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  • Online-Ressource  (93)
  • Unbekannt
  • 1975-1979  (93)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1940-1944
  • 1976  (45)
  • 1975  (48)
  • Philosophy (General)  (93)
  • 1
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    Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control (1976)
    Boston, MA : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781468425239
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Physics and Astronomy
    Serie: NATO Conference Series 1
    DDC: 155.2
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Consciousness ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2523-9
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
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    Tense Logic (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401732192
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VII, 91 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 111
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 111
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: 1/An Overview of Tense Logic -- 2/Linear Tense Logics -- 3/Branching Tense Logic and Temporal Modality -- 4/Quantificational Tense Logics -- 5/Soundness and Completeness Theorems for Tense Logic -- Appendix I/SC Tautologies Used in Proofs -- Appendix II/Summary of the Systems.
    Kurzfassung: This monograph is designed to provide an introduction to the principal areas of tense logic. Many of the developments in this ever-growing field have been intentionally excluded to fulfill this aim. Length also dictated a choice between the alternative notations of A. N. Prior and Nicholas Rescher - two pioneers of the subject. I choose Prior's because of the syntactical parallels with the language it symbolizes and its close ties with other branches of logi­ cal theory, especially modal logic. The first chapter presents a wider view of the material than later chapters. Several lines of development are consequently not followed through the remainder of the book, most notably metric systems. Although it is import­ ant to recognize that the unadorned Prior-symbolism can be enriched in vari­ ous ways it is an advanced subject as to how to actually carry off these enrichments. Readers desiring more information are referred to the appropri­ ate literature. Specialists will notice that only the first of several quantifi­ cational versions of tense logic is proven complete in the final chapter. Again constraints of space are partly to blame. The proof for the 'star' systems is wildly complex and at the time of this writing is not yet ready for publi­ cation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3219-2
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  • 3
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    On Identity : A Study in Genetic Phenomenology (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013994
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda Et Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 71
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 71
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. From the Judgment to Judgmental Identity -- The Ground of Meaning -- The Ground of Object -- On the Non-Contradictory or Consistent Judgment -- The Distinct Judgment -- Evidence of Clarity: The Clear Judgment -- II. The Identity of the Judgment -- The Transcendental Ground of Identity -- The Same Judgment -- Transcendental Identity -- III. The Genetic Return to Experience -- From the Judgment to the Object -- The Object-sense and the Logical-sense -- The Horizon and Ground of Experience -- Perceptual Consciousness and Perceptual Unity -- IV. The Temporal Structure of Identity -- The Object as the Same -- The Object as Unity of Duration -- Consciousness of Identity -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: of A first attempt to formulate the phenomenological problem identity was originally made in my doctoral dissertation, "The Identity of the Logical Proposition," (Graduate Faculty, New School for Social Research, 1969). Further development of the problem, both direct and indirect, as well as extensive revision, has found expression in "The Foundation of Predicative Experience and the Spontaneity of Consciousness" (Life-World and Consciousness. Essays for Aron Gurwitsch, 1972), "Gurwitsch's Concept of Per­ ceptual Unity as the Basic Form of Rational Consciousness," (Social Research, April, 1975), and "The Refinement of the Concept of Constitution" (Research in Phenomenology, Vol. IV, 1974). These studies, in turn, formed the springboard for the present study of the problem of identity. No more than the other studies, this study far from claiming finality, is rather an ever-widening beginning of a phenomenological inquiry into the constitution of identity. I am enormously indebted to my friend and colleague, Professor Fred Kersten of the University of Wisconsin at Green Bay. No tribute is sufficient to acknowledge his invaluable assistance and counsel in the preparation of this work for publication. I would also like to thank Professor Werner Marx of the University of Freiburg for his sustaining encouragement in the later phase of this work. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to investigate the meaning of the concept of identity within a framework of the phenomenological theory of consciousness.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1399-4
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  • 4
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    Language and the Phenomenological Reductions of Edmund Husserl (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013895
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (112p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Bello, Angelo Ales [Rezension von: Cunningham, Suzanne, Language and the Phenomenological Reductions of Edmund Husserl] 1977
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’archives-Husserl 70
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 70
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- Presuppositions -- Cogito -- The Reductions -- II. Language and the Phenomenological Reduction -- Reduction of Transcendencies -- An Unambiguous Language -- Conclusion -- III. Language and the Transcendental Reduction -- Transcendental Ego -- Intentionality and Constitution -- Derivation of a Complete Theory of Constitution -- Conclusion -- IV. Language and the Eidetic Reduction -- Lebenswelt -- Essences and Possibility -- Facts and Meanings -- Meanings and Essences -- Essences in Language -- Conclusion -- V. A Linguistic Alternative -- Early Alternatives -- Linguistic Alternative -- Evidence and Certainty -- Conclusion -- VI. Conclusion -- The Phenomenological Reduction -- The Transcendental Reduction -- The Eidetic Reduction -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: It was while reading HusserI's Cartesian Meditations that the subject of the present volume first occurred to me. And in a way I am offering a somewhat oblique commentary on HusserI's Meditations - "oblique" because it is not a systematic elucidation of the entire text. Nonetheless, it is primarily with the task of the Meditations that I am concerned. It is there that the antipathy between natural ~anguage and HusserI's quest for certainty come clearIy into focus. (Other texts are cited insofar as they shed light on this central work or illustrate the fact that HusserI did not significantly alter his position on the problem. ) My purpose here is to further sharpen that focus, showing that the consciousness within the phenomenological reductions is essentially language­ using. Working with the Wittgensteinian insight regarding "pri­ vate languages," I attempt to show that a language-using con­ sciousness cannot effectively divorce itself from its social context and is unable, therefore, to perform the radical phenomenological reductions. Solipsism, then, is never a genuine problem, but nei­ ther is the elimination of all existential commitments a genuine possibility. Finally, I conclude that language-use bridges the distinction between essence and existence, the transcendental and the transcendent, the ideal and the real-making the phenomeno­ logical method incapable of providing the apodictic foundations on which all metaphysics and science will be rebuilt.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1389-5
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  • 5
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    Determinism and Freewill : Anthony Collins’ A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401013680
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (131p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 18
    Serie: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 18
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ethics. ; Philosophy of mind. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Deism -- Anthony Collins -- Writings -- The Controversy on Freewill -- The Philosophical Inquiry -- Thomas Hobbes -- John Locke -- Pierre Bayle and William King -- Liberty of Indifference -- De Origine Mali -- Bayle and King -- Leibniz -- The Inquiry -- Conclusion -- Text of the Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty -- Notes to the Text of the Inquiry -- Collation of the Text of the Inquiry.
    Kurzfassung: The Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty of Anthony Collins' was considered by Joseph Priestley and Voltaire to be the best book written on freewill up to their own time. Priestley admitted that it convert­ ed him to determinism and it had a powerful effect on Voltaire in the same direction. It seems important to place in its wider historical context a book which so influenced such men and which greatly impressed the philosophes in general. Therefore - and because such an account has value in itself - the Introduction contains a survey of the freewill controversy from the time of Hobbes to that of Leibniz, giving in some detail the opinions of Hobbes, Locke, Pierre Bayle, William King, Archbishop of Dublin, and Leibniz and an account of the Scholastic doctrine of liberty of indifference - opinions which either influenced Collins or against which he reacted. The value and originality of Collins' works need assessing. He was also at times liable to misinterpret or misunderstand the authorities he quoted. I have, therefore, subjected the Inquiry to a detailed critique. This also gives cross-references to parallel passages in Collins' works and those of the authors who influenced him, and, by discussing the philosophical and theological questions to which his writings give rise, obviates the need for a good many footnotes in the notes that follow the text.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1368-0
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  • 6
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    Vistas in Physical Reality : Festschrift for Henry Margenau (1976)
    Boston, MA : Springer New York
    Details
    ISBN: 9781468422023
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Section I. Vistas in Physics -- 1. On Some of Physics’ Problems -- 2 Is the Coarse-Grained Entropy of Classical Statistical Mechanics an Anthropomorphism? -- 3. Aspects of the Special Theory of Relativity -- 4. The Measurement Act in Quantum Physics -- 5. Acoustics—Old and New -- Section II. Vistas in Philosophy -- 6. Some Reflections on Philosophy of Science -- 7. Nonempirical Criteria in the Development of Science -- 8. On a Circularity in Our Knowledge of the Physically Real -- 9. The Structure of Creativity in Physics -- 10. A Quasi-Scientific Method for Ethics -- 11. The Functions of Incompetence -- Section III. Vistas in Education -- 12. Henry Margenau’s Philosophy as Frame of Reference in Teaching Science -- 13. Integrative Education: Teaching as a Humane Enterprise -- Publications by Henry Margenau.
    Kurzfassung: Festschriften, when they are haphazard collections of pieces written by colleagues and well-wishers on the occasion of a major anniversary in the life of a distinguished man, tend to be tedious. One can more profitably go directly to the writings of the celebrant, as well as other, more voluntary publications of his well-wishers. However, the editors wish to claim that this Festschrift is different. This is so first of all because of the almost unique combination of interests and competence of Henry Margenau. He is at once a distinguished physicist, an equally distinguished educator, and a prominent philosopher. These broad areas of his extraordinarily active and fruitful career are each represented in this volume in his honor, and this constitutes the particular interest of the collection. Without limiting themselves to paraphrases or empty compliments, the contributors to this book range over the scope of interest of Margenau's work, and, acknowledging its influence and significance, present their own viewpoints and conclusions. Since they include some of the most distinguished men in science and philosophy today, the privilege of having them speak to some broadly defined common concerns in a single volume is a rare one, for which our thanks must go to Henry Margenau, who inspired the papers.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Section I. Vistas in Physics1. On Some of Physics’ Problems -- 2 Is the Coarse-Grained Entropy of Classical Statistical Mechanics an Anthropomorphism? -- 3. Aspects of the Special Theory of Relativity -- 4. The Measurement Act in Quantum Physics -- 5. Acoustics-Old and New -- Section II. Vistas in Philosophy -- 6. Some Reflections on Philosophy of Science -- 7. Nonempirical Criteria in the Development of Science -- 8. On a Circularity in Our Knowledge of the Physically Real -- 9. The Structure of Creativity in Physics -- 10. A Quasi-Scientific Method for Ethics -- 11. The Functions of Incompetence -- Section III. Vistas in Education -- 12. Henry Margenau’s Philosophy as Frame of Reference in Teaching Science -- 13. Integrative Education: Teaching as a Humane Enterprise -- Publications by Henry Margenau.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2202-3
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  • 7
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    Logic and Probability in Quantum Mechanics (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
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    ISBN: 9789401094665
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XV, 548 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 78
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 78
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Statistics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Logic -- A Notion of Mechanistic Theory -- Essai sur la Logique de L’indeterminisme et la Ramification de L’espace-Temps -- How to Think Quantum-Logically -- The Conditional in Quantum Logic -- Empirical Logic and Quantum Mechanics -- Some Results from the Combinatorial Approach to Quantum Logic -- Probability -- The Quantum Probability Calculus -- The Probability Structure of Quantum-Mechanical Systems -- Towards a Revised Probabilistic Basis for Quantum Mechanics -- Probability in a Discrete Model of Particles and Observations -- Superposition and Macroscopic Observation -- A Note on the So-Called Yes-No Experiments and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics -- Completeness -- On the Completeness of Quantum Theory -- The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox -- Stochastic Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics -- Errors in the No Hidden Variable Proof of Kochen and Specker -- Operator-Observable Correspondence -- Randomness and Locality in Quantum Mechanics -- Fundamental Statistical Theories -- Why the World is a Quantum World -- On the Determinism of Hidden Variable Theories with Strict Correlation and Conditional Statistical Independence of Observables.
    Kurzfassung: During the academic years 1972-1973 and 1973-1974, an intensive sem­ inar on the foundations of quantum mechanics met at Stanford on a regular basis. The extensive exploration of ideas in the seminar led to the org~ization of a double issue of Synthese concerned with the foundations of quantum mechanics, especially with the role of logic and probability in quantum meChanics. About half of the articles in the volume grew out of this seminar. The remaining articles have been so­ licited explicitly from individuals who are actively working in the foun­ dations of quantum mechanics. Seventeen of the twenty-one articles appeared in Volume 29 of Syn­ these. Four additional articles and a bibliography on -the history and philosophy of quantum mechanics have been added to the present volume. In particular, the articles by Bub, Demopoulos, and Lande, as well as the second article by Zanotti and myself, appear for the first time in the present volume. In preparing the articles for publication I am much indebted to Mrs. Lillian O'Toole, Mrs. Dianne Kanerva, and Mrs. Marguerite Shaw, for their extensive assistance.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9466-5
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  • 8
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    Adaptive Knowing : Epistemology from a Realistic Standpoint (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
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    ISBN: 9789401010320
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (254p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: I: Coping with Knowledge -- I. The Problem of Knowledge -- II. The Acquisition of Knowledge -- III. The Assimilation of Knowledge -- IV. The Deployment of Knowledge -- II: Specific Issues -- V. Knowing, Doing and Being -- VI. Absent Objects -- VII. The Mind-Body Problem -- VIII. The Knowledge of the Known -- IX. The Subjectivity of a Realist -- X. Activity as a Source of Knowledge -- XI. On Beliefs and Believing -- XII. Adaptive Responses and the Ecosystem -- XIII. The Reality Game.
    Kurzfassung: The acquisition of knowledge is not a single unrelated occasion but rather an adaptive process in which past acquisitions modify present and future ones. In Part I of this essay in epistemology it is argued that coping with knowledge is not a passive affair but dynamic and active, involving its continuance into the stages of assimilation and deployment. In Part II a number of specific issues are raised and discussed in order to explore the dimensions and the depths of the workings of adaptive knowing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS "Activity as A Source of Knowledge" first appeared in Tulane Studies in Philosophy, XII, 1963; "Knowing, Doing and Being" in Ratio, VI, 1964; "On Beliefs and Believing" in Tulane Studies, XV, 1966; "Absent Objects" in Tulane Studies, XVII, 1968; "The Reality Game" in Tulane Studies, XVIII, 1969; "Adaptive Responses and The Ecosys­ tem" in Tulane Studies, XVIII, 1969; "The Mind-Body Problem" in the Philosophical Journal, VII, 1970; and "The Knowledge of The Known" in the International Logic Review, I, 1970. PART I COPING WITH KNOWLEDGE CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE I. THE CHOSEN APPROACH You are about to read a study of epistemology, one which has been made from a realistic standpoint. It is not the first of such interpre­ tations, and it will not be the last.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: Coping with KnowledgeI. The Problem of Knowledge -- II. The Acquisition of Knowledge -- III. The Assimilation of Knowledge -- IV. The Deployment of Knowledge -- II: Specific Issues -- V. Knowing, Doing and Being -- VI. Absent Objects -- VII. The Mind-Body Problem -- VIII. The Knowledge of the Known -- IX. The Subjectivity of a Realist -- X. Activity as a Source of Knowledge -- XI. On Beliefs and Believing -- XII. Adaptive Responses and the Ecosystem -- XIII. The Reality Game.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1032-0
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  • 9
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    Rhetoric and Philosophy in Conflict : An Historical Survey (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
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    ISBN: 9789401010375
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in G., H. G. [Rezension von: Ijsseling, Samuel, Rhetoric and Philosophy in Conflict. An historical survey] 1978
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Linguistics. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Rehabilitation of Rhetoric -- II. Plato and The Sophists -- III. Isocrates and the Power of Logos -- IV. The History and System of Greek Rhetoric -- V. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Rome -- VI. Augustine and Rhetoric -- VII. The Liberal Arts and Education in the Middle Ages -- VIII. The Italian Humanists -- IX. Francis Bacon, René Descartes and the New Science -- X. Pascal and the Art of Persuasion -- XI. Sacred Eloquence -- XII. Kant and the Enlightenment -- XIII. Marx, Nietzsche and Freud -- XIV. Nietzsche and Philosophy -- XV. Philosophy and Metaphor -- XVI. Who is Actually Speaking Whenever Something is Said?.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Rehabilitation of RhetoricII. Plato and The Sophists -- III. Isocrates and the Power of Logos -- IV. The History and System of Greek Rhetoric -- V. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Rome -- VI. Augustine and Rhetoric -- VII. The Liberal Arts and Education in the Middle Ages -- VIII. The Italian Humanists -- IX. Francis Bacon, René Descartes and the New Science -- X. Pascal and the Art of Persuasion -- XI. Sacred Eloquence -- XII. Kant and the Enlightenment -- XIII. Marx, Nietzsche and Freud -- XIV. Nietzsche and Philosophy -- XV. Philosophy and Metaphor -- XVI. Who is Actually Speaking Whenever Something is Said?.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1037-5
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  • 10
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    Studies in the Philosophy of Kierkegaard (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
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    ISBN: 9789401747820
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VII, 80 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: In this volume, I have given attention to what I consider to be some of the central problems and topics in the philosophical thought of SjiSren Kierkegaard. Some of the chapters have been previously publish­ ed but were revised for their appearance here. Others were written expressly for this book. I have tried to focus on issues which have not been customarily dealt with or emphasized in the scholarship on Kierkegaard with the exception of the writings of David Swenson and Paul L. Holmer to which (and to whom) I am greatly indebted. Some of the positions for which I have argued in this volume (especially in Chapters IV and V) may be controversial. I am grateful to all those who enabled me to carry out or influenced me in my studies of Kierkegaard or who assisted with regard to the research for or preparation of this volume. Among these are: Professors Paul L. Holmer, F. Arthur Jacobson, and Dennis A. Rohatyn; Dean Wallace A. Russell and Vice President Daniel J. Zaffarano of Iowa State University.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4782-0
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  • 11
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    Conversations with Husserl and Fink (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401568906
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 113 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H. L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 66
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 66
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    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Conversation with Husserl, 16/7/26 -- II. Conversation with Husserl and Becker, 24/6/31 -- III. Conversation with Becker and Kaufmann, 25 (26 or 27) /6/31 -- IV. Notes on Husserl conversation, 27/6/31 -- V. Conversation with Husserl, 11/7/31 -- VI. Notes on conversation with Husserl, 18/7/31 -- VII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 11/8/31 -- VIII. Conversation with Husserl and Malvine Husserl, 13/8/31 -- IX. Conversation with Fink, 17/8/31 -- X. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 17/8/31 -- XI. Conversation with Husserl, Fink and Miyake, 19/8/31 -- XII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 22/8/31 -- XIII. Conversation with Fink, 24/8/31 -- XIV. Conversation with Husserl, 28/8/31 -- XV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 1/9/31 -- XVI. Conversation with Husserl, 6/9/31 -- XVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 11/9/31 -- XVIII. Conversation with Fink, 16/9/31 (?) -- XIX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 17/9/31 -- XX. Conversation with Fink, 21/9/31 -- XXI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 22/9/31 -- XXII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 28/9/31 -- XXIII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 3/10/31 -- XXIV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 9/11/31 -- XXV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 12/11/31 -- XXVI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 18/11/31 -- XXVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 20/12/31 -- XXVIII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 24/11/31 -- XXIX. Conversation with Fink, 24/11/31 -- XXX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 25/11/31 -- XXXI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 30/11/31 -- XXXII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 4/12/31 -- XXXIII. Conversation with Fink, 7/12/31 -- XXXIV. Conversation with Husserl, 8/12/31 -- XXXV. Conversation with Fink, 14/12/31 -- XXXVI. Conversation with Fink, 19/12/31 -- XXXVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 22/12/31 -- XXXVIII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 23/12/31 -- XXXIX. Conversation with Husserl and others, 26/12/31 -- XL. Conversation with Husserl, 28/12/31 -- XLI. Conversation with Husserl and Reiner, 31 /22 /32 -- XLII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 5/1/32 -- XLIII. Conversation with Husserl, 13/1/32 -- XLIV. Conversation with Fink, 18/1/32 -- XLV. Conversation with Fink, 20/1/32 -- XLVI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 26/1/32 -- XLVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 29/1/32 -- XLVIII. Conversation with Husserl, 3/3/32 -- XLIX. Conversation with Husserl, 7/3/32 -- XL. Conversation with Husserl, 11/3/32 -- LI. Conversation with Husserl, 4/5/32 -- LII. Conversation with Husserl, 6/5/32 -- LIII. Conversation with Husserl, 9/5/32 -- LIV. Conversation with Husserl, 11/5/32 -- LV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 31/5/32 -- LVI. Conversation with Husserl, 2/6/32 -- LVII. Conversation with Husserl, 4/6/32 -- LVIII. Conversation with Husserl, 8/6/32 -- LVIX. Conversation with Husserl, 13/6/32 -- LX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 15/6/32 -- LXI. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 23/6/32 -- LXII. Conversation with Husserl, 27/6/32 -- LXIII. Conversation with Husserl, 29/6/32 -- LXIV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 15/7/32 -- LXV. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 20/9/32 -- LXVI. Conversation with Fink, 23/9/32 -- LXVII. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 25/10/32 -- LXVIII. Conversation with Husserl, 2/11/32 -- LXIX. Conversation with Husserl and Fink, 15/11/32 -- I. Topics, Husserl conversation, 24/6/31 -- II. Conversation with Husserl, 25/6/31 -- III. Conversation with Husserl, 27/6/31 -- Works by Husserl mentioned in the Conversations -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Kurzfassung: This is an unusual volume. During his periods of study with Ed­ mund Husserl - first from I924 1. 0 I926, then from I93I to I932 - Dorion Cairns had become imnlensely impressed with the stri­ king philosophical quality of Husserl's conversations with his students and co-workers. Not unlike his daily writing (five to six hours a day was not uncommon, as Husserl reports herein, the nature of which was a continuous searching, reassessing, modi­ fying, advancing and even rejecting of former views), Husserl's conversations, especially evidenced from Cairns's record, were remarkable for their depth and probing character. Because of this, and because of the importaIlt light they threw on Husserl's written and published works, Cairns had early resolved to set down in writing, as accurately as possible, the details of these conversations. Largely prompted by the questions and concerns of his students, including Cairns, the present Conversations (from the second period, I93I-I932, except for the initial conversation) provide a significant, intriguing, and always fascinating insight into both the issues which were prominent to Husserl at this time, and the way he had come to view the systematic and historical placement of his own earlier studies. Cairns had often insisted - principally in his remarkable lec­ 1 tures at the Graduate Faculty of the New School - that attaining a fair and accurate view of Husserl's enormously rich and complex 1 Cairns's lectures between 1956 and 1964 are especially important.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6890-6
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  • 12
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    The Nation in the History of Marxian Thought : The Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401747547
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VI, 138 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Marxist Theorists on the Evolution of the Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Attitude of 20th Century Marxists Towards Question of the Right of National Self-Determination for Small National Groups -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: This study is based upon the concept of nations with history and nations without history which was advanced in 1848/1849 in the pages of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a Cologne based German newspaper under the editorship of Karl Marx. This theory is presented in this study as a model of opposites ; historic nations and non-historic nations, respec­ tively revolutionary nations and counter-revolutionary national groups which Engels and Marx associated with the philosophy of Hegel. As Marx and Engels saw it, Hegel had taught that nature and history abounded in opposites, and this was believed to be the essence of his dialectic. Marx liked this dialectic better than anything else in Hegel's thought and modified it to fit his own economic theory of history. In reality, however, there are no categories of opposites; certainly not in nature; no two colors are opposites; nor are any two times of the day, indeed nothing temporal, nothing living, nothing that is in process of becoming. ! It is only in human understanding that opposites are intro­ duced. In the history of ideas what has been a misunderstanding of Hegel's teachings has exerted a greater influence upon subsequent generations than Hegel's philosophy as he himself understood it. With Marx's development of the materialistic concept of history, the Volksgeist (Spirit of the Age), so pronounced in Hegel's work lost ground rapidly; first, because it was difficult to understand and second, because its mastery was hardly rewarding to anyone save scholars and philosophers.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4754-7
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  • 13
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    Myth and Metaphysics (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013574
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 186p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics
    Kurzfassung: One: Mythical Speaking “About” God -- 1. The Rejection of Myths and the “Denial” of God -- 2. The Rejection of Myths and the “Affirmation” of God -- 3. Mythical Speaking as Authentic Speaking “About” God -- 4. Retrospect and Prospect -- Two: the Rejection of Metaphysics and the “Negation” of God -- Analytic Philosophy -- Rudolf Carnap -- Ayer -- Flew -- Hare -- Findlay -- Three: the Rejection of Metaphysics and the “Affirmation” of God -- 1. Kant’s So-called “Agnosticism” -- 2. The Intellectualism and Objectivism of Christian Thought -- 3. The “Overcoming of Metaphysics” in Heidegger -- Four: the Acceptance of Metaphysics and the “Affirmation” of God -- 1. The Objectivistic Tradition: Lakebrink -- 2. The Spiritualistic-Monastic Tradition -- 3. Logical Empiricism -- Five: Hermeneutics of Religious Existence -- 1. The Calling of the Name “God” -- 2. The Proper Character of Religious Language -- 3. Speaking “About” God is Speaking About Man -- 4. Christian Religiousness -- Six: Religious Existence and Metaphysical Speech -- The God of Philosophers -- Rejection of the “Proofs” for God’s Existence by the Religious Man -- “The Conclusion of a ‘Proof’ for God’s Existence Can Never Be True” -- The Metaphysical “Proof” for the Existence of “God” -- Metaphysics in the Sciences -- Regional Ontologies -- Metaphysics in the Strict Sense -- Parmenides -- Affirmation in Negation -- “The Metaphysical in Man” -- “Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing?” -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: This book is an attempt to interpret man's religious existence, an inter­ pretation for which some of the groundwork was laid by the author's book PHENOMENOLOGY AND ATHEISM (Duquesne University Press, 2nd impression, 1965). That work explored the "denial" of God by the leading atheists and came to terms with the most typical forms assumed by their "denials". Nevertheless, I am not an adherent of atheism. The reason why it is possible to agree with many "atheists" without becoming one of them is that man can misunderstand his own religiousness or lapse into an inauthentic form of being a believer. What many "atheists" unmask is one or the other form of pseudo-religiousness which should be unmasked. On the other hand, I have also constantly refused to identify religiousness with such inauthentic forms and to define it in terms of those forms - just as I refuse to identify the appendix with appendicitis, the heart with an infarct, the psyche as a disturbance, and marriage as a fight. The book offered here has been written since the rise of the radical "God is dead" theology. This "theology" without God has often been presented as the only form of theological thought still suitable for "modern man". As the reader will notice, I reject the brash facility with which some "modern men" measure the relevance of "anything" by its "modernity".
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One: Mythical Speaking “About” God1. The Rejection of Myths and the “Denial” of God -- 2. The Rejection of Myths and the “Affirmation” of God -- 3. Mythical Speaking as Authentic Speaking “About” God -- 4. Retrospect and Prospect -- Two: the Rejection of Metaphysics and the “Negation” of God -- Analytic Philosophy -- Rudolf Carnap -- Ayer -- Flew -- Hare -- Findlay -- Three: the Rejection of Metaphysics and the “Affirmation” of God -- 1. Kant’s So-called “Agnosticism” -- 2. The Intellectualism and Objectivism of Christian Thought -- 3. The “Overcoming of Metaphysics” in Heidegger -- Four: the Acceptance of Metaphysics and the “Affirmation” of God -- 1. The Objectivistic Tradition: Lakebrink -- 2. The Spiritualistic-Monastic Tradition -- 3. Logical Empiricism -- Five: Hermeneutics of Religious Existence -- 1. The Calling of the Name “God” -- 2. The Proper Character of Religious Language -- 3. Speaking “About” God is Speaking About Man -- 4. Christian Religiousness -- Six: Religious Existence and Metaphysical Speech -- The God of Philosophers -- Rejection of the “Proofs” for God’s Existence by the Religious Man -- “The Conclusion of a ‘Proof’ for God’s Existence Can Never Be True” -- The Metaphysical “Proof” for the Existence of “God” -- Metaphysics in the Sciences -- Regional Ontologies -- Metaphysics in the Strict Sense -- Parmenides -- Affirmation in Negation -- “The Metaphysical in Man” -- “Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing?” -- Conclusion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1357-4
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  • 14
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    The Nation in the History of Marxian Thought : The Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013550
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; History.
    Kurzfassung: I: Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without History -- A. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -- B. Discussion of the concept of nations with history and nations without history in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -- C. Marx and Engels attitude towards small Slavic national groups after the demise of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -- II: Marxist Theorists on the Evolution of the Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History -- A. The reappearance in socialist literature of the concept of nations with history and nations without history at the end of the 19th century -- B. Karl Kautsky, Otto Bauer and their exchange of views -- C. Conflict within German social democratic party that brought the discussion of the concept of nations with history and nations without history to the fore in 1915 -- D. Discussion of Rosa Luxemburg’s theories for the renascence of the Polish nation -- E. Comparative comments on the views of Otto Bauer and Rosa Luxemburg in their historical setting -- III: Attitude of 20th Century Marxists towards Question of the Right of National Self-Determination for Small National Groups -- A. The right of national self-determination championed by international social democracy -- IV: Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: This study is based upon the concept of nations with history and nations without history which was advanced in 1848/1849 in the pages of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a Cologne based German newspaper under the editorship of Karl Marx. This theory is presented in this study as a model of opposites; historic nations and non-historic nations, respec­ tively revolutionary nations and counter-revolutionary national groups which Engels and Marx associated with the philosophy of Hegel. As Marx and Engels saw it, Hegel had taught that nature and history abounded in opposites, and this was believed to be the essence of his dialectic. Marx liked this dialectic better than anything else in Hegel's thought and modified it to fit his own economic theory of history. In reality, however, there are no categories of opposites; certainly not in nature; no two colors are opposites; nor are any two times of the day, indeed nothing temporal, nothing living, nothing that is in process of becoming. ! It is only in human understanding that opposites are intro­ duced. In the history of ideas what has been a misunderstanding of Hegel's teachings has exerted a greater influence upon subsequent generations than Hegel's philosophy as he himself understood it. With Marx's development of the materialistic concept of history, the Volksgeist (Spirit of the Age), so pronounced in Hegel's work lost ground rapidly; first, because it was difficult to understand and second, because its mastery was hardly rewarding to anyone save scholars and philosophers.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without HistoryA. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -- B. Discussion of the concept of nations with history and nations without history in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -- C. Marx and Engels attitude towards small Slavic national groups after the demise of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -- II: Marxist Theorists on the Evolution of the Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History -- A. The reappearance in socialist literature of the concept of nations with history and nations without history at the end of the 19th century -- B. Karl Kautsky, Otto Bauer and their exchange of views -- C. Conflict within German social democratic party that brought the discussion of the concept of nations with history and nations without history to the fore in 1915 -- D. Discussion of Rosa Luxemburg’s theories for the renascence of the Polish nation -- E. Comparative comments on the views of Otto Bauer and Rosa Luxemburg in their historical setting -- III: Attitude of 20th Century Marxists towards Question of the Right of National Self-Determination for Small National Groups -- A. The right of national self-determination championed by international social democracy -- IV: Conclusion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1355-0
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  • 15
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    The Concepts of Space and Time : Their Structure and Their Development (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017275
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (LVIII, 576 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 22
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 22
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1727-5
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  • 16
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    Die Welt des Menschen - Die Welt der Philosophie : Festschrift für Jan Patočka (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
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    ISBN: 9789401749268
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIX, 318 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’archives-Husserl 72
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 72
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4926-8
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  • 17
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    Comparative Studies in Phenomenology (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400999992
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 153 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. The Problem of Psychologism -- III. Husserl’s Philosophy of Arithmetic: A Re-Evaluation -- IV. Sartre and the Cartesian Ego -- V. The Ego and Consciousness in Rival Perspectives: Sartre and Husserl -- VI. World and Epoché in Husserl and Heidegger -- VII. Heidegger and Dewey.
    Kurzfassung: The essays which are collected in this book were written at various intervals during the last seven years. The essay "Heidegger and Dewey," which is the last one to be printed in the book, was actually the first one I wrote. It was written as a seminar paper for John D. Goheen's course on Dewey in the Spring of 1968 at Stanford University where I was a second-year graduate student. The paper went unchanged into my thesis "Four Studies in Phenomenology and Pragmatism," which I eventually submitted in 1971, and it is here reprinted with no alteration except for the title. A first version of the two essays on Sartre was written in the Spring of 1969 during my first year of teaching at Princeton University. Even­ tually I decided to break the essay into two parts. A shortened version of "Sartre and the Cartesian Ego" was read at the Eastern Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association in December 1973.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. IntroductionII. The Problem of Psychologism -- III. Husserl’s Philosophy of Arithmetic: A Re-Evaluation -- IV. Sartre and the Cartesian Ego -- V. The Ego and Consciousness in Rival Perspectives: Sartre and Husserl -- VI. World and Epoché in Husserl and Heidegger -- VII. Heidegger and Dewey.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9999-2
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  • 18
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    Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013918
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (136p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: I. Wittgenstein As Critic -- A. Platonism -- B. Intuitionism -- C. Formalism -- D. Empiricism -- E. Conventionalism -- F. Summary and Projection -- II. Wittgenstein as Creator -- A. Wittgenstein’s Behavioral Theory of Inference -- B. The Role of Mathematics -- C. The theory as explanatory -- III. Critics of Wittgenstein -- A. Wittgenstein and Strict Finitism -- B. Wittgenstein and Objectivity -- C. Wittgenstein’s Contributions -- Selected Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: Wittgenstein's remarks on mathematics have not received the recogni­ tion they deserve; they have for the most part been either ignored, or dismissed as unworthy of the author of the Tractatus and the I nvestiga­ tions. This is unfortunate, I believe, and not at all fair, for these remarks are not only enjoyable reading, as even the harshest critics have con­ ceded, but also a rich and genuine source of insight into the nature of mathematics. It is perhaps the fact that they are more suggestive than systematic which has put so many people off; there is nothing here of formal derivation and very little attempt even at sustained and organized argumentation. The remarks are fragmentary and often obscure, if one does not recognize the point at which they are directed. Nevertheless, there is much here that is good, and even a fairly system­ atic and coherent account of mathematics. What I have tried to do in the following pages is to reconstruct the system behind the often rather disconnected commentary, and to show that when the theory emerges, most of the harsh criticism which has been directed against these re­ marks is seen to be without foundation. This is meant to be a sym­ pathetic account of Wittgenstein's views on mathematics, and I hope that it will at least contribute to a further reading and reassessment of his contributions to the philosophy of mathematics.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Wittgenstein As CriticA. Platonism -- B. Intuitionism -- C. Formalism -- D. Empiricism -- E. Conventionalism -- F. Summary and Projection -- II. Wittgenstein as Creator -- A. Wittgenstein’s Behavioral Theory of Inference -- B. The Role of Mathematics -- C. The theory as explanatory -- III. Critics of Wittgenstein -- A. Wittgenstein and Strict Finitism -- B. Wittgenstein and Objectivity -- C. Wittgenstein’s Contributions -- Selected Bibliography.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1391-8
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  • 19
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    Consciousness and Reality: Hegel’s Philosophy of Subjectivity (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013666
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 284 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind. ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Kurzfassung: One: Introduction -- I. The Shift to the Subject in Modern Thought -- II. Hegel’s Prefatory Notion of Subjectivity -- III. Consciousness and Reality -- Two: The Conscious Subject -- IV. The Initial Transaction between the Subject and its Object -- V. The Perceiving Subject -- VI. The Understanding Subject -- Three: The Self-Conscious Subject -- VII. The Rise of the Self-Conscious Subject -- VIII. Freedom and Dependence of the Self-Conscious Subject -- IX. The Self-Estranged Subject -- Four: The Rational Subject -- X. The Activity of the Rational Subject -- XI. The Self-Examination of the Rational Subject -- XII. The Self-Realization of the Rational Subject -- XIII. The Triumph of the Rational Subject -- Five: The Spiritual Subject -- XIV. The Rise of the Personal Subject -- XV. The Dual Life of the Spiritual Subject -- XVI. The Moral Subject -- XVII. The Subject’s Final Quest for Spirituality -- Epilogue -- Retrospect and Prospect.
    Kurzfassung: With the rise of analytical philosophy the criticism against Hegelianism has become increasingly shrill, and signs of an embarrassment that Hegel's philosophy should ever have arisen are noticeable in such inftuential works as those of Karl Popper and Hans Reichenbach, to mention but a few. However, many contemporary philosophers stress what is called subjectivity, conceiving reality as susceptible of methodical analysis only to the extent that it is in and for the subject. What is more, they not only insist on the importance of the subject for philosophy, but maintain that the subject must be conceived as the principal determinative of true objectivity. Since knowledge depends for its possibility on the inseverable correlatives of consciousness and reality, they would grant that a proper importance must be given to both subject and object. Still, exemplifying the relational principle within the unity of a dual structure, the subject serves as an exclu­ sive agent that provides ingress into the meaning of the object.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One: IntroductionI. The Shift to the Subject in Modern Thought -- II. Hegel’s Prefatory Notion of Subjectivity -- III. Consciousness and Reality -- Two: The Conscious Subject -- IV. The Initial Transaction between the Subject and its Object -- V. The Perceiving Subject -- VI. The Understanding Subject -- Three: The Self-Conscious Subject -- VII. The Rise of the Self-Conscious Subject -- VIII. Freedom and Dependence of the Self-Conscious Subject -- IX. The Self-Estranged Subject -- Four: The Rational Subject -- X. The Activity of the Rational Subject -- XI. The Self-Examination of the Rational Subject -- XII. The Self-Realization of the Rational Subject -- XIII. The Triumph of the Rational Subject -- Five: The Spiritual Subject -- XIV. The Rise of the Personal Subject -- XV. The Dual Life of the Spiritual Subject -- XVI. The Moral Subject -- XVII. The Subject’s Final Quest for Spirituality -- Epilogue -- Retrospect and Prospect.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1366-6
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  • 20
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    Practical Logic (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401756044
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XV, 437 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-5604-4
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  • 21
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    Collected Papers II : Studies in Social Theory (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013406
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (315p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. Van Breda Et Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 15
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 15
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I / Pure Theory -- The Social World and the Theory of Social Action -- The Dimensions of The Social World -- The Problem of Rationality in the Social World -- II / Applied Theory -- The Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology -- The Homecomer -- The Well-Informed Citizen: An Essay on the Social Distribution of Knowledge -- Don Quixote and the Problem of Reality -- Making Music Together: A Study in Social Relationship -- Mozart and the Philosophers -- Santayana on Society and Government -- Equality and the Meaning Structure of the Social World -- Some Equivocations in the Notion of Responsibility -- Tiresias, or Our Knowledge of Future Events.
    Kurzfassung: Elsewhere 1 we were concerned with fundamental aspects of the question how man can comprehend his fellow-men. We analyzed man's subjective experiences of the Other and found in them the basis for his understanding of the Other's subjective processes of consciousness. The very assumption of the existence of the Other, however, introduces the dimension of intersub­ jectivity. The world is experienced by the Self as being inhabited by other Selves, as being a world for others and of others. As we had occasion to point out, intersubjective reality is by no means homogeneous. The social world in which man finds himself exhibits a complex structure; fellow-men appear to the Self under different aspects, to which correspond different cognitive styles by which the Self perceives and apprehends the Other's thoughts, motives, and actions. In the present investigation it will be our main task to describe the origin of the differentiated structures of social reality as well as to reveal the principles underlying its unity and coherence. It must be stressed that careful description of the processes which enable one man to understand another's thoughts and actions is a prerequisite for the methodology of the empirical social sciences. The question how a scientific interpretation of human action is possible can be resolved only if an adequate • From: De, sinnha/te A II/ball tler sowuen WeU, Vienna, 1932; 2nd ed. 1960 (Sektion IV: Strukturanalyse der Sozialwelt, Soziale Umwelt, Mitwelt, Vorwelt, English adaptation by Professor Thomas Luckmann.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1340-6
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  • 22
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    Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014519
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (784p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 39
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 39
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Imre Lakatos (1922–1974): Philosopher of Mathematics and Philosopher of Science -- The Lakatosian Revolution -- Immediate Perception -- On Imre Lakatos -- Lakatos One and Lakatos Two: An ppreciation -- William Whewell and the Concept of Scientific Revolution -- How Can One Testimony Corroborate Another? -- Constraints on Science -- Research Programs, Rationality, and Ethics -- Introduction: Culture, Cultural System and Science -- On the Critique of Scientific Reason -- The Young Einstein and The Old Einstein -- An Ethic of Cognition -- Instrumentalism and Its Critique: A Reappraisal -- Imre Lakatos: Some Recollections -- Is Falsifiability the Touchstone of Scientific Rationality? Karl Popper versus Inductivism -- Ancient Geometrical Analysis and Modern Logic -- The Development of Logical Probability -- Descartes’ Rules of Impact and Their Criticism. An Example of the Structure of Processes in the History of Science -- Toulmin and the Rationality of Science -- Participation, ‘Authenticity’ and the Contemporary Vision of Man, Law and Society -- Rational Reconstructions -- A Paradox for the Birds -- Mathematics as a Critical Enterprise -- The Fertility of Theory and the Unit for Appraisal in Science -- The Ambivalence of Scientists -- Method or Madness? -- Novel Predictions as a Criterion of Merit -- Whither Physical Objects? -- Popperian Philosophy of Science as an Antidote Against Relativism -- Conditions of Progress and the Comparability of Theories -- Comments on Two Epistemological Theses of Thomas Kuhn -- Leibniz’s Program for the Development of Logic -- On Compton’s Research Program -- Inquiring Systems and Paradigms -- History, Praxis and the Third World’. Ambiguities in Lakatos’ Theory of Methodology -- Against Some Methods -- The Human Condition: Two Criticisms of Hobbes -- The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science -- Cosmology and Logic — An Intractable Issue? -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The death of Imre Lakatos on February 2, 1974 was a personal and philosophical loss to the worldwide circle of his friends, colleagues and students. This volume reflects the range of his interests in mathematics, logic, politics and especially in the history and methodology of the sciences. Indeed, Lakatos was a man in search of rationality in all of its forms. He thought he had found it in the historical development of scientific knowledge, yet he also saw rationality endangered everywhere. To honor Lakatos is to honor his sharp and aggressive criticism as well as his humane warmth and his quick wit. He was a person to love and to struggle with. PAUL K. FEYERABEND ROBERT S. COHEN MARX W. WARTOFSKY TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface VII JOHN WORRALL / Imre Lakatos (1922-1974): Philosopher of Mathematics and Philosopher of Science JOSEPH AGASSI / The Lakatosian Revolution 9 23 D. M. ARMSTRONG / Immediate Perception w. W. BAR TLEY, III/On Imre Lakatos 37 WILLIAM BERKSON / Lakatos One and Lakatos Two: An Appreciation 39 I. B. COHEN / William Whewell and the Concept of Scientific Revolution 55 L. JONATHAN COHEN / How Can One Testimony Corroborate Another? 65 R. S. COHEN / Constraints on Science 79 GENE D'AMOUR/ Research Programs, Rationality, and Ethics 87 YEHUDA ELKANA / Introduction: Culture, Cultural System and Science 99 PA UL K.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1451-9
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  • 23
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    Understanding and Prediction : Essays in the Methodology of Social and Behavioral Theories (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401099301
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (507p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 94
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 94
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: I / Concepts and Indicators in Humanistic Sociology -- II / Verbal Communications As Indicators of Sociological Variables -- III / Meaning and Measurement in Comparative Studies -- IV / Comparative Social Research and Methodological Problems of Sociological Induction -- V / Causal Interpretation of Statistical Relationships in Social Research -- VI / Inductive Inconsistencies and The Problems of Probabilistic Predictions -- VII / Logical and Empirical Assumptions of Validity of Inductions -- VIII / Empirical Knowledge and Social Values in The Cumulative Development of Sociology -- IX / Cultural Norms As Explanatory Constructs in Theories of Social Behavior -- X / Role and Limits of The ‘Functional Approach’ In Formulation of Theories of Attitudes -- XI / The Logic of Reductive Systematizations of Social and Behavioral Theories -- XII / Values and Knowledge in The Theory of Education: A Paradigm for an Applied Social Science -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: One of the more characteristic features of contemporary sociology is an increasing interest in theories. More and more theories are being developed in various areas of social investigation; we observe also an increasing number of verificational studies aimed primarily toward the verification of various theories. The essays presented in this volume deal with theories too, but they approach this problem from a methodological perspective. There­ fore it seems worthwhile in the preface to this volume to make a kind of general declaration about the author's aims and his approach to the subject of his interest, and about his view of the role of methodological reflection in the development of sciences. First let me say what methodology cannot do. It cannot be a substitute for the formulation of substantive theories, nor can it substitute for the empirical studies which confirm or reject such theories. Therefore its impact upon the development of any science, including the social sciences, is only indirect, by its undertaking the analysis of research tools and rules of scientific procedures. It can also propose certain standards for scientific procedures, but the application of these standards is the domain of substan­ tive researchers, and it is the substantive researchers who ultimately develop any science. Nevertheless the potential impact-of methodological reflection, even if only indirect, should not be underestimated.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9930-1
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  • 24
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    Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science : Proceedings of an International Research Colloquium held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, 10-13 May 1973 Volume II Foundations and Philosophy of Statistical Inference (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014366
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (466p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 6b
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 6b
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: The Poverty of Statisticism -- Discussion -- On the Equivalence of Standard Inference Procedures -- Discussion -- Empirical Probability, Objective Statistical Methods, and Scientific Inquiry -- Discussion -- Philosophy of Survey-Sampling Practice -- Discussion -- The Bayesian Influence, or How to Sweep Subjectivism Under the Carpet -- Confidence Intervals vs Bayesian Intervals -- Discussion -- On Tests of Significance -- Discussion -- Statistics and the Philosophers -- Discussion -- Statistical Knowledge and Statistical Inference -- Discussion -- Bayesian Statistics -- Discussion -- A Theory of Statistical Evidence -- Discussion -- Testing Theories and the Foundations of Statistics -- Discussion.
    Kurzfassung: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1436-6
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  • 25
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    Action Theory : Proceedings of the Winnipeg Conference on Human Action, Held at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 9-11 May 1975 (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401090742
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 97
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 97
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- by the Editors -- 2. Basic Action -- Action, Knowledge, and Representation -- Intention, Practical Knowledge and Representation -- 3. The Volitional Theory Revisited -- Volitions Re-affirmed -- The Volitional Theory Revisited -- 4. The Logic of Action -- The Logic of Action -- The Twofold Structure and the Unity of Practical Thinking -- 5. Events and Actions -- Particulars, Events, and Actions -- Events as Property Exemplifications -- Events and Actions: Some Comments on Brand and Kim -- Reply to Martin -- 6. The Agency Theory -- The Agent as Cause -- How Does Agent Causality Work? -- 7. Abilities and other ‘Cans’ -- ‘Can’ in Theory and Practice: A Possible Worlds Analysis -- Time and Modality in the ‘Can’ of Opportunity -- Comment on Walton’s Paper -- 8. Responsibility and Human Action -- Action and Responsibility -- Action and Responsibility -- 9. Decision Theory and Human Action -- The Morality of Cognitive Decision-Making -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9074-2
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  • 26
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    Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science : Volume III Foundations and Philosophy of Statistical Theories in the Physical Sciences (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014380
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (253p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with The University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 6c
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 6c
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: The Statistics of Non-Boolean Event Structures -- Possibility and Probability -- Some Remarks on Hamiltonian Systems and Quantum Mechanics -- The Possibility Structure of Physical Systems -- Quantum Mechanical Physical Quantities as Random Variables -- On the Interference of Probabilities -- Classical and Quantum Probability and Set Theory -- Discussion -- A Generalized Measure and Probability Theory for the Physical Sciences -- Discussion -- Quantum Logic, Convexity, and a Necker-Cube Experiment -- On the Applicability of the Probability Concept to Quantum Theory -- Discussion -- A Mathematical Setting for Inductive Reasoning -- Discussion -- Classical Statistical Mechanics Versus Quantal Statistical Thermodynamics: A Study in Contrasts -- Discussion -- A Semantic Analysis of Niels Bohr’s Philosophy of Quantum Theory.
    Kurzfassung: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1438-0
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  • 27
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    Dialectics of the Concrete : A Study on Problems of Man and World (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401015202
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 52
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 52
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Dialectics of the Concrete Totality -- The World of the Pseudoconcrete and Its Destruction -- The Spiritual and Intellectual Reproduction of Reality -- Concrete Totality -- Notes -- II. Economics and Philosophy -- Metaphysics of Everyday life -- Metaphysics of Science and Reason -- Metaphysics of Culture -- Notes -- III. Philosophy and Economy -- Problems of Marx’s Capital -- Man and Thing, Or the Character of Economics -- Notes -- IV. Praxis and Totality -- Praxis -- History and Freedom -- Man -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: Kosik writes that the history of a text is in a certain sense the history of its interpretations. In the fifteen years that have passed since the fust (Czech) edition of his Dialectics of the Concrete, this book has been widely read and interpreted throughout Europe, in diverse centers of scholarship as well as in private studies. A faithful English language edition is long overdue. This publication of KosIk's work will surely provoke a range of new interpretations. For its theme is the characterization of science and of rationality in the context of the social roots of science and the social critique which an appropriately rational science should afford. Kosik's question is: How shall Karl Marx's understanding of science itself be understood? And how can it be further developed? In his treatment of the question of scientific rationality, Kosik drives bluntly into the issues of gravest human concern, not the least of which is how to avoid the pseudo-concrete, the pseudo-scientific, the pseudo-rational, the pseudo­ historical. Starting with Marx's methodological approach, of "ascending from the abstract to the concrete", Kosik develops a critique of positivism, of phenomenalist empiricism, and of "metaphysical" rationalism, counter­ posing them to "dialectical rationalism". He takes the category of the concrete in the dialectical sense of that which comes to be known by the active transformation of nature and society by human purposive activity.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1520-2
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  • 28
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    Paranoia: A Study in Diagnosis (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401015066
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (227p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 50
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 50
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction: The Paradoxes of Paranoia -- 2. Psychological Background -- 3. Sociological Background -- 4. Methodological Background -- 5. Metaphysical Background -- 6. The Paradoxes of Paranoia Revisited -- 7. Paranoia as a Fixation of an Abstract System -- 8. Clinical Matters -- Appendix I: Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia -- Appendix II: Freud’s View of Neurosis and Psychosis -- 9. Conclusion: Towards a General Demarcation of Psychopathology -- Postscript -- Notes -- Annotated Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: There is a curious parallel between the philosophy of science and psychiatric theory. The so-called demarcation question, which has exercised philosophers of science over the last decades, posed the problem of distinguishing science proper from non-science - in par­ ticular, from metaphysics, from pseudo-science, from the non­ rational or irrational, or from the untestable or the empirically meaningless. In psychiatric theory, the demarcation question appears as a problem of distinguishing the sane from the insane, the well from the mentally ill. The parallelism is interesting when the criteria for what fails to be scientific are seen to be congruent with the criteria which define those psychoses which are marked by cognitive failure. In this book Dr Yehuda Fried and Professor Joseph Agassi - a practicing psychiatrist and a philosopher of science, respectivel- focus on an extreme case of psychosis - paranoia - as an essentially intellectual disorder: that is, as one in which there is a systematic and chronic delusion which is sustained by logical means. They write: "Paranoia is an extreme case by the very fact that paranoia is by definition a quirk of the intellectual apparatus, a logical delusion. " (p. 2.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1506-6
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    Analytic Philosophy and Phenomenology (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014076
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 277 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: American University Publications in Philosophy 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: An Early Evaluation -- Phenomenology -- Foundational Philosophers -- Sense and Essence: Frege and Husserl -- Husserl and/or Wittgenstein -- Husserl and Wittgenstein on Language -- The Double Awareness in Heidegger and Wittgenstein -- Heidegger’s Criticism of Wittgenstein’s Conception of Truth -- Meaning and Language -- Austin and Phenomenology -- Meta-Philosophical Reflections -- Some Parallels between Analysis and Phenomenology -- Is There a World of Ordinary Language? -- Hare, Husserl, and Philosophic Discovery -- Phenomenology and Linguistic Analysis I -- Phenomenology and Linguistic Analysis II -- What are the Grounds of Explication?: A Basic Problem in Linguistic Analysis and Phenomenology -- Notes on Contributors -- Sources -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: This is the second volume in the series of American University Publi­ cations in Philosophy. It, like the first volume, moves significantly beyond what other books have done before it. The first volume's original­ ity lay in its bringing together essays that explored important new directions in the explanation of behavior, language, and religion. The originality of the present volume lies in its collecting, for the first time in book form, essays at the interface between analytic philosophy and phenomenology. In this volume there are essays about a number of the most seminally influential philosophers among both the analysts and the phenomenologists. Barry L. Blose, for the editors of American University Publications in Philosophy EDITOR'S PREFACE Philosophy inevitably creates divisions and this anthology deals with what is perhaps the central division in twentieth century Western philo­ sophy. The collection, originally the foundation for a seminar in com­ parative philosophy which I offered at The American University in 1971 and 1974, was sufficiently suggestive to students of both traditions to lead me to initiate its publication. The future development of Western philosophy is far from clear, but I am convinced that it will inevitably involve a more open conversation between phenomenologists and analytic philosophers, between the current dominant orientations among both European and Anglo-Saxon philosophers. This volume of essays is offered as an attempt to stimulate that conversation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1407-6
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  • 30
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    Edmund Husserl’s Theory of Meaning (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013376
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXXII, 150 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Third Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondèe par H.L. Van Breda et Publièe sous le Patronage des Centres D’archives-Husserl 14
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 14
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I / Analysis of Thought -- II / Expression and Its Functions -- III / Thinking and Meaning -- IV / Husserl’s Philosophy of Language -- V / Certain Associated Problems -- A. On ‘Occasional Expressions’ -- B. On Non-extensional Expressions -- C. Dependent and Independent, Complete and Incomplete Meanings -- D. The Concept of Name -- VI / Formal Logic -- VII / Back to Experience -- Bibliographical references -- Index of proper names -- General index.
    Kurzfassung: In this work I have tried to present HusserI's Philosophy of thinking and meaning in as clear a manner as I can. In doing this, I had in mind a two-fold purpose. I wanted on the one hand to disentangle what I have come to regard as the central line of thought from the vast mass of details of the Logische Unter­ suchungen and the Formale und transzendentale Logik. On the other hand, I tried to take into consideration the immense developments in logic and semantics that have taken place since HusserI's major logical studies were published. It is my belief that no one to day can look back upon the philosophers of the past except in the light of the admirable progress achieved and consolidated in the fields of logic and semantics in recent times. Fortunately enough, from this point of view HusserI fares remarkably well. He certainly anticipated many of those recent investigations. What is more, a true understanding and appraisal of his logical studies is not possible except in the light of the corresponding modern investigations. This last consider­ ation may provide us with some explanation of the rather puzzling fact that orthodox HusserIian scholarship both within and outside Germany has not accorded to his logical studies the central importance that they, from all points of view, unmis­ takeably deserve.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1337-6
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  • 31
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    Elements of Social and Political Philosophy (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013536
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (V, 189 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Melbourne International Philosophy Series 2
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: I: Community -- II: Rules and Related Concepts -- III: Status and Position -- IV: Sub-Communities and Sub-Structures -- V: Elements of the Ultimate Group Structure -- VI: Structure of Beliefs and Group Structure -- VII: Social Engineering: Legislative Systems -- VIII: Social Engineering: Systems of Government -- Appendix: Some General Remarks on Pluralism and the Relative Satisfactoriness of Systems of Political Control.
    Kurzfassung: The general purpose of this book differs from those of most of the works found traditionally in the field of political philosophy. Firstly, the present approach is in no way prescriptive or normative, as the interest centres on explication rather than an evaluative assess­ ment of this, that or another type of arrangement, or act. 1 It will be clear that I am in complete disagreement with Gewirth when he claims that "The central concern of political philosophy is the moral evaluation of political power. " It seems obvious that the under­ standing of political and social forms of life, and a fortiori of political power, must come before its evaluation. This cannot be provided by moral assessment alone. Thus an analytical or explicative approach which promotes such understanding must come first, and must be the "central concern" of the appropriate philosophical discipline. This is not to say that moral assessment is illegitimate, nor even that it cannot be one of the concerns of political philosophy, but it is to deny that it can be central, even though it might be somebody's central interest. To the extent to which this book is successful it will provide an argu­ mentin my favour - if the job can be done, obviously it is of primary importance. But we should not assume that it cannot be done unless we can show that there is no separate sphere of political and/or social phenomena.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1353-6
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  • 32
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    Surrender and Catch : Experience and Inquiry Today (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401015264
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (422p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 51
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 51
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: One. Surrender -- 1. There Is a Beginning -- 1. There Is a Beginning -- An Introduction to Surrender-and-Catch -- 2. Surrender and Catch -- 3. Too Literal, Not Literal Enough -- 4. ‘Surrender’ and ‘Catch’ -- 5. -- 6. Surrender as a Response to Our Crisis -- 7. -- 8. Surrender and Religion -- 9. -- 10. (This Book) -- I. Surrenders-To -- 11. Surrender and Rebellion -- 12. -- 13. Surrender and Community Study: The Study of Loma -- 14. -- 15. Surrender and Aesthetic Experience -- 16. -- II. From Surrender-To to Surrender -- 17. Prefatory Note -- 18. Beginning: In Hegel and Today -- 19. -- 20. On the Cunning of Reason in Our Time -- 21. -- 22. Sociology, Phenomenology, and Surrender-and-Catch -- 23. -- 24. Surrender and the Body -- Two. Trying with others -- 25. Recovery: Trying with others -- 26. 1951 -- 27. 1961-2 -- 28. -- 29. 1962-63 -- 30. 1964-65 -- 31. Publishing Papers by Students and Identifying Their Authors -- 32. 1964–65, Concluded -- 33. -- 34. 1965–66 -- 35. 1971 -- 36. And a Letter -- 37. ‘Dear Phantasy’ -- 38. 1971, Concluded -- 39. And there is an End -- Sources and Acknowledgments -- Index of Names -- Index of Topics.
    Kurzfassung: Su"ender and catch: give so you can receive, where the giving is your whole self, in a total experience. This is scarcely new on the American scene, and it is ancient knowledge, East and West. The fears of total surrender, the fears of self-revelation and of total abandon, although genuine, are likewise not new. Yet Kurt H. Wolff does attempt something new here, an epistemologi­ cal essay with the help of this old idea: his subtitle is 'experience and inquiry today'. He tries to formulate an integrated view which incorporates in the theory of total experience not only the accepted component- esthetics, religion, the recent American experience - but also a metaphysics, a phenomenology, a theory of perception, a social philosophy and a methodology of the social sciences, even a philosophy of history and psychopathology. Phenomenology (especially Alfred Schutz), the critical Frankfurt school (especially Adorno and Marcuse), sociology (especially Georg Simmel), and existentialism (especially Camus) are tied in together. It all looks topsy-turvy at first. We have here scraps of a diary, fragments of correspondence, a stray adolescent love letter, notes on notes on field work, and notes and comments on tutorial seminars plus long excerpts from students' essays, a stray paper in a learned journal summarizing the core of the book, comments piled on comments and a web of self-references, literary criticisms, and pieces of poetry, plus a rich scholarly apparatus.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1526-4
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  • 33
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    Subjunctive Reasoning (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401015004
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 8
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- 1. Subjunctive Reasoning -- 2. The Linguistic Approach -- 3. The ‘Possible Worlds’ Approach -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- II. Four Kinds of Conditionals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Four Kinds -- 3. ‘Even if’ Subjunctives -- 4. ‘Might Be’ Conditionals -- 5. Necessitation Conditionals -- 6. Simple Subjunctives -- 7. The Axiomatization of Simple Subjunctives -- 8. Conclusions 44 -- Notes -- III. Subjunctive Generalizations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Rudiments of an Analysis -- 3. Strong Generalizations -- 4. Weak Generalizations -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- IV. The Basic Analysis of Subjunctive Conditionals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Analysis of M -- 3. Simple Propositions -- 4. Counter-Legal Conditionals -- 5. Subject Preference -- Notes -- V. Quantification, Modalities, and Conditionals -- 1. Referential Opacity -- 2. Transworld Identity -- 3. Kripke’s Observation -- 4. Quantified Modal Logic -- 5. Conditionals -- Notes -- VI. The Full Theory -- 1. Syntax -- 2. Semantics -- 3. Infinitary Operators -- 4. The Introduction of Sets -- 5. Some Consequences of the Analysis -- Note -- VII. Causes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Ontology of Causes -- 3. Some Causal Relations -- 4. Causal Sufficiency -- 5. Remarks on the Analysis -- 〉6. The Logic of Causes -- Notes -- VIII. Probabilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indefinite Probabilities -- 3. The Redefinition of M -- 4. Simple Subjunctive Probability -- Notes -- IX. Dispositions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absolute Dispositions -- 〉3. Probabilistic Dispositions -- Notes -- 〉Index.
    Kurzfassung: I am indebted to many people for the help they gave me in the writing of this book. lowe a large debt to David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker, on both general and specific grounds. As becomes apparent from reading the notes, the book would not have been possible without their pioneering work on subjunctive conditionals. In addition, both were kind enough to provide specific comments on earlier versions of different parts of the book, and Stalnaker read and commented on the entire manuscript. Closer to home, I am indebted to my colleagues Rolf Eberle and Henry Kyburg, Jf. , my erstwhile colleague Keith Lehrer, and numerous graduate students for their helpful comments on various parts of the manuscript. Some of the material contained herein appeared first in the form of journal articles, and I wish to thank the journals in question for allowing the material to be reprinted here. Chapter One contains material taken from 'The "Possible Worlds" Analysis of Counter-factuals', published in Phil. Studies 29 (1976), 469 (Reidel); Chapter Two contains material much revised from 'Four Kinds of Conditionals', Am. Phil. Quarterly 12 (1975), and Chapter Three contains much revised material from 'Subjunctive Generaliza­ tions', Synthese 28 (1974), 199 (Reidel). CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. SUBJUNCTIVE REASONING There exists quite a variety of statements which are in some sense 'subjunctive'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1500-4
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  • 34
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    Philosophical Problems of Modern Physics (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401096171
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (X, 211 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 18
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 18
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I/Space and Time -- 1. Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Special Theory of Relativity -- 3. The Structure of Physics in the Theory of Relativity -- 4. Space and Time in the Philosophy of Kant -- 5. Critique of the Concept of Time in the Theory of Relativity -- II/Euclidean And Riemannian Geometry -- 1. Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Foundation of Euclidean Geometry -- 3. The Theory of the Metric Field -- 4. The Foundation of a Physical Geometry -- 5. Summary -- III/The Quantum-Mechanical Measurement Process -- 1. The Uncertainty Relation -- 2. Quantum Theory -- 3. The Measuring Process -- 4. The Cut -- 5. The Function of the Observer in Quantum Theory -- IV/The Concept of Substance -- 1. The Concept of Substance in Classical Physics -- 2. The Concept of Substance in Quantum Theory -- 3. Objectifiability -- 4. Critique of the Concept of Substance in Quantum Theory -- V/The Causal Law -- 1. The Concept of Causality in Philosophy -- 2. The Concept of Causality in Physics -- 3. The Invalidity of the Causal Law in Quantum Theory -- 4. The Problem of Hidden Parameters -- VI/Logic and Quantum Logic -- 1. Formulation of the Problem -- 2. Classical Logic -- 3. The Logic of Commensurable Properties -- 4. The Logic of Incommensurable Properties -- 5. Probability and Quantum Logic -- 6. Summary.
    Kurzfassung: Professor Peter Mittelstaedt is a physicist whose primary concern is the foundations of current physical theories. This concern has made him, through his prolonged, incisive and detailed examinations of the structures and overall characteristics of these theories, into a philosopher of physic- of contemporary physics, to be precise, of relativistic theories of space and time, and of the logic of quantum mechanics, in particular. The present book, which expounds his main ideas in these matters, has seen four editions (in German), each including newer results - as indeed does the present translation: see the author's 1975 preface to the English translation. Perhaps this is the place to repeat the author's chief problem and mention his own approach, even though they are expounded in his Intro­ duction. How close is Mittelstaedt to Kant's understanding of science? We are at liberty to choose a framework for thought - a logic and a method­ ology - prior to experience (in the classic sense, to think a priori); yet we choose a framework so as to fit our empirical findings. How is this done? How may it be understood and justified? This is obviously the question of all philosophies that evolve from, and are in reaction to, Kant's system.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9617-1
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  • 35
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    Philosophy, History and Politics : Studies in Contemporary English Philosophy of History (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013512
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VII, 158 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Melbourne International Philosophy Series 1
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Philosophy—History.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Shadow of History over Philosophy: R. C. Collingwood -- A. Facts and Thoughts -- B. History and Philosophy -- C. Issues -- II: The Prejudice of Inevitability: Isaiah Berlin -- III: History, Tradition and Politics: Michael Oake-shott -- IV: The Historical Process and its Explanation: Karl Popper and his debtors -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1351-2
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  • 36
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    PSA 1974 : Proceedings of the 1974 Biennial Meeting Philosophy of Science Association (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014496
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (747p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 32
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 32
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Symposium: the Unity of Science -- Unified Theories and Unified Science -- Thermodynamics, Statistical Mechanics and the Complexity of Reductions -- Theory Generalization, Problem Reduction and the Unity of Science -- Contributed Papers: Session I -- Galileo and Reasoning Ex Suppositione: The Methodology of the Two New Sciences -- The Erkenntnistheoretiker’s Dilemma: J.B. Stallo’s Attack on Atomism in his Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics (1881) -- Symposium: Genetics, IQ and Education -- Fictionalism, Functionalism and Factor Analysis -- IQ, Heritability, and Human Nature -- The IQ Controversy and the Philosophy of Education -- Contributed Papers: Session II -- Evolutionary Rationality -- Laws and Meaning Postulates (in van Fraassen’s View of Theories) -- Meaning in Science and Mathematics -- Observationality and the Comparability of Theories -- Symposium: Science Education and the Philosophy of Science -- The Relevance of Philosophy of Science for Science Education -- Metaphorical Models of Mastery: Or, How to Learn to Do the Problems at the End of the Chapter of the Physics Textbook -- Philosophy of Science, History of Science, and Science Education -- Contributed Papers: Session III -- Causes and Deductive Explanation -- On Defending the Covering-Law ‘Model’ Comment: -- Dispositional Explanation and the Covering-Law Model: Response to Laird Addis -- The Likeness of Lawlikeness -- TWO Forms of Determinism -- The Conventionality of Slow-Transport Synchrony -- Symposium: Technology Assessment -- The Bicentenary of Technology Assessment -- Assurance and Agnosticism -- Technology Assessment as a Critique of a Civilization -- Symposium: Velikovsky and the Politics of Science -- The Domination of Astronomy Over Other Disciplines -- Some Comments on Velikovsky’s Methodology -- Velikovsky Versus Academic Lag (The Problem of Hypothesis) -- Symposium: Quantum Logic -- Quantum Logic -- The ‘Logic’ of ‘Quantum Logic’ -- Contributed Papers: Session IV -- Integrating the Philosophy and the Social Psychology of Science, or a Plague on Two Houses Divided -- The Illusions of Experience -- Symposium: Development of the Philosophy of Science -- Some Current Trends in Philosophy of Science: With Special Attention to Confirmation, Theoretical Entities, and Mind-Body -- History and Philosophy of Science: A Marriage of Convenience? -- Philosophy of Language and Philosophy of Science -- Symposium: History and Philosophy of Biology -- Reductionism in Biology: Prospects and Problems -- Reduction in Genetics -- Informal Aspects of Theory Reduction -- Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account -- Contributed Papers: Session V -- How Do We Apply Science? -- What Is The Logical Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics? -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: For this book, we have selected papers from symposia and contributed sessions at the fourth biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held at the University of Notre Dame on November 1-3, 1974. The meeting was lively and well-attended, and we regret that there was no way to record here the many stimulating discussions after the papers and during the informal hours. We also regret that we had in­ sufficient space for all the contributed papers. Even more, some of the symposia were not available: those on systems and decision theory (c. W. Churchman, P. Suppes, I. Levi), and on the Marxist philosophy of science (M. W. Wartofsky, R. S. Cohen, E. N. Hiebert). Unhappily several individual contributions to other symposia were likewise not available: I. Velikovsky in the session on his own work and the politics of science, D. Finkelstein in the session on quantum logic. Memorial minutes were read for Alan Ross Anderson (prepared by Nuel Belnap) and for Imre Lakatos (prepared by Paul Feyerabend). They initiate this volume of philosophy of science in the mid-seventies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1449-6
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  • 37
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    Phenomenology and the Metaphysics of Presence : An Essay in the Philosophy of Edmund Husserl (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401013871
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fordée Par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Partronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 69
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 69
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction: Phenomenology and the Beginning -- II. Epistemology and the Metaphysics of Presence -- A. The Metaphysics of Presence -- B. Positivism -- C. Intuition -- D. Fact and Essence -- E. Phenomenology as Science -- F. Intentional Analysis -- III. Truth and Presence -- A. Expression and Meaning -- B. Meaning-Fulfillment -- C. Evidence and Truth -- D. Evidence and the Metaphysics of Presence -- E. Language and Consciousness -- IV. Temporality and Presence -- A. The Problematic of Time -- B. Time as a Phenomenological Datum -- C. The Now -- D. The Temporal Horizons -- V. Intersubjectivity and Epistemological Presence -- A. The Refutation of Solipsism -- B. The Presence of the Other -- C. The Being of the Other -- VI. Conclusion -- A. Review of Our Findings -- B. Phenomenology and the Possibility of History.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1387-1
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  • 38
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    Selected Papers on Epistemology and Physics (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401014885
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (376p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Vienna Circle Collection 7
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Orders of Causality -- II. Causality Commentson the Physicalist Theory of Science -- 1. Verification and Elucidation -- 2. Elimination of Metaphysical Formulations by Means of the Physical Language -- 3. The ‘Privileged Position’ of Protocol Propositions and the Physicalist Criterion of Probation -- 4. Obtaining the Protocol Propositions -- 5. The ‘True’ Science -- III. Empiricism and Physicalism -- IV. Forms of Negation of Empirical Propositions -- 1. Forms of Negation -- 2. ‘Complete’ and ‘Incomplete’ Contradictions -- 3. The Obtaining and Verifying of Propositions -- 4. Negation of Constatations -- 5. Incompatibility of ‘Protocol Statements’ -- Postscript -- V. Principles of Logical Empiricism -- 1. Reality Concepts, Metaphysical and Empirical -- 2. Invariant Systems of Statements -- 3. Non-Behaviouristic Verification -- 4. K-Statements and Invariant Systems of Statements -- VI. The Method of Epistemological Analysis -- 1. Analysis of Form and of Content -- 2. Formal Analysis of the Concept of Existence -- 3. Content Analysis of the Concept of Causality -- VII. Probability Inferences as Syntactic Inferential Forms -- 1. Relations of Consequence, Deductive and Probable -- 2. The System of Relations of Probable Consequence -- 3. ‘Probable Consequence’ and ‘Logical Truth’ -- VIII. ‘Positive’ and ‘Negative’ Use of Statements -- 1. Truth Value and Content -- 2. Conditions to be Satisfied by any Definition of Truth -- 3. ‘Positive’ and ‘Negative’ Use of Statements -- 4. Negation and Falsity -- 5. Confusion of Positive with Negative Use -- 6. The Recursive Definition of the Concept of Truth -- IX. The New Form of Empirical Knowledge -- 1. The ‘Empirical Continuous’ Form of Knowledge of Classical Physics -- 2. Uncertainty Domains as Prerequisite for the Empirical-Fictitious Form of Knowledge -- 3. Probability Description, a Special Case of the Empirical Fictitious Form of Knowledge -- 4. Probability Functions as Relations between Measured and Fictitious Values -- 5. The Empirical Fictitious Method Conditioned by Measuring Procedures -- 6. The Definition of Probability Functions by Repeated Application of the Empirical-Fictitious Method -- X. The Methological Symmetry of Verification and Falsification -- 1. Like Names for Unlike Concepts -- 2. Empirical Propositions about Finitely and Infinitely -- Many Cases -- 3. Wittgenstein’s Verification Thesis -- 4. Propositions about Finitely and Infinitely Many Cases. The Methodologies of Wittgenstein, Carnap, and Popper -- 5. ‘Asymmetrical’ Falsification Theories -- 6. Criteria of Scientific Progress -- 7. ‘Complete’ and ‘Progressive Partial’ Testability -- XI. Three Sources of Knowledge -- 1. The Triadic Method -- 2. Data of Consciousnes—Logico-Mathematical Constructions — Methods of Empirical Content -- 3. Three concepts of ‘Truth’ and ‘Probability’ -- XII. The Triadic Method -- 1. Elements of Linguistic Representation and the Triadic Method -- 2. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Truth’ -- 3. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Probability’ -- 4. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Number’ -- 5. The Triadic Analysis of ‘Philosophic Expressions’ -- XIII. The Method of Fictitious Predicates -- 1. Scientific and Speculative Philosophy -- 2. ‘Operative’ and ‘Fictitious’ Existence -- I: Predicates as Descriptive Concept-Forms -- 1. The Existence of Logico-Linguistic Forms -- 2. Dispositional Concepts as Fictitious Predicates -- 3. Characterization of Phenomena by Fictitious Quantities -- II: Predicates as Quantities Characterizing States -- 4. Characterizing by Infinite Values of Quantities -- 5. Characterizing Phenomena in Uncertainly Ranges by Means of Fictitious Values (‘Values of Measurement’) -- 6. Logical Analysis of the Concepts ‘Motion’ and ‘Rest’ -- 7. Logical Analysis of the Relativity Principle -- 8. The Clock Paradox -- 9. Conditions, under which the Relativity Principle Does not Hold -- 10. Domains of Uncertainty as a Presupposition for Applying the New Method -- III: Predicates as Probability Quantities -- 11. Analytic-Deductive Inferences. Inferences from Conjunctive Classes of Propositions -- 12. Inferences from Disjunctive Classes of Propositions. Probability Inferences -- 13. Systems of Probability Metric and Their Order -- 14. The Characterization of States by Conjunctive and Disjunctive Classes of Propositions -- 15. Presuppositions of Measurement in Classical and Relativistic Physics -- 16. Description by Ranges of Quantities -- 17. Definition of Probability Quantities by Means of Functions -- 18. Descriptions by Means of Probability and Metrical Quantities -- 19. Uncertainty Domains as Prerequisite for the Method of Fictitious Predicates -- 20. The Definition of Probability Functions by Means of Operators -- 21. Empirical and Fictitious Existence of Predicates -- 22. Theories of Measurement as a Presupposition of Exact-Continuous and of Probability Description -- 23. The Epistemological Conditions for Applying the Method of Fictitious Predicates -- 24. The Probability Field -- 25. Probability Description and Indeterminacy of Phenomena -- 26. The Logical Meaning of Quantisation. First and Second Quantisation -- 27. The Quantisation of Electromagnetic Fields -- IV. Empirical-Fictitious Knowledge -- 28. Active and Fictitious Causality -- 29. Greatest Possible and Least Possible Physical Constants -- 30. The New Form of Knowledge -- 31. The Matrix Field and the Probability Wave Field -- 32. Probability Description in Biology -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: It was as a result of having known Juhos personally over many years that I became familiar with his thought. I met him and Viktor Kraft in Vienna soon after the War and through their acquaintance I first came into contact with the tradition of the Vienna Circle. To their conversation .too lowe much as regards the clarification of my own views, even if in the end these took quite a different turn in many essentials. At this point my gratitude goes first of all to Mrs. Lia J uhos for the gen­ erous help she has given me and the editors of the Vienna Circle collection in selecting the contents of this volume. Next, we owe a special debt to Dr. Paul Foulkes for his splendid translation of the text. Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Veit Pittioni for his constant assistance. As Juhos' last student, he was thoro).lghly familiar with his supervisor's mode of thought and has significantly furthered the assembly and execution of this book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1488-5
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    The Crisis of Culture : Steps to Reopen the Phenomenological Investigation of Man (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401014465
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (390p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 5
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Inaugural Lecture: The Initial Spontaneity -- Prologue -- Initial Spontaneity and the Modalities of Human Life -- I / The Modalities of Human Life -- The World-Remoteness of the Text -- Affectivity and the Life World -- Special Contribution to the Debate: On History and the Life-World -- Special Contribution to the Debate: A Return to Experience or How to Kick the Habit -- II / Rupture and Reconstruction -- Man and Values in Ingarden’s Thought -- Continuité et discontinuité des valeurs -- Values and the Life-World in the Problem of the Crisis -- Identité personelle et la temporalité du moi -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Theoria, Praxis, and the Crisis -- III / Alienation-Belonging -- Alienation and the Concept of Modernity -- The Religious Crisis of Our Culture -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Alienation and the Interpretative Framework -- IV / From Reason to Action -- Phénoménologie et esthétique -- Personne, individu et responsabilité chez Edith Stein -- The Quest for Valid Knowledge in the Context of Society -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Intentional Act and the Human Act, that is, Act and Experience -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Conversion of Nature and Technology -- V / Complementary Essays -- Culture and Utopia in the Phenomenological Perspective -- Consciousness and Action: Husserl and Marx on Theory and Praxis -- Closing Remarks.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1446-5
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  • 40
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    Studies in Process Philosophy II (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013857
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (130p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 24
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Process and the Escape from Nihilism -- Relation and Substance in Whitehead’s Metaphysics -- Process as a Categorical Concept -- William James on the Nature of Time -- Space in Leibniz and Whitehead -- Process Philosophy, a Categorial analysis -- A Crossroads for Process Philosophy -- On Whitehead, Marx, and the Nature of Political Philosophy -- The Process Philosophy of Sir Muhammad Iqbal.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1385-7
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  • 41
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    Wittgenstein’s Doctrine of the Tyranny of Language : An Historical and Critical Examination of His Blue Book (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013451
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIX, 145 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. A Page in Recent Philosophical History -- II. The Dilemma of the “Blue Book” -- III. Kant -- IV. Schopenhauer -- V. The Will to Metaphysics : A Brief Summary -- VI. Picture Theory in Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy -- VII. Wittgenstein and our Philosophic Tradition -- Name Index.
    Kurzfassung: STEPHEN TOULMIN George Santayana used to insist that those who are ignorant of the history of thought are doomed to re-enact it. To this we can add a corollary: that those who are ignorant of the context of ideas are doom­ ed to misunderstand them. In a few self-contained fields such as pure mathematics, concepts and conceptual systems can perhaps be de­ tached from their historico-cultural situations; so that (for instance) a self-taught Ramanujan, living alone in India, mastered number­ theory to a point at which he could make major contributions to European mathematics. But elsewhere the situation is different - and, in philosophy, inevitably so. For philosophical ideas and problems confront us like geological specimens in situ; and, in the act of prising them free from their historical and cultural locations, we can too easily forget about the matrix in which they took shape, and end by impossing on them a sculptural form of our own making. Something of this kind has happened in the case of Ludwig Wittgen­ stein. For his philosophical work has commonly been seen as an episode in the development, either of mathematicallogic, or oftwentieth-century British philosophy. His associations with Frege and Russell, Moore and Waismann, have over-shadowed everything else in his cultural origins and intellectual concerns.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1345-1
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  • 42
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    Philosophical Dimensions of the Neuro-Medical Sciences : Proceedings of the Second Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine Held at Farmington, Connecticut, May 15-17, 1975 (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014731
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VI, 274 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophy and Medicine 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Kurzfassung: Section I / Historical Foundations of Modern Neurology -- Varieties of Cartesian Experience in Early Nineteenth Century Neurophysiology -- Historical Development of the Concept of Hemispheric Cerebral Dominance -- Reflections on Our Condition: The Geography of Embodiment Comments on ‘Varieties of Cartesian Experience in Early Nineteenth Century Neurophysiology’ and ‘Historical Development of the Concept of Hemispheric Cerebral Dominance’ -- Section II / Philosophical Implications of Psychosurgery -- Persons and Psychosurgery -- Psychosurgery: What’s the Issue? Comments on ‘Persons and Psychosurgery’ -- Section III / Neural Integration and the Emergence of Consciousness -- Mind, It Does Matter -- Mind and Brain: The Embodied Person -- The Misleading Mediation of the Mental: Comments, on ‘Mind, It Does Matter’ and ‘Mind and Brain: The Embodied Person’ -- Section IV / The Causal Aspect of the Psycho-Physical Problem: Implications for Neuro-Medicine -- On the Power or Impotence of Subjectivity -- The Spurious Psyche-Soma Distinction: Comments on ‘On the Power or Impotence of Subjectivity’ -- Section V / Altered Affective Responses to Pain -- Pain and Unpleasantness -- Pain — The Existential Symptom -- The Evaluation of Pain Responses: A Need for Improved Measures -- Pain and Suffering: Comments on ‘Pain and Unpleasantness,’ ‘Pain — The Existential Symptom,’ and ‘The Evaluation of Pain Responses: A Need for Improved Measures’ -- Section VI / The Function of Philosophical Concepts in the Neuro-Medical Sciences -- Round-Table Discussion -- Notes on Contributors.
    Kurzfassung: Although the investigation and regulation of the faculties of the human mind appear to be the proper and sole concern of philosophers, you see that they are in some part nevertheless so little foreign to the medical forum that while someone may deny that they are proper to the physician he cannot deny that physicians have the obliga­ tion to philosophize. Jerome Gaub, De regimine mentis, IV, 10 ([ 10], p. 40) The Second Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, whose principal theme was 'Philosophical Dimensions of the Neuro-Medical Sciences,' convened at the University of Connecticut Health Center at the invitation of Robert U. Massey, Dean of the School of Medicine, during May 15, 16, and 17, 1975. The Proceedings constitute this volume. At this Symposium we intended to realize sentiments which Sir John Eccles ex­ pressed as director of a Study Week of the Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, CiWl del Vaticano, in the fall of 1964: "Certainly when one comes to a [study] . . . devoted to brain and mind it is not possible to exclude relations with philosophy" ([5], p. viii). During that study week in 1964, a group of distinguished biomedical and behavioral scientists met under the director­ ship of Sir John C. Eccles to relate psychology to what Sir John called 'the Neurosciences. ' The purpose of that study week was to treat issues con­ cerning the functions of the brain and, in particular, to concentrate upon the relations between brain functions and consciousness.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1473-1
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  • 43
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    Ingardeniana : A Spectrum of Specialised Studies Establishing the Field of Research (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014434
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (456p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Probleme der Husserlschen Reduktion. Vorlesung gehalten an der Universität Oslo, Oktober/November 1967 -- Roman Ingarden’s Moral Philosophy -- Roman Ingarden’s Literary Theory -- ‘Ingarden’s Phases, Bergson’s durée réelle, and William James’ Stream: Metaphoric Variants or Mutually Exclusive Concepts on the Theme of Time -- R. Ingarden et le ‘vrai’ Bergsonisme -- Die Funktion des konstituierenden Bewusstseins in einem ‘Studium für die Seelenmaler’. Die phänomenologische Studie einer Erzählphase in M. C. Wielands ‘Geschichte des Agathon’ -- Museum Exhibition as a Work of Art and a Subject of ‘Specific Aesthetics’. A Contribution to Ingarden’s System of Aesthetics -- Language and Logic in the Work of Roman Ingarden -- Historicity, Value and Mathematics -- Beyond Ingarden’s Idealism/ Realism Controversy with Husserl — The New Contextual Phase of Phenomenology -- The Letter to Husserl about the VI [Logical] Investigation and ‘Idealism’.
    Kurzfassung: Studies on different aspects of Roman Ingarden's Philosophy have been published during the last thirty years. They were meant partly to in­ vestigate the contribution of that thinker to phenomenological philoso­ phy, which was then dominant in WestemEurope, partly to arouse interest in a philosopher who was, at that time, practically unknown. The publication by the present editor of For Roman Ingarden: Nine Essays in Phenomenology, a Festschrift for his 65th birthday, marked the beginning of an interest in his thought. Subsequently, Ingarden has lectured abroad, and a number of his hitherto inaccessible Polish works have been made available, some translated into German and some even into English. This has led to further studies of his thought. However, the majority of the papers published have until now been mainly introductory. This volume offers for the first time a series of systematic studies in Ingardenian philosophy, which, it is hoped, will supply a general framework as well as a foundation for future research in this wide and difficult field.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1443-4
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  • 44
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    Investigations in Modal and Tense Logics with Applications to Problems in Philosophy and Linguistics (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401014533
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (317p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 92
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 92
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic.
    Kurzfassung: 0: An Introduction to General Intensional Logics -- 0 / Consequence Relations -- 1: An Introduction to One Dimensional Modal Logics -- 1 / Basic Notions -- 2 / General Theory of Unary Intensional Connectives -- 3 / Basic Necessity Systems -- 4 / Basic Tense Systems -- 5 / Possible Worlds with Varying Domains -- 6 / Equality and Proper Names -- 7 / Propositional Statability Operators -- 2: Technical Results for Propositional Calculi -- 8 / The Finite Model Property -- 9 / Selective Filtration -- 3: Introduction to Many Dimensionel Modal Logics and Applications -- 10 / Two Dimensional Propositional Tense Logics -- 11 / An Appendix -- 12 / Some Applications -- 4: Special Systems -- 13 / Relative Necessity Operators and the Subjunctive Conditional -- 14 / Propositional Quantifiers -- 15 / Basic Entailment Type Logics -- 5: The Decision Problem -- 16 / The Reduction Method -- 17 / Some Decidability Results -- 18 / The Decision Problem for Predicate Systems -- 6: Special Topics -- 19 / Completeness for Frames -- 20 / The Interpolation Theorem -- 7: Notes and Some References -- Scheme of the Book -- References -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: This book is intended to serve as an advanced text and reference work on modal logic, a subject of growing importance which has applications to philosophy and linguistics. Although it is based mainly on research which I carried out during the years 1969-1973, it also includes some related results obtained by other workers in the field (see the refer­ ences in Part 7). Parts 0, 1 and 2, can be used as the basis of a one year graduate course in modal logic. The material which they contain has been taught in such courses at Stanford since 1970. The remaining parts of the book contain more than enough material for a second course in modal logic. The exercises supplement the text and are usually difficult. I wish to thank Stanford University and Bar-Han University for making it possible for me to continue and finish this work, and A. Ungar for correcting the typescript. Bar-Ilan University, Israel Dov M. GABBA Y PART 0 AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL INTENSIONAL LOGICS CHAPTER 0 CONSEQUENCE RELATIONS Motivation We introduce the notions of a consequence relation (which is a generalization of the notion of a logical system) and of a semantics. We show that every consequence relation is complete for a canonical semantics. We define the notion of one semantics being Dian in another and study the basic properties of this notion. The concepts of this chapter are generalizations of the various notions of logical system and possible world semantics found in the literature.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1453-3
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  • 45
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    Intentionalität als Verantwortung : Geschichtsteleologie und Teleologie der Intentionalität bei Husserl (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013734
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 67
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 67
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Teil Teleologie der Geschichte -- § 1. Phänomenologie und Philosophiegeschichte -- § 2. Teleologisch-kritische Ideengeschichte. Die Urstiftung der Philosophie in Griechenland -- § 3. Galilei und die Mathematisierung der Natur -- § 4. Descartes’ Entdeckung der transzendentalen Subjektivität -- § 5. Vorformen der Phänomenologie im Englischen Empirismus -- § 6. Der Transzendentalismus Kants und die Lebensweltproblematik -- § 7. Geschichsteleologie und Lebenswelt -- II. Teil Teleologie der Intentionalität -- § 8. Die Lebensweltproblematik als Intentionalanalyse -- § 9. Bewußtseinsintentionalität als teleologisches Problem -- § 10. Die teleologische Funktion der Intentionalität -- § 11 Husserls Teleologieauffasung -- § 12. Von der adäquaten zur apodiktischen Evidenz -- § 13. Von der statischen zur genetischen Phänomenologie -- § 14. Abschluß. Die genetische Einheit von Teleologie der Intentionalität und Geschichtsteleologie.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1373-4
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  • 46
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    Language in Focus: Foundations, Methods and Systems : Essays in Memory of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018760
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 43
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 43
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I / Reference and Predication -- Identity and Reference -- Back-Reference -- On Predication and Logical Syntax -- Substance Logic -- Prime Matter, Predication, and the Semantics of Feature-Placing -- II / Truth and Meaning -- A counterexample to Tarski-Type Truth-Definitions as Applied to Natural Languages -- On Representing ‘True-in-L’ in L -- Necessity, Quotation, and Truth: An Indexical Theory -- Presuppositional Policies -- The Dilemma between Orthodoxy and Identity -- III / Pragmatics -- Indicative Conditionals -- Conversational Maxims and Rationality -- On Relating Pragmatics, Linguistics, and Non-Semiotic Disciplines -- Towards an Integrated Theory of Grammatical and Pragmatical Meaning -- IV / Methodological Studies -- Problems and Mysteries in the Study of Human Language -- How Empirical is Contemporary Logical Empiricism? -- Basic Aspects of the Theory of Grammatical Form -- V / Language Varieties -- Social Differentiation of Language Structure -- Talking with Children, Piaget Style -- Can Adults Become Genuinely Bilingual? -- VI / Formalizations -- Epistemic Interpretation of Conditionals -- The Role of Categorial Syntax in Grammatical Theory -- On Harris’s Systems of Report and Paraphrase -- Two-Dimensional Propositional Tense Logics -- VII / Points of View -- Levels of Meaning and Moral Discourse -- A Problem in Plato’s Laws -- Discourse as a Means to Enlightenment -- Points of View -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1915-1975) was one of the leading intellectuals of Israel and of the world. His work ranged over mathematics, applied logic, communication theory, analytic philosophy, philosophy of science, and linguistics. Creative, patient, attentive, and critical, Bar-Hillel was a superb philosopher. In addition, how humane he was may be learned from the memorial tributes to him which initiate this volume. Bar-Hillel was born in Vienna, and came to Israel, then Palestine, in 1933. He took his M. A. (1938) and Ph. D. (1949) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where his subsequent career continued, as Research Fellow (1949-53), Senior Lecturer in Philosophy (1953-58), Associate Professor of Philosophy (1958-61), and Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Sci­ ence (1961-75). He was often abroad as visiting professor (Berkeley, 1960- 61; Michigan, 1965; La Jolla, 1966-67; Konstanz, 1971; Berlin, 1972), or as a research scholar, notably at the M. lT. Research Laboratory for Elec­ tronics during the early 1950's. Bar-Hillel was the Secretary and guiding spirit of the Organizing Committee for the 3rd International Congress for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Jerusalem in 1964. During 1966-68, he was President of the Division of Logic, Method ology and Philosophy of SCience of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, and in 1967 President of the International Union. From 1963 he was a Member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1876-0
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  • 47
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    Studies in Pascal’s Ethics (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016230
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 100 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 16
    Serie: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 16
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Ethics.
    Kurzfassung: I. Pascal’s Three Orders as the Basis of a Scale of Values -- II. Pascal’s Ambivalent Attitude toward Natural Morality -- 1. The Pensées and Minor Works -- 2. The Provinciales -- III. Pascal’s Authoritarian Approach to Ethics in the Provinciales -- IV. Pascal’s Rejection of Contemporary Aristocratic Morality -- V. Problems Inherent in the Three Orders as Applied to Moral Questions -- VI. Pascal’s Teleological Approach to Ethics in the Pensées -- VII. Conclusion: Moral Value as a Perspective of the Three Orders.
    Kurzfassung: The aim of these studies is to show how Pascal's moral outlook reflects the influence on his thought of the basic doctrine of the three orders. This does not mean that an attempt is made to classify all Pascal's moral judgements in order to relate them to that doctrine. The intention is rather to dIstinguish the different moral stances Pascal takes, and to ascertain how far the apparent inconsistencies between them can be explained, if not reconciled, in the light of the orders. It is made clear at the outset how the three orders form the framework of Pascal's scale of values, with the different orders representing at once categories of moral value and orders of being. The peculiar nature of this scale, in which moral and ontological values coalesce, calls for a double criterion, or variable, to allow for differences both of degree and of kind. Since the criterion of rank in the scale is reality, the assigning of value becomes largely a question of perspective: a quality from a given order taken by itself is real, and has moral value, but when compared with a quality from a higher order it loses both its reality and its worth.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1623-0
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  • 48
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    The Logic of Conditionals : An Application of Probability to Deductive Logic (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401576222
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIII, 161 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge. And on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 86
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 86
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: I. The Indicative Conditional -- II. Mathematical Theory of Probabilistic Consistency and Universal Probabilistic Soundness -- III. Motives for Wanting to Assure the Soundness of Reasoning: Truth and Probability as Desirable Attributes of Conclusions Reached in Reasoning -- IV. A Hypothesis Concerning Counterfactuals; Probability Change Aspects of Inference -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Of the four chapters in this book, the first two discuss (albeit in consider­ ably modified form) matters previously discussed in my papers 'On the Logic of Conditionals' [1] and 'Probability and the Logic of Conditionals' [2], while the last two present essentially new material. Chapter I is relatively informal and roughly parallels the first of the above papers in discussing the basic ideas of a probabilistic approach to the logic of the indicative conditional, according to which these constructions do not have truth values, but they do have probabilities (equal to conditional probabilities), and the appropriate criterion of soundness for inferences involving them is that it should not be possible for all premises of the inference to be probable while the conclusion is improbable. Applying this criterion is shown to have radically different consequences from the orthodox 'material conditional' theory, not only in application to the standard 'fallacies' of the material conditional, but to many forms (e. g. , Contraposition) which have hitherto been regarded as above suspi­ cion. Many more applications are considered in Chapter I, as well as certain related theoretical matters. The chief of these, which is the most important new topic treated in Chapter I (i. e.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7622-2
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  • 49
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    Knowledge, Perception and Memory (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401094511
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 5
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 5
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. The General Conditions of Knowledge: Truth and Confience -- III. The General Conditions of Knowledge: Justification -- IV. The General Conditions of Knowledge: External Conclusiveness -- V. Perceptual Facts -- VI. Perceptual Knowledge -- VII. Memory Knowledge -- VIII. When and Why to Trust One’s Senses and Memory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: In this book I present what seem to me (at the moment) to be right an­ swers to some of the main philosophical questions about the topics men­ tioned in the title, and I argue for them where I can. I hope that what I say may be of interest both to those who have already studied these ques­ tions a lot and to those who haven't. There are several important topics in epistemology to which I give little or no attention here - such as the nature of a proposition, the major classifications of propositions (neces­ sary and contingent, a priori and a posteriori, analytic and synthetic, general and particular), the nature of understanding a proposition, the nature of truth, the nature and justification of the various kinds of in­ ference (deductive, inductive, and probably others) -but enough is cover­ ed, to one degree or another, that the book might be of use in a course in epistemology. Earlier versions of some of the material in Chapters II, III, and IV were some of the material in Ginet (1970). An earlier version of the part of Chapter VII on memory-connection was a paper that I profited from reading and discussing in philosophy discussion groups at Cornell Uni­ versity, SUNY at Albany, and Syracuse University in 1972-73. I do not like to admit how long I have been working on this book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9451-1
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  • 50
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    The Justification of Scientific Change (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017343
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 36
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 36
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Analytical Table of Contents -- 1: The Theory-ladenness of Observation -- 2: An Examination of Some Arguments and Criteria for Radical Meaning Variance -- 3: The Methodological Undesirability of Adopting a Position of Radical Meaning Variance -- 4: The Comparability of Scientific Theories.
    Kurzfassung: In this book I discuss the justification of scientific change and argue that it rests on different sorts of invariance. Against this background I con­ sider notions of observation, meaning, and regulative standards. My position is in opposition to some widely influential and current views. Revolutionary new ideas concerning the philosophy of science have recently been advanced by Feyerabend, Hanson, Kuhn, Toulmin, and others. There are differences among their views and each in some respect differs from the others. It is, however, not the differences, but rather the similarities that are of primary concern to me here. The claim that there are pervasive presuppositions fundamental to scientific in­ vestigations seems to be essential to the views of these men. Each would further hold that transitions from one scientific tradition to another force radical changes in what is observed, in the meanings of the terms employed, and in the metastandards involved. They would claim that total replace­ ment, not reduction, is what does, and should, occur during scientific revolutions. I argue that the proposed arguments for radical observational variance, for radical meaning variance, and for radical variance of regulative standards with respect to scientific transitions all fail. I further argue that these positions are in themselves implausible and methodologically undesirable. I sketch an account of the rationale of scientific change which preserves the merits and avoids the shortcomings of the approach of radical meaning variance theorists.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1734-3
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  • 51
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    Konkrete Reflexion : Festschrift für Hermann Wein zum 60. Geburtstag (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016285
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (240p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Berliner Erinnerungen 1933/34 -- „Raum“ und „Zeit“ als „Formen der Anschauung“ und als „Formale Anschauungen“ in Kants kritischer Theorie -- Zur Begriffsbildung der politischen Theorie -- Nietzsche und die Musik -- The System and the Phenomena: The Kant-Interpretations of Nicolai Hartmann and P. F. Strawson -- The Philosopher’s Thraldom. Alogical Sources of Philosophic Thought -- Durchgang und Aufbruch. Zu Max Müllers Sprach-Werk-Erläuterungen -- Selbstüberwindungen, ohne Ende? -- Mixed Pickles -- Rationalistische Verflachungen im modernen bürgerlichen Bewußtsein -- Probleme einer Geschichte der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung -- Kunst und Normalität. Zur Frage der Bewertung von künstlerischen Produktionen Geisteskranker -- Wirklichkeit als moralische Welt: Lessing zum Beispiel -- Der Begriff „Gehalt“ in Goethes Autobiographie „Dichtung und Wahrheit“ -- Some Observations on Kraus’s Impact Then and Now -- Die Philosophie der Landschaft in Brechts „Buckower Elegien“ -- Bibliographie Hermann Wein 1937–1972 -- Nachsatz.
    Kurzfassung: So the philosopher's way to be is the source (Quelle) of his values and of his basic model; it is an important way of understanding thrall. It appears, now, that the thought of this paper could be simplified. The primary notion is the philosopher's "way to be." Style, locus of interest, nisus and way of thought can then be seen as growing out of this, as particular aspects or expressions of it. This entire paper then would be an attempt to come to grips with the primary notion. How is a "way to be" related to what is normally called a philo­ sopher's views or theories (the formulable core)? Is it not irrelevant as non-implicatory fact, like biographical details or social background? I do not think so. A philosopher's way to be is not external fact to the formulable core of his thought. It is not "internal" either in the logical sense. It is what allows us to comprehend his explicit views.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Berliner Erinnerungen 1933/34„Raum“ und „Zeit“ als „Formen der Anschauung“ und als „Formale Anschauungen“ in Kants kritischer Theorie -- Zur Begriffsbildung der politischen Theorie -- Nietzsche und die Musik -- The System and the Phenomena: The Kant-Interpretations of Nicolai Hartmann and P. F. Strawson -- The Philosopher’s Thraldom. Alogical Sources of Philosophic Thought -- Durchgang und Aufbruch. Zu Max Müllers Sprach-Werk-Erläuterungen -- Selbstüberwindungen, ohne Ende? -- Mixed Pickles -- Rationalistische Verflachungen im modernen bürgerlichen Bewußtsein -- Probleme einer Geschichte der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung -- Kunst und Normalität. Zur Frage der Bewertung von künstlerischen Produktionen Geisteskranker -- Wirklichkeit als moralische Welt: Lessing zum Beispiel -- Der Begriff „Gehalt“ in Goethes Autobiographie „Dichtung und Wahrheit“ -- Some Observations on Kraus’s Impact Then and Now -- Die Philosophie der Landschaft in Brechts „Buckower Elegien“ -- Bibliographie Hermann Wein 1937-1972 -- Nachsatz.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1628-5
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  • 52
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    The Stages of Human Life : A Biography of Entire Man (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016360
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (270p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Quality of life. ; Anthropology.
    Kurzfassung: I: The stages in general -- II: Gestation -- III: Infancy -- IV: Childhood -- V: The primary school years -- VI: Adolescence -- VII: Youth -- VIII: Early Manhood -- IX: Maturity -- X: Later middle age -- XI: Old age -- XII: Senescence.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: The stages in generalII: Gestation -- III: Infancy -- IV: Childhood -- V: The primary school years -- VI: Adolescence -- VII: Youth -- VIII: Early Manhood -- IX: Maturity -- X: Later middle age -- XI: Old age -- XII: Senescence.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1636-0
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  • 53
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    Imaginative Participation : The Career of an Organizing Concept in a Multidisciplinary Context (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016384
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (214p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Mathematics.
    Kurzfassung: one -- 1) Multidisciplinary Context of Sociology and Social Psychology -- 2) Problems of Theory and Method : Sensitizing Concepts, Personal Documents -- two -- 3) Verstehen and Related Constructs -- 4) Role-Taking and Related Concepts -- 5) Processes Involved in, and Related to, Role-Taking -- 6) Imagination -- three -- 7) Imaginative Participation in History -- 8) Imaginative Participation in Literature and Drama -- 9) Imaginative Participation in Psychiatry -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: I am Czech. In 1948 I graduated from ancient Charles' University at Prague. In 1970 I came to Canada, the country of my choice, from New Zealand where I had taught two years at the University of Canter­ bury in Christchurch. This work was begun after I left Europe. It is intended as contribution to contemporary sociological and social psy­ chological theory, or theories. For a very long time in my native country I was intellectually a Jack­ of-alI-trades. Before coming to sociology I spent two decades of study and research in the fields of philosophy, history and imaginative literature. Looking back I view this not as wasted time, but as an extraordinary introduction to the study of society, of man in society and of society in man. There are many links between these areas of scientific inquiry which I would not have been able to make had I not had this multi­ disciplinary experience. In each of my lives, past and present, I have been for a number of reasons marginal to my fellow men, marginal in several respects. In my native land I refused to conform to the line of the ruling political party. I became a "non-person" in all that implies in a totalitarian regime.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: one1) Multidisciplinary Context of Sociology and Social Psychology -- 2) Problems of Theory and Method : Sensitizing Concepts, Personal Documents -- two -- 3) Verstehen and Related Constructs -- 4) Role-Taking and Related Concepts -- 5) Processes Involved in, and Related to, Role-Taking -- 6) Imagination -- three -- 7) Imaginative Participation in History -- 8) Imaginative Participation in Literature and Drama -- 9) Imaginative Participation in Psychiatry -- Conclusion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1638-4
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  • 54
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    Virginitas : An Essay in the History of a Medieval Ideal (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401568869
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 168 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 17
    Serie: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 17
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Sexuality and the Fall of Man -- 1. Gnostic Cosmogony -- 2. Christian Gnostics and the Book of Genesis -- 3. Augustinian Orthodoxy and the Original Sin -- II: Virginity and the Monastic Economy of Perfection -- 1. Vita angelica -- 2. Simplicitas -- 3. Contemplation and Prophecy -- 4. Milites Christi -- III: Sponsa Christi: Virginity and Epithalamian Mystery -- 1. The Song of Songs and Christian Exegesis -- 2. Encratism and Marriage -- 3. Epithalamian Gnosis -- IV: Virginity Sexualized -- 1. The Twelfth-Century Context: Ideas and Influences -- 2. Victorine Spiritual Marriage -- 3. St. Bernard and the Song of Songs -- 4. The Katherine Group and Erotic Spirituality -- V: Surviving Elements of Christian Gnosis -- 1. Sin as Sexual -- 2. Traditional Features of Virginity Deontologized -- 3. Virginity and Moral Conflict -- Afterword -- Appendix: The Virgin Mary: Virgin Birth and Immaculate Conception.
    Kurzfassung: Apreface is best written last, after a book is done and its author may look back to survey what he hopes he has accomplished and what he must admit he has not. In hindsight virginity by itself has seemed a very large field to till, but with that reflection also comes a sense of misgiving, the awareness that a really comprehensive treatment of that subject would somehow have to encompass an enormous ter­ rain, the whole length and breadth of Christianity's attitude toward sexuality from the earliest times down to the high Middle Ages. It could be argued that no small book could cover so much ground, and I would be the first to agree. As its subtitle is meant to suggest, the present work is, in at least two senses of the word, an essay: both an initial and tentative effort to get at the meaning of an extremely important but as yet unprobed medieval belief in the perfective value of the virginal life; and an interpretive study of a complex subject from a limited point of view, specifically, that in which the virgin appears in devotional literature as the bride of Christ.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6886-9
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  • 55
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    The Conception of God in the Later Royce (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016599
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 199 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Early Thought of Royce -- 1. Moral Theory -- 2. Empirical Theism -- 3. Postulates. The Right to Believe -- 4. Idealism as an Hypothesis Based on Postulates -- 5. Skepticism and the Possibility of Error -- 6. Common Sense and the Problem of Error -- 7. Solution and Conclusion to Absolute Idealism -- 8. Absolute Idealism and the Nature of Error -- 9. The Problem of Evil -- 10. The Conception of God. Critique -- II. The Middle Thought of Royce -- 1. Transition to “The World and the Individual” -- 2. “The World and the Individual”: Introduction -- 3. Realism -- 4. Mysticism -- 5. Critical Rationalism -- 6. The Internal and External Meaning of Ideas -- 7. The Fourth Conception of Being -- 8. The Proof of God’s Existence -- 9. The One, the Many, and the Infinite -- 10. The Temporal and the Eternal -- 11. The Moral Order and the Problem of Evil -- 12. Immortality -- 13. The Conception of God. Summary -- III. The Later Theory of Community -- 1. Transition to “The Problem of Christianity” -- 2. “The Problem of Christianity”: Introduction -- 3. The Moral Burden of the Individual -- 4. Guilt and Atonement -- 5. The Beloved Community -- 6. The Community and the Time-Process -- 7. The Body and Its Members -- 8. The Nature of Interpretation -- 9. The Will to Interpret -- IV. The Later Conception of God -- 1. The World of Interpretation -- 2. The Theoretical and the Practical -- 3. Peirce’s “Neglected Argument” -- 4. The Conception of God -- 5. Elements in Royce’s Later Conception of God Which are Similar to and Continuous with Earlier Conceptions -- 6. Elements in Royce’s Later Conception of God Which are Different from His Earlier Conceptions. Summary.
    Kurzfassung: Dr. Jarvis kindly invited me to undertake this Foreword. According to his suggestion, I here intend to complement his work by creating a context for it. To do so, prior notice of a common misrepresentation of Royce and of his contemporary relevance seems needed, before briefly sketching his biography and interest in religion. Finally, to orient the reader to the present study, I will point out Royce's main works and the spirit of the man. In the year 2150 A. D. , what will people be saying about Harvard? If the reported prediction of a self -effacing William James comes true, the common answer will be, "Harvard? Oh, that's the place where Royce taught. " And yet, now that almost a century has passed since Royce began teaching at Harvard, most Americans do not recognize the name "Josiah Royce. " Of those who do, few know him as a significant American philosopher of community. And of these few, far fewer recall either that religious problems first drove Royce to philosophy or that he said such problems "of all human interests, deserve our best efforts and our utmost loyalty. " 1 Little wonder, then, that when Americans survey our "classic" philosophers-Peirce, James, Royce, Santayana, Dewey, Whitehead-few of them respond to Royce as the most explicitly and persistently religious philosopher of them all. Fortunately, however, popularity contests do not accurately weigh the merit of a philosopher.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Early Thought of Royce1. Moral Theory -- 2. Empirical Theism -- 3. Postulates. The Right to Believe -- 4. Idealism as an Hypothesis Based on Postulates -- 5. Skepticism and the Possibility of Error -- 6. Common Sense and the Problem of Error -- 7. Solution and Conclusion to Absolute Idealism -- 8. Absolute Idealism and the Nature of Error -- 9. The Problem of Evil -- 10. The Conception of God. Critique -- II. The Middle Thought of Royce -- 1. Transition to “The World and the Individual” -- 2. “The World and the Individual”: Introduction -- 3. Realism -- 4. Mysticism -- 5. Critical Rationalism -- 6. The Internal and External Meaning of Ideas -- 7. The Fourth Conception of Being -- 8. The Proof of God’s Existence -- 9. The One, the Many, and the Infinite -- 10. The Temporal and the Eternal -- 11. The Moral Order and the Problem of Evil -- 12. Immortality -- 13. The Conception of God. Summary -- III. The Later Theory of Community -- 1. Transition to “The Problem of Christianity” -- 2. “The Problem of Christianity”: Introduction -- 3. The Moral Burden of the Individual -- 4. Guilt and Atonement -- 5. The Beloved Community -- 6. The Community and the Time-Process -- 7. The Body and Its Members -- 8. The Nature of Interpretation -- 9. The Will to Interpret -- IV. The Later Conception of God -- 1. The World of Interpretation -- 2. The Theoretical and the Practical -- 3. Peirce’s “Neglected Argument” -- 4. The Conception of God -- 5. Elements in Royce’s Later Conception of God Which are Similar to and Continuous with Earlier Conceptions -- 6. Elements in Royce’s Later Conception of God Which are Different from His Earlier Conceptions. Summary.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1659-9
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  • 56
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    Extension of Ricoeur’s Hermeneutic (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016612
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (X, 154 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Statement of the Problem -- II. Eidetics and its Limits -- III. Existential Structures of Disproportion -- IV. Eidetics, Existence, and Experience -- V. Symbol, Hermeneutic, and Conflict of Interpretation -- VI. Philosophical Reflection as Hermeneutics -- VII. Phenomenology and the Sciences of Language: Further Extensions -- VIII. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: The path Husserl entered upon at the beginning of his philosophical writ­ ings turned out to be the beginning of a long, tedious way. Throughout his life he constantly comes to grips with the fundamental problems which set him upon this path. Beginning with the logical level of meaning, laboring through the idealism of the transcendental phenomenology of the period between Ideas I to the Meditations, in search for the ever more originary, he finally arrived at the level of the Lebenswelt. It was this later focus on the ever more originary, the source, the foundation of meaning which led him finally to the horizon of meaning and the genesis of meaning in the Lebenswelt period. This later period allows for a quasi wedding of his phenomenology with some adaptation of existentialism. But this union called for an adaptation of Husserl's logistic prejudice. The period of the Lebenswelt allows many of the later phenomenologists to speak of the failure of the brackets in their extreme exclusion and to allow for a link between man and his world in the Lebenswelt. This link is at the source of the ontological investigations and theories which arise from the phenomenological movement. However, there is the possibility of many tensions in such an endeavor since the study of being can be most abstract and most concrete.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Statement of the ProblemII. Eidetics and its Limits -- III. Existential Structures of Disproportion -- IV. Eidetics, Existence, and Experience -- V. Symbol, Hermeneutic, and Conflict of Interpretation -- VI. Philosophical Reflection as Hermeneutics -- VII. Phenomenology and the Sciences of Language: Further Extensions -- VIII. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1661-2
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  • 57
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    St. Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy : In the Commentary to the Sentences (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
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    ISBN: 9789401016797
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (V, 130 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Metaphysics ; Anthropology. ; Ontology.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Commentary to the Sentences -- II. The Logic of Rationate Being -- III. An Epistemology of Critical Realism -- IV. The Metaphysics of Being -- V. An Anthropology of the “Imago Dei” -- VI. The Contemplation of God as Man’s Natural End -- VII. The Value of Theological Language -- VIII. The Logic of Theological Language -- IX. Did St. Thomas Modify his Theory of Analogy?.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Commentary to the SentencesII. The Logic of Rationate Being -- III. An Epistemology of Critical Realism -- IV. The Metaphysics of Being -- V. An Anthropology of the “Imago Dei” -- VI. The Contemplation of God as Man’s Natural End -- VII. The Value of Theological Language -- VIII. The Logic of Theological Language -- IX. Did St. Thomas Modify his Theory of Analogy?.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1679-7
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  • 58
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    A Discourse on Novelty and Creation (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016667
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (171p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind. ; Self. ; Aesthetics.
    Kurzfassung: Introduction: The Problem, its Background, and a Sketch of its Treatment -- I. Production and Radical Creation -- A. Novelty Proper -- B. Novelty Proper and Creative Acts -- C. Value and Creativity -- II. Spontaneity: The Paradox and the Possibility of Explanation -- A. General Remarks about Explanation -- B. The Paradox of Creativity -- C. The Reality of Spontaneity and the Challenge of Determinism -- D. Intelligibility and the Resources of Language -- III. Language and the Aesthetic Structure of Novelty -- A. Originative Speech as Oblique Expression -- B. Speech and Metaphors -- C. Metaphors and the Intelligibility of Created Objects -- IV. Fundamental Paradox and Intelligibility -- A. The Absurd -- B. Two Loci of the Absurd -- C. The Second Model of Intelligibility -- D. The Possibility of a Third Model of Intelligibility.
    Kurzfassung: Over the past two decades, the number of studies of creativity has in­ creased enormously. Although these studies represent a wide variety of perspectives, the largest proportion of them falls within the province of the social and behavioral sciences. Perhaps this is due to the impetus of experimental psychologists, who recognized the special problems that arise when originality is treated under a general theory of cognition. But what­ ever the reason, human creativity has come to be viewed as one of the major concerns of the twentieth century. It has been referred to as the most pressing problem of our time. In spite of the importance of the topic, few philosophers have either analyzed or speculated systematically about creativity, as a distinct topic. This neglect may be the expression of a tacit and sometimes explicit con­ viction that creativity must be taken for granted and not subjected to analytic scrutiny. In any case, the determination of so many behavioral and social scientists not to fall behind in the search for understanding creativity has led to a proliferation of publications that are unrelated to one another and that lack dearly ordered and reflective consideration of what creativity is. Too few writers have either acknowledged or examined what they presuppose about creative acts, about human activity, and a­ bout the nature of explanation when they focus on so complex a phenome­ non as creativity.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction: The Problem, its Background, and a Sketch of its TreatmentI. Production and Radical Creation -- A. Novelty Proper -- B. Novelty Proper and Creative Acts -- C. Value and Creativity -- II. Spontaneity: The Paradox and the Possibility of Explanation -- A. General Remarks about Explanation -- B. The Paradox of Creativity -- C. The Reality of Spontaneity and the Challenge of Determinism -- D. Intelligibility and the Resources of Language -- III. Language and the Aesthetic Structure of Novelty -- A. Originative Speech as Oblique Expression -- B. Speech and Metaphors -- C. Metaphors and the Intelligibility of Created Objects -- IV. Fundamental Paradox and Intelligibility -- A. The Absurd -- B. Two Loci of the Absurd -- C. The Second Model of Intelligibility -- D. The Possibility of a Third Model of Intelligibility.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1666-7
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  • 59
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    Philosophy and Phenomenology of the Body (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016810
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 236 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy of mind. ; Self.
    Kurzfassung: Introduction: The Seeming Contingency of the Question concerning the Body and the Necessity for an Ontological Analysis of the Body -- I: The Philosophical Presuppositions of the Biranian Analysis of the Body -- 1. The Philosophical Presuppositions of Biranian Ontology -- 2. The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories -- 3. The Theory of the Ego and the Problem of the Soul -- II:The Subjective Body -- III: Movement and Sensing -- 1. The Unity of our Senses and the Problem of the Relationship between our Images and our Movements -- 2. The Unity of the Body Interpreted as a Unity of Knowledge. Habit and Memory -- 3. The Individuality of Human Reality as Sensible Individuality -- IV: The Twofold Usage of Signs and the Problem of the Constitution of One’s own Body -- V: Cartesian Dualism -- VI: A Critique of the Thought of Maine de Biran. The Problem of Passivity -- VII: Conclusion. The Ontological Theory of the Body and the Problem of Incarnation. The Flesh and the Spirit -- Index of Authors -- Index of Terms.
    Kurzfassung: THE SEEMING CONTINGENCY OF THE QUESTION CONCERNING THE BODY AND THE NECESSITY FOR AN ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BODY When we disclose and bring forth, within ontological investigations aimed at making possible the elaboration of a phenomenology of the ego, a prob­ lematic concerning the body, we may well seem, with respect to the general direction of our analysis, to elaborate only a contingent and accidental specification of such an analysis and to forget its true goal.! Up to the present, we pursued the clarification of the being of the ego [2] on the level of absolute subjectivity and in the form of an ontological analysis. Is it not possible that the reasons which motivated the project of conducting the investigations relative to the problem of the ego within a sphere of abso­ lute immanence may cease to be valid because we might be led to believe that the body also constitutes the object of these investigations and belongs to a first reality whose study is the task of fundamental ontology? Actually, does not the body present itself to us as a transcendent being, as an inhabi­ tant of this world of ours wherein subjectivity does not reside? If, con­ sequently, the body must constitute the theme of our philosophical reflec­ tion, is it not on condition that the latter submit to a radical modification and cease to be turned toward subjectivity in order to be a reflection on.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction: The Seeming Contingency of the Question concerning the Body and the Necessity for an Ontological Analysis of the BodyI: The Philosophical Presuppositions of the Biranian Analysis of the Body -- 1. The Philosophical Presuppositions of Biranian Ontology -- 2. The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories -- 3. The Theory of the Ego and the Problem of the Soul -- II:The Subjective Body -- III: Movement and Sensing -- 1. The Unity of our Senses and the Problem of the Relationship between our Images and our Movements -- 2. The Unity of the Body Interpreted as a Unity of Knowledge. Habit and Memory -- 3. The Individuality of Human Reality as Sensible Individuality -- IV: The Twofold Usage of Signs and the Problem of the Constitution of One’s own Body -- V: Cartesian Dualism -- VI: A Critique of the Thought of Maine de Biran. The Problem of Passivity -- VII: Conclusion. The Ontological Theory of the Body and the Problem of Incarnation. The Flesh and the Spirit -- Index of Authors -- Index of Terms.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1681-0
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  • 60
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    Introduction to the Logical Investigations : A Draft of a Preface to the Logical Investigations (1913) (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016551
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: The Author’s Abstracts 1900/01 -- Author’s Abstract to Volume One in Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Vol. 24 (1900), pp. 511–12 -- Author’s Abstract to Volume Two in Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Soziologie, Vol. 25 (1901), pp. 260–63 -- A Draft of a “Preface” to the Logical Investigations, 1913 -- I. Eugen Fink’s Editorial Remarks -- II. Husserl’s Text.
    Kurzfassung: TO THE LOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS A DRAFT OF A PREFACE TO THE LOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ( 1913) Edited by EUGEN FINK Translated with Introductions by PHILIP J. BOSSERT and CURTIS H. PETERS • MARTINUS NIJHOFF THE HAGUE 1975 © I975 by Martinus Nijhoff. The Hague. Netherlands All rights reserved. including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form ISBN-I3: 978-90-247-1711-8 e-ISBN-I3: 978-94-010-1655-1 DOl: 10. 1007/978-94-010-1655-1 TO HERBERT SPIEGELBERG ESTEEMED SCHOLAR, MENTOR, FRIEND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our thanks to H. L. Van Breda, director of the Husserl-Archiv (Louvain), for his approval and encouragement of this project, and to Professor Dr. Gerhart Husserl, Professor Dr. Eugen Fink and the editors of Tijdschrift voor Philosophie for their permission to undertake it. We also owe a debt of appreciation to Dr. Karl Schuhmann of the Catholic University of Louvain and to Dr. Elmar Holenstein, Dr. Edi Marbach and Mr. Rudolf Bernet of the Husserl-Archiv (Louvain) for their help in reading the original manuscripts and for putting their excellent knowledge of the Husserl "Nachlass" preserved at the Archives at our disposal. We especially wish to thank Professor Herbert Spiegelberg whose careful and critical reading of our manuscript at an earlier stage resulted in numerous suggestions for its improvement; and, last but not least, our wives, Jane and Pam, for their help in preparing the typescripts. TABLE OF CONTENTS Translator's Introductions XI I. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XI II. THEMATIC INTRODUCTION XX III.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Author’s Abstracts 1900/01Author’s Abstract to Volume One in Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Vol. 24 (1900), pp. 511-12 -- Author’s Abstract to Volume Two in Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Soziologie, Vol. 25 (1901), pp. 260-63 -- A Draft of a “Preface” to the Logical Investigations, 1913 -- I. Eugen Fink’s Editorial Remarks -- II. Husserl’s Text.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1655-1
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  • 61
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    The Classical Marxist Critiques of Religion: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Kautsky (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016063
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1: Marx’s Critique Of Religion -- Religion and the Unity of Marx’s Thought -- The Beginning and End of Critisism -- From Natural Religion to the Religion of Civil Society -- The Substance and Functions of Religion -- 2: Engels’ Critique of Religion -- Engels’ Role in the Critisism of Religion -- From the Inception of Religion to its Transcendence -- The Masks and Disguises of Religion -- The Unity of Engels’ Critique of Religion -- 3: Lenin’s Critique of Religion -- The Origins, Development, Substance, and Functions of Religion -- Religion and the Unity of Marx, Engels, and Lenin -- Shamefaced Idealism, God-Building, and the Disadvantages of Improved Religion -- 4: Kautsky’s Critique of Religion -- Toward a Developed Materialist Theory of Religion -- Religion from Biblical Times to the Twentieth Century -- The Substance and Functions of Religion -- Kautsky: Stalwart Marxist or Renegade? -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: In view of the enormous number of works on Marxism in general and in light of the many books and articles touching on the relationship of Marxism to religion in particular, it may fairly be asked why yet another such work should be produced. My reply is that in eliciting answers to the kinds of questions posed by the methodology I have used, it was necessary to go to the primary sources almost exclusively. This is not to bemoan a sad fate but to affirm that there are notable deficiencies in the secondary sources relevant to my topic. By way of general indictment, I contend that the major difficulty with existing studies of the Marxist critique of religion is that their authors, whether expositors or critics, have failed both to specify their own presuppositions concerning religion and to approach the subject with an adequate comprehension of its many dimensions. Since, in most cases, the reader is equally unprepared, anthropologically, sociologically, psychologically, and historically, for clear and informed thought in this vast and nebulous area, the result has been widespread confusion. As if this were not enough, numerous writers with little more than polemical interests have compounded the confusion by failing to distinguish between religion in general and their own brands of faith in particular. Others have not discriminated between the concepts of metaphysics and the supernatural items of religious belief.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1: Marx’s Critique Of ReligionReligion and the Unity of Marx’s Thought -- The Beginning and End of Critisism -- From Natural Religion to the Religion of Civil Society -- The Substance and Functions of Religion -- 2: Engels’ Critique of Religion -- Engels’ Role in the Critisism of Religion -- From the Inception of Religion to its Transcendence -- The Masks and Disguises of Religion -- The Unity of Engels’ Critique of Religion -- 3: Lenin’s Critique of Religion -- The Origins, Development, Substance, and Functions of Religion -- Religion and the Unity of Marx, Engels, and Lenin -- Shamefaced Idealism, God-Building, and the Disadvantages of Improved Religion -- 4: Kautsky’s Critique of Religion -- Toward a Developed Materialist Theory of Religion -- Religion from Biblical Times to the Twentieth Century -- The Substance and Functions of Religion -- Kautsky: Stalwart Marxist or Renegade? -- Conclusion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1606-3
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  • 62
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    Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist : Materials and Perspectives (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018074
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (LXVIII, 406 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathemathical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 73
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 73
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1807-4
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  • 63
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    From Platonism to Neoplatonism : Third Edition Revised (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401015929
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIX, 250 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; History ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: I. Soul and Mathematicals -- II. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica Generalis in Aristotle? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.
    Kurzfassung: The first edition of this book appeared in 1953; the second, revised and enlarged, in 1960. The present, third edition is essentially a reprint of the second, except for the correction of a few misprints and the following remarks, which refer to some recent publications* and replace the brief preface to the second edition. Neither Eudemus nor Theophrastus, so I said (p. 208£. ) knew a branch of theoretical philosophy the object of which would be something called 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 andwhich branch wouldbedistinct from theology. And there is no sign that they found such a branch (corresponding to what was later called metaphysica generalis) in Aristotle. To the names of Eudemus and Theophrastus we now can add that of Nicholas of Damascus. In 1965 H. J. Drossaart Lulofs published: Nicolaus Damascenus On the Philosophy of Aristotle (Leiden: Brill), Le. fragments of his m:pr. njc; 'ApLO''t'o't'&AOUC; qJLAOO'OqJLiXC; preserved in Syriac together with an English trans­ lation. In these fragments we find a competent presentation of Aristotle's theoretical philosophy, in systematic form. Nicholas subdivides Aristotle's theoretical philosophy into theology, physics, and mathematics and seems to be completely unaware of any additional branch of philosophy the object of which would be 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 distinct from theology with its object (the divine).
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Soul and MathematicalsII. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica Generalis in Aristotle? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1592-9
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  • 64
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    Naturalism and Criticism (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013475
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 105 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction: Hume and Kant and the History of Ideas -- II. Sense, Reason and Imagination -- III. Hume’s “Principles” and Kant’s “Categories” -- IV. Naturalism and Criticism -- V. Hume and Kant on the Philosophy of Religion -- VI. Towards a Theory of “Anthropocentrism” with regard to Naturalism and Criticism.
    Kurzfassung: The present work is the product of several years study of the various aspects of Kanfs Critical Philosophy and Hume's naturalism. During that time many individuals have helped with this work and it is hardly possible to set down the names of aH of them. One name does des erve special mention - Prof. Dr. H. Heimsoeth with whom the author has discussed some of the very knotty problems of Kantian Philosophy. Although Hume has been - as Kant freely admits in the Preface to his "Prolegomena" - one of the most decisive influences and turning points in the philosophical development of Kant, the author does not thematize in this work the age-old problem of whether Kant reaHy read, understood and refuted Hume. That it has been, ever since Hume wrote, a favorite pursuit among philosophers to answer hirn, to refute hirn, and to refute Kanfs attempt at refutation of hirn, irrespective of its being convincing or not, must be mentioned with special respect.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Introduction: Hume and Kant and the History of IdeasII. Sense, Reason and Imagination -- III. Hume’s “Principles” and Kant’s “Categories” -- IV. Naturalism and Criticism -- V. Hume and Kant on the Philosophy of Religion -- VI. Towards a Theory of “Anthropocentrism” with regard to Naturalism and Criticism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1347-5
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  • 65
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    Justification in Earlier Medieval Theology (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016537
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (157p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Alszeghy, Zoltán, 1915 - 1991 [Rezension von: Carlson, Charles P., Justification in Earlier Medieval Theology] 1976
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy, Medieval. ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Religion.
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- 1. Preliminary Remarks: (Paulinism in the Middle Ages) -- 2. The Problem of (Justification in Medieval Theology) -- II. Justification in the (Pauline Commentaries) -- 1. The Commentaries -- 2. Conclusions and Analysis -- III. Justification in the early Scholastic Literature -- 1. The Carolingian Period -- 2. Early Scholasticism: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries -- IV. The Completion of the Medieval Doctrine: The Processus Justificationis -- 1. First Statements -- 2. The Completed Doctrine -- 3. The Later Scholastics -- V. Conclusions.
    Kurzfassung: One of the pleasures and privileges of scholarship is the opportunity to express one's gratitude to friends and colleagues upon the occasion of a publication. As with many scholarly first books, this present work had its genesis as a doctoral dissertation, and hence my first and most profound acknowledgment must be to Professor S. Harrison Thomson of the University of Colorado, whom I am honored to be able to describe as my mentor. Only my fellow "Old Thomsonians" can appreciate the common debt we owe to this great medievalist who was also a magni­ ficent teacher and counsellor. Presently in retirement, he continues to be our principal inspiration and model of scholarly distinction. I am also greatly indebted to another former mentor and now my senior colleague and chairman at the University of Denver, Professor Allen D. Breck, who, together with Deans Edward A. Lindell and Gerhard H. Mundinger, constantly encouraged and assisted my further progress and read the manuscript in its final stages, offering many valuable sugges­ tions as to style and substance. My university provided me with generous support in the form of research funds and clerical services; I am grateful to. those colleagues who made this assistance possible, as well as to friends at other institutions who shared their knowledge and frequently gave salutary advice.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Introduction1. Preliminary Remarks: (Paulinism in the Middle Ages) -- 2. The Problem of (Justification in Medieval Theology) -- II. Justification in the (Pauline Commentaries) -- 1. The Commentaries -- 2. Conclusions and Analysis -- III. Justification in the early Scholastic Literature -- 1. The Carolingian Period -- 2. Early Scholasticism: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries -- IV. The Completion of the Medieval Doctrine: The Processus Justificationis -- 1. First Statements -- 2. The Completed Doctrine -- 3. The Later Scholastics -- V. Conclusions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1653-7
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  • 66
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    Contemporary Research in Philosophical Logic and Linguistic Semantics : Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017565
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 4
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Counterfactuals and Comparative Possibility -- Presuppositions -- Incomplete Assertion and Belnap Connectives -- Dimensions of Truth -- Speaking of Nothing -- The Structure of Efficacy -- Harris and Chomsky at the Syntax-Semantics Boundary -- Some Transformational Extensions of Montague Grammar -- Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts -- Comments: Lakoff’s Fuzzy Propositional Logic -- On the Semantics of Negation -- Verbs of Bitching.
    Kurzfassung: In 1973 a workshop was held at The University of Western Ontario on topics of common interest to philosophers and linguists. This volume con­ tains most of the papers presented at the workshop. Also included are previously unpublished essays by R. Dougherty and H. Lasnik as well as a comment on G. Lakoff's paper by B. van Fraassen. K. Donnellan's paper was presented at the workshop and subsequently appeared in The Philosophical Review. We thank the editors of this journal for permission to publish the paper here. The papers by D. Lewis, R. Stalnaker, G. Lakoff, B. Partee and H. Herzberger appeared earlier in Journal of Philosophical Logic by arrangement of the editors with B. van Fraassen and D. Reidel Publishing Company. The editors thank the officers of The University of Western Ontario for making the workshop possible and Pauline Campbell for making the workshop work. THE EDITORS DAVID LEWIS COUNTERFACTUALS AND COMPARATIVE POSSIBILITY* In the last dozen years or so, our understanding of modality has been much improved by means of possible-world semantics: the project of analyzing modal language by systematically specifying the conditions under which a modal sentence is true at a possible world. I hope to do the same for counterfactual conditionals. I write A 0-C for the counter­ factual conditional with antecedent A and consequent C. It may be read as 'H it were the case that A, then it would be the case that C' or some more idiomatic paraphrase thereof.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1756-5
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  • 67
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    Philosophical Analysis and Human Welfare : Selected Essays and Chapters from Six Decades (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401017923
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (343p) , digital
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    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 3
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 3
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: Dickinson S. Miller On Analysis, Pragmatism, and Welfare - An Introduction -- Teachers and Teaching -- Fullerton and Philosophy -- A Student’s Impressions of William James -- James and Analysis -- George Santayana -- Is Philosophy a Good Training for the Mind? -- Analysis: The Method of Philosophy at Work -- The Relations of ‘Ought’ and ‘Is’ -- Free Will as Involving Determination and Inconceivable Without It [Revised] -- Is There Not a Clear Solution of the Knowledge-Problem? -- A Debt to James -- Universals -- An Event In Modern Philosophy with Hume -- Hume’s Deathblow to Deductivism -- Moral Truth -- Religion and Human Welfare -- What Religion Has To Do With It -- The Defense of the Faith Today -- Heart and Head -- Democracy and Our Intellectual Plight -- Matthew Arnold, On the Occasion of His Centenary -- Conscience and the Bishops -- James’s Doctrine of ‘The Right to Believe’[Revised] -- Morals, Intelligence, and Welfare -- Published Writings of Dickinson S. Miller -- Publications about Dickinson S. Miller.
    Kurzfassung: When I was Dickinson Miller's assistant from 1940 to 1942, I soon realized that I had encountered an unusually powerful, acute, and original mind and a writer whose clear but vivid style matched the high quality of his intelligence. These traits were apparent in his comments about eminent philosophers with whom he had associated - particularly William James but also Santayana, Dewey, Husserl, and Wittgenstein - and in the mutual criticism he demanded of his writing and my first efforts. I was pleased and felt immensely privileged to share in his planning of a book devoted to "analysis, the method of philosophy at work" as in his articles on the knowledge-problem, induction, and free will. In view of the penetration of his articles, such a book seemed long overdue as James had insisted even in 1905. When Miller's projected book on "analysis at work" did not appear by 1956, I consulted him about putting together a collection of his published essays. Such a collection seemed but slight homage to one who had made such a striking contribution to American philosophy in rela­ tion to James and one from whom I had learned so much. He felt, however, that such a collection would be inappropriate and preferred to concentrate on a book, never finished, on "the principles of practical intelligence", the application of intelligence in a "morality of results" for human welfare.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1792-3
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  • 68
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    Essays on Explanation and Understanding : Studies in the Foundations of Humanities and Social Sciences (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401018234
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (460p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 72
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 72
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: I/Approaches to Teleology, Intentionality, and Historical Understanding -- Causal and Historical Explanation -- Against Reductionism and Purism : Tertium Datur -- Is Transcendental Hermeneutics Possible? -- The Intentions of Intentionality -- Comments on Professor Hintikka’s Paper -- Reply to J. N. Findlay -- II/Causality and Intervention -- Causality and Action -- Causality and History -- An Analysis of Causality -- Explanation and Understanding of Human Behavior -- III/Human Action and its Explanation -- Human Abilities and Dynamic Modalities -- On Deciding -- Intention and Practical Inference -- The Causal Theory of Action -- Explanation and Understanding in History -- Inductive Explanation, Propensity, and Action -- IV/Replies to Commentators. Second thoughts on Explanation and Understanding -- Replies -- Determinism and the Study of Man -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1823-4
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  • 69
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    The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements : A Study of the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes and Its Significance for Early Greek Geometry (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017541
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (385p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 15
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library 15
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: I / Introduction -- I. The Pre-Euclidean Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes -- II. General Methodological Observations -- III. Indispensable Definitions -- II / The Side and the Diameter of the Square -- I. The Received Proof of the Incommensurability of the Side and Diameter of the Square -- II. Anthyphairesis and the Side and Diameter -- III. Impact of the Discovery of Incommensurability -- IV. Summary of the Early Studies -- III / Plato’s Account of the Work Of Theodorus -- I. Formulation of the Problem: ????µ??? -- II. The Role of Diagrams: ??????? -- III. The Ideal of Demonstration: ?????????? -- IV. Why Separate Cases? -- V. Why Stop at Seventeen? -- VI. The Theorems of Theaetetus -- VII. Theodoras’ Style of Geometry -- VIII. Summary of Interpretive Criteria -- IV / A Critical Review of Reconstructions of Theodorus’ Proofs -- I. Reconstruction via Approximation Techniques -- II. Algebraic Reconstruction -- III. Anthyphairetic Reconstruction -- V / The Pythagorean Arithmetic of the Fifth Century -- I. Pythagorean Studies of the Odd and the Even -- II. The Pebble-Representation of Numbers -- III. The Pebble-Methods Applied to the Study of the Odd and the Even -- IV. The Theory of Figured Numbers -- V. Properties of Pythagorean Number Triples -- VI / The Early Study of Incommensurable Magnitudes: Theodorus -- I. Numbers Represented as Magnitudes -- II. Right Triangles and the Discovery of Incommensurability -- III. The Lesson of Theodorus -- IV. Theodorus and Elements II -- VII / The Arithmetic of Incommensurability: Theaetetus and Archytas -- I. The Theorem of Archytas on Epimoric Ratios -- II. The Theorems of Theaetetus -- III. The Arithmetic Proofs of the Theorems of Theaetetus -- IV. The Arithmetic Basis of Theaetetus’ Theory -- V. Observations on Pre-Euclidean Arithmetic -- VIII / The geometry of incommensurability: Theaetetus and Eudoxus -- I. The Theorems of Theaetetus: Proofs of the Geometric Part -- II. Anthyphairesis and the Theory of Proportions -- III. The Theory of Proportions in Elements X -- IV. Theaetetus and Eudoxus -- V. Summary of the Development of the Theory of Irrationals -- IX / Conclusions and Syntheses -- I. The Pre-Euclidean Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes -- II. The Editing of the Elements -- III. The Pre-Euclidean Foundations-Crises -- Appendices -- A. On the Extension of Theodoras’ Method -- B. On the Anthyphairetic Proportion Theory -- A List of the Theorems in Chapters V-VIII and the Appendices -- Referencing Conventions and Bibliography -- I. Referencing Conventions -- II. Abbreviations used in the Notes and the Bibliography -- III. Bibliography of Works Consulted: Ancient Authors -- IV. Modern Works: Books -- V. Modern Works: Articles -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages Cited from Ancient Works.
    Kurzfassung: The present work has three principal objectives: (1) to fix the chronology of the development of the pre-Euclidean theory of incommensurable magnitudes beginning from the first discoveries by fifth-century Pythago­ reans, advancing through the achievements of Theodorus of Cyrene, Theaetetus, Archytas and Eudoxus, and culminating in the formal theory of Elements X; (2) to correlate the stages of this developing theory with the evolution of the Elements as a whole; and (3) to establish that the high standards of rigor characteristic of this evolution were intrinsic to the mathematicians' work. In this third point, we wish to counterbalance a prevalent thesis that the impulse toward mathematical rigor was purely a response to the dialecticians' critique of foundations; on the contrary, we shall see that not until Eudoxus does there appear work which may be described as purely foundational in its intent. Through the examination of these problems, the present work will either alter or set in a new light virtually every standard thesis about the fourth-century Greek geometry. I. THE PRE-EUCLIDEAN THEORY OF INCOMMENSURABLE MAGNITUDES The Euclidean theory of incommensurable magnitudes, as preserved in Book X of the Elements, is a synthetic masterwork. Yet there are detect­ able seams in its structure, seams revealed both through terminology and through the historical clues provided by the neo-Platonist commentator Proclus.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1754-1
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  • 70
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    Can Theories be Refuted? : Essays on the Duhem-Quine Thesis (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018630
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (339p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 81
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 81
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Physical Theory and Experiment -- Two Dogmas of Empiricism -- Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance: Problems and Changes -- Some Fundamental Problems in the Logic of Scientific Discovery -- Background Knowledge and Scientific Growth -- The Duhemian Argument -- A Comment on Grünbaum’s Claim -- Scientific Revolutions as Changes of World View -- Grünbaum on ‘The Duhemian Argument’ -- Quine, Grünbaum, and the Duhemian Thesis -- Duhem, Quine and Grünbaum on Falsification -- Duhem, Quine and a New Empiricism -- Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes -- Is it never Possible to Falsify a Hypothesis Irrevocably? -- The Rationality of Science (From‘Against Method’) -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: According to a view assumed by many scientists and philosophers of science and standardly found in science textbooks, it is controlled ex­ perience which provides the basis for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable theories in science: acceptable theories are those which can pass empirical tests. It has often been thought that a certain sort of test is particularly significant: 'crucial experiments' provide supporting empiri­ cal evidence for one theory while providing conclusive evidence against another. However, in 1906 Pierre Duhem argued that the falsification of a theory is necessarily ambiguous and therefore that there are no crucial experiments; one can never be sure that it is a given theory rather than auxiliary or background hypotheses which experiment has falsified. w. V. Quine has concurred in this judgment, arguing that "our statements about the external world face the tribunal of sense experience not indi­ vidually but only as a corporate body". Some philosophers have thought that the Duhem-Quine thesis gra­ tuitously raises perplexities. Others see it as doubly significant; these philosophers think that it provides a base for criticism of the foundational view of knowledge which has dominated much of western thought since Descartes, and they think that it opens the door to a new and fruitful way to conceive of scientific progress in particular and of the nature and growth of knowledge in general.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1863-0
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  • 71
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    Philosophy of Language (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018203
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and of the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 71
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 71
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I / Preliminary Distinctions -- 1. Language and Linguistic Utterances -- 2. Descriptive Statements -- 3. The Use and Mention of Signs -- II / Theories of Meaning -- 1. Realistic Semantic Theories -- 2. Behavioristic Theories of Meaning -- 3. Quine’s Philosophy of Language -- 4. Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Language in the Philosophical Investigations -- III / Theories of Grammar -- 1. Traditional Grammar -- 2. Logical Grammar -- 3. Generative Grammar -- IV / Language and Reality -- 1. The Thesis of the Role Language Plays in Experience -- 2. The Role of Vocabulary -- 3. The Role of Grammar -- 4. The Epistemological Problematic of the Relativity Thesis -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Logical Symbols.
    Kurzfassung: This book has arisen out of lectures I gave in recent years at the Uni­ versities of Munich and Regensburg, and it is intended to serve as a textbook for courses in the Philosophy of Language. In my lectures I was able to presuppose that the students had taken an introductory course in logic. Some knowledge of logic will also be helpful in studying this book - as it is almost everywhere else in philosophy -, especially in Section 3. 2, but it is no prerequisite. I would like to give my sincere thanks to Prof. Terrell for his excellent translation of the book, which is based on the second, revised and en­ larged German edition. Regensburg, May 1975 FRANZ VON KUTSCHERA INTRODUCTION Language has become one of philosophy's most important and pressing themes during this century. This preoccupation with language has its ori­ gins in the most diverse areas of philosophical inquiry.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1820-3
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  • 72
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    Local Induction (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401197991
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 345 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology Of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 93
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 93
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Acceptance Revisited -- Cognitive Decision Theory -- A Critique of Epistemic Utilities -- Induction, Consensus, and Catastrophe -- Elements of Induction -- On Sequential Inference -- Cognitive Decisions under Partial Information -- Local and Global Induction -- Hume and the Problem of Local Induction -- A Conspectus of the Neo-Classical Theory of Induction -- Inquiries, Problems, and Questions: Remarks on Local Induction -- On Piecemeal Knowledge-Formation -- Confirmation, Explanation, and the Paradoxes of Transitivity -- A Selected Bibliography of Local Induction -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The local justification of beliefs and hypotheses has recently become a major concern for epistemologists and philosophers of induction. As such, the problem of local justification is not entirely new. Most pragmatists had addressed themselves to it, and so did, to some extent, many classical inductivists in the Bacon-Whewell-Mill tradition. In the last few decades, however, the use of logic and semantics, probability calculus, statistical methods, and decision-theoretic concepts in the reconstruction of in­ ductive inference has revealed some important technical respects in which inductive justification can be local: the choice of a language, with its syntactic and semantic features, the relativity of probabilistic evalua­ tions to an initial body of evidence or background knowledge and to an agent's utilities and preferences, etc. Some paradoxes and difficulties encountered by purely formal accounts of inductive justification, the erosion of the once dominant empiricist position, which most approaches to induction took for granted, and the increasing challenge of noninduc­ tivist epistemolgies have underscored the need of accounting for the methodological problems of applying inductive logic to real life contexts, particularly in science. As a result, in the late fifties and sixties, several related developments pointed to a new, local approach to inductive justification.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9799-1
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  • 73
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    Models for Modalities : Selected Essays (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017114
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (229p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 23
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 23
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: I. Methodological Orientation -- Epistemic Logic and the Methods of Philosophical Analysis -- II. The Logic of Existence -- Existential Presuppositions and Their Elimination -- On the Logic of the Ontological Argument: Some Elementary Remarks -- III. The Semantics of Modality -- Modality and Quantification -- The Modes of Modality -- Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- Existential Presuppositions and Uniqueness Presuppositions -- IV. Conceptual Analyses -- On the Logic of Perception -- Deontic Logic and Its Philosophical Morals -- Note on the Origin of the Different Essays -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The papers collected in this volume were written over a period of some eight or nine years, with some still earlier material incorporated in one of them. Publishing them under the same cover does not make a con­ tinuous book of them. The papers are thematically connected with each other, however, in a way which has led me to think that they can naturally be grouped together. In any list of philosophically important concepts, those falling within the range of application of modal logic will rank high in interest. They include necessity, possibility, obligation, permission, knowledge, belief, perception, memory, hoping, and striving, to mention just a few of the more obvious ones. When a satisfactory semantics (in the sense of Tarski and Carnap) was first developed for modal logic, a fascinating new set of methods and ideas was thus made available for philosophical studies. The pioneers of this model theory of modality include prominently Stig Kanger and Saul Kripke. Several others were working in the same area independently and more or less concurrently. Some of the older papers in this collection, especially 'Quantification and Modality' and 'Modes of Modality', serve to clarify some of the main possibilities in the semantics of modal logics in general.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1711-4
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  • 74
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    Marxism and Religion in Eastern Europe : Papers Presented at the Banff International Slavic Conference, September 4-7,1974 (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018708
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (204p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 36
    Serie: Sovietica 36
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Marxism -- Communism and the New Marxists -- Contemporary Problems of Dialectical Materialism -- Marxist Philosophy in Czechoslovakia : The Lessons from Prague -- Marxist Philosophy in Yugoslavia : ThePraxis Group -- II. Religion -- Reluctant Bedfellows : The Catholic Church and the Polish State, 1918–1939 -- The Catholic Church and the Soviet Government in Soviet Occupied East Europe, 1939–1940 -- The Suppressed Church: Ukrainian Catholics in the Soviet Union -- Muslim Religious Dissent in the U.S.S.R. -- Religious Dissent in the U.S.S.R.: Lithuanian Catholics.
    Kurzfassung: Since the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, two of the most significant but at the same time least understood areas of that revolution's cultural impact have been philosophy and religion. The impact has of course been massive, not only in the Soviet Union but, after the second World War, in Soviet­ dominated Eastern Europe as well. Yet the consequences of Communism for philosophy and religion throughout the Soviet orbit are far from having the simplicity suggested by the stereotypes of a single, monolithic 'Marxism' and a consistent, crushing assault on the Church and on re­ ligious faith. Unquestionably Marxism is the ruling philosophy throughout Eastern Europe. In the Soviet Union, 'Marxism-Leninism' or 'dialectical ma­ terialism' is the official and the only tolerated philosophy, and most of the other countries of Eastern Europe follow the Soviet lead in philosophy as in other fields. But in the latter countries Marxism was imposed only after W orId War II, and its deVelopment has not always copied the Soviet model. Original thinkers in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary have thought their own way through the writings of Marx and his followers, and have arrived at Marxist positions which are consider­ ably at variance with the Soviet interpretations - and often with each other. Moreover in recent years the Soviet philosophers themselves have been unable to ignore the theoretical questions raised by the other East of Marxism in the West.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1870-8
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  • 75
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    Analysis and Metaphysics : Essays in Honor of R. M. Chisholm (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401090988
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (327p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 4
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: A Tribute -- I. Epistemology -- Chisholm on Sensing and Perceiving -- Testimonial Evidence -- Reason and Consistency -- Epistemic Values and Epistemic Viewpoints -- Confirmation, Explanation and Acceptance -- ‘I Know that I Am in Pain’ is Senseless -- Knowledge and the Self-Presenting -- II. Metaphysics -- Scattered Objects -- Hume on Causation -- Brentanist Relations -- Events as Recurrables -- III. Ethics -- On Doxastic Responsibility -- World Utilitarianism -- Some Definitions for the Theory of Rules -- Suicide: Some Epistemological Considerations -- Bibliography of R. M. Chisholm -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH This collection of essays in honor of Roderick M. Chisholm is the work of his former students. The book was conceived and the original con­ tributors invited by Richard Taylor. We restricted the contributors to former students of Chisholm as a special tribute to his acknowledged as a teacher of philosophy. The profundity of his contributions to genius epistemology and metaphysics are acknowledged throughout the phil­ osophical world. Those who have been present at his lectures and semi­ nars, who have been incited to philosophical cerebration by the clarity and precision of his exposition, know that his impact on contemporary philosophy far exceeds the influence of the written word. It is, we think, appropriate that his students should reserve for themselves the privilege of honoring Chisholm in this way as his 60th birthday draws near. The tribute paid to Chisholm in Taylor's essay conveys a personal impression. I shall, consequently, refrain from personal reminiscence here, and instead, mention some of the highlights of an illustrious life. Chisholm was born on November 27, 1916 in North Attleboro, Massachu­ setts. He married Eleanor F. Parker in 1943 and raised three children with her. He received an A. B. from Brown in 1938, a Ph. D. from Harvard in 1942, and served in the U. S. Army from 1942 to 1946.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9098-8
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  • 76
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    Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science : Volume I Foundations and Philosophy of Epistemic Applications of Probability Theory (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018531
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (319p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with The University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 6a
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 6a
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Prior Probabilities and Counterfactual Conditionals -- Incomplete Descriptions in the Language of Probability Theory -- A Computational Complexity Viewpoint on the Stability of Relative Frequency and on Stochastic Independence -- A Logic for Subjective Belief -- Discussion -- Rational Belief Change, Popper Functions and Counterfactuals -- Letter by Robert Stalnaker to W. L. Harper -- Ramsey Test Conditionals and Iterated Belief Change (A Response to Stalnaker) -- Toward an Optimization Procedure for Applying Minimum Change Principles in Probability Kinematics -- Simplicity -- Discussion -- Conditionalization, Observation, and Change of Preference -- Discussion -- Probabilities of Conditionals -- Discussion -- Letter by Stalnaker to Van Fraassen -- Letter by Van Fraassen to Stalnaker.
    Kurzfassung: In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Baysian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1853-1
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  • 77
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    Words and Objections : Essays on the Work of W. V. Quine (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017091
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 21
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Editorial Introduction -- Quine’s Philosophy of Science -- An Introduction to ‘Translation and Meaning’, Chapter Two of Word and Object -- Beginning with Ordinary Things -- Quine’s Empirical Assumptions -- Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation -- Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation -- Singular Terms and Predication -- Vacuous Names -- Quine’s Syntactical Insights -- On Saying That -- Quine on Modality -- Some Problems about Belief -- Quantifying In -- Logic with Platonism -- On the Consistency of a Slight (?) Modification of Quine’s New Foundations -- Replies -- Publications of W. V. Quine.
    Kurzfassung: It is gratifying to see that philosophers' continued interest in Words and Objections has been so strong as to motivate a paperback edition. This is gratifying because it vindicates the editors' belief in the permanent im­ portance of Quine's philosophy and in the value of the papers com­ menting on it which were collected in our volume. Apart from a couple of small corrections, only one change has been made. The list of Professor Quine's writings has been brought up to date. The editors cannot claim any credit for this improvement, however. We have not tried to imitate the Library of Living Philosophers volumes and to include Professor Quine's autobiography in this volume, but we are fortunate to publish here his brand-new auto bibliography. 1975 THE EDITORS TABLE OF CONTENTS V PREFACE 1 EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1. C. SMAR T / Quine's Philosophy of Science 3 GILBERT HARMAN / An Introduction to 'Translation and Meaning', Chapter Two of Word and Object 14 ERIK STENIUS / Beginning with Ordinary Things 27 NOAM CHOMSKY / Quine's Empirical Assumptions 53 1AAKKO HINTIKKA / Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation 69 BARRY STROUD / Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation 82 P. F. STRA WSON / Singular Terms and Predication 97 118 H. P. GRICE / Vacuous Names P. T.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1709-1
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  • 78
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    Thinking and Doing : The Philosophical Foundations of Institutions (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401098885
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (384p) , digital
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    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Köhler, Wolfgang R. [Rezension von: Castañeda, Hector-Neri, Thinking and Doing] 1980
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 7
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 7
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: 1: Introduction: Tasks and Problems -- 1. The Foundations of Normative Systems and Institutions -- 2. Practical Thinking -- 3. Our Six Types of Philosophical Problems -- 4. Practical Language -- 5. Conventions on Quotation Marks -- I The Logico-Ontological Structure of the Representational Image of Practical Thinking -- 2: Practical Thinking: Dramatis Personae -- 3: Propositional Structure and Propositional Implication -- 4: Imperatives and Prescriptions -- 5: Imperative Designated Values: Orthotes and Anarthotes -- 6: Intentions and Intending -- 7: Deontic Judgments and Their Implicational Structure -- 8: Deontic Truth -- 9: A Formal System for the Quantificational Logic with Identity of Propositions, Practitions, and Deontic Judgments -- II The Meta-Psychology of Practical Thinking: The Action Schema -- 10: The Internal Causality of Practical Thinking -- 11: Oughts and the Reasonableness of Action -- III The Metaphysics of Practical Thinking: The Reality of Doing and of Deontic Properties -- 12: Events and the Structure of Doing -- 13: The Autonomy of Practical Thinking and the Non-Natural Character of Practical Noemata -- Index of Names -- Index of Topics.
    Kurzfassung: Philosophy is the search for the large patterns of the world and of the large patterns of experience, perceptual, theoretical, . . . , aesthetic, and practical - the patterns that, regardless of specific contents, characterize the main types of experience. In this book I carry out my search for the large patterns of practical experience: the experience of deliberation, of recognition of duties and their conflicts, of attempts to guide other person's conduct, of deciding to act, of influencing the physical world with one's doings, and the like. This is the experience that makes possible our social life, the formulation of plans for teamwork, the building of institutions, the development of nations, and the adoption of the ideal of morality. Here I develop a network of theories about the most fundamental aspects of practical thinking: what is thought in such thinking; what makes that thinking correct; what makes it practical; and the structure of the doings that accrue to the world when such thinking is effective. I have attempted to build each theory in sufficient detail, so that it il­ luminates its subject matter with a certain degree of fullness. But I have also aimed at producing an harmonious system of theories, so that the grand pattern of practical thinking can be admired, not only for the beauty of the separate structures of its parts, but also for its architectonic unity. Chapter 1 gives the details of the many facets of this project and discusses some methodological techniques.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9888-5
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    The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning : Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Philosophy, Science, and Theology in the Middle Ages - September 1973 (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017817
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 26
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 26
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Islam -- Recommencements de l’algèbre aux XIe et XIIe siècles -- The Influence of Stoic Logic on Al-Ja????’s Legal Theory -- The Beginnings of Islamic Theology -- Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Alfarabi’s Enumeration of the Sciences -- II. The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries in the Latin West -- The Organization of Sciences and the Relations of Cultures in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries -- La nouvelle idée de nature et de savoir scientifique au XIIe siècle -- Experience, Praxis, Work, and Planning in Bernard of Clairvaux: Observations on the Sermones in Cantica -- III. The Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries in the Latin West -- From Social into Intellectual Factors: An Aspect of the Unitary Character of Late Medieval Learning -- Autonomous and Handmaiden Science: St. Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham on the Physics of the Eucharist -- Reformation and Revolution: Copernicus’s Discovery in an Era of Change -- Réflexions sur les rapports entre théorie et pratique au moyen âge -- Philosophy and Science in Sixteenth-Century Universities: Some Preliminary Comments.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1781-7
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  • 80
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    De Dialectica (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017640
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (172p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 16
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library 16
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, medieval
    Kurzfassung: I. The History of De Dialectica -- II. A Quantitative Study of the Authorship of De Dialectica -- to the Text -- On Dialectic -- I. Simple Words -- II. Combined Words -- III. Simple and Combined Statements -- IV. The Parts of Dialectic -- V. Signification -- VI. The Origin of Words -- VII. The Force of Words -- VIII. Obscurity and Ambiguity -- IX. Ambiguity -- X. Equivocation -- Indexes -- A. Terms -- B. Words Discussed -- C. Names -- D. Authors Quoted -- II. Index to the Introduction, Translation, and Notes.
    Kurzfassung: I first became interested in De dialectica in 1966, while I was doing re­ search on Augustine's knowledge of logic. At the time I made a transla­ tion of the Maurist text and included it as an appendix to my doctoral dissertation (Yale, 1967). In 1971 I thoroughly revised the translation on the basis of the critical text of Wilhelm Crecelius (1857) and I have re­ cently revised it again to conform to Professor Jan Pinborg's new edition. The only previously published translation of the whole of De dialectica . is N. H. Barreau's French translation in the Oeuvres completes de Saint Augustin (1873). Thomas Stanley translated parts of Chapters Six and Nine into English as part of the account of Stoic logic in his History of Philosophy (Pt. VIII, 1656). I offer De dialectica in English in the hope that it will be of some interest to historians of logic and of the liberal arts tradition and to students of the thought of Augustine. In translating I have for the most part been as literal as is consistent with English usage. Although inclusion of the Latin text might have justified a freer translation, for example, the use of modern technical terms, it seemed better to stay close to the Latin. One of the . values in studying a work such as De dialectica is to see familiar topics discussed in a terminology not so familiar. In the translation I follow these conventions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1764-0
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  • 81
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    Dialogues in Phenomenology (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016155
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (270p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Selected Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy 5
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: Section One Dialogue with Analysis -- The Copula Supplement -- Thought, Language and Philosophy -- Grammar and Metaphysics -- Beyond the Doubt of a Shadow, with an addendum by Samuel Todes, Shadows in Knowledge: Plato’s Misunderstanding of Shadows, and of Knowledge as Shadow-free -- Section Two Transcendental Themes -- Meinong the Phenomenologist -- The “Critique of Pure Reason” as Transcendental Phenomenology -- History, Phenomenology and Reflection -- Reflection on Planned Operations -- Section Three Existential Themes -- Some Perplexities in Nietzsche -- Desire, Need, and Alienation in Sartre -- The Look, the Body, and the Other -- The Significance of Merleau-Ponty’s Philosophy of Language -- Notes on Contributors.
    Kurzfassung: Phenomenology in the United States is in a state of ferment and change. Not all the changes are happy ones, however, for some of the most prominent philosophers of the first generation of phenomenologists have died: in 1959 Alfred Schutz, and within the past two years John \Vild, Dorion Cairns, and Aron Gur­ witsch. These thinkers, though often confronting a hostile intel­ lectual climate, were nevertheless persistent and profoundly influential-through their own works, and through their students. The two sources associated with their names, The Graduate Faculty of The New School for Social Research, and the circle around John Wild first at Harvard and later at Northwestern and Yale, produced a sizable portion of the now second gener­ ation American phenomenological philosophers. In a way, it was the very hostility of the American philo­ sophical milieu which became an important factor in the ferment now taking place. Although the older, first generation phenome­ nologists were deeply conversant with other philosophical move­ ments here and abroad, their efforts at meaningful dialogue were largely ignored. Determined not to remain isolated from the dominant currents of Anglo-American philosophy in par­ ticular, the second generation opened the way to a dialogue with analytic philosophers, especially through the efforts of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy, led by 2 INTRODUCTION such men as James M. Edie and Hubert Dreyfus and, in other respects, Herbert Spiegelberg and Maurice Natanson.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1615-5
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  • 82
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    Themes in Soviet Marxist Philosophy : Selected Articles from the ‘Filosofskaja Enciklopedija’ (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018739
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (235p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosphy at the University of Munich 37
    Serie: Sovietica 37
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: The Basic Question of Philosophy -- Dialectical Materialism -- I. The Object of Dialectical Materialism -- II. The Origins of Diamat -- III. The Leninist Stage in the Development of Diamat -- IV. Matter and Consciousness -- V. The Dialectic of the Cognitive Process -- VI. The Dialectic as Logic and Theory of Knowledge -- VII. The Categories and Laws of the Dialectic -- VIII. Dialectical Materialism and Modern Science -- IX. The Unity of Diamat and Histomat -- X. Diamat and Histomat as Conceptual Tools of the Marxist Party -- XI. Diamat and Contemporary Bourgeois Philosophy -- XII. Diamat and the Present -- Matter -- Consciousness -- I. The History of Views on Consciousness -- II. The Material Base and the Ideal Essence of Consciousness -- III. The Activity of Consciousness. Consciousness and Reality -- IV. The Structure of Consciousness. Psyche and Consciousness. Consciousness and Self-Consciousness -- V. The Emergence of Consciousness and Its Biological Prerequisites -- VI. The Social Essence of Consciousness. Individual and Social Consciousness -- Dialectical Logic -- I. The Object of Dialectical Logic and Its Tasks -- II. The History of Dialectical Logic -- III. Dialectic Logic in Bourgeois Philosophy at the Turn of This Century -- IV. Dialectical Logic in Soviet Philosophy -- V. The Basic Principles and Laws of Dialectical Logic -- VI. On the System of Dialectical Categories -- VII. On the Dialectic of Categories -- Psychology -- I. The History of Foreign Psychology -- II. The History of Soviet Psychology -- Science -- I. The Concept of ‘Science’ -- II. The General Characteristics of Science -- III. The Object, Methods and Structure of Scientific Knowledge -- IV. The Social Essence of Science -- V. The Laws of the Development of Science -- VI. Conditions and Tendencies in the Development of Contemporary Science -- Historical Materialism -- I. The Social-Economic Presuppositions of the Emergence of Histomat -- II. The Conceptual Presuppositions of the Emergence of Histomat -- III. Diamat and Histomat. Specificity of the Laws of Social Life -- IV. The Social-Economic Formation -- V. The People as Creator of History -- VI. The Historical Laws and Conscious Human Activity. Necessity and Freedom -- VII. The Leninist Stage in the Development of Histomat -- VIII. Histomat’s Partisanship. Histomat and Modern Bourgeois Sociology -- IX. The Idealist and Reactionary Character of Bourgeois Sociology -- Political Economy -- Ethics -- I. The Origin of the Term and the Notion -- II. The Object and Tasks -- III. The Basic Problems of Ethics and Types of Ethical Theory -- IV. Marxist Ethics -- Esthetics -- I. The History of Esthetics -- II. Esthetics in Russia -- III. Emergence and Development of Marxist Esthetics -- IV. The Esthetic as Object of Esthetics -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The Soviet philosophical scene has experienced remarkable growth since the innovations of the 50's and the renovations of the 60's. This volume of Sovietica is intended by the editors as a finger on the pulse of the Marxist-Leninist corpus philosophicum as we enter the 1970's. Published in the years between 1960 and 1970, the Filosofskaja en­ ciklopedija (FE) has replaced the Kratkij filosofskij slovar' (Short Philo­ sophic Dictionary: 1939, 1941, 1951 and 1954) and the Filosofskij slovar' (Philosophic Dictionary: 1963). It is an impressive work - 2994 pages in five volumes (I, 1960, 504 pp.; II, 1962, 575 pp.; III, 1964, 584 pp.; IV, 1967, 591 pp.; V, 1970, 740 pp.), with the editors and authors representing all the contemporary Soviet philosophers of note. The FE has been extensively reviewed in Kommunist (1972, 5, 119-127) and in Studies in Soviet Thought [beginning with SST 12 (1972) 4]. Restrictions of space have forced us to omit much that was originally to be included. The same limitations have obliged us to deviate from the initial methodological rule which was 'to include only complete, un­ abridged articles' - in order to avoid distortion by selection. Only two articles have been shortened: only the basic portion of 'science' has been included; we have dropped 'natural science', 'sciences on man and society', and 'classification of sciences' (a total of thirteen pages in Russian) - this last with regret and with apologies to Professor Kedrov.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1873-9
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    Causing, Perceiving And Believing : An Examination of the Philosophy of C. J. Ducasse (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401017862
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (218p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 6
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 6
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Causality and Necessity -- III. Human Agency -- IV. Sensing and Objective Reference -- V. Substance and the Mind-Body Relation -- VI. Propositions, Truth and Signs -- VII. Ethics and Education -- VIII. Aesthetics -- IX. Ethics of Belief -- X. Philosophy of Religion -- XI. Paranormal Phenomena -- XII. Meta-philosophy -- Bibliography of the Writings of C. J. Ducasse -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Although a succession of fashions swept the American philosophical scene, C. J. Ducasse was throughout his long career an effective practitioner of analytic philosophy in the classic tradition. As he explained in 1924 "[i]t is only with truths about such questions as the meaning of the term 'true', or 'real', or 'good', and the like . . . that philosophy is concerned. " Such truths are to be discovered inductively by comparing and analyzing concrete cases of the admittedly proper u/le . . . The pressing problems of philosophy are thus in my view primarily problems of def'mition, and moreover, problems of framing def'mitions which must be in formal terms, under penalty of not being otherwise understandable by or acceptable to one or another philosophical school, since the formal elements of thought and tp. ey only are common to all schools. These def'mitions, of course are not to be arbitrary; their relation to the facts of admittedly meaningful linguistic usage is the same as exists between any scientific hypothesis and the facts which it attempts to 1 construe.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1786-2
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    On the Motives which led Husserl to Transcendental Idealism (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401016896
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (80p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Partronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 64
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 64
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I: Husserl’s Position -- 1. The original realist standpoint -- 2. The concept of philosophy as rigorous science -- 3. Postulates determining the appropriate method of epistemology -- 4. The results of the investigations into outer perception and the constitutive analysis of objects of the real world -- 5. The formal-ontological foundations of the idealist solution -- II: Critical Remarks -- 1. Must the concept of philosophy as rigorous science lead to transcendental idealism ? -- 2. The limits of the applicability of the phenomenological reduction -- 3. Critical remarks on particular results of the analysis of outer perception and the theory of constitution -- 4. Critical remarks on the formal-ontological sources of the Husserlian idealism.
    Kurzfassung: Roman Ingarden studied under Husserl before and during the first world war. He belonged to the so-called Gottingen group of Husserl's pupils. Husserl's doctrine was accepted by them and interpreted in a realist vein. Ingarden defended this view all his life. He opposed the development of phenomenology towards idealism. A considerable part of Ingarden's great creative effort is dedicated to the construction of a realist phenomenology and thus, according to him, to continuing the erection of the theoret­ ical structure whose foundations were laid by Husserl in his Logical Investigations. From Ingarden's standpoint the question of idealism versus realism was a crucial one. Ingarden published several studies on Husserl. The first one was written in 1918 and the last one was published posthumously. The present essay was printed in Ingarden's book Z badan nad filozofi:t­ wsp61czesn:t- (Inquiries into Contemporary Philosophy 1963) along with a number of other essays on Husserl and his philoso­ phy. This one is representative for Ingarden's positions. It is a good example of his contribution to an important controversy in the history of phenomenology, and it gives the reader an idea of Ingarden's critique of Husserlian idealism against the background of his argument for realism. Thanks and acknowledgements are due to Mr. J. E. Llewelyn of Edinburgh University. This translation was undertaken in collaboration with him. Arn6r Hannibalsson K6pavogur, Iceland 2I. II.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1689-6
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    Doing Phenomenology : Essays on and in Phenomenology (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016704
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H. L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 63
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 63
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: One To The Things (Essays on Phenomenolology) -- A. On the Meaning of Phenomenology -- 1. “Phenomenology” -- 2. Ways into phenomenology: phenomenology and metaphenomenology -- 3. A new way into phenomenology: the workshop approach -- 4. Phenomenology through vicarious experience -- 5. Existential uses of phenomenology -- 〉B. On the Rights of Phenomenology -- 6. How subjective is phenomenology? -- 7. Phenomenology of direct evidence (self-evidence) -- 8. Criteria in phenomenology -- 9. The Phenomenon of reality and reality -- Two At the Things (Essays in Phenomenology) -- 10. Toward a phenomenology of experience -- 11. A phenomenological analysis of approval -- 12. “We”: A linguistic and phenomenological analysis -- 13. The relevance of phenomenological philosophy for psychology -- 14. The idea of a phenomenological anthropology and Alexander Pfänder’s psychology of man -- 15. Change of perspectives: constitution of a Husserl image -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Substantial encouragement for this volume came from the editors and readers of the Studies for Phenomenological and Existential Philosophy (SPEP) at Northwestern University Press. But its publi­ cation has been made possible only by the unqualified and un­ abridged acceptance of the Editorial Board of Phaenomen%gica, which at the time was still headed by its founder, the late Professor H. L. Van Breda, who welcomed the manuscript most generously. This makes his untimely passing even more grievous to me. The stylistic copy editing and proof reading were handled ef­ ficiently by Ruth Nichols Jackson, secretary of the Philosophy Department. In the proof reading I also had the able help of my colleague Stanley Paulson. I dedicate this book to the memory of my late brother, Dr. chern. Erwin Spiegelberg, at the time of his death assistant professor at the University of Rio de Janeiro, who preceded me by two years in emigrating from Nazi Germany. When in 1938 he put an end to his life in an apparent depression, he also did so in order not to become a burden to his brothers, who were on the point of following him. Whatever I, more privileged in health and in opportunities in the country of my adoption, have been able to do and achieve since then has been done with a sense of a debt to him and of trying to live and work for him too.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1670-4
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    The Logico-Algebraic Approach to Quantum Mechanics : Volume I: Historical Evolution (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (622p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 5a
    Serie: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 5a
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: The Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1936) -- The Logic of Complementarity and the Foundation of Quantum Theory (1972) -- Mathematics as Logical Syntax — A Method to Formalize the Language of a Physical Theory (1937–38) -- Three-Valued Logic and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1944) -- Three-Valued Logic (1957) -- Reichenbach’s Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1958) -- Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space (1957) -- The Logic of Propositions Which are not Simultaneously Decidable (1960) -- Baer *-Semigroups (1960) -- Axioms for Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (1961) -- Probability in Physics and a Theorem on Simultaneous Observability (1962) -- Semantic Representation of the Probability of Formulas in Formalized Theories (1963) -- The Structure of the Propositional Calculus of a Physical Theory (1964) -- Boolean Embeddings of Orthomodular Sets and Quantum Logic (1965) -- Logical Structures Arising in Quantum Theory (1965) -- The Calculus of Partial Propositional Functions (1965) -- The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics (1967) -- Logics Appropriate to Empirical Theories (1965) -- The Probabilistic Argument for a Non-Classical Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1966) -- Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1967) -- Baer *-Semigroups and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- Semimodularity and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- On the Structure of Quantum Logic (1969) -- On the Structure of Quantal Proposition Systems (1969) -- The Current Interest in Orthomodular Lattices (1970) -- Integration Theory of Observables (1970) -- Probabilistic Formulation of Classical Mechanics (1970) -- Atomicity and Determinism in Boolean Systems (1971) -- Survey of General Quantum Physics (1972) -- Quantum Logics (1974) -- The Labyrinth of Quantum Logics (1974).
    Kurzfassung: The twentieth century has witnessed a striking transformation in the un­ derstanding of the theories of mathematical physics. There has emerged clearly the idea that physical theories are significantly characterized by their abstract mathematical structure. This is in opposition to the tradi­ tional opinion that one should look to the specific applications of a theory in order to understand it. One might with reason now espouse the view that to understand the deeper character of a theory one must know its abstract structure and understand the significance of that struc­ ture, while to understand how a theory might be modified in light of its experimental inadequacies one must be intimately acquainted with how it is applied. Quantum theory itself has gone through a development this century which illustrates strikingly the shifting perspective. From a collection of intuitive physical maneuvers under Bohr, through a formative stage in which the mathematical framework was bifurcated (between Schrödinger and Heisenberg) to an elegant culmination in von Neumann's Hilbert space formulation the elementary theory moved, flanked even at the later stage by the ill-understood formalisms for the relativistic version and for the field-theoretic altemative; after that we have a gradual, but constant, elaboration of all these quantal theories as abstract mathematical struc­ tures (their point of departure being von Neumann's formalism) until at the present time theoretical work is heavily preoccupied with the manip­ ulation of purely abstract structures.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1795-4
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    Sense and Contradiction: A Study in Aristotle (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789401097703
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 14
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library 14
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: I / Aristotle’s Program -- I. The Unprovability of the Law of Non-Contradiction -- II. Arguing ‘by Way of Refutation’ -- II / The First Refutation: General Structure -- I. The Plot of the Argument -- II. On the General Strategy -- III. Where Antiphasis Might Balk -- IV. Where Antiphasis Does Balk: Two Sub-Plots -- V. Summary -- III / ON Antiphasis’ Character and Upbringing -- I. Antiphasis’ Thesis -- II. Some Sophistry -- IV / The First Refutation: The Treatment of Antiphasis -- I. On Contradiction -- II. Uttering and Signifying -- III. Signifying and Defining -- IV. Conclusion -- V / The Second Refutation -- I. On Substances, Essences, and Why We Need Them -- II. Antiphasis’ Commitments as to Essences -- VI / On Sense and Essence -- I. Subjects and Predicates; Essences and Accidents -- II. Essence and Falsehood -- III. Words and Essences -- VII / Conclusion -- Index Locorum -- (a) Plato -- (b) Aristotle -- (c) Other Ancient Authors.
    Kurzfassung: This study began as a paper. It got out of hand. It had help doing that. Oswaldo Chateaubriand, Ronald Haver, Paul Horwich, Bernie Katz, Norman Kretzmann, Stanley Martens, Stephen Pink, Michael Stokes, Eleanor Stump, Bill Ulrich, Celia Wolf, and a lot of other people questioned or criticized or helped reformulate one or another of the arguments and interpretations along the way. In spite of (maybe partly because of) their efforts, the book is full of mistakes. At least, induction over previous drafts indicates that irresistibly. But I do not, right now, know of any particular mistakes. All but a couple of the translations are mine (the exceptions are noted). That is not because existing translations are bad, but because some uniformity was essential. The translations often make unpleasant reading. So, often, does Aristotle; I have tried to be literal. A text and translation of the passage on which the book centers is in Appendix III. Footnotes cite literature by author and (sometimes abbreviated) title. Details are in the bibliography. I do not profess to have covered all the literature. An enormous amount of editorial work was done by Margaret Mundy. She was not able to undo the errors that remain. In particular, the footnotes are often numbered oddly: '4', '4a', '4b', etc.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9770-3
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  • 88
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    Topics in the Philosophy of Biology (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018296
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIII, 454p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 27
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 27
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: The philosophy of biology, some claim, should move to the centre of philosophy of science - a place it has not been accorded since the time of Mach. Physics was the paradigm of science, and its shadow falls across contemporary philosophy of biology in a variety of contexts: reduction, organization and system, biochemical mechanism, and the models of law and explanation which are derived from the Duhem-Popper-Hempel tradition. In this volume, the editors present essays which probe such historical and methodological questions as reducibility, levels of organization, function and teleology, issues emerging from evolutionary theory, and the species problem. The volume offers ample evidence of how good contemporary work in the philosophical understanding of biology has become. The editors aptly combine a deep philosophical appreciation of conceptual issues in biology with an historical understanding of the radical changes in the science of biology since the 19th century
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1829-6
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  • 89
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    Science in Flux (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018104
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (579p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 28
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 28
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1. A Prologue: On Stability and Flux -- References -- 2. Science in Flux: Footnotes to Popper -- I. Einstein has Upset the View that Science is Stable -- II. The Empirical Support of Some Scientific Theories Requires Explanation -- III. The Desire for Stability Makes Us See More of It than There is -- IV. Popper’s Theory Presents Science as an Endless Series of Debates -- V. Popper Makes Additional Assumptions -- VI. Rationality is a Means to an End -- References -- Appendix: The Role of Corroboration in Popper’s Philosophy -- Notes -- 3. On Novelty -- I. On the Novelty of Ideas in General -- II. Science and Truth -- III. Popper’s View of Science -- Notes -- Appendix: On the Discovery of General Facts -- 4. Replies To Diane: Popper On Learning From Experience81 -- Note -- Appendix: Empiricism Without Inductivism -- 5. Sensationalism -- 1. Sensationalism vs. Theoretical Knowledge -- 2. Sensationalism vs. Empiricism -- 3. Sense-Experience vs. Experience -- 4. Sensationalism vs. Common Sense -- 5. Explanation vs. Consent -- 6. The Roots of Scientific Realism -- 7. Conclusion -- 6. When Should we Ignore Evidence in Favour of a Hypothesis? -- I. Can Observation Reports be Revoked? -- II. Can Refutation be Final? -- III. A Simple Issue Obfuscated -- IV. A Criterion for Rejection of Observation Reports? -- V. Does Popper Offer a Rule of Rejection? -- VI.Do We Need a Rate of Acceptance of Observation Reports? -- Appendix: Random Versus Unsystematic Observations -- 7. Testing as a Bootstrap Operation in Physics -- First Introduction: Reliability is not a Matter for Pure Science -- Second Introduction: The Duhem-Quine Thesis has a New Significance -- I. Conventionalists and the Problem of Induction -- II. Popper is Ambivalent Regarding Goodman’s Problem -- III. Bootstrap Operations in Testing -- IV. The Need for Constraints is Quite Real -- V. Science Constraints Itself by Auxiliary Hypotheses -- VI. Revolutions Occur when Bootstrap Operations Fail -- VII. Conclusion -- Appendix: Precision in Theory and in Measurement -- 8. Towards A Theory Of ‘Ad Hoc’ Hypotheses -- I. Ad hoc Hypotheses which become Factual Evidence -- II. The Conventional Element in Science -- III. Reducing the Conventions -- IV. Metaphysics and ad hoc Hypotheses -- V. What is a Mess? -- Appendix: The Traditional ad hoc Use of Instrumentalism -- 9. The Nature of Scientific Problems and their Roots in Metaphysics -- I. Scientific Research Centers Around a Few Problems -- II. The Anti-Metaphysical Tradition is Outdated -- III. A Historical Note on Science and Metaphysics -- IV. Pseudo-Science is not the Same as Non-Science -- V. Popper’s Theory of Science -- VI. Superstition, Pseudo-Science, and Metaphysics Use Instances in Different Ways -- VII. Metaphysical Doctrines are Often Insufficient Frame-works for Science -- VIII. The Role of Interpretations in Physics -- IX. The History of Science as the History of Its Metaphysical Frameworks -- Appendix: What is a Natural Law? -- 10. Questions of Science and Metaphysics -- I. How Do we Select Questions? -- II. We Select Questions Within Given Metaphysical Frame-works -- III.The Literature on Questions -- IV.The Literature on the Logic of Questions -- V.The Instrumentalist View on the Choice of Questions -- VI. Collingwood’s Peculiarity -- VII. The Logic of Multiple-Choice-Questions -- VIII. Bromberger on Why-Questions -- IX. The Need for a Metaphysical Theory of Causality -- X.Collingwood in a New Garb -- Appendix: The Anti-Scientific Metaphysician -- Notes -- 11. The Confusion Between Physics And Metaphysics in the Standard Histories of Sciences -- Appendix: Reply to Commentators -- 12.The Confusion Between Science and Technology in the Standard Philosophies of Science -- Appendix: Planning for Success: A Reply to Professor Wisdom -- Notes -- 13. Positive Evidence in Science and Technology -- I. Kant’s Scandal -- II. Whitehead’s Scandal -- III.The Facts About Induction -- IV.Success and Rationality -- V. The Sociology of Knowledge -- Appendix: Duhem’s Instrumentalism and Autonomism -- 14. Positive Evidence as a Social Institution -- Appendix: The Logic of Technological Development -- 15. Imperfect Knowledge -- I. Equating Imperfect Knowledge with Science is Questionable -- II. Equating Imperfect Knowledge with Rational Belief is an Error -- III. Imperfect Knowledge-Claims are Qualified by Publicly Accepted Hypotheses -- Notes -- 16. Criteria for Plausible Arguments -- Note -- Appendix: The Standard Misinterpretation of Skepticism -- 17. Modified Conventionalism -- I. The Problem -- II. Science and Society -- III. Popper’s Problems of Demarcation -- IV. The Three Views Concerning Human Knowledge Revisited -- Appendix: Bartley’s Critique of Popper -- Notes -- 18. Unity and Diversity in Science -- Abstract -- I. Ambivalence Towards Unity: An Impression -- II. The Ethics of Science as a Unifier of Science -- III. Proof as the Unifier of Science -- IV. Manifest Truth as the Unifier of Science -- V. Unity of Science as a Dictator of Unanimity on All Questions -- VI. A Theory of Rational Disagreement -- References -- Appendix on Kant -- 19. Can Religion go Beyond Reason? -- I. Religion and Reason -- II. Dissatisfaction with Science and Religion -- III. Reason and Faith -- IV. The Question of Complementary Relationship -- V. Toward Intellectual Complementation -- VI. Possibilities of Cooperation -- VII. Defects of Both Rationalism and Religion -- VIII. Standards of Rational Thought and Action -- IX. Enlightenment and Self-Reliance -- X. The Sophisticated Religionists: Buber and Polangi -- XI. Science and Universalistic Religion -- Notes -- Appendix on Buber -- 20. Assurance and Agnosticism -- I. The Compleat Agnostic -- II. The Image of Inductive Science -- III. Empirical Facts About Assurance -- IV. The Non-Justificationist Mood -- V. Conversion to Autonomism -- VI. The Assured Agnostic -- Index of Works Cited -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1810-4
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  • 90
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    Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences : Proceedings of the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine Held at Galveston, May 9-11, 1974 (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017695
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (246p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophy and Medicine 1
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Kurzfassung: Section I / Value and Explanation: Historical Roots -- Some Basic Explanations of Disease: An Historian’s Viewpoint -- Diseases Versus Healths: Some Legacies in the Philosophies of Modern Medical Science -- Section II / Philosophy of Science in Transition to a Philosophy of Medicine -- Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science (Hommage à Claude Bernard) -- Organs, Organisms and Disease: Human Ontology and Medical Practice -- Comments on “Concepts of Function and Mechanism in Medicine and Medical Science” and “Organs, Organisms and Disease” -- Section III / Ethics and Medicine -- How Virtues Become Vices: Values, Medicine and Social Context -- Moral Philosophy and Medical Perplexity: Comments on “How Virtues Become Vices” -- Section IV / Concepts in Medical Theory -- The Concepts of Health and Disease -- On Disease: Theories of Disease and the Ascription of Disease: Comments on “The Concepts of Health and Disease” -- Section V / Body and Self: Phenomenological Perspectives -- Context and Reflexivity: The Genealogy of Self -- Comments on “Context and Reflexivity” -- The Lived-Body as Catalytic Agent: Reaction at the Interface of Medicine and Philosophy -- Comments on “The Lived-Body as Catalytic Agent” -- Section VI / The Role of Philosophy in the Biomedical Sciences: Contribution or Intrusion? -- Round-Table Discussion -- Notes on Contributors.
    Kurzfassung: This volume inaugurates a series concerning philosophy and medicine. There are few, if any, areas of social concern so pervasive as medicine and yet as underexamined by philosophy. But the claim to precedence of the Proceedings of the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philos­ ophy and Medicine must be qualified. Claims to be "first" are notorious in the history of scientific as well as humanistic investigation and the claim that the First Trans-Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine has no precedent is not meant to be put in bald form. The editors clearly do not maintain that philosophers and physicians have not heretofore discussed matters of mutual concern, nor that individual philosophers and physicians have never taken up problems and concepts in medicine which are themselves at the boundary or interface of these two disciplines - concepts like "matter," "disease," "psyche. " Surely there have been books published on the logic and philosophy of medi­ 1 cine. But the formalization of issues and concepts in medicine has not received, at least in this century, sustained interest by professional phi­ losophers. Groups of philosophers have not engaged medicine in order to explicate its philosophical presuppositions and to sort out the various concepts which appear in medicine. The scope of such an effort takes the philosopher beyond problems and issues which today are subsumed under the rubric "medical ethics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1769-5
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  • 91
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    Phenomenological Perspectives : Historical and Systematic Essays in Honor of Herbert Spiegelberg (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401016469
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H. L. van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 62
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 62
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I Historical Perspectives -- Compossibility and Incompossibility in Leibniz -- Hume and the Discipline of Phenomenology: An Historical Perspective -- Royce and the Reductions -- Wittgenstein’s “Phenomenological Reduction” -- The Occasion and Novelty of Husserl’s Phenomenology of Essence -- Martin Heidegger as a Phenomenologist -- II Systematic Perspectives -- Marriage, Parenthood and Life in Community: A Phenomenological View -- The Monads Have Windows -- Das Noema als reelles Moment -- Eine Tragödie: Wallensteins und unser aller böser Geist -- “Alms for Oblivion”: An Essay on Objective Time and Experienced Time -- Truth Within Phenomenological Speech -- The Phenomenology of Speaking -- Sym-philosophizing in an Ethics Class -- Phenomenological Aspects of Probability -- III Bibliographical Perspectives -- Apologia pro Bibliographia Mea -- Herbert Spiegelberg, Bibliography of Published Works 1930–1974.
    Kurzfassung: Professor H. L. Van Breda had hoped to write this preface, but his recent, unexpected and untimely death has left that task in my hands. Although my remarks will not be as eloquent and insightful as his surely would have been, some few words are clearly in order here; for the phenomenological community has not only lost the leadership of Fr. Van Breda these last years, but also the scholarship and leadership of Aron Gurwitsch and Alden Fisher - both contributors to this volume - as well as that of Dorion Cairns and John Wild. Our leaders are fewer now but Herbert Spiegelberg is still very obviously one of them. This volume thus presents the work of some of the past and presently recognized leaders in phenomenology - e. g. Gurwitsch, Straus, and Fisher - but, more important perhaps, it also presents the work of some of those who are sure to be future leaders of our community of phenomenological philosophers, if in fact they have not already achieved this status. Most, if not all, of the contribu­ tors to this volume are in some way or another indebted to Herbert Spiegelberg and his work in phenomenology.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1646-9
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  • 92
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    Between Experience and Metaphysics : Philosophical Problems of the Evolution of Science (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017978
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
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    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 35
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 35
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Radical Empiricism and the Anomalies in the Knowledge of Science -- II. Troubles with the Problem of Demarcation -- III. The Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification -- IV. Facts and Theories: Radical Empiricism -- V. Facts and Theories: Conventionalism -- VI. Reformation and Counter-reformation: Paradigms and Research Programs -- VII. Revolutions in Science: The Accumulation of Knowledge and the Correspondence of Theories -- VIII. Revolutions in Science: Science and Philosophy -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1797-8
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  • 93
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    The Intuitive Sources of Probabilistic Thinking in Children (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018586
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 85
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; School Psychology.
    Kurzfassung: I Introduction -- II Intuition and Intelligence -- III Probability Learning -- IV Probability Learning in Children -- V The Intuition of Relative Frequency -- VI Estimating Odds and The Concept of Probability -- VII Combinatorial Analysis -- VIII Summary and Conclusions -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: About a year ago I promised my friend Fischbein a preface to his book of which I knew the French manuscript. Now with the printer's proofs under my eyes I like the book even better than I did then, because of, and influenced by, new experiences in the meantime, and fresh thoughts that crossed my mind. Have I been influenced by what I remembered from the manuscript? If so, it must have happened unconsciously. But of course, what struck me in this work a year ago, struck a responsive chord in my own mind. In the past, mathematics teaching theory has strongly been influenced by a view on mathematics as a heap of concepts, and on learning mathematics as concepts attainment. Mathematics teaching practice has been jeopardised by this theoretical approach, which in its most dangerous form expresses itself as a radical atomism. To concepts attainment Fischbein opposes acquisition of intuitions. In my own publications I avoided the word "intuition" because of the variety of its meanings across languages. For some time I have used the term "constitution of mathematical objects", which I think means the same as Fischbein's "acquisition of intuitions" - indeed as I view it, constituting a mental object precedes its conceptualising, and under this viewpoint I tried to observe mathematical activities of young children.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1858-6
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