Nevertheless, Spain faces important challenges related to high energy intensity, high water use intensity, and increasing CO2 emissions and municipal waste. This report makes 46 recommendations to help strengthen Spain’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
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  • 175
    ISBN: 9789264070264
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 218; Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 218: Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the sediment-dwelling larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to at least five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment - water systems. The test substance is spiked into the sediment and first instar larvae are subsequently introduced into test beakers in which the sediment and water concentrations have been stabilised. Chironomid emergence and development rate is measured at the end of the test. The maximum exposure duration is 28 days for C. riparius, C. yoshimatsui, and 65 days for C. tentans. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. Larval survival and weight may also be measured after 10 days if required (using additional replicates as appropriate). The study report should include the development time and the total number of fully emerged midges (sex and number are recorded daily), the observation of any abnormal behaviour the number of visible pupae that have failed to emerge and any egg masses deposition. The data are analysed either by using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause x % reduction in emergence or larval survival or growth, or by using statistical hypothesis testing to determine a NOEC/LOEC.
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  • 176
    ISBN: 9789264071162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432; Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432: Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Balb/c 3T3 cells are maintained in culture for 24 h for formation of monolayers. Two 96-well plates are pre-incubated with eight different concentrations of the test substance for 1 h. Thereafter one of the two plates is exposed to the highest non-cytotoxic irradiation dose whereas the other plate is kept in the dark. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. NR penetrates cell membranes by non-diffusion, accumulating in lysosomes. Alterations of the cell surface of the sensitive lysosomal membrane lead to lysosomal fragility and other changes that gradually become irreversible. Such changes result in a decreased uptake and binding of NR. It is thus possible to distinguish between viable, damaged or dead cells. To predict the phototoxic potential, the concentration responses obtained in the presence and in the absence of irradiation are compared, usually at the IC50 level, i.e., the concentration reducing cell viability to 50 % compared to the untreated controls. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 177
    ISBN: 9789264069701
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 111; Hydrolyse en fonction du pH
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 111: Hydrolyse en fonction du pH
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess abiotic hydrolytic transformations of chemicals in aquatic systems at pH values normally found in the environment (pH 4 – 9). This Guideline is designed as a tiered approach; each tier is triggered by the results of the previous tier.Sterile aqueous buffer solutions of different pH values (pH 4, 7 and 9) are treated with the non-labelled or labelled test substance (only one concentration, which should not exceed 0.01 M or half of the saturation concentration). They are incubated in the dark under controlled laboratory conditions (at constant temperatures). After appropriate time intervals, buffer solutions are analysed for the test substance and for hydrolysis products. The preliminary test should be carried out for 5 days at 50 ± 0.5°C and pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0. The second tier consists of the hydrolysis of unstable substances, and the third tier is the identification of hydrolysis products. The higher Tier tests should be conducted until 90 % hydrolysis of the test substance is observed or for 30 days whichever comes first.
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  • 178
    ISBN: 9789264084971
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Application des Principes de BPL aux études in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this document is to facilitate the proper application and interpretation of the GLP Principles for the organisation and management of in vitro studies, and to provide guidance for the appropriate application of the GLP Principles to in vitro studies, both for test facilities (management, QA, study director and personnel), and for national GLP compliance monitoring authorities. This Advisory Document intends to provide such additional interpretation of the Principles and guidance for their application to in vitro studies carried out for regulatory purposes. It is organised in such a way as to provide easy reference to the GLP Principles by following the sequence of the different parts of these GLP Principles.
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  • 179
    ISBN: 9789264079106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.41
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This review documents examines member country classification of substances and mixtures which in contact with water release toxic gases.
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  • 180
    ISBN: 9789264070561
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 312; Lixiviation sur des colonnes de sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 312: Lixiviation sur des colonnes de sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this Test Guideline is based on soil column chromatography in disturbed soil. Two types of experiments are performed to determine (i) the leaching potential of the test substance, and (ii) the leaching potential of transformation products in soils under controlled laboratory conditions. At least duplicate leaching columns are packed with untreated, air-dried and sieved soil (〈 2 mm) up to a height of approximately 30 cm. Afterwards they are saturated and equilibrated with an “artificial rain” solution and allowed to drain. Then the surface of each soil column is treated with the test substance (non-volatile in water and soil) and/or with aged residues of the test substance. Artificial rain is applied to the soil columns and the leachate is collected. After the leaching process the soil is removed from the columns and is sectioned into an appropriate number of segments depending on the information required from the study. A reference substance (atrazine or monuron) should be used in the leaching experiments. For each soil segment and leachate fraction, the amounts of test substance, transformation products, non-extractables and, if included, of the reference substance should be given in % of applied initial dose.
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  • 181
    ISBN: 9789264069947
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 202; Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 202: Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an acute toxicity test to assess effects of chemicals towards daphnids (usually Daphnia magna Staus). Young daphnids, aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test, are exposed to the test substance at a range of concentrations (at least five concentrations) for a period of 48 hours. Immobilisation is recorded at 24 hours and 48 hours and compared with control values. The results are analysed in order to calculate the EC50 at 48h. Determination of the EC50 at 24h is optional. At least 20 animals, preferably divided into four groups of five animals each, should be used at each test concentration and for the controls. At least 2 ml of test solution should be provided for each animal (i.e. a volume of 10 ml for five daphnids per test vessel). The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. The study report should include the observation for immobilized daphnids at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the test and the measures of dissolved oxygen, pH, concentration of the test substance, at the beginning and end of the test.
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  • 182
    ISBN: 9789264070547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 309; Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles - Essai de simulation de la biodégradation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 309: Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles Essai de simulation de la biodégradation
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this test is to measure the time course of biodegradation of a test substance at low concentration in aerobic natural water and to quantify the observations in the form of kinetic rate expressions. The test is performed in batch by “pelagic test” or “suspended sediment test” to simulate a water body with suspended solids or re-suspended sediment. The test flasks are incubated in darkness at an environmental temperature under aerobic conditions and agitation during 60 days normally. At least two different concentrations of test substance (non-volatile or slightly volatile organic) should be used. The maximum test concentration should be less than 100µg/L (biodegradation following first order kinetics) and the lowest test concentration preferably in the range of ‹1-10µg/L. Two subsamples should be withdrawn from each test flask at each sampling time. Degradation is followed at appropriate time intervals, by measuring either the residual 14C or the residual concentration of test substance. The total mineralisation and the primary biodegradation are determined by a different 14C labeling part of the molecule. Periodic measurements of pH and oxygen concentration in the test system must be conducted.
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  • 183
    ISBN: 9789264071087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 428; Absorption cutanée ; méthode in vitro
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 428: Absorption cutanée : méthode in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test method has been designed to provide information on absorption of a test substance, (ideally radiolabelled), applied to the surface of a skin sample separating the two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. Skin from human or animal sources can be used. Although viable skin is preferred, non-viable skin can also be used. The skin has been shown to have the capability to metabolise some chemicals during percutaneous absorption. In this case, metabolites of the test chemical may be analysed by appropriate methods. Normally more than one concentration of the test substance is used in typical formulations, spanning the realistic range of potential human exposures. The application should mimic human exposure, normally 1-5 mg/cm2 of skin for a solid and up to 10 µl/cm2 for liquids. The temperature must be constant because it affects the passive diffusion of chemicals. The absorption of a test substance during a given time period (normally 24h) is measured by analysis of the receptor fluid and the distribution of the test substance chemical in the test system and the absorption profile with time should be presented.
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  • 184
    ISBN: 9789264079144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.46
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Detailed Review Paper (DRP) is intended to provide the current state-of-the-knowledge in the area of amphibian metamorphosis with the view to use amphibian metamorphosis as a model for the detection of chemicals affecting the thyroid axis in vertebrates.
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  • 185
    ISBN: 9789264070301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 220; Essai de reproduction chez l'enchytrée
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 220: Essai de reproduction chez l'enchytrée
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproductive output of the enchytraeid worm, Enchytraeus albidus Henle 1873, in soil. Adult enchytraeid worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into an artificial soil. Ten worms are randomly allocated to each test vessel. A range-finding test should be used, for two weeks, in case of no sufficient information. The duration of the definitive test is six weeks. At the end the total number of juveniles produced by parent animal and the survival of parent animals are assessed. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg/kg. The study report should include the adult morphological changes, the number of offspring. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or ECx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output. The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.
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  • 186
    ISBN: 9789264070288
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 219; Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau chargée-sédiment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 219: Essai de toxicité sur les chironomes dans un système eau chargée-sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the sediment-dwelling larvae of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to at least five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment-water systems. The test starts by placing first instar larvae into the test beakers containing the sediment-water system and subsequently spiking the test substance into the water. Chironomid emergence and development rate is measured at the end of the test. The maximum exposure duration is 28 days for C. riparius, C. yoshimatsui, and 65 days for C. tentans. Larval survival and weight may also be measured after 10 days if required (using additional replicates as appropriate). The study report should include the development time and the total number of fully emerged midges (sex and number are recorded daily), the observation of any abnormal behaviour, the number of visible pupae that have failed to emerge and any egg masses deposition. The data are analysed either by using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause x % reduction in emergence, larvae survival or growth, or by using statistical hypothesis testing to determine a NOEC/LOEC.
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  • 187
    ISBN: 9789264071148
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431; Corrosion cutanée in vitro ;Essai sur modèle de peau humaine
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 431: Corrosion cutanée in vitro :Essai sur modèle de peau humaine
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test described in this Test Guideline allows the identification of corrosive chemical substances and mixtures and it enables the identification of non-corrosive substances and mixtures when supported by a weight of evidence determination using other existing information. The test protocol may also provide an indication of the distinction between severe and less severe skin corrosives. This Test Guideline does not require the use of live animals or animal tissue for the assessment of skin corrosivity. The test material (solid or liquid) is applied uniformly and topically to a three-dimensional human skin model, comprising at least a reconstructed epidermis with a functional stratum corneum. Two tissue replicates are used for each treatment (exposure time), and for controls. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure periods. The principle of the human skin model assay is based on the hypothesis that corrosive chemicals are able to penetrate the stratum corneum by diffusion or erosion, and are cytotoxic to the underlying cell layers.
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  • 188
    ISBN: 9789264020139
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: The papers in this conference proceedings address the various conceptual, measurement and statistical policy issues that arise when applying accounting frameworks to the concept of sustainable development.
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  • 189
    ISBN: 9789264071124
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 430; Corrosion cutanée in vitro ; Essai de résistance électrique transcutanée (RET)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 430: Corrosion cutanée in vitro : Essai de résistance électrique transcutanée (RET)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Globally Harmonised System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals defines skin corrosion as the production of irreversible tissue damage in the skin following the application of a test material. The test material (150 µL for liquids or solid with 150 µL of deionised water added on the top) is applied for up to 24 hours to the epidermal surfaces of skin discs (three skin discs are used for each test and control substance) in a two-compartment test system in which the skin discs function as the separation between the compartments. The skin discs are taken from humanely killed rats aged 28-30 days. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a loss of normal stratum corneum integrity and barrier function, which is measured as a reduction in the TER below a threshold level (5kΩ for rat). A dye-binding step incorporated into the test procedure permits to determine if the increase in ionic permeability is due to physical destruction of the stratum corneum.
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  • 190
    ISBN: 9789264071063
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 427; Absorption cutanée ; méthode in vivo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 427: Absorption cutanée : méthode in vivo
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vivo percutaneous absorption study set out in this Test Guideline provides the linkage necessary to extrapolate from oral studies when making safety assessments following dermal exposure. The in vivo method, described in this guideline, allows the determination of the penetration of the test substance through the skin into the systemic compartment. The test substance, preferably radiolabelled, is applied, for a fixed period of time, to the clipped skin of animals at one or more appropriate dose levels in the form of a representative in-use preparation. The rat is the most commonly used species. At least four animals of one sex should be used for each test preparation and each scheduled termination time. A known amount of the test preparation is evenly applied to the site. This amount should normally mimic potential human exposure, typically 1-5 mg/cm² for a solid or up to 10 µl/cm² for liquids. A relevant exposure period (typically 6 or 24 hours) should be used, based on the expected human exposure duration. The animals should be observed for signs of toxicity/abnormal reactions at intervals for the entire duration of the study. This study includes: daily measurements (excreta), regular detailed observations, as well as sacrifice at the scheduled time and blood collected for analysis.
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  • 191
    ISBN: 9789264107786
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Canada 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Canada 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Canada
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive 2004 report on Canada's environmental policies and programmes systematically examines policy related to air, water, and nature/biodiversity as well as the interface between environmental policy and economic policy, social policy, and specific sectors. It finds that while Canada has made satisfactory progress since 1985, there are still significant challenges, and the report makes specific recommendations for more use of economic instruments and use of the polluter and user pays principles, rationalising water governance, strengthening nature protection, reducing energy intensity, implementing climate change policies, reviewing environmentally related taxes, and implementing marine and aid commitments.
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  • 192
    ISBN: 9789264101821
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour la prévention, la préparation et l'intervention en matière d'accidents chimiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guiding Principles for Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This second comprehensive edition of these Principles is to help public authorities, industry and communities worldwide anticipate accidents involving hazardous substances resulting from technological and natural disasters, as well as sabotage. It addresses the following issues: preventing the occurrence of chemical accidents and near-misses; preparing for accidents through emergency planning, public communication, etc.; responding to accidents and minimising their adverse effects; and following-up to accidents, regarding clean-up, reporting and investigation.
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  • 193
    ISBN: 9789264078635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Application des principes de BPL aux études sur le terrain
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document specifies the application of the Good Laboratory Practice principles to field studies, interpreting such concepts as study, test site, study director, management responsibilities, quality assurance, etc. for application in this specific context.
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  • 194
    ISBN: 9789264105010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluacion del Desempeño Ambiental; Mexico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluacion del Desempeño Ambiental: Mexico
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: This 2003 edition of OECD's periodic review of Mexico's environmental policies and programmes examines its progress in air, water, waste and biodiversity management; sustainable development; the environmental-economic and environmental-social interfaces; and international commitments. It presents a series of recommendations for dealing with key environmental issues.
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  • 195
    ISBN: 9789264018891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Autriche 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Autriche 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Austria
    Abstract: This review of Austria's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 196
    ISBN: 9789264078673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de bonnes pratiques de laboratoire et vérification du respect de ces principes
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document defines the roles and responsibilities of the Study Director in Good Laboratory Practice studies.
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  • 197
    ISBN: 9789264101227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle ; Vers un programme d'action
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The 21st Century has so far witnessed a host of large-scale disasters in various parts of the world including: windstorms, flooding, new diseases infesting both humans and animals, terrorist attacks and major disruptions to critical infrastructures. It is not just the nature of major risks that seems to be changing, but also the context in which risks are evolving as well as society’s capacity to manage them. This book explores the implications of these developments for economy and society in the 21st century, focussing in particular on the potentially significant increase in the vulnerability of major systems. It concentrates on five large risk clusters: natural disasters, technological accidents, infectious diseases, food safety and terrorism, identifies the challenges facing OECD countries and sets out recommendations for governments and the private sector as to how the management of emerging systemic risks might be improved.
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  • 198
    ISBN: 9789264100961
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Pologne 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Pologne 2003
    Keywords: Environment ; Poland
    Abstract: This review of Poland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 199
    ISBN: 9789264199163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali; Italia 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCSE Rapporti Sulle Performance Ambientali: Italia 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Italy
    Abstract: This review of Italy's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 200
    ISBN: 9789264099098
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Rapporto sulle performance ambientali
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Italie 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Italy 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Italie 2002
    Keywords: Environment ; Italy
    Abstract: Temi trattati : Gestione dell’ambiente Gestione dell’aria, dell’acqua e dei rifiuti Protezione della natura e della biodiversità Economia, società e ambiente Integrazione settoriale: trasporti Cooperazione internazionale Esami recenti disponibili Messico 1998 Australia 1998 Svizzera 1998 Belgio 1998 Repubblica ceca 1999 Danimarca 1999 Federazione della Russia* 1999 Turchia 1999 Ungheria 2000 Grecia 2000 Irlanda 2000 Lussemburgo 2000 Paesi dell’OCSE 2001 Germania 2001 Islanda 2001 Norvegia 2001 Portogallo 2001 Repubblica slovacca 2002 Giappone 2002 Regno Unito 2002 Italia 2002 La presente pubblicazione fa parte del programma di esami condotti dall’OCSE sulle performance ambientali di ogni Paese Membro. Sono esaminati in modo dettagliato gli sforzi compiuti per raggiungere gli obiettivi nazionali e per rispondere agli impegni internazionali. Le analisi si appoggiano su un vasto insieme di dati economici e ambientali e sboccano su raccomandazioni su i progressi da compiere nel campo dell’ambiente e dello sviluppo sostenibile. Il primo ciclo di Esami delle performance ambientali dei Paesi Membri si è concluso nel 2000. * Paese non membro dell’OCSE.
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