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  • Online Resource  (422)
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  • 2015-2019  (422)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Federal Spending on Labor Market Programs in Brazil (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The objective of labor pr ...
    DOI: 10.1596/35230
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Delivering Quality Health Services: A Global Imperative (2018)
    Geneva 27 : World Health Organization
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300309
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La qualité des services de santé : Un impératif mondial en vue de la couverture santé universelle
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to provide health security and universal access to essential care services without financial hardship to individuals, families and communities. UHC enables a transition to more productive and equitable societies and economies and is enshrined in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But UHC should not be implemented without considering the quality of the care provided. Quality means care that is effective, safe, people-centered, timely, equitable, integrated and efficient. High-quality care improves health outcomes and reduces waste. It is integral to a high-value, sustainable health system. Universal access to high-quality health care is not a luxury only rich countries can afford. It can be achieved in all settings with strong leadership, planning and implementation. The returns are worth the investment. While significant progress has been made to improve care quality has been made, more effort is needed in both developing and developed countries. This report describes the current situation with regard to UHC and global quality of care, and outlines the steps governments, health services and their workers, together with citizens and patients need to urgently take.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300309-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Senegal : Impact on Tobacco Use and Tax Revenues (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This study has three main objectives. First, it aims to assess the impact of tobacco excise tax increases over 2012-14 on prices, consumption levels, and tax revenues in Senegal, as well as the response by tobacco companies to such increases. Second, the report models the potential impact of two scenarios involving future excise tax increases on tobacco products in Senegal, and considers alterations in the structure of tobacco excise taxation. Finally, it offers policy options to government authorities
    DOI: 10.1596/29270
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nepal Systematic Country Diagnostic : A New Approach to a Federal Nepal (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) examines the key constraints to and opportunities for accelerating poverty reduction and enhancing shared prosperity in Nepal. The SCD builds on a broad body of analytical work conducted in Nepal, but particularly on three World Bank reports published in 2017: moving up the ladder: poverty reduction in Nepal, climbing higher: toward a middle-income Nepal, and the Nepal risk and resilience assessment. It also builds on evidence compiled in six working groups and consultations and surveys in all seven Nepalese provinces with civil society organizations, the private sector, government, development partners, and citizens. The SCD highlighted key knowledge gaps. The key knowledge gaps include: (a) poverty trends since the earthquake, blockade, and slowdown of remittances; (b) how best to increase the accountability and strengthen the capacity of local governments; (c) the impact of lack of competition in specific sectors on job creation, prices, and welfare; (d) the potential for reducing environmental vulnerability through investments and of what type; (e) the political economy of multiple ministries in natural resource management and how to encourage consolidation; (f) which interventions are most effective to reduce malnutrition in different parts of the country; and (g) how to make the cost of migration more affordable for poor households
    DOI: 10.1596/29421
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Western Balkans Labor Market Trends 2018 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report is the second in a series, presenting labor market developments in the Western Balkan countries in 2017 and comparing with selected member states of the European Union (EU). The report is the result of collaboration between the World Bank and the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (WIIW) and is based on the South-Eastern Europe (SEE) jobs gateway database on labor market indicators. That database uses labor force survey (LFS) data provided by the statistical offices of the individual Western Balkan countries, and by Eurostat for the EU comparator countries, and is available online at the SEE jobs gateway. The objective of this report is to showcase these data for a general, non-technical audience, and present a few insights into how labor markets in the Western Balkans have developed over the past year. This year's report includes a special topic on improving data and knowledge about labor mobility from the Western Balkans
    DOI: 10.1596/29538
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Access to Finance for Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina with a Focus on Gender : A Survey Report (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: This report provides a baseline analysis of the status of access to finance for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) with a particular focus on women entrepreneur' ability and constraints in accessing finance in order to develop and grow their businesses. It is based on a nationally representative survey of 542 enterprises conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) between September 2016 and February 2017. The survey is a continuation of the ongoing work on access to finance and builds upon an earlier supply-side study conducted by the World Bank during the 2014 IMF/World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) Update, as well as on lessons learned from the BiH Enhancing SME Access to Finance Project. The objective of the survey is to further analyze the demand side constraints to private sector growth and enterprise performance related to or arising from lack of access to finance. The survey has the specific aim to determine the level of women entrepreneurs' ability and constraints in accessing finance in order to develop and grow their businesses
    DOI: 10.1596/29529
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Belarus Systematic Country Diagnostic : Towards a Competitive, Inclusive and Dynamic Belarus (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Belarus has pursued a gradual transition path characterized by slow opening of the economy to the private sector and a limited reform of the governance system of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) demonstrates that there is a window of opportunity to proactively lay down foundations towards a new vision - a competitive, inclusive, and dynamic Belarus. At the core of this new vision is managing a transition to a new growth path that is sustainable and inclusive. The SCD has identified seven key priorities for achieving further progress towards the twin goals in Belarus. The report is structured as follows: chapter one describes trends in poverty reduction and in shared prosperity and examines the conjecture that economic growth was the main determinant of improvements in income distribution. Chapter two analyzes the sustainability of economic growth and income distribution gains. Chapter three sketches a vision of socio-economic development for Belarus in the next decade and formulates three pathways towards the sustainable and inclusive growth of an internationally competitive economy. Chapter four describes priority actions to achieve that vision
    DOI: 10.1596/29599
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Republic of Guinea Overcoming Growth Stagnation to Reduce Poverty : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Guinea is a country with a rich historical legacy, abundant natural resources, a privileged geographical location - and a rapidly growing population. A successful political transition and the emergence of a vibrant civil society have helped to ensure ethnic peace and the absence of civil wars in the middle of a rather conflict-ridden region. The country faces severe challenges in translating its assets and opportunities into higher incomes for its citizenry. Economic growth has been too weak and volatile to contribute to poverty reduction on a sustained basis. This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) posits that two critical factors have affected Guinea's development path since its independence in 1958. First, the country endured two long-lived authoritarian regimes and political instability before the inception of democracy in 2010. Such a legacy of attendant poor economic governance led to mismanagement of natural resources, institutional fragmentation of the government, a weak social contract and rule of law, and low and ineffective public investment. Second, the structure of the economy remains dependent on the primary sectors - agriculture and mining - lacking diversification in its sources of growth
    DOI: 10.1596/29598
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Country Partnership Framework for the United Republic of Tanzania for the Period FY18-FY22 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Country Partnership F ...
    DOI: 10.1596/29600
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Procuring Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships Report 2018 : Assessing Government Capability to Prepare, Procure, and Manage PPPs (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Procurement Study
    Abstract: Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018 assesses the regulatory frameworks and recognized good practices that govern PPP procurement across 135 economies, with the aim of helping countries improve the governance and quality of PPP projects. It also helps fill the private sector's need for high-quality information to become a partner in a PPP project and finance infrastructure. Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018 builds on the success of the previous edition, Benchmarking PPP Procurement 2017, refining the methodology and scope based on guidance from experts around the world, as well as expanding its geographical coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/29605
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Despite significant progress since gaining independence in 2002, Timor-Leste's economy is still struggling with declining oil revenues and slowing economic growth, while access to improved basic services is still low and vulnerability to natural disasters remain high. In that context, strategic investments in the water sector and addressing water management is crucial to meet national and international development commitments and to stimulate economic growth. Potential for the development of the water resources exists in Timor-Leste, although it is constrained by limited data as well as by the institutional capacity to implement integrated water resources management (IWRM) solutions. Irrigation scheme rehabilitation has been driven by a target of self-sufficiency in food production but recent studies point to alternatives and more economically viable models for achieving this policy target. For water supply and sanitation, Timor-Leste met its millennium development goal (MDG) water and sanitation targets for urban areas, but missed its MDG target for rural areas. Progress has been made, although the sustainability of services remains a challenge. Investing in the water sector will have broad and significant benefits to the economy, community, and the environment in Timor-Leste
    DOI: 10.1596/29527
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking Energy Efficiency Potentials in Cities in Kazakhstan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This report is presenting the key findings of the Energy Efficiency Transformation in Astana and Almaty study, a project financed by the World Bank's Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) - a multi-donor technical assistance trust fund administered by the World Bank. The study is under Kazakhstan Energy Efficiency Project (P130013) which aims to improve energy efficiency in public and social facilities and the enabling environment for sustainable energy financing. The report outlines the urban Energy Efficiency (EE) strategies for the next twelve years for Astana and Almaty, up to 2030, by assessing the energy performance of the municipal service sectors and identifying and prioritizing EE opportunities along with a sound implementation plan
    DOI: 10.1596/29531
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Flows for Hydropower Projects : Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This Good Practice Handbook is designed to provide guidance to practitioners on taking rigorous and consistent approaches to assess hydropower project impacts on downstream river ecosystems and people, and determine their Environmental Flows (EFlows) commitments. The Handbook outlines a good practice approach for integrating EFlows into hydropower projects, emphasizing the selection of context-appropriate EFlows Assessment methods. Its structure follows the main steps of this approach: 1. Understand the context of river functioning and the provision of ecosystem values and services into which EFlows will be introduced (Section 2); 2. Understand the potential downstream impacts associated with hydropower development (Section 3) and how these can be mitigated (Section 4); 3. Align ESIA and EFlows Assessments and ensure data sharing and good communication between the assessment teams (see Section 5); 4. Apply a context-appropriate EFlows Assessment method (Section 6); 5. Conduct a comprehensive and appropriate stakeholder engagement program leading to a decision on EFlows and other mitigation measures based on the outcome of the assessment (Sections 7 and 8); and 6. Prepare an Environmental Flow Management Plan (EFMP2; Section 9). It also provides the following: A logframe for integrating EFlows into hydropower plants (Section 10); and Case studies to illustrate the main concepts addressed in the Handbook (Section 11)
    DOI: 10.1596/29541
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Moldova : Education Sector Public Expenditure Review - Selected Issues (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Abstract: This report reviews selected issues in public expenditures for education in Moldova. It is the product not of a comprehensive analysis that would comprise a full-fledged Public Expenditure Review (PER), but from a review of key elements related to financing of the education sector as a whole, and to important sub-segments of the education and training system. In particular, after providing an overview of the governance and financing arrangements of the education system (chapter 1), and of recent general trends in education expenditures (chapter 2), the report focuses on trends in capital investment for pre-primary education, driven largely by the strong increases in the recent period (chapter 3). It then proceeds with a broad first assessment of the impact of ongoing optimization reforms in general education on efficiency, quality, and equity (chapter 4). The report also looks at the external efficiency of vocational education and training (VET) and higher education (HE), particularly on the extent to which financing mechanisms are applied to promote the demand-responsiveness of education and training provision
    DOI: 10.1596/29729
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Jobs Agenda for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The economies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) grew several folds over the past decades, making impressive improvements in key development indicators, supported by massive investments in extractive industries. Real gross domestic product (GDP) annual growth reached 5.1 percent during the 2000-2012 period, with hydrocarbons accounting for almost 90 percent of revenues and 80 percent of exports during the same period. Economic growth has not translated into sufficient employment creation and optimal job outcomes for GCC nationals outside of the natural resources industry. Reforming public sector employment to increase the productivity and meritocracy of jobs for GCC citizens entails three key recommendations. First, while public sector pay should remain competitive to attract highly skilled workers, it needs to correspond with actual productivity levels. Second, introducing a meritocratic system and formal performance management tools in the public sector will increase competition among public sector employees and potentially increase productivity. Finally, in some of the larger GCC economies, rationalization of recruitment of citizens into the public sector may be necessary. This note elaborates on this line of reasoning and highlights how the World Bank can assist GCC governments in achieving their stated objectives of increasing citizens' access to more and productive employment and supporting the shift towards a knowledge-based economy
    DOI: 10.1596/29741
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nigeria Biannual Economic Update, April 2018 : Connecting to Compete (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Nigeria Biannual Economic Update is a product of the staff of the World Bank and has three broad aims. First, it reports on the key developments in the Nigerian Economy in the recent past Secondly, it summarizes the likely economic outcomes in the short-to-medium term, given the policy developments, and highlights key short-term risks and upside potentials. Finally, the Update provides a more in-depth examination of selected highly relevant economic issues. The Nigeria Biannual Economic Update is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged inNigeria's economy
    DOI: 10.1596/29787
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambodia Economic Update, April 2018 : Recent Economic Developments and Outlook (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: While the economy continues to expand rapidly in Cambodia, real GDP growth eased to 6.8percent in 2017 from 7 percent in 2016. Cambodia therefore bucked the regional trend, asmost developing countries in East Asia experienced a growth acceleration in 2017. Followingsome moderation during the first half of 2017, textile and apparel exports rebounded. Thetourism and agriculture sectors experienced initial recovery in the last few years after facinggradual moderation. Growth is projected to remain robust, expanding at 6.9 percent in 2018.Downside risks to the outlook include erosion of export competitiveness due to rapidly risingreal wages, a buildup of vulnerabilities from a prolonged real estate and construction boom,potential election-related uncertainty, and periodic jolts to the international trade order inthe form of protectionism and escalating trade disputes. This edition of Cambodia economic update is focusing on findings of future jobs in Cambodia
    DOI: 10.1596/29811
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Indonesia Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability : Assessment Report 2017 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: Indonesia has experienced strong economic growth and steady poverty reduction over the past decade,but the end of the commodity boom, accompanied by slowing poverty reduction and rising inequality, has put pressure on the country's overall economic development. Indonesia's average annual growth rate was 5.6 percent in the period 2001-12, equivalent to a GDP per capita of about US 3,500 dollars. The national poverty rate was halved to 11.2 percent in the period from 1999 to 2015, largely through sustained growth and job creation. However, the decline in commodity prices and demand slowed growth to 4.8 percent in 2015 and 5.1 percent in 2016. The pace of poverty reduction also began to stagnate around this time, with a near zero decline in 2015, accompanied by rising inequality, from 30 points in 2000 to 41 points by 2014, as measured by the Gini coefficient
    DOI: 10.1596/29820
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2017 Survey of National Development Banks (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper presents the main findings of the 2017 survey on national development banks that the World Bank conducted in collaboration with the World Federation of Development Financing Institutions. Sixty-four development banks from different parts of the world, mainly from middle-income countries, participated in the survey
    DOI: 10.1596/29815
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 20
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    Rajasthan Playing to its Strengths : A Strategy for Sustained and Inclusive Growth (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: India's largest state by area, Rajasthan also stands out in economic performance and achieved a greater reduction in poverty than any other low income state. This strong performance reflects broad-based efforts towards policy reform across sectors that resulted in a more productive and diversified agriculture sector, higher investments in manufacturing, and substantial improvements in public service delivery. These achievements notwithstanding, Rajasthan still lags behind many other states in India. The state is also among the lower performers in womens' and girls' education and gender gaps have shown little improvement over the years. Rajasthan is now at a crossroads and faces serious challenges for sustaining rapid and inclusive growth. In recent years, growth has slowed down and the crucial tourism sector has lost market share. A worsening water crisis is making traditional agricultural practices increasingly unsustainable, while growing fiscal pressures, due partly to deficiencies in the electricity sector, are narrowing the fiscal space available to implement comprehensive policy actions. The purpose of this report is to help develop a possible growth strategy as part of the ongoing dialogue with the state. In particular, the report is expected to serve as important input to the Bank's lending strategy for the state going forward by proposing an overall strategic framework for the development of the state
    DOI: 10.1596/29817
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  • 21
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    Rwanda Economic Update, June 2018 : Tackling Stunting - An Unfinished Agenda (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Rwanda's economy rebounded in the second half of 2017. The rebound, driven by improved exportperformance and revitalized agriculture, pushed annual growth to 6.1 percent and led to upwardrevisions of the growth projections for 2018 and 2019. However, although growth is currently recovering and is more balanced, it will most likely continue to be below the high rates achieved during the 2013-15 investment push
    DOI: 10.1596/29908
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  • 22
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, May 2018 : Growth Amidst Uncertainty (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy performed better in 2017/18 with a modest growth acceleration that partially reversed the deterioration experienced in 2016/17. While the outlook remains positive, risks have intensified. The economy experienced a broad-based increase in real GDP growth to 6.4 percent in 2017/181 from 5.9 percent in 2016/17. Inflation moderated from 7 percent in 2016/17 to 5.5 percent in 2017/18. The exchange rate was stable and appreciated slightly towards the end of the year, the current account deficit narrowed slightly on strong export growth, and the fiscal deficit also narrowed in the first three quarters of the fiscal year. While performance remains strong and the macroeconomic outlook is positive, there are concerns that the slow pace of reforms, vulnerabilities in the financial sector, and limited progress in addressing the humanitarian crisis in Rakhine are starting to affect business sentiment and could weaken performance. External risks from uncertainty in global trade policy and in commodity prices intensify the downside risks to the growth outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/29917
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  • 23
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    Improving Lead Time for Tropical Cyclone Forecasting : Review of Operational Practices and Implications for Bangladesh (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Owing to its low-lying topography, dense river network, location, and climate, it is exposed to a range of water and climate-related hazards. Tropical cyclones are among the most severe of these hazards. A key focus for improving disaster preparedness and early warning systems in Bangladesh is improved lead times for tropical cyclone forecasting including the quality and skill of the forecast. At present, the lead time for tropical cyclone forecast used by the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), the main government agency responsible for issuing forecasts for tropical cyclone and storm surges, is three days. If lead times of 10 to 15 days with relatively high accuracy are possible, as the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasting (ECMWF) suggests, why is it not being done in Bangladesh and what can be done to improve the forecast lead time? This question motivated the writing of this paper. Critical to extending the lead times for forecasting is a better understanding of the factors that limit increasing the lead time of current forecasts. This book is arranged as follows: Chapter 1 gives description of the background and rationale for the report; Chapter 2 describes current global operational practices for forecasting tropical cyclones and storm surges, including practices at other national agencies; Chapter 3 assesses the extent to which Bangladesh uses international and regional operational practices and the technical and governance issues that limit their use; and Chapter 4 provides a summary and recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/29825
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  • 24
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    A New Growth Model for Building a Secure Middle Class : Kazakhstan Systematic Country Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Four mutually supportive strategic pillars and related policy priorities would help Kazakhstan continue the structural transformation that stalled during the oil booms, in order to eliminate poverty and build a large and secure middle class: 1. economic management for diversification, to strengthen economic management in support of outward diversification of the economy; 2. private sector development, with the state disengaging from its active role in the economy and instead becoming an enabler for a competitive private sector, including a strong small and medium enterprise sector; 3. integration and connectivity, to expand the capability for external trade and the ability of economic regions to respond to external and domestic opportunities, while strengthening institutions for national integration and citizen participation; and 4. productive and adaptive human and natural capital, to enhance human capital so that workers can attain higher levels of productivity and respond more agilely to market developments, while improving natural resource management to strengthen resilience and support sustainability. to deliver on all these priorities, Kazakhstan needs to continue to modernize and build the capacity of its institutions, making them more open, responsive, and effective
    DOI: 10.1596/29792
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    Toward Universal Financial Inclusion in China : Models, Challenges, and Global Lessons (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: China has achieved remarkable success in financial inclusion. China's rate of account ownership - a basic metric of financial inclusion - has increased significantly in the past two decades and is now on par with that of other G-20 countries. Traditional financial service providers have dramatically increased the reach of the formal financial sector, including through the world's largest agent banking network. China has also been an established leader in the fintech revolution, with new technology-driven providers transforming how millions of Chinese consumers make payments, borrow, save, invest, and insure themselves against risk. This report examines in detail China's approach to financial inclusion over the past 15 years. The report benchmarks China's progress against peer economies and analyzes key developments and factors in China's financial inclusion experience. The report also outlines remaining challenges to achieving further advances in financial inclusion in China, and distills key lessons policymakers from other countries can learn from China's experience. The report was written jointly by the People's Bank of China (PBOC) and the World Bank Group
    DOI: 10.1596/29336
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    Turkey Economic Monitor, May 2018 : Minding the External Gap (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: A strong policy response - on the back of fiscal buffers, a strong financial system, and favorable external conditions - enabled Turkey to recover from its shock of 2016, with growth accelerating to 7.4 percent in 2017. The outcome of supply constraints and demand impulse are reflected in high inflation; a large current account deficit; and currency volatility. The developments are weighing on private sector confidence despite the ongoing boost to sales, employment, and profits. Enabling an orderly adjustment is important for productivity and potential output. Turkey has been prone to large economic swings in the past. The greater the volatility in growth, the more pronounced is the negative impact on productive investment and efficiency of resource allocation. The possibility for monetary policy to respond to adverse external developments is more challenging. A combination of high inflation (due to demand pressures, exchange rate passthrough, and higher production costs) on the one hand, and rising (and positive) policy rates on the other, creates challenges for a monetary stimulus in the event of an external shock. This challenge is exacerbated by the need to cool credit expansion, which has been above its long-term trend
    DOI: 10.1596/29918
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    Solomon Islands Health Financing System Assessment : Spend Better (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This report identifies critical opportunities and constraints faced by Solomon Islands health system as it makes progress towards Universal Health Coverage. Protecting the achievements that have been made over recent years, while continuing to improve a broader range of health outcomes, requires effective management of changes in financial and other institutional arrangements in the health sector. Solomon Islands has made some impressive gains in health outcomes over the last two decades. Continued improvements will require more effective governance to manage finite resources at all health service levels. Now more than ever, with decreasing real per capita health expenditure, greater focus is needed on spending health dollars better. More efficiency. More quality of service delivery. More targeted interventions for vulnerable groups to improve equity
    DOI: 10.1596/30022
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    Making Growth Work for the Poor : A Poverty Assessment for the Philippines (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: The report emphasizes the importance of breaking the cycle of inequitable investment in human capital and lack of well-paying job opportunities that trap the poor in poverty, generation after generation. Children from poor households start life at a disadvantage. Malnourished and stunted, with poor access to quality health care, they are less likely to learn the skills they need and fulfill their potential. As adults, therefore, they earn low incomes and cannot afford to invest in their own children. They have little to meet their basic needs and nothing to save against emergencies. Frequent natural disasters buffet the poor, whose limited means to cope and disproportionate suffering push them deeper into poverty. Poverty is a threat to peace. In the parts of the country affected by conflict, where physical assets have been destroyed, families displaced, and human capital eroded, people are trapped in a cycle of conflict and poverty. In addition to the challenges of addressing poverty, the Philippines is hindered by the limited expansion of its middle class. In the East Asia region over 2002-2015, the share of population that is economically secure and middle class increased from just over one fifth to nearly two-thirds, but the share in the Philippines increased from 37 percent to just 44 percent. The lack of well-paying jobs limited the gains for labor from structural transformation. Every year, 1 percent of the employment shifted out of agriculture, but most of those workers end up in low-end services jobs. Such limited gains for labor could negatively affect the country's long-term competitiveness. The report concludes that making the pattern of growth more inclusive and providing more well-paying jobs will be crucial to helping people achieve higher and more stable incomes. It claims that steps to accelerate poverty reduction include creating more well-paying jobs; improving productivity in all sectors, including agriculture; reducing income and wealth inequality through more investments in people and skills development, enhancing the ability of the poor to participate in growth; rebuilding conflict-affected areas; and better management of risks and protection of the vulnerable
    DOI: 10.1596/29960
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    The Social Impacts of Seasonal Migration : Lessons from Australia's Seasonal Worker Program for Pacific Islanders (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: The Seasonal Worker Program (SWP) is a temporary migration scheme between Australia and selected Pacific Island Countries. It was introduced in 2012 and covers the agriculture, accommodation and tourism sectors. Extensive efforts have been made to evaluate the economic impacts of the scheme, but there is a lack of evidence on the social impacts emanating from the extended absences of key family members. Moreover, of the 17,320 workers who have participated in the program since its inception, only 13.7 percent have been women. There are gaps in understanding around the gendered impact of the program and the constraints that prevent women from accessing the SWP. Based on a focus on the two largest participating countries in the scheme, Tonga and Vanuatu, this paper aims to: (i) assess both positive and negative social impacts of seasonal migration and explore how negative consequences can be mitigated; and (ii) examine the experience of women in the program, explore the barriers to access and put forward a set of recommendations to increase the female participation rate
    DOI: 10.1596/30010
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    The Challenges Urbanization in West AfricaLes defis l'urbanisation en Afrique de l'Ouest (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Sahel is experiencing rapid and disorderly urbanization. The capital cities of Bamako, Conakry, and Niamey dominate the urban landscape in their respective countries. In each of these three countries, the economic importance of the capital city is enormous. For instance, Bamako represents about 34 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), whereas Conakry and Niamey each represent about 27 percent of GDP in their respective countries. Furthermore, as their populations are increasing at a faster rate than anywhere else in the world, the attendant youth bulge could turn into either a demographic dividend, whereby cities take advantage of a temporary boom in the working age population to productively employ young people, or a demographic disaster, accompanied by urban instability if cities do not meet these aspirations
    DOI: 10.1596/30042
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    Revitalizing Pakistan's Fisheries : Options for Sustainable Development (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: The report is the result of detailed research and consultation, which included review of literature, original analysis of fisheries data, and extensive meetings with people from the Federal Government, Provincial Governments, the private sector, and non-government and international organizations. Consultations were roughly evenly divided across capture fisheries, culture fisheries, and cross-cutting issues. The findings are organized in four remaining sections: part two provides an overview of the current state of fisheries in Pakistan. Information on fisheries' contribution to the economy, production trends, and fishing practices for marine, inland, and aquaculture is presented. Part two also provides an overview of the existing fisheries governance arrangements including current policy and legal framework and institutional arrangements. Part three provides an analysis of the potential benefits that could be realized through a revitalization of Pakistan's fishery sector. Part four gives an analysis of the challenges to realizing these benefits. Part five describes specific activities necessary to overcome the challenges identified in part four. It provides recommendations within five themes: (1) creating an enabling environment for growth, (2) managing marine capture fisheries for long-term sustainability, (3) ensuring sustainable inland capture fisheries, (4) supporting the development of an environmentally sensitive aquaculture industry, and (5) optimizing the benefits of a productive fisheries sector for social goals
    DOI: 10.1596/30156
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    Institutional Assessment of the Central Statistics Organization of Afghanistan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Afghanistan has achieved substantial development progress since 2001, but faces important upcoming challenges. Government efforts supported by aid inflows have fueled rapid economic growth, expanded the quality of and access to basic social services, and improved the capacity of public sector institutions. However, deterioration in the security situation following the security transition in 2014 combined with declining international assistance pose formidable challenges for Afghanistan to manage its economy and deliver public services. The availability of high quality, reliable economic, socio-economic, and demographic statistics is vital if appropriate policy responses to these challenges are to be identified and implemented
    DOI: 10.1596/30124
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    Romania Regional Hospital Analysis Study : Regional Referral Networks in Romania (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Romania lags behind other European Union (EU) countries in many health outcomes. The government of Romania plans to build three new regional hospitals in the North-West (NW), North-East (NE), and South-West (SW) regions. These are envisaged to be tertiary referral hospitals providing highly complex care to their region. Five or six further regional hospitals may follow this first batch. Regional hospitals are not just bricks and mortar, but the apex of a complex regional health system. As flagship public hospitals, regional hospitals are planned to be the hub of each regional health system. Work to date, however, has focused on design and construction rather than how regional hospitals will interact and coordinate with other facilities. To highlight factors in the wider health system that are crucial to the role of regional hospitals, the World Bank undertook a comprehensive assessment of regional referral networks in Romania. This report drew on available hospital activity data, stakeholder interviews, and literature review to assess the extent to which these factors are in place using tracer conditions, such as total knee replacements and stroke. In conclusion, without as much attention to coordination of care within regional health networks as construction of regional hospitals, the hospitals will not be able to fulfil their promise as flagship providers of complex care
    DOI: 10.1596/30168
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    CPIA Africa, July 2018 : Assessing Africa's Policies and Institutions (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Abstract: Favorable global economic conditions supported a turnaround in economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, easing pressure on weak policy frameworks. Output growth rebounded to an estimated 2.6 percent after decelerating to 1.5 percent in 2016 amid challenging external and domestic conditions. Notwithstanding the recent upturn in economic activity, growth remained well below its pre-financial crisis average of around 5 percent; moreover, per capita growth was negative for a second consecutive year. Important near and longer term vulnerabilities remain in many of the region's economies: eroded policy buffers constrain the scope for countries to formulate an adequate policy response to adverse shocks; public debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP) is rising, with implications for debt sustainability; employment opportunities severely lag the growing labor force, and livelihoods and economic fortunes are still tied to commodity price shocks and production disruptions, underscoring the limited economic diversification in the region; and poverty is widespread
    DOI: 10.1596/30155
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    Enterprise Skills and Firm Performance in Zambia : Evidence from Structural Equation Modeling of a Skills Demand Model (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The objective of this Not ...
    DOI: 10.1596/30184
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    The Connections between Poverty and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Panama : A Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The present report summarizes the evidence and findings from a series of studies and new data collection around water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and poverty. This WASH poverty diagnostic was undertaken to increase our understanding of the linkages between monetary poverty and WASH services. The work focuses on answering four questions: who are the poor?, does access to WASH vary by poverty level?, what are the synergies between WASH and other sectors, and how does this affect welfare?, and what are the constraints to service and potential solutions to providing universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation? Although the work done in the context of this diagnostic covered both urban and rural areas, the main focus has been on the rural, and particularly, the indigenous areas, as these are the ones facing the greatest gaps in services. A more in-depth exploration of urban issues has been left for a future date
    DOI: 10.1596/30166
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    Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Systematic Regional Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Eastern Caribbean countries are among the region's top performers in per capita income, poverty reduction, access to services, and gender inclusion, despite the constraints imposed by their small size. Geography and economic specialization make them vulnerable to external shocks, contributing to low and volatile GDP growth since 2000. High debt, limited job opportunities, and climate change present important development challenges for OECS countries. Strengthening their resilience to shocks is a prerequisite for poverty reduction, inclusive growth, and sustainability. The natural capital of the oceans provides opportunities for OECS countries to embed growth in the "blue economy". Realizing these opportunities will require harnessing human capital, embracing new technologies, and continued regional cooperation
    DOI: 10.1596/30054
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    Country Partnership Framework for Islamic Republic of Mauritania for the Period of FY18-FY23 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Mauritania's abundant endowment of natural resources, its strategic location at the gateway between Sub-Saharan and Northern Africa, its richly diverse, yet stratified, cultural and social make-up and its position in a restive region, increasingly beholden to the ravaging effects of climate change, create a complex development space for poverty reduction and shared prosperity. The end of the commodity super-cycle brought these challenges to the fore, marking a decisive turning point in Mauritania's quest to end poverty and achieve shared prosperity by 2030. This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Mauritania lays out the program for the period of FY18-FY23 and reflects lessons from the Completion and Learning Review (CLR) of the preceding FY14-FY16 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), which was discussed at the Board in September 2013. The CPF will support the transition to a more inclusive, diversified and resilient model of growth, building on Mauritania's natural resource wealth. First, it expands opportunities for economic diversification with interventions to raise productivity in traditional livestock, fisheries, and agricultural activities; improves household welfare through access to basic services; and enables increased participation in economic activity which will further sustain growth. Second, interventions in education, health and social protection will emphasize quality and access for the most vulnerable population segments and employability of youth and women. Third, it supports improvements in economic governance to optimize revenue mobilization and public spending, create opportunities for the private sector and strengthen the transparency of the extractives sector. The CPF emphasizes adaptation to the effects of climate change and building environmental resilience, as well as macroeconomic stability to ensure economic resilience. Finally, the CPF will feature a sharpened focus on private sector development, seeking to foster a more level playing field to accelerate the nascent transition from public to private sector-led growth. This will be achieved through even closer collaboration between IDA, IFC and MIGA in maximizing finance for development
    DOI: 10.1596/30049
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    Developing and Operationalizing a National Financial Inclusion Strategy : Toolkit (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A national financial inclusion strategy (NFIS) can provide an effective instrument to chart a clear and coordinated path toward improving financial inclusion. An NFIS enables stakeholders to jointly define financial inclusion objectives, identify obstacles and opportunities relevant to the achievement of those objectives, and outline a prioritized set of actions to pursue in a coordinated manner. This toolkit provides financial sector authorities and other stakeholders with practical guidance on developing and operationalizing an NFIS. The toolkit covers three key areas: (i) the process of developing an NFIS, (ii) the key content of an NFIS document, and (iii) the operationalization of an NFIS. The toolkit includes detailed operational tips as well as country examples from over 20 countries. The toolkit is informed by the World Bank Group's experience as a technical partner in the development and implementation of NFISs in a diverse range of country contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/29953
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    Kingdom of Lesotho Public Expenditure Review : Improving Expenditure Efficiency for Inclusive Development and Growth (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) was prepared in response to a request from the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and is designed to inform Lesotho's fiscal consolidation due to a narrowing of its fiscal space. Lesotho is facing a tough macro-fiscal outlook due to a sharp decline in Southern African Customs Union (SACU) revenues. This situation necessitates a significant adjustment in the current fiscal stance to ensure longer-term fiscal sustainability. However, the adjustment should be tailored to minimize any adverse growth and poverty impacts. Thus, this PER is intended to support the government's efforts to adjust its policies to better address Lesotho's current macro-fiscal circumstances. Lesotho is one of the poorest and most unequal countries in the world, despite a relatively good growth performance over the past 15 years. Lesotho's per capita gross national income is about 1550 US dollars. Lesotho's poverty rate is 59 percent (1.90 US dollars purchasing power parity [PPP] per day), its Gini coefficient is 0.541, and about 59 percent of the population now lives below the international poverty line of 1.90 dollar/day. Both poverty and extreme poverty disproportionately affect the rural population, and the bottom 40 percent of Lesotho's population experienced a decline in consumption each year between 2002 and 2011. This compares to increases, albeit meager, for the remaining 60 percent of the population over the same period. Lesotho's gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an annual average rate of 4 percent between 2000 and 2016, whereas its GDP per capita grew at an average rate of 2.8 percent during the same period. Despite the high level of government spending, Lesotho faces challenges in addressing inclusive growth and providing access to quality services for the poor, while also operating in a highly fragile environment. After political turmoil, the new government with a fragile coalition of 7 parties was established in June 2017. The government is facing a significant challenge to improving access to and the quality of public services. It is also seeking to invigorate the domestic private sector to diversify the growth sources of its economy. The level of unemployment is very high, with a low employment-to working-age population ratio, which limits prospects for social mobility and poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/30222
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    Productive Diversification of African Agriculture and Its Effects on Resilience and Nutrition (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The agriculture sector in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains the backbone of national economies, sustaining rural and urban livelihoods alike, and providing food and income for the majority of households. Recent agriculture growth in Sub-Saharan Africa has been solid and has supported improvements in nutrition outcomes and poverty rates.Despite some relative gains, food insecurity and malnutrition in absolute terms continue to be major public health challenges in most African countries south of the Sahara, and most recent data are cause for concern. Many countries are still highly reliant on the production of one crop for national food security, which largely determines the total caloric intake of the rural population. Farmers in Sub-Saharan African are vulnerable to market risks and weather-related risks and shocks. Decisions on whether to diversify or to specialize production impact resilience, and thus their capacity to cope with and adapt to these risks. Market- and climate-related risks to smallholders in SSA are compounded by predictions that both the suitability of crop area for staples such as maize, and crop nutrient content could be substantially lowered with rising average temperatures. This report highlights that there is no one-size-fits-all solution in fostering diversification and provides a selection of policies available to governments that can promote or constrain diversification
    DOI: 10.1596/30262
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, April 2018 : Beyond the Innovation Paradox (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The global economy grew at an estimated 3.0 percent in 2017, slightly above expectations in mid-year, with synchronous recovery in advanced economies and emerging markets and developing economies. Thailand has continued to make progress in reducing poverty. Thailand's economic recovery is expected to accelerate in 2018, with growth projected at 4.1 percent, driven by external demand and private consumption. Thailand is an example of an emerging market facing the innovation paradox: returns to RandD are high but actual investments are low compared to peers
    DOI: 10.1596/30247
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    A Migrant's Journey for Better Opportunities : The Case of Pakistan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Pakistan's migration system is limited in its capacity to reduce risks and protect workers throughout the migration process. The emigration ordinance and rules, established in 1979 (and updated later), provide a legal and institutional foundation for migration, but significant efforts are required in their implementation and enforcement. This report reviews Pakistan's migration system from the perspective of both governance and also the migrants themselves. It is organized as follows: Chapter 2 assesses Pakistan's current migration management system, including its institutional and legal arrangements as well as the functioning of the recruitment markets. Chapter 3 provides an overview of a typical Pakistani migrant's journey by walking through the various stages of migration and the expected risks and benefits that influence decisions (and, consequently, outcomes). Chapter 4 draws on global evidence to propose unilateral and bilateral initiatives and policy recommendations that promise to promote safe, inclusive, and productive migration from Pakistan and to maximize its development impact. Chapter 5 concludes the report
    DOI: 10.1596/30272
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    The Republic of Congo Systematic Country Diagnostic : Policy Priorities for Ending Extreme Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity in a Non-Diversified and Fragile Country (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: One of the key objectives of this first SCD of the Republic of Congo is to serve as an essential input to the Country Partnership Framework. The SCD is not intended to carry out substantial new analytical work, but rather to draw upon and synthesize the existing evidence. A substantial amount of analytical work on Congo has been carried out in recent years, covering a wide range of subjects. These reports and studies conducted by the World Bank were supplemented by studies prepared by the government and other development partners and formed a solid basis for the analysis presented in the chapters to follow. The report is divided into two main parts. The first part presents the growth drivers and constraints for achieving the twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty in Congo by 2030 and promoting shared prosperity. The second part categorizes the constraints, prioritizes them according to the impact they have on the twin goals, identifies areas for improvement, and provides recommendations for leveraging the country's opportunities and achieving sustainable and equitable growth
    DOI: 10.1596/30223
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    Enterprise Surveys : Chad Country Profile 2018 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Enterprise Surveys
    Abstract: The Enterprise Surveys (ES) focus on many aspects of the business environment. These factors can be accommodating or constraining for firms and play an important role in whether an economy's private sector will thrive or not. Questions contained in the ES aim at covering most of the topics mentioned above. The topics include infrastructure, trade, finance, regulations, taxes and business licensing, corruption, crime and informality, access to finance, innovation, labor, and perceptions about obstacles to doing business. This document summarizes the results of the Enterprise Survey for Chad. Business owners and top managers in 153 firms were interviewed between February to April 2018. The report provides a description of the sample breakdown across the three survey design categories: business sector, firm size, and location
    DOI: 10.1596/30297
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    Saving Entrepreneurs, Saving Enterprises : Proposals on the Treatment of MSME Insolvency (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Micro and small enterprise (MSME) insolvency is particularly likely to impact not only the business, but also the personal and family life of the owner-operator(s) of such businesses, raising particular concerns that apply much less frequently in the context of corporate insolvency. This report refines and expands on the earlier deliberations of the Insolvency and Creditor or Debtor Regimes Task Force (ICR Task Force) regarding the optimal approaches for treating MSME insolvency. As a matter of terminology, it should be stressed that the term MSME in this report is intended to cover both individual natural persons and juridical business entities, unless specifically stated.This means that the size of an MSME differs from country to country and even industry to industry, making comparisons between jurisdictions and global standard-setting difficult. The scope of this report is designed to be nonprescriptive and dynamic across countries and contexts. Accordingly, this report aims to consider rescue and restructuring for all viable MSMEs, with the objective of preserving individual entrepreneurial initiative, including in the context of liquidation, and of preserving businesses that can continue to operate and add value in an economy. The final section of the report starts the process of examining the ICR Principles in light of the proposals made in this report
    DOI: 10.1596/30474
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  • 47
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    Toolkit for Impact Evaluation of Public Credit Guarantee Schemes for SMEs (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Limited access to finance, particularly bank credit, is a long-standing hurdle for Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs), with varying severity of financing constraints across countries. SMEs face higher transaction costs and higher risk premiums since they are typically more opaque and have less or inadequate collateral to offer. Financing is also a major constraint in advanced economies, where financing gaps for SMEs were exacerbated by the 2008-2009 financial and economic crisis. SMEs face higher transaction costs and higher risk premiums since they are typically more opaque and have less or inadequate collateral to offer. These market failures and imperfections provide the rationale for government intervention in SME credit markets. An increasingly popular form of government intervention is represented by credit guarantee schemes (CGSs). These are specialized institutions or programs set up by the government which pledge to repay some or the entire loan amount to the lender in case of default of the SME borrower. The toolkit for impact evaluation of public credit guarantee schemes for SMEs has been created with the objective of identifying a set of uniform methodologies for assessing the financial and economic impact of public CGSs as systematically and objectively as possible. After the introductory Module, the Toolkit is divided in nine parts. Module 2 provides an overview of impact evaluation and introduces different modalities of impact evaluation such as prospective and retrospective evaluations. Module 3 provides a roadmap for designing and implementing a CGS impact evaluation. The later modules (5 through 10) finally touch upon some operational steps to implement an impact evaluation such as collecting data, setting the evaluation team, budgeting and timing for the evaluation, and producing and disseminating the results
    DOI: 10.1596/30514
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    Zambia Economic Brief, September 2018 : An Agro-Led Structural Transformation (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The latest economic brief highlights that Zambia's rising macroeconomic imbalances, high debt and associated costs of debt service are crowding out private sector growth. The economy is expected to expand by 3.3 percent in 2018 in 2018 compared to 3.4 percent in 2017. Agricultures offers Zambia an option for effective structural transformation and economic diversification. Increased regional and urban demand for diversified and processed products provides opportunities to support in agro-processing
    DOI: 10.1596/30480
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  • 49
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    Municipal Solid Waste Management : A Roadmap for Reform for Policy Makers (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This roadmap is based on analyses of the experiences with waste management in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Japan, Romania, and the European Union (EU) generally. The experiences of other countries concerning waste management - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Russia - have also informed the document. By comparing implementation conditions across the case studies, the roadmap draws lessons and emphasizes that enhancing the waste management sector is a gradual process, changes should be introduced incrementally, and the sector is to improve steadily achieving organic growth. Special attention is paid to the building blocks of a well-functioning waste management system, including reliable data, legislation, institutional framework, financing, public communication and participation, management capacity, and operations. The intention of this roadmap is to provide a simple list of key issues and their sequencing that may be used by national and regional/local authorities in the conceptualization and implementation of municipal solid waste management reforms. The issues identified are not exhaustive and are intended as a guideline for policy makers who are not sector specialists. The work was led Daniel Levine. The roadmap document was developed by Kremena Ionkova and Gerard Simonis. The research team was composed of Shiko Hayashi, Mihail Staynov, Diana Gheorghiu, Anatol Shagun and Gerard Simonis
    DOI: 10.1596/30434
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    A Practitioner's Handbook for Eco-Industrial Parks : Implementing the International EIP Framework (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The EIP Practitioner's Handbook [or "the Handbook"] is a practical, step-by-step guide that takes stakeholders through the entire process of operationalizing the International EIP Framework. It addresses a wide range of practitioners including industrial park operators; firms located in industrial parks; industrial park planners and developers; decision makers; governmental officials and regulators at the central, provincial and local levels; financing bodies; and funding agencies, donor and international development institutions supporting client governments in designing policy frameworks and facilitating the promotion of EIPs. The Handbook is intended to help practitioners operationalize the International EIP Framework at the national and /or park level, as well as specific EIP performance requirements set in the Framework
    DOI: 10.1596/30458
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    Unpredictable Regulatory Practices (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The current regulatory environment in Bangladesh discourages the entry of innovative businesses.Entrepreneurs face a myriad of regulatory barriers including an absence of laws and regulations that clarify the rules of the game for new activities (regulatory gaps), and conflicting definitions and interpretations (regulatory ambiguity).Typically, rules and regulations are announced without prior notice, consultation or impact assessment. As a result, they do not benefit from the practical knowledge that businesses have. Even welldesigned rules and regulations cause problems if announced suddenly and with immediate effect.There are inconsistencies and gaps in rules and regulations.Government agencies often impose their own rules and procedures without considering possible conflicts with rules and procedures imposed by other government agencies.Businesses find it difficult to find information on existing rules and regulations.Regulatory officials use undue discretion in dealing with businesses.Many regulatory areas lack an effective grievance redressal system.Insecure property rights also dis-incentivize businesses from making investments.Regulatory unpredictability hampers business entry and day to day business operations; however, the degree depends on the size of the business
    DOI: 10.1596/30553
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  • 52
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    Promoting Competition in Local Markets in Mexico : A Subnational Application of the World Bank Group's Markets and Competition Policy Assessment Tool (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Stagnant productivity growth and high disparities in productivity levels across Mexican states have been holding back economic growth. In general, Mexico's federal government has a solid competition policy framework in place. Subnational regulations in transport, agriculture, tourism, retail, and other sectors are holding back the potential of local economies to grow and provide consumers with affordable goods. Anticompetitive regulations for professionals such as notaries also increase the cost of doing business. The World Bank Group (WBG) was requested to address a critical gap and to pilot a reform-oriented engagement on competition policy at the subnational level. WBG engaged to motivate an actionable reform plan that can unlock competition in key markets at the local level. This note discusses the main findings of the WBG's markets and competition policy assessment tool (MCPAT) application to various subnational governments in Mexico and the initial reform experience. It draws on the results of multiple pieces of analysis and implementation support projects since 2012 to assess, identify, prioritize, and modify regulations that restrict competition at the subnational level in key markets. This note is structured as follows: section 1 gives introduction, section 2 discuss the international experience on the role of competition at the local level for development. Section 3 provide a brief presentation of the methodological steps of the MCPAT subnational application. Section 4 discuss incidences of anti-competitive regulation (some of which have been removed) to exemplify their harmful effect. Section 5 provides several examples of how to prioritize and design reforms based on how government interventions at the subnational level interact with particular features of subnational Mexican markets, as well as based on their feasibility and their potential effects
    DOI: 10.1596/30587
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    Life on the Margins : Survey Results of the Experiences of LGBTI People in Southeastern Europe (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: This survey was conducted to better understand the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people in seven countries in Southeastern Europe: five in the Western Balkans - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, FYR Macedonia, and Montenegro; as well as two European Union (EU) member states, Croatia and Slovenia. The research adopted and adapted a 2012 survey of LGBT people carried out by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) in 27 EU countries plus Croatia (which joined the EU in 2013) (the "FRA survey"). The FRA survey set a benchmark for understanding the lives of LGBT people. In addition to the FRA survey, this current survey also gathered specific information on the lives of intersex people
    DOI: 10.1596/30607
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    Integrating Nutrition Promotion and Rural Development in Sri Lanka (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: 'Integrating Nutrition Promotion and Rural Development' (INPARD) is a multisectoral approach to delivering nutrition-related interventions in rural development programmes in Sri Lanka. Although multisectoral approaches to health promotion are widely recommended, barriers to collaboration across sectors were identified in the INPARD study described in this document. These include a lack of clarity among stakeholders regarding their respective roles, communication gaps between those working in different sectors, and resistance by some who consider health outside the purview of the sector they work inches Improved collaboration will also require training for all concerned. The INPARD study was undertaken to investigate how effectively a rural development programme could be employed to deliver improved human nutrition outcomes - an objective not typically included in traditional rural development interventions in the past. The intervention considered was a large rural development project known as the Re-awakening Project (RaP), which carried out operations in 112 villages in the districts of Ampara and Moneragala. The villages were selected in part on prevailing poverty levels, and 20 of them were randomly selected for evaluation by the INPARD study as it was carried out alongside the larger RaP. 20 other villages in Ampara and Monergala were selected as the control group representing non-RaP villages. Finally, ten villages were selected from outside the RaP area altogether, in Kurungala district
    DOI: 10.1596/30622
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    Selected Policy Notes for Incoming Administration of Angola (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The Angolan economy is at a juncture. The current growth model based on oil wealth is nearly exhausted,and has not delivered inclusive growth and shared prosperity. The challenge for the administration is to restore macroeconomic stability and lay the foundations for a new, more inclusive growth model that can support a young and growing population.Oil and mineral wealth allowed Angola to sustain a long civil conflict and to pay for post-conflict reconstruction, but it will not allow Angola to reach higher stages on the development ladder.Angola faces two broad policy challenges that need to be addressed urgently: The growing internal and external imbalances following the adjustment to lower oil prices pose an immediate challenge of macro stabilization. Prospects of persistently low oil prices and diminishing oil reserves call for a new sustainable and inclusive growth model that promotes economic diversification. The first priority is to restore macroeconomic stability.Restoring macroeconomic balance is essential to providing a foundation for long-term sustainable growth.The second priority calls for a new and more inclusive economic growth model to achieve sustained growth and to further improvements in human development and poverty outcomes.Sustainable inclusive growth and economic diversification require strong institutions and a more conducive environment for greater private sector participation.The new Administration is well aware of these challenges and has started to carry-out much needed adjustment.The objective of these Angola Policy Notes, written from the perspective of the World Bank, are to support the government in its reform agenda. The 15 concise policy notes range from consideration of short-term macro stability to policies in support of economic diversification and long-term inclusive growth. The policy notes reflect the World Bank's past and current engagement in Angola in several sectors, and provide a short diagnostic of the current situation and present policy options for reforms. Recommendations are assessed according to technical and political feasibility of delivering results within a time horizon of three to five-years
    DOI: 10.1596/30632
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    The Market for Remittance Services in Southern Africa (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Remittances are an important source of income for households in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), as well as a crucial source of foreign exchange for countries in the region. Despite the relatively large inflows of remittances to SADC, the cost of sending money to and within the region is significantly higher than other regions in the world. To address the high cost of remittances globally, the World Bank has been involved in a number of initiatives aimed at improving the efficiency and safety of the market for remittances. At the regional level, the SADC Committee of Central Bank Governors (CCBG) has led several initiatives aimed at enhancing the regional payment system infrastructure, also with a focus on reducing the cost of remittances within the region
    DOI: 10.1596/30473
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    Escaping Chad's Growth Labyrinth : Disentangling Constraints from Opportunities and Finding a Path to Sustainable Growth (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: This study seeks to understand the structure and workings of the labyrinth to propose a concrete escape. It attempts to answer the following questions. (1) Why is it that Chad could not translate the discovery of oil into structural development, economic diversification and sustainable growth? (2) What could possible pathways towards sustainable long run growth look like? (3) Which macro and micro policy actions could help build those pathways?
    DOI: 10.1596/30941
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    Mozambique Economic Update, October 2018 : Shifting to More Inclusive Growth (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Mozambique is beginning to emerge from a period of elevated macroeconomic volatility two years after hidden debt revelations triggered a significant economic downturn, but with a reduced capacity for growth. Having averaged near 8 percent between 2005 and 2015, GDP growth dropped to 3.7 in 2017 and is projected to fall further to 3.3 percent in 2018 as slower growth in coal production is expected to offset any modest upturn in manufacturing and services. Fiscal consolidation is making progress, but debt levels continue to be a concern. In an analysis of the structure and drivers of Mozambique's growth over the past two decades, the report notes that progress in reducing poverty levels have come as the expense of rising inequality. Therefore, shifting the growth model to broaden the drivers of growth and to raise productivity in sectors with the highest employment potential is a primary challenge facing Mozambique's policy makers today
    DOI: 10.1596/30865
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    Lebanon Economic Monitor, Fall 2018 : De-Risking Lebanon (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Lebanon's macro-financial conditions are currently under heavy scrutiny as the country faces increasing challenges. The risk profile for Lebanon is rising sharply in light of the convergence of a number of negative local and global factors, including global monetary conditions. Meanwhile, the utility of some of the tools used by the central bank is depleting following years of application. The central bank has responded by beefing up its stock of foreign exchange reserves, lengthening the maturity of deposits and limiting the liquidity available, thereby inhibiting speculation against the Lebanese Pound. In this issue of the Lebanon Economic Monitor (LEM), we focus on Lebanon's macrofinancial conditions. We begin by explaining real economy and macro-fiscal features that underpin these conditions. We then present a synopsis on the intertwining monetary and financial sectors, followed by an elucidation on latest macrofinancial dynamics. Naturally, the role and activity of the central bank is given particular attention
    DOI: 10.1596/30866
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    Stimulating Business Angels in the Czech Republic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report provides a systematic assessment of business angel activities, and the ecosystem surrounding innovation finance, in the Czech Republic. Based on literature reviews, published data sources and local stakeholder interviews, the report distills findings related to the demand for and supply of risk investments, and offers policy recommendations for stimulating business angels. The report characterizes the Angel ecosystem as emerging with potential for growth. It is small both in terms of the number of investors and the amount invested. There appears to be a general lack of syndication of investments and concentration of investments in the capital (Prague) and in the information, communication, and technology (ICT) sector. On the demand side, a credible deal flow does exist, although it falls short of constituting a critical mass needed to support the development of the market. While issues in the local environment may affect the flow of angel investments, these are not insurmountable, based on the country's competitive ranking on relevant global and European indicators. Finally, the report proposes a number of policy recommendations for enhancing business angel awareness and investments, including data collection and mapping of early stage market activities (short-term), creation of Czech National Angel Association (medium-term), and implementation of incentivization measures such as co-investment funds and tax incentives (long-term)
    DOI: 10.1596/30913
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    Bhutan Development Update, November 2018 : Accelerating Reform Momentum (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Economic performance remains strong. Accelerating reform momentum after the 2018 general elections will be key to consolidating and furthering Bhutan's development. Efforts aimed at enabling a vibrant and job-creating private sector will need to be prioritized. The hydropower sector has served Bhutan well, but it has not created enough jobs for the country's educated youth. In addition, the sector has also witnessed construction delays in the past few years, which have adversely impacted growth, revenues, and exports
    DOI: 10.1596/30864
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    Investing in Logistics for Sustainable Economic Growth : Background Studies for the Preparation of Cambodia Logistics Master Plan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The World Bank prepared three background studies as inputs for the development of the Cambodia Logistics Master Plan led by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) in 2017-2018. These studies benefit from a close coordination and collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) that focused its assessment on transport infrastructure and connectivity. The key findings and recommendations are summarized into four parts in respect of the three background studies: (a) an update of trade competitiveness, (b) a review of the legal and regulatory framework of the logistics sector in Cambodia, and (c) a design of the monitoring and evaluation (MandE) framework for the proposed Cambodia Logistics Master Plan
    DOI: 10.1596/30912
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  • 63
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    Forests for Green Pakistan : Forest Policy Note (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The forest cover in Pakistan is low. The latest forest assessment from 2011 estimates 4.47 million ha of total forest area in the country, or 5.1 percent of the total land area (Bukhari, Laeeq, and Ali 2012). Distribution of forests varies by province and other administrative area; it is highest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (32.7 percent), followed by Sindh (14.8 percent), Punjab (12.4 percent), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (11.9 percent), Balochistan (11.1 percent), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (9.6 percent), and Gilgit-Baltistan (7 percent). The World Bank supported Pakistan's forestry sector until 2000, and then remained disengaged until 2015. Few other donors, primarily the United Nations Development Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and international non-governmental organizations such as World Wildlife Fund, International Union for Conservation of Nature, and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, maintained support on a small scale. Since 2015, the World Bank has been supporting Pakistan with USD 7.4 million to help the country prepare for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through technical studies, consultations, and capacity-building activities. Long-term forest investments are required to harness the huge potential of forest contributions to resilient ecosystems, rural livelihoods, the national economy, and the global environment. In recent years the government has augmented its attention to forests, as demonstrated by the nationally determined contribution, the Green Pakistan Program, and the Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Program. Future support is needed to enhance and scale up these new and important initiatives in order to strengthen landscape management, reduce poverty and improve livelihoods, and foster private sector development
    DOI: 10.1596/30936
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    Systematic Country Diagnostic of Senegal (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: This SCD argues that, against a historical backdrop of lackluster economic growth and poverty reduction, Senegal has progressively achieved since 2010 a structural turnaround in its economic performance, based on enhanced international competitiveness and, incipient demographic transition, with tangible impacts on poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/30852
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    Opportunities and Challenges for Scaling Up Geothermal Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Geothermal energy can play a substantial role in meeting the energy needs of many Latin America and Caribbean Region (LAC) countries given the region's vast potential. The majority of geothermal resources in the LAC region remain largely untapped, not only in Central America and Mexico where development is more advanced, but also in the Caribbean and in South America. If further explored and developed in a sustainable fashion, these resources could meet a significant share of the base load power needs of the region, at a competitive cost, resulting in direct economic and environmental benefits. This report is envisioned to be a decision-makers' guide for assessing key challenges and measures to facilitate expanding geothermal development in LAC. Based on discussions with LAC policymakers, utilities, and developers, several cross-cutting challenges affecting most countries in the region were identified, including: i) addressing geothermal resource risks; ii) mobilizing financing for geothermal development; iii) policy, legal, and regulatory reforms to improve the investment climate; and iv) environmental and social considerations. Based on the World Bank's own extensive experience in the geothermal sector and drawing upon global and regional experience, this report then presents demonstrated solutions to addressing these key challenges. It showcases an array of measures from around the world that clients in LAC can customize for application in their own domestic markets
    DOI: 10.1596/30895
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    Improving Co-operation between Tax Authorities and Anti-Corruption Authorities in Combating Tax Crime and Corruption (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This joint report by the World Bank and OECD identifies building blocks for more effective co-operation and is the first comprehensive global study of its kind. The content of the report is based on responses from 67 countries to a survey, which examined the organizational structure for investigating and prosecuting tax crime and corruption, as well as models for, and the experience of, inter-agency co-operation in fighting these crimes. The report found that further efforts are warranted to improve interagency cooperation, as only 55 percent of the surveyed countries require corruption investigators to report suspected tax crimes. And when it comes to information-sharing, even fewer countries mandate it - just 44 percent. The report presents a variety of lessons for overcoming barriers to cooperation and modalities through which cooperation can be effectuated
    DOI: 10.1596/30911
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    Belarus Strengthening Public Investment and Public Private Partnerships : Assessment Report (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Abstract: Faced with a prolonged economic downturn and resulting fiscal constraints, the Government of Belarus is looking to increase the efficiency of public funds spent on public investment. As the total envelope on public capital spending is likely to stagnate or even decrease further in the coming years, it becomes important to increase the output for each ruble spent on infrastructure and other public investment. Several international studies point to a significant payoff from improving Public Investment Management (PIM) - the institutions, systems, and processes guidingdecisions on how to prepare and implement public investment projects. The InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) estimates - based on a survey of the efficiency of PIM systems in a range of countries having gone through PIM assessments - suggest that an average country obtains 30 percent less output in terms of physical infrastructure for a given expenditure than the most efficient countries. Up to two-thirds of this efficiency gap could be clawed back through improved PIM institutions (IMF, 2015). At the same time, alternative modalities have developed for procuring andimplementing public investment projects through the involvement of private partners. Such Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) can in some cases increase the efficiency of project implementation and likelihood of achieving project outcomes, although attention must be devoted to properly identifying and managing significant fiscal and other project-related risks. Against this background, the Government of the Republic of Belarus (GoB) has requested the World Bank to provide technical assistance to strengthen PIM and PPPs. As a first step, this report assesses the current systems and procedures for public investment against good international practice using a diagnostic methodology developed by the World Bank and tested in a large number of countries worldwide. The analysis identifies gaps in the current system, and options for improvement are provided as a basis for further discussion and prioritization by the GoB
    DOI: 10.1596/31022
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    Uganda Economic Update, 12th Edition, November 2018 : Developing the Agri-Food System for Inclusive Economic Growth (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Real GDP growth rebounded strongly to 6.1 percent in FY17/18, from 3.9 percent the previous year. The rebound was largely driven by a pick-up in investments and exports, and on the back of strengthened credit to the private sector and good weather. Consequently, services, particularly information and communications, sustained strong growth, and food crop production recovered. Inper capita terms, however, this rebound translates into a 3.1 percent growth rate, because of the rapidly growing population. Moreover, the heavy reliance on rain-fed and subsistence agriculture drives the volatility in economic growth at the margin, with spillover effects on exportearnings, and a considerable impact on the poor's income. Despite the rebound in economic growth in FY17/18, fiscal revenues stagnated, while the expenditure mix deteriorated further, with excessive current spending and under-execution in capital spending. Current spending exceeded last year's outcome by a striking 1.4 percent of GDP and was above the budgeted amount by 32 percent. At the same time, the larger current spending was not used to finance investments in human capital.Therefore, one of the government's priorities should be to rein in current spending and thereby keep public debt under control. Meanwhile, capital spending was 0.6 percent of GDP lower compared to the year before and fell short of the budgeted amount by 60 percent. Compared to peers, capital spending in Uganda stood at 4.4 percent of GDP in FY17/18, which is less than half the size ofRwanda's capital outlays at 10.3 percent of GDP, and only 60 percent of Kenya's at 7 percent of GDP. Combined with deficiencies in the 'quality at entry' of projects, cost escalations, and poor quality of some completed projects, this under-spending is constraining Uganda's ambitions for rapid growth and socio-economic transformation. Therefore, concerted efforts are required to improve public investment management
    DOI: 10.1596/31003
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    Nigeria Biannual Economic Update, Fall 2018 : Investing in Human Capital for Nigeria's Future (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Nigerian economy rema ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31008
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    Iran Economic Monitor, Fall 2018 : Weathering Economic Challenges (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Iran's GDP growth in 2017/18 eased considerably as the effect of large surge in oil revenues in the previous year dissipated. After undergoing an oil-based bounce in the economy in 2016/17, the economy registered a 3.8 percent growth in 2017/18 with the overwhelming majority of growth coming from the non-oil sectors. More than half of the growth can be attributed to services which grew by 4.4 percent. Oil, agriculture and services sectors are now back above the levels of activity they were prior to sanctions in 2012. But there was not a strong bounce back in the past two years for key sectors such as construction and trade, restaurant and hotel services following the stagnation in growth during the period of sanctions. The oil and gas sector witnessed a growth of 0.9 percent.Limited by the (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) OPEC quota for the agreed period, increasing production capacity or maintaining current production levels in the coming years would require a substantial increase in investments in the sector. However, the reintroduction of sanctions on the oil and gas sector in November 2018 by the United States (US) will mean the issue of export payments rather than investment needs will come to the fore
    DOI: 10.1596/31028
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    Taking Stock, December 2018 : An Update on Vietnam's Recent Economic Developments (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The external environment has become less sanguine and more uncertain. Global real GDP growth is forecast to moderate from a projected 3 percent in 2018 to 2.9 percent in 2019 and 2.8 percent in 2020, as economic slack dissipates, central banks unwind policy accommodation, and global trade and investment growth weaken with deepening trade war tensions among major economies. Following a recent peak of 6.6 percent in 2017, GDP growth in emerging East Asia and the Pacific is forecast to ease from a projected 6.3 percent in 2018 to 6.0 percent in both 2019 and 2020, largely tied to a falloff in exports amid rising trade tensions and a structural slowdown in China
    DOI: 10.1596/31032
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    Cambodia Economic Update, October 2018 : Recent Economic Developments and Outlook (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Economic growth remains strong, driven primarily by robust expansion in consumption and exports. Domestic demand has been boosted by higher wage growth and larger public investments, with fiscal expansion serving as stimulus. Public outlays were budgeted to increase to 24.6 percent of GDP in 2018 from 23.1 percent in 2017. At the same time, strong external demand has boosted exports of garment and footwear products, which increased 16.1 percent (y/y) during the first half of 2018 - a two year high-from 8.3 percent at the end of 2017. Tourist arrivals reached 3 million during the first six months of 2018, a 13.6 percent increase (y/y), compared with 11.8 percent in 2017, driven by a surge in tourist arrivals by air from China. Capital inflows, mainly comprising foreign direct investment (FDI) continue to increase, underpinning Cambodiaandapos;s stable external position. Official data showed rising FDI to the manufacturing sector, especially the textile, apparel, and footwear industries, and to agroprocessing. Vibrant construction activity continues to be financed by rising FDI inflows and domestic credit. FDI is estimated to have increased by 14.3 percent (y/y) during the first six months of 2018. About 90 percent of the inflows (excluding those to the financial sector) have originated from China and are directed toward the construction and real estate, agriculture and agroprocessing, and garment sectors. A growing proportion of FDI is now invested in the productive sectors, namely the manufacturing and agriculture sectors, albeit its share remains relatively small at about 20 percent of total inflows
    DOI: 10.1596/30997
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    Tech Startup Ecosystem in West Bank and Gaza : Findings and Recommendations (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Technology is one of the main drivers of productivity and economic growth. Developing countries have traditionally had difficulties in both developing technology and absorbing foreign technology. However, the recent emergence of tech startups present an opportunity. Tech start-ups are an effective a mechanism to both create local technology and absorb foreign technology. The objective of this report is to provide a better understanding of the status of start-up ecosystem in West Bank and Gaza, and provide policy recommendations for policy makers and other stakeholders who are interested in supporting the growth and sustainability of the ecosystem. The report is based on an in-depth survey of startups and supportive stakeholders of the ecosystem. The findings point out to an early stage start-up that is maturing. Skills, supportive infrastructure, finance pipeline, and community and networks are examined and gaps are identified. Policy recommendations to tackle these gaps are presented based on international practices
    DOI: 10.1596/31075
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    Mongolia Systematic Country Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Notwithstanding its long-term achievements, Mongolia now experiences three main problems: unstable economic growth, population wellbeing at risk and growing environmental stress. The Systematic Country Diagnostic gives a general analysis of the main problems of the Mongolian economy and its general causes and, in addition, proposes a list of development priorities for the country
    DOI: 10.1596/30973
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    Building the Resilience of WSS Utilities to Climate Change and Other Threats : A Road Map (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Water supply and sanitation (WSS) utilities are expected to become increasingly susceptible to the expected impacts of climate change. WSS utility planners and engineers have dealt with natural climate variances and disaster planning as part of the design process for many years. However, the traditional methods for these plans have not considered the deep uncertainty surrounding many future conditions, which are further exacerbated by climate change. To help utilities incorporate resilience and robustness in their choices, this road map proposes a process in three phases that can inform the design of strategies necessary to WSS services provision. The road map builds on the understanding that climate change is most often an amplifier of existing uncertainties (many of which are threats), and, as such, should not be evaluated as a stand-alone impact. The approach reveals the strengths and vulnerabilities of investment plans concisely and helps utilities invest robustly by identifying near-term, no-regret projects that can be undertaken now, while maintaining flexibility in pursuing additional actions adaptively as future conditions evolve. These results can be achieved both with a qualitative exploration and a quantitative assessment, depending on the context and the resources available
    DOI: 10.1596/31090
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    Is the UWWTD Implementation Delivering Results for the People, the Economy, and the Environment of the Danube Region? : A Wastewater Management Assessment Based on the World Bank's Engagement (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This review of wastewater management in Danube region under EU water policies shows that, despite several challenges, the UWWTD has indeed delivered results for the people and environment in Danube region. The share of wastewater treated according to the UWWTD requirements is showing a major improvement since 2004, demonstrating impact of massive investment efforts undertaken, and resulting in significant emission reduction in the recent past. This has resulted in a noticeable water quality improvement over the last 20 years for both organic pollutants and nutrients. At the same time, the review points out to several challenges. Implementation capacity is often neglected and insufficiently prepared. The necessary tariff increases, a consequence of investment in new infrastructure and related Oandamp;M cost increases, trigger affordability issues for the bottom 40 percent of population. A lack of the necessary sectoral institutional reforms, has resulted in lower than planned absorption of available funds and delays in UWWTD compliance. These challenges also represent opportunities in the implementation of the current Directive within and beyond the Member States, and its potential review. The current implementation of the Directive could be made more efficient using sound economic appraisal to prioritize investments according to their cost-effectiveness while maintaining public health and environmental benefits and achievement of WFD objectives
    DOI: 10.1596/31050
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    The Role of Digital Identification in Agriculture : Emerging Applications (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Agricultural development ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31216
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    Tajikistan Country Economic Update, Fall 2018 : Rogun HPP - Potential Resource for Building Human Capital (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This edition of the Tajikistan Country Economic Update (CEU) is part of a semiannual series designed to monitor socioeconomic developments in Tajikistan. It presents an analysis of political, economic, and social developments, as well as the progress of and challenges with the implementation of structural reforms in 2018. It also includes a special section highlighting human capital development in Tajikistan
    DOI: 10.1596/31159
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    Strengthening Links between Social Protection and Disaster Risk Management for Adaptive Social Protection in Nepal (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: A key challenge in Nepal is the intersection of predictable chronic or seasonal poverty andvulnerability, with rapid-onset and acute shocks. Nepal in the last few decades has epitomized the'perfect storm' in which a number of different factors-disasters, conflict, political uncertainty, and challenges to economic growth-coincide with deleterious effects on people's well-being anddevelopment progress. While social protection (SP) is playing an increasing role in tackling chronic and seasonal poverty and wider vulnerability and exclusion, recent disasters in Nepal, particularly in 2015, highlight how making SP more flexible and adaptive could allow a more effective and efficient development and humanitarian response. The World Bank in Nepal contracted the Centre for International Development and Training at the University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom, and the Nepal Institute for Social and Environmental Research, to carry out the technical assistance (TA) project 'Review of policies, systems and programs in social protection and shock response for adaptive social protection in Nepal'. The overall objective of the work is to make recommendations on possible policy, programmatic, and institutional measures for more adaptive social protection (ASP). The analysis was delivered using a mixed-methods approach. An analysis of existing data (including the Household Risk and Vulnerability Survey [HRVS] data) was used to understand the scope and coverage of existing programs and their links to disasters and shocks. A desk review of literature explored legislation and policies, program documentation and official implementation guidelines, and evaluations and research. Interviews took place with key informants at the national, district, and local government levels as did focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews, especially with recipients of SP programs, at the ward or village level in the districts of Bardiya, Humla, Saptari, and Sindhupalchok
    DOI: 10.1596/31213
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Paraguay for the Period FY19-FY23 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This document lays out the rationale for, and principal elements of, the World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Paraguay for FY19 to FY23. The proposed CPF is aligned with the core priorities of the new Paraguayan Administration
    DOI: 10.1596/31226
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    Economic Transformation in Djibouti : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The purpose of this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is to identify the most critical development constraints facing Djibouti and how to make growth more inclusive and sustainable while promoting shared prosperity. The findings and recommendations of the SCD are based on analytical work carried out by a World Bank Group team with expertise in macroeconomics and poverty analytics, human capital development and labor markets, infrastructure and private sector development, governance and climate change. The team also undertook consultations with the Government of Djibouti and representatives from civil society, private sector stakeholders and the donor community. The SCD provides analysis and recommendations for policies that the Government might pursue to reduce barriers to inclusive and sustainable growth and achieve its vision of becoming a modern economy and regional hub for trade and logistics, which can create jobs and raise living standards for Djiboutians
    DOI: 10.1596/31301
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    Freetown : Options for Growth and Resilience (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Cities are where economic development really happens and where the risks from natural hazards are growing. Urbanization in Sierra Leone is occurring at USD 410/per capita, at a far lower level than other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa at similar urbanization levels. This study focuses on Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, that dominates the country's urban landscape. A central premise of policy-making in cities is that the flexibility, practicality, and focus of local governments make them ideal players to understand and respond to the needs of their citizens. Indeed, cities mostly aim their problem-solving at local conditions. Freetown's population has increased roughly 10-fold in the last 50 years; similarly-sized European cities took 150 years to achieve this increase. Freetown's current economic and social infrastructure is dilapidated and basic service delivery has fallen short of population growth. Freetown is, and will likely remain, the most affected by the prevalent disasters in Sierra Leone, given its coastal location. Investments in capital and operational expenditures in the city are very low. Freetown is not an engine of service delivery, but neither is it an engine of growth for the country. Freetown lacks sufficient resources for much-needed investments in infrastructures and services necessary for its development. Policy choices made now will determine whether Freetown becomes an engine or an obstacle for economic transformation in Sierra Leone. Freetown is growing rapidly but is not delivering its potential. Purposeful and bold policy is needed from the incoming government. Similarly, in Sierra Leone changing current attitudes depends on building a credible account of how the future will be decidedly different. This has two parts. 1. Symbolic investments in the capital city can signal a future of productive investment and growth. 2. At the same time, supporting narratives allow citizens to understand that these symbols form part of a wider plan for the city and the country.For decades, Freetown has lacked such focused and purpose policies. The result of this prolonged neglect is visible to all: the city has become locked into low-productivity, is unprepared for natural hazards, and is increasingly a bottleneck to investment in the entire country. The new Government is a pivotal moment: a rare opportunity for smart new policies to transform Freetown into a platform for resilient growth. Freetown can become a city that works
    DOI: 10.1596/31286
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    Kenya Gender and Poverty Assessment 2015-2016 : Reflecting on a Decade of Progress and the Road Ahead (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Following ten years of relatively robust economic growth, Kenya achieved lower-middle-income country status in 2014. The remarkable expansion of telecommunications and mobile financial services shifted Kenya's economic paradigm to an extent rarely seen in developing countries. Poverty rates declined over the period but remain high by the standards of lower-middle-income countries. Due to the agricultural sector's heavy dependence on rainfall, poverty reduction accelerated during years of good weather and slowed during years of drought. This report is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the drivers of economic growth in Kenya, along with their fiscal implications. Chapter 2 describes Kenya's progress in reducing monetary poverty between 2005-2016 and 2015-2016. Chapter 3 presents a synthesis of gender and poverty dynamics in Kenya. Chapter 4 analyzes rural livelihoods and explores various factors that may have contributed to or hindered the observed decline in rural poverty over the past decade. Chapter 5 examines the linkages between urbanization and poverty, with a focus on the challenges faced by the urban poor. Chapter 6 analyzes recent developments in Kenya's education sector, along with their poverty and equity implications. Chapter 7 analyzes public health indicators and explores trends in health outcomes, service utilization, and health equity. Chapter 8 examines changes in the household vulnerability profile between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016
    DOI: 10.1596/31285
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    Women Economic Empowerment Study (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The Women Economic Empowerment report outlines the factors contributing to the persistently low economic participation of Egyptian women and to identify "gender smart" policies and solutions to boost economic growth while at the same time, narrowing relevant gender gaps. The study provides the context of women's share of the public space as reflected in their access to education, health, social protection, and decent work opportunities. It provides qualitative insights into women's perceptions regarding working conditions and challenges, including the reconciliation between work and marriage, and the relation between household responsibilities, earnings, and the dynamics of decision making in the household. It also discusses the various gender conscious and unconscious biases affecting women's work in the private sector while providing recommendations to promote gender diversity in the workplace, and boosting the inclusion of women, particularly in leadership positions. Lastly, it identifies the top 12 industries where women's work is concentrated and/or promising by providing an analysis of the characteristics of the female labor force in these industries
    DOI: 10.1596/31351
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    Closing the Gender Gap in Natural Resource Management Programs in Mexico (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This report examines perceived and actual gender differences in the use and management of natural resources and the challenges of integrating women into activities related to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) or other natural resource management projects in Mexico. The report applies a behavioral science lens to uncover key psychological, cultural, social, and non-material barriers to women's participation in natural resource projects. Women use natural resources differently than men, which sets the stage for a variety of structural barriers. Differentiated resource use makes women vulnerable to economic, social, and external environmental influences, especially in rural areas. The study's qualitative analysis also reveals activities that rural women in Mexico will prefer to undertake in light of the upcoming forestry programs to be implemented in Mexico by CONAFOR (Mexico's National Forest Commission) and the World Bank. The report concludes with a gender action plan (GAP). The GAP provides concrete recommendations for the inclusion of a gender perspective and female empowerment in policies, practices, and projects, especially those related to emission reduction programs, natural resource management, and REDD+. When designed to take into consideration gender differences, REDD+ related activities and natural resource management programs can offer important opportunities for women's empowerment, sustainable resource management, and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/31423
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    Housing Finance : Investment Opportunities for Pension Funds (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The global housing deficit in both developed and developing countries is increasing - driven by demographic and other mega-trends including urbanization and income inequality. Global pension fund assets, on the other hand, are both growing and increasingly looking for long-term, productive investments. There are multiple avenues through which pension funds can invest in the housing sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31363
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    Information and Communications Technology Sectoral Analysis : Nepal (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Nepal's information and communications technology (ICT) services are nascent, informal and centered in Kathmandu. The supply of skilled manpower is not well-oriented to the needs of ICT firms. Similar to other sectors, Nepal's ICT sector also faces severe cross-cutting business climate challenges, the most critical relating to institutions and infrastructure. Limited access to finance and excessive barriers to foreign investment and foreign-exchange transactions also hamper the ICT sector. Reform efforts should focus on improving access to skills, infrastructure and finance, together with regulatory simplification. The education sector reforms are required to increase the pool of skilled manpower for the ICT sector. This report provides recommendations on key horizontal and cross-cutting challenges that are essential to develop the ICT sector in Nepal. Furthermore, it provides a strategic segment analysis applicable to a small number of niche ICT firms that can develop specialized software and services in focused sectors such as tourism and mountaineering
    DOI: 10.1596/31614
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    Study on Understanding the Role of Non-state Education Providers in Somalia (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This document presents the findings of a Study on Understanding the Role of Non-State Education Providers in Somalia commissioned by the World Bank. The goal of the study was to develop an evidence base for understanding non-state education providers in the broader Somali education ecosystem, and to identify opportunities for cooperation between state and non-state actors. The study focuses on formal primary and secondary schools in urban and peri-urban areas across four locations in Somalia: Mogadishu (Benadir Regional Administration), Kismayo (Jubbaland), and Garowe and Bosasso (Puntland). The overall objective of this study is to help relevant Somali government institutions and the international community in developing an evidence base for understanding non-state education providers in the broader Somali education ecosystem, and in identifying opportunities for streamlining private initiatives into federal and state-level education sector development policy. The report is divided into three main chapters: an overview of Somalia's education sector and its implications on study methodology, presentation of the study's findings, and key research implications
    DOI: 10.1596/31610
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    Jordan Housing Sector Review (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: This report aims to suppo ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31622
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  • 90
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    Cambodia's Cross-Cutting Reforms : Public Financial Management, Decentralization, and Public Administration Reforms - Achievements, Coordination, Challenges, and Next Steps (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This note analyzes the progress of three public sector reforms (Public Financial Management, Public Administration, and Decentralization and Deconcentration) in Cambodia and describes how their design, implementation, and institutional arrangements can be better sequenced and coordinated. It focuses on the overall public sector reform agenda rather than drill into the specifics of individual reforms. Options are identified to strengthen coordination of the civil service, improve general policy sequencing, and manage challenges within the three reform areas. Recommendations to deepen individual reforms are also provided, in particular, to strengthen cross-cutting public administration improvements
    DOI: 10.1596/31763
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  • 91
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    Private Sector Economic Impacts from Identification Systems (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Identification systems are a core component of sustainable development policies in countries with diverse economic, demographic, and political contexts. The role of digital identification systems in the private sector is equally large. The efficient, accurate, and secure use of personal identity data is at the heart of most transactions, regardless of the industry in which they take place. The implementation of robust and inclusive identification systems at the national level offers the potential for large financial gains for private sector companies. As a companion piece to the World Bank's identification for development (ID4D) work on fiscal savings for government agencies, this paper provides a first step toward developing a greater understanding of the financial benefits of identification systems for the private sector. By developing a framework for cost savings and revenue generation opportunities and aggregating existing case studies, it provides a preliminary assessment of expected benefits of government-backed identification systems for firms across a variety of industries. This paper is therefore intended to serve as a resource for governments and donors looking to gauge the potential impacts of implementing an identification system and for private sector leaders and industry groups to fruitfully engage on identity-related issues
    DOI: 10.1596/31828
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  • 92
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    Gender Gaps in Ecuador : An Overview (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This review of gender issues aims to uncover the main gender gaps in the country, and to identify potential policy recommendations that could help closing them in the coming years. The note is an input to the development of a Gender Action Plan for the Andean Countries under the Gender Analysis Work Program.The note lays out a descriptive overview of gender gaps in endowments, economic opportunities and agency - the explanation of the observed situation is outside the scope of this note.The note applies the analytical framework devised by the WDR 2012 on Gender Equality and Development. Chapter one covers the legal and institutional framework and the issue of the agency of women - e.g. political representation and violence against women, time use, and attitudes towards women; Chapter two provides an overview the situation with regards to the main endowments of health and education; and Chapter three deals with the existing gender gaps in economic opportunity labor force participation and unemployment, the quality of employment, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to finance.The review presented here is the result of the first stage in the assessment process.This note mainly reflects an initial descriptive exercise, and will be revised after the completion of stakeholder consultations in the countries; the results of such consultations will not only help identify additional literature and research on specific issues, but also help prioritize the key gender gaps to be addressed based on the way discussions on the issue are currently taking place in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31821
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  • 93
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    Gender Gaps in Bolivia : An Overview (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This review of gender issues aims to uncover the main gender gaps in the country, and to identify potential policy recommendations that could help closing them in the coming years.The note is an input to the development of a Gender Action Plan for the Andean Countries under the Gender Analysis Work Program.the note lays out a descriptive overview of gender gaps in endowments, economic opportunities and agency the explanation of the observed situation is outside the scope of this note.The note applies the analytical framework devised by the WDR 2012 on Gender Equality and Development. Chapter one covers the legal and institutional framework and the issue of the agency of women e.g. political representation and violence against women, time use, and attitudes towards women; Chapter two provides an overview the situation with regards to the main endowments of health and education; and Chapter three deals with the existing gender gaps in economic opportunity - labor force participation and unemployment, the quality of employment, earnings, entrepreneurship and access to finance.This review is the result of the first stage in the assessment process. The note mainly reflects an initial descriptive exercise, and will be revised after the completion of stakeholder consultations in the countries; the results of such consultations will not only help identify additional literature and research on specificissues, but also help to prioritize the key gender gaps to be addressed based on the way discussions on the issue are currently taking place in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31822
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  • 94
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    Angola Country Economic Memorandum : Towards Economic Diversification (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: The Angolan economy is at a significant juncture. The current growth model based on oil wealth is nearly exhausted and has not delivered inclusive growth and shared prosperity. Angola faces two broad policy challenges that need to be addressed urgently: macroeconomic stabilization and a more inclusive economic growth. The internal and external imbalances following the adjustment to lower oil prices pose a challenge to macro-stabilization. The prospect of volatile oil prices and potentially diminishing oil reserves over the medium and long-term call for a new sustainable and inclusive growth model that promotes economic diversification, a model that is less dependent on natural resource exports. The new administration is aware of these challenges and has started to implement much needed reforms. Angola is right to focus on reforms that lay the foundation for long-term macroeconomic stability and economic diversification. Analyses conducted as part of this report indicate that there are significant gains to be had from such reforms. The objective of this report on Angola is to support policy makers in their reform efforts. The report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 takes stock of recent trends and determinants of growth in Angola, highlighting the importance of natural resource wealth and volatility for growth outcomes. Chapter 2 presents the findings of a growth diagnostic for Angola, and highlights low human capital, access to finance, weak institutions and macroeconomic instability as critical and binding constraints for the non-oil economy. Chapter 3 uses product space analysis to evaluate Angola's current and future potential for economic and export diversification, drawing attention to products and services sectors in which there is potential for export upgrading and/or product innovation. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the agriculture sector and assesses its potential for economic diversification. Chapter 5 sets out the way forward, identifying: critical reforms for macroeconomic stability; a fiscal framework for natural-resource wealth management; and macro-financial stability
    DOI: 10.1596/31898
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  • 95
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    CEMAC : Deepening Regional Integration to Advance Growth and Prosperity (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: The Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), which consists of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, is one of the oldest regional groupings in Africa. The main objectives for achieving this are: (i) the creation of a fully functional and effective customs union, (ii) the establishment of a robust system of macroeconomic surveillance, and (iii) the harmonization of sectoral policies and legal frameworks that will create a common market for goods, capital, and services.Despite this ambitious vision, regional integration in the CEMAC zone remains shallow.The oil price shock of 2014-15 severely affected the six CEMAC economies and promoted re-commitment to deepening regional integration.At the regional level, the PREF also aims to: (i) improve the coordination of public financial management (PFM) and fiscal policy; (ii) accelerate regional integration through improvements to the regional economic plan; (iii) improve the business climate; (iv) increase economic diversification; (v) enhance monetary policy transmission mechanisms; and (vi) improve prudential banking supervision.CEMAC is right to focus on reforms to deepening regional integration as a driver of growth.The objective of this Regional Study on CEMAC is to support policy makers in CEMAC in efforts to strengthen regional integration to support economic growth and to reduce the need for economic adjustment. The Regional Study focuses mainly on what can be done at the regional level to support regional integration, macro-stability and long-term growth in the CEMAC area; as such, the Regional Study aims to complement country-specific policies and initiatives to support macro-stabilization, economic development and integration
    DOI: 10.1596/31942
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  • 96
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    Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review : Seizing the Moment - Managing Public Finance for Development (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Guinea-Bissau is a small state in West Africa with a population of around 1.8 million. It is rich in natural resources (fisheries, forestry and agriculture) and biodiversity. Guinea-Bissau is host to a large variety of ethnic groups, languages and religions, with communal and ethnic-based violence remaining low. The country has a history of political and institutional fragility dating back to its independence from Portugal in 1973. Guinea-Bissau continues to face formidable development challenges, but resources remain very limited. Government spending on the social sectors is low, which, combined with low efficiency, translated into weak outcomes. The objective of the Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to analyze government expenditure, fiscal revenue, and public financial management in selected sectors (education, health, and security). The sectors for analysis were selected based on a combination of factors, including spending trends, budget size, the country's development program, and World Bank engagement. The PER has been initiated by the World Bank and the team worked closely with the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), and line ministries throughout the process. The PER is well aligned with the FY2018-2021 Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The first two objectives of the CPF are increased access to and quality of primary education, and increased access to and quality of maternal and health services. The CPF identifies limited fiscal space and weak PFM systems as being among the key challenges to improving access to quality social services. The PER also supports the fourth pillar of the Government's National Development Plan, Terra Ranka (Fresh Start), which aims to develop the human capital potential of the population. The three sectors under consideration together account for over thirty percent of government expenditure; thus, any efficiency improvements and/or expenditure savings in those sectors are likely to be substantial
    DOI: 10.1596/32004
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  • 97
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    Mongolia : Growing without Undue Borrowing - Enhancing Efficiency of Spending and Revenue (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This report, the full PER, aims to undertake a detailed analysis of the recent trends in publicexpenditures and revenue with a view to helping Mongolia's policy makers and opinion leaders identify the main priorities for a successful implementation of its ongoing recovery program. It also intends to strengthen the fiscal foundation of rapid and inclusive growth to help achieve the objectives of the SDV 2030. Furthermore, the PER also reviews the spending needs of key sectors such as health and education, which play an essential role in the long-term development of the country and the fight against poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/32033
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  • 98
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    Kosovo Social Protection and Health Expenditure Note (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Kosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe, and a growing proportion of the population is at risk for social exclusion and long-term poverty. Overall spending on social protection has increased significantly over recent years, largely because of increases in pensions and war related benefits resulting in increased fiscal pressure. Pensions are a mechanism to substitute income due to a permanent loss of income generating capacity, such as old age or disability and should not be used as a compensatory measure for other reasons. For this reason, in the early 2000s and faced with the impossibility of using contributory pension records to pay pensions, a universal basic pension was introduced in Kosovo.To contain the expansion of pension spending going forward, the government must refrain from introducing new benefits, disallow increasing benefit levels for all but the basic pensions, and pro-rate existing benefits above basic pension levels contingent on funding availability. The expansion of programs targeted at specific population groups have crowded out spending of the social assistance targeted to the poor, which is both low and declining. Increasing programs' coverage and benefit levels and prioritizing the most disadvantaged are key for increasing the effectiveness and equity of social assistance. Public investments in employment promotion and active labor market programs are limited and insufficient to meet Kosovo's labor market challenges. Given that low levels of health spending, including on drugs, is a leading cause of poverty, the social health insurance reform should not only work to improve health outcomes but also to improve financial risk protection, especially for the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/32094
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  • 99
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    Strengthening the Regional Dimension of Hydromet Services in Southeast Asia : A Policy Note with a Focus on Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Current hydromet conditions in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region along with expected future conditions highlight the need for continued investment in modernizing hydrometeorological services in the SEA region. Given that similar hazards face Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), and Vietnam, and that the countries have similar data and hydromet information needs, there are benefits to taking a regional approach to monitoring and forecasting hazardous hydromet conditions. The countries have different capabilities, but nonetheless, with more intense hazardous hydromet events taking place and likely to occur in the future, building a regional dimension to hydromet services can save on the cost of capital infrastructure as well as sustainable operation and maintenance. A number of initiatives that focus on the different stages of the monitoring and forecasting process - such as data collection, forecasting, dissemination of impact-based forecasts and early warnings, and delivery of weather, climate, and hydrological services - can be utilized by sub regional and national hydromet service providers, including in the SEA region. Existing regional frameworks and initiatives in the SEA region can help address some of the major challenges that national hydrometeorological service providers face
    DOI: 10.1596/32200
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  • 100
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    Solomon Islands Early Grade Reading Assessment : Results Report (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Early grade reading assessment (EGRA) is a simple instrument that measures foundational reading skills in grades (years) 1 to 3. The results are used to identify progress towards achieving reading fluency and comprehension, which are essential skills for learning and completing primary education. This report summarizes the results of EGRA conducted in the Solomon Islands from September 11 to October 20, 2017. With funding from the global partnership for education (GPE), the World Bank and education technology for development (ET4d) carried out the assessment in collaboration with the Pacific Community and the Solomon Islands Ministry of Education and Human Resources Developments (MEHRD). The findings of this assessment are expected to assist policymakers with designing effective early grade reading intervention strategies to improve student's literacy outcomes. This activity is part of the Pacific early age and readiness program (PEARL), which was established to support Pacific Island countries improve policy and programming decisions around early grade literacy and school readiness. The analysis of Solomon Islands EGRA (SIEGRA) data included descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) to measure average levels in basic reading skills, an analysis of variance to determine statistical significance of gender and regional differences, and regression analysis to estimate the association of a given teacher, student, or classroom characteristic and reading fluency outcomes. The key findings, factors associated with reading performance, and recommendations are presented in the report
    DOI: 10.1596/32261
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