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  • 2015-2019  (318)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9780745695617 , 0745695612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: (Produktform)Electronic book text ; (BISAC Subject Heading)SOC008000 ; SO22: Frieden, Krieg u. gesellschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen ; Volkswirtschaftslehre ; Frieden ; Politische Ökonomie ; CU21: Afrika-/Afroamerika-Forschung ; Cultural Studies ; Afrika ; Frieden, Krieg u. gesellschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen ; EC80: Politische Ökonomie ; African/African-American Studies ; Peace, War & Social Conflict ; Afrika-/Afroamerika-Forschung ; Political Economics ; Economics ; Sociology ; Soziologie ; Kulturwissenschaften ; (VLB-WN)9752: Nonbooks, PBS / Ethnologie/Völkerkunde
    Note: Lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Buenos Aires : Miño y Dávila
    ISBN: 9781512917840
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (338 p)
    Series Statement: Colección Sociología del trabajo
    Parallel Title: Print version Tratado de mecánica práctica y economía política
    DDC: 306.36
    Keywords: Industrial sociology ; Economics ; Sociología del trabajo ; Economía ; Libros electronicos ; Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: TRATADO DE MECÁNICA PRÁCTICA Y ECONOMÍA (...); PÁGINA LEGAL; ÍNDICE; PRESENTACIÓN DE LA EDICIÓN CRÍTICA (...); 1. SEGUIR A LOS CLÁSICOS, HISTORIA (...); INTRODUCCIÓN; EL 'PRINCIPIO'; CONCLUSIÓN PROVISIONAL DE APRENDER (...); 2. CHARLES BABBAGE: UN PIONERO (...); INTRODUCCIÓN; LAS GRANDES APORTACIONES (...); LA DIVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO; EL MÉTODO DE ESTUDIO; BABBAGE EN ESPAÑA; BIBLIOGRAFÍA; PRÓLOGO DEL TRADUCTOR; PRÓLOGO DEL AUTOR; INTRODUCCIÓN ANALÍTICA; PRIMERA PARTE. MECÁNICA-PRÁCTICA; CAPÍTULO I. CAUSAS DE LAS VENTAJAS (...); CAPÍTULO II. SOBRE LOS MEDIOS DE ACUMULAR (...)
    Description / Table of Contents: CAPÍTULO III. DE LOS MEDIOS DE COORDINAR (...)CAPÍTULO IV. DE LOS MEDIOS PARA AUMENTAR (...); CAPÍTULO V. DE LOS MEDIOS DE PROLONGAR (...); CAPÍTULO VI. DE LOS MEDIOS DE ECONOMIZAR (...); CAPÍTULO VII. DE LOS TRABAJOS QUE EXIGEN (...); CAPÍTULO VIII. DE LAS MÁQUINAS PARA CONTAR (...); CAPÍTULO IX. ECONOMÍA EN EL CONSUMO (...); CAPÍTULO X. UNIFORMIDAD DE LOS OBJETOS (...); CAPÍTULO XI. DEL ARTE DE COPIAR CONFORME (...); ARTE DE IMPRIMIR CON FORMAS (...); ARTE DE IMPRIMIR CON SUPERFICIES (...); ARTE DEL FUNDIDOR; ARTE DE HACER MOLDES; ARTE DE HACER MOLDES; ARTE DE ESTAMPAR POR PERCUSIÓN
    Description / Table of Contents: ARTE DE TALADRAR CON EL SACABOCADODE LOS MÉTODOS DEL TIRADO (...); DEL ARTE DE COPIAR ALTERANDO (...); CAPÍTULO XII. DEL MÉTODO DE OBSERVACIÓN (...); SEGUNDA PARTE. DE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA (...); CAPÍTULO XIII. DE LA DIFERENCIA QUE EXISTE (...); CAPÍTULO XIV. DE LA MONEDA CONSIDERADA (...); CAPÍTULO XV. DEL EXAMEN DE LA CALIDAD (...); CAPÍTULO XVI. DE LA DURACIÓN DE LAS (...); CAPÍTULO XVII. DEL PRECIO EN DINERO, (...); CAPÍTULO XVIII. DE LAS MATERIAS BRUTAS; CAPÍTULO XIX. DE LA DIVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO; FABRICACIÓN INGLESA; FABRICACIÓN FRANCESA; CAPÍTULO XX. DE LA DIVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO (...)
    Description / Table of Contents: CAPÍTULO XXI. DEL PRECIO DE CADA UNA DE (...)CAPÍTULO XXII. DE LAS CAUSAS Y CONSECUENCIAS (...); CAPÍTULO XXIII. DE LA POSICIÓN LOCAL (...); CAPÍTULO XXIV. DEL EXCESO DE PRODUCCIÓN; CAPÍTULO XXV. DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN PRELIMINAR (...); CAPÍTULO XXVI. DE UN NUEVO SISTEMA (...); CAPÍTULO XXVII. SOBRE LA FACULTAD DE INVENTAR (...); CAPÍTULO XXVIII. DE LAS CIRCUNSTANCIAS (...); CAPÍTULO XXIX. DE LA DURACIÓN DE LAS MÁQUINAS; CAPÍTULO XXX. DE LAS COMBINACIONES (...); CAPÍTULO XXXI. DE LAS COALICIONES (...); CAPÍTULO XXXII. ¿LA APLICACIÓN DE MÁQUINAS (...)
    Description / Table of Contents: CAPÍTULO XXXIII. EFECTOS DE LOS IMPUESTOS (...)CAPÍTULO XXXIV. SOBRE LA EXPORTACIÓN DE (...); CAPÍTULO XXXV. DEL INFLUJO DE LA CIENCIA (...); ANEXO. CATÁLOGO DE LOS PRIVILEGIOS (...)
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9781526102195 , 1526102196
    Language: English
    Pages: Online Ressource
    Series Statement: Irish society
    DDC: 306.09417090512
    Keywords: Economics Ireland ; Economic assistance, Domestic Ireland ; Economics ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General ; POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / Cultural Policy ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Cultural ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Popular Culture ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Economic history ; Economic policy ; Economics ; Ireland Economic policy ; Ireland Economic conditions ; Ireland ; Ireland Economic policy ; Ireland Economic conditions ; Ireland ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Provides an analysis of neo-liberal political economics implemented in Ireland and the deleterious consequences of that model
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed July 28, 2016)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    s.l. : Amsterdam University Press
    ISBN: 9789462980914
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 electronic resource (104 p.))
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Accountability, good government and public trust are intricately linked. Supreme Audit Institutions fulfil an exceptional role in the public domain, checking if governments spend their money properly. They are like 'watchdogs' for citizens and parliaments with the purpose of auditing public expenditure and examining the effectiveness of policies. They aim to strengthen the trustworthiness of government institutions, all the more so in fragile democracies. They do so, for instance, in striving to disclose cases of corruption, not just in the highest echelons of government, but also in everyday petty bribery. And they can be found counting houses, roads and water taps, to see if government's promises are being kept.On the occasion of the retirement of Saskia J. Stuiveling as the president of the Netherlands Court of Audit, eight (former) heads of audit institutions talk candidly about their work and innovations in the area of public auditing, about how the financial crisis affected their profession, about the advent of open data and about the need for new skills to audit the oil industry. Each of them - Faiza Kefi (Tunisia), Josef Moser (Austria), Terence Nombembe (South Africa), Heidi Mendoza (Philippines), Alar Karis (Estonia), David Walker (USA), John Muwanga (Uganda) and Abdulbasit Turki Saeed (Iraq) - has made a difference in his or her country, often under difficult, adverse and sometimes outright dangerous circumstances
    Note: en
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9783658101220
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 online resource (222 pages)
    Series Statement: Forschungsgruppe Konsum und Verhalten Ser.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics ; Marketing ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Nadine Ober-Heilig entwickelt ein Konstrukt, das Erlebniswirkung für eine strategische Gestaltung beschreibbar und messbar macht und auf dessen Grundlage die Relevanz von Erlebnissen auf wichtige Museumsziele untersucht werden konnte. Ferner wird die strategische Bedeutung der Museumsarchitektur für die Erlebniswirkung erstmalig dezidiert erfasst. Es wird u. a. gezeigt, dass eine erlebnisbewusste Innenraumarchitektur unabhängig von der Form des Ausstellungsdesigns eine stärkere Erlebniswirkung des gesamten Museums hervorruft.
    Abstract: Intro -- Geleitwort -- Vorwort -- Inhalt -- Abbildungsverzeichnis -- Tabellenverzeichnis -- Teil I Einleitung -- 1 Die markenstrategische Vereinbarkeit von Museum, Architektur und Erlebnis als Untersuchungsgegenstand -- 1.1 Fragestellungen der Arbeit -- 1.2 Forschungsstand -- 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit -- Teil II Die strategische Erfassung und Implementierung von Erlebnissen in Museen -- 2 Die Konfiguration von Erlebnissen und Erlebniswirkung in Gesellschaft und Konsum -- 2.1 Erlebnisindividualität und Erlebniskollektivität -- 2.2 Erlebnisse als Basis eines Erlebnismarketings -- 2.3 Komponenten und Prozess der Erlebniswirkung -- 2.3.1 Herausgehobenheit als Voraussetzung zur Erzeugung von Aufmerksamkeit und positiver Bewertung -- 2.3.2 Multidimensionalität als Voraussetzung zur Wertgenerierung auf mehreren Ebenen -- 2.3.3 Die Konstruktion von Erlebnissen -- 3 Erlebnisbewusstsein von Museen als Chance der Besucheransprache -- 3.1 Institutionelle Zielsetzungen von Museen -- 3.2 Erlebnisbedürfnisse von Museumsbesuchern -- 3.3 Ebenen der Erlebnisgestaltung von Museen -- 3.3.1 Der Erlebniswert musealer Inhalte -- 3.3.2 Erlebnisinszenierung als Vermittlungskonzept in der Diskussion -- 3.3.3 Strategische Erlebniskonzepte als Chance für Museumsmarketing -- 4 Branding als strategische Plattform für Erlebniskonzepte zur Besucherbindung -- 4.1 Museen als Marken -- 4.1.1 Besonderheiten von Museumsmarken -- 4.1.2 Umsetzungsschwiergkeiten von Museumsbranding -- 4.2 Erlebnisse als Teil der Markenführung -- 4.3 Das Erreichen von Bindung als Ziel erlebnisbewusster Markenbildungsmaßnahmen in Museen -- Teil III Architektur als Schnittstelle der Markenkommunikation und der Erlebnisvermittlung von Museen -- 5 Die Museumsumgebung als Erlebnisträger -- 5.1 Museen als Erlebniswelten -- 5.2 Architektur als Schnittstelle des musealen Markenerlebnisses.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Columbia University Press
    ISBN: 9780231540384 , 0231540388
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource
    Series Statement: New directions in critical theory
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chari, Anita Sridhar Political economy of the senses
    DDC: 306.2
    Keywords: Political sociology Political aspects ; Neoliberalism ; Reification ; Economics
    Note: Description based on online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on October 08, 2015)
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9788866559436 , 9788866559429 , 9788892733626
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Series Statement: Premio Ricerca «Città di Firenze»
    Keywords: Sociology ; Economics
    Abstract: The evolution of the Italian health system, which went from the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978 to the corporate management introduced with the reforms of the 1990s, requires a thorough knowledge of the effects of organizational change on the medical profession. Starting from this consideration, this volume focuses on the results of the corporatising process in terms of professional identity. The research, conducted among medical specialists operating in the territorial structures of two Tuscan Health Authorities, shows a transitioning figure, which hints at a new form of medical professionalism
    Note: Italian
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    ISBN: 9781315696058 , 9781317444800 , 9781138023260 , 9781138067295
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (272 p.)
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics
    Abstract: There are many problems regarding poverty, inequality and growth in developing countries in Asia and Africa. Policy makers at the national level and at international institutions such as the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and others have implemented various policies in order to decrease poverty and inequality. This book provides empirical observations on Asian countries and Africa. Each chapter provides theoretical and empirical analysis on regional case studies with an emphasis on policy implications. The book will be of use to many who wish to assess and improve policies in developing countries and mitigate poverty and inequality, and stimulate growth, by drawing on relevant empirical research and economic theories. Clearly, there have been numerous policy failures and the book aims to provide a basis for improving policies and outcomes based on relevant empirical observations
    Note: English
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  • 9
    ISBN: 978-3-658-10116-9
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVI, 184 S.) : , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als 〈〈Die〉〉 Soziologie, der Gestaltwille und die Marke
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 658.8
    RVK:
    Keywords: Deichsel, Alexander ; Economics ; Marketing ; Economics/Management Science ; Public Relations ; Sociology, general ; Management ; Soziologie ; Wirtschaft ; Markenpolitik. ; Soziologie. ; Deutschland. ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bibliografie ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bibliographie ; Markenpolitik ; Soziologie ; 1935- Deichsel, Alexander
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 9-66 | volume:2015 | year:2015 | number:1 | pages:9-66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 9-66
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-66
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. It highlights the growing need for international policy coordination and cooperation in a number of areas. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on the diffusion of knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies and heightened international cooperation can address these and other interlinked challenges over the coming 50 years. JEL classification: F, H, I2, I3, J1, O3, O4, Q5 Keywords: Global economy, growth, technological change, inequality, income distribution, immigration, environmental damages, climate change, tertiary education, fiscal consolidation, structural reforms, interdependence, co-ordination, projections
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 5-22 | volume:2015 | year:2015 | number:1 | pages:5-22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 5-22
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:5-22
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: How often should we update predictions for economic activity? Gross domestic product is a quarterly variable disseminated usually a couple of months after the end of the quarter, but many other macroeconomic indicators are released with a higher frequency, and financial markets react very strongly to them. However, most of the professional forecasters, including the IMF, the OECD, and most central banks, tend to update their forecasts of economic activity only two to four times a year. The Central Bank of Brazil, not only disseminates its official forecasts every quarter as other central banks, but also collects and publishes the results of professional forecasters’ survey data at a daily frequency. The aim of this article is to evaluate the forecasting performance of the Central Bank of Brazil Survey and to compare it with the mechanical forecasts based on state-of-the-art nowcasting techniques. Results indicate that both model and market participant predictions are well behaved, i.e. as more information becomes available their accuracy and correlation with the actual realization increases. In terms of performance the model seems to be slightly better than the institutional forecasts in the nowcast and backcast. Keywords: Nowcasting, Updating, Dynamic Factor Model. JEL classification: C33, C53, E37.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 47-61 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:47-61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 47-61
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:47-61
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: More than half a decade has passed since the most significant economic crisis of our lifetimes and a plethora of different interpretations has been offered about its origins. This paper consolidates the stylised facts put forward so far into a concise and coherent meta-narrative. The paper connects the dots between the arguments developed in the literature on macroeconomics and those laid out in the literature on financial economics. It focuses, in particular, on the interaction of monetary policy, international capital flows and the decisive impact of the rise of the shadow banking industry. JEL classification: A10, F30, G01 Keywords: Financial crisis, international capital flows, shadow banking
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 227-268 | volume:2015 | year:2015 | number:1 | pages:227-268
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 227-268
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:227-268
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on GDP per capita and household income distribution. Pro-growth reforms can be distinguished according to whether they are found to generate an increase or a reduction in household disposable income inequality. Those that contribute to reduce inequality include the reduction in regulatory barriers to competition, trade and FDI, as well as the stepping-up in job search assistance and training programmes. Conversely, a tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed is found to lift mean household income but to lower income among poorer households, thus raising inequality. Several other reforms have no significant impact on income distribution. JEL Classification: 047, D37, E61 Keywords: Growth, inequality, pro-growth policies
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 63-88 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:63-88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 63-88
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:63-88
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: What are the economic effects of implicit bank debt guarantees and who ultimately benefits from them? This paper finds that “financial excesses” – situations where bank credit reaches levels that reduce economic growth – have been stronger in OECD countries characterised by larger values of implicit guarantees and where bank creditors have not incurred losses in bank failure resolution cases. Also, implicit bank debt guarantees benefit financial sector employees and other high-income earners in two ways, increasing income inequality. First, implicit guarantees are likely to raise financial sector pay. This is consistent with the observation of “financial sector wage premia”, or financial sector employees earning in excess of their profile in terms of age, education and other characteristics. Second, implicit guarantees are likely to result in more and cheaper bank lending. If so, well-off people tend to benefit relatively more since household credit is more unequally distributed than income. JEL classification: D63, E43, G21, G28, O47 Keywords: Bank funding costs, implicit guarantees for bank debt, bank failure resolution, finance and growth, finance and income inequality
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 5-25 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:5-25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 2, p. 5-25
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:5-25
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper applies the multivariate direct filter approach on selected business and consumer confidence indicators, and share price data to construct a real-time indicator tracking the medium-to-long-run component of the quarterly growth of the euro area gross domestic product. Results show that the created indicator behaves similarly to another established indicator, Eurocoin, but slightly leads it after mid 2009. The new indicator is also compared to the Markit Euro Area Composite Purchasing Managers Index and is found to be leading it by about one month as well as being smoother. Overall, the multivariate direct filter approach is found to have merit in tracking business cycle developments, however, the increasing number of free coefficients is an issue for the filter to be applied to detailed datasets. Keywords: real-time signal extraction, business cycles, multivariate time series JEL classification: C13, C32, E32
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 269-267 | volume:2015 | year:2015 | number:1 | pages:269-267
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 269-267
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:269-267
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Global trade growth over the past few years has appeared extraordinarily weak, even in relation to weak global GDP growth. This paper shows that the apparent breakdown in the relationship between global trade and global GDP growth is largely explained by two factors: an inappropriate measurement of global GDP and extraordinary demand weakness in the euro area. As a measure of demand for traded goods, global GDP at market exchange rates is more appropriate than the conventional purchasing power parity-based measure. Moreover, extraordinary demand weakness in the euro area – which is a particularly trade intensive region – has had a substantial negative effect on intra-euro area trade flows, which are commonly counted towards global trade. When global GDP is measured at market exchange rates and intra-euro area flows are removed from the measure of global trade, econometric estimations suggest that over the past 15 years the long-term elasticity of global trade to GDP has been similar to that of the 1990s. Indeed, the overwhelming part of postcrisis trade weakness can be attributed to weak global demand rather than structural changes, according to the econometric estimations in this paper and supporting evidence on changes in global investment, international production fragmentation and protectionism.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9783319125657
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 117 p. 1 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Political Science 26
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Massard da Fonseca, Elize The politics of pharmaceutical policy reform
    Keywords: Generika ; Arzneimittelmarkt ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Brasilien ; Economics ; Political economy ; Economic policy ; Social policy ; Economic policy ; Economics ; Economics/Management Science ; Social policy ; Brasilien ; Arzneimittelmarkt ; Generikum ; Gesundheitspolitik
    Abstract: Brazil is renowned worldwide for its remarkable reforms in pharmaceutical regulation, which have enhanced access to essential medicines while lowering drug costs. This book innovates by analysing the generic drug reform in Brazil, demonstrating that pharmaceutical regulation is only partially influenced by non-state actors. Little is known about the institutional antecedents and policy process that channeled this regulatory reform. This is particularly intriguing because a regulatory shift in the pharmaceutical sector requires the participation of a number of stakeholders and interest groups in the policy process. Fonseca examines the generic drug reform’s causes and consequences. No study has approached the generic drug regulation in Brazil from this perspective. The Politics of Pharmaceutical Policy Reform: A Study of Generic Drug Regulation in Brazil, explores the following: · The politics of pharmaceutical regulation in Brazil over the last 25 years. · The political negotiations to approve the Generic Drug Act, which involved a hard-to-reach agreement between the pharmaceutical industry (national and multinational), the Ministry of Health, and Congress · The controversial decisions to regulate packaging and pharmaceutical equivalence. · The surprising success of Brazilian pharmaceutical firms, which became market champions in a sector largely dominated by multinational firms. · Comparative lessons from the Brazilian case for the political construction of regulatory standards to regulate generic drugs and its effects on global health. This book will interest political scientists and health policy scholars concerned with the political conflicts in the pharmaceutical sector. It argues against well-established approaches to regulatory capture such as control of the regulatory process by interest groups and policy diffusion. It can be used as evidence for graduate courses in public policy, health policy and political science. Because Brazil is one of the largest markets for pharmaceuticals in the world, business leaders and consultancy firms would also be interested
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789401797047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 243 p. 2 illus., 1 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: Issues in Business Ethics 43
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Economics ; Philosophy
    Abstract: This book offers different perspectives onHumanism as developed by Catholic Social Teaching, with a particular focus on its relevance in economics and business. The work is composed of three sections, covering what is meant by Christian Humanism, how it links with economic activity, and its practical relevance in the business world of today. Itreviewsthe historical development of Christian Humanism and discusses the arguments which justify it in the current cultural context and how it contributes to human development. The book argues that the current recognition of human dignity and the existence of innate human rights are both ultimately rooted in Christian Humanism. Itsets out the importance of the concept for economic activities, and how Christian Humanism can serve as a metaphysical foundation and ethical basis for a social market economy. Applying Christian Humanism to business leads to the centrality of the person in organizations and to seeing the company as a community of persons working together for the common good. Three thought-provoking case studies illustrate the wide-reaching positive impacts of applying Christian Humanism in the organization
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319177809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 251 p. 76 illus., 60 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: International Perspectives on Social Policy, Administration, and Practice
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Grinin, Leonid Great divergence and great convergence
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welt ; Economics ; Political economy ; International economics ; Population ; Demography ; Economics ; International economics ; Population ; Demography
    Abstract: Introduction. And yet the Twain Meet: Great Convergence brings the East closer to the West -- Great Divergence and the Rise of the West -- Great Convergence and the Rise of the Rest -- The Great Convergence and Globalization: How the Former Colo-nies Became the World Economic Locomotives -- Afterword. The Great Convergence and Possible Increase in Global Instability, or the World without an Absolute Leader.
    Abstract: This new monograph provides a stimulating new take on hotly contested topics in world modernization and the globalizing economy. It begins by situating what is called the Great Divergence--the social/technological revolution that led European nations to outpace the early dominance of Asia--in historical context over centuries. This is contrasted with an equally powerful Great Convergence, the recent economic and technological expansion taking place in Third World nations and characterized by narrowing inequity among nations. They are seen here as two phases of an inevitable global process, centuries in the making, with the potential for both positive and negative results. This sophisticated presentation examines: Why the developing world is growing more rapidly than the developed world. How this development began occurring under the Western world's radar. How former colonies of major powers grew to drive the world's economy. Why so many Western economists have been slow to recognize the Great Convergence. The increasing risk of geopolitical instability. Why the world is likely to find itself without an absolute leader after the end of the American hegemony A work of rare scope, Great Divergence and Great Convergence gives sociologists, global economists, demographers, and global historians a deeper understanding of the broader movement of social and economic history, combined with a long view of history as it is currently being made; it also offers some thrilling forecasts for global development in the forthcoming decades.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction. And yet the Twain Meet: Great Convergence brings the East closer to the WestGreat Divergence and the Rise of the West -- Great Convergence and the Rise of the Rest -- The Great Convergence and Globalization: How the Former Colo-nies Became the World Economic Locomotives -- Afterword. The Great Convergence and Possible Increase in Global Instability, or the World without an Absolute Leader.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319111100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 198 p. 6 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Studies in Space Policy 10
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Law of the sea ; International law ; Aerospace engineering ; Political science ; Astronautics ; Economic policy ; Engineering ; Astronautics ; Economics
    Abstract: Introduction: Setting the Scene: Europe’s Autonomy in Space -- European Autonomy and Policy: Strategic Autonomy in EU Space Policy - A Conceptual and Practical Exploration -- Autonomy and Dependence in Space Sciences -- Lessons for European Autonomy in Space from Past Pursuits of Energy Autonomy -- In Search of Shared Autonomy: the EU as a Restricted Foreign, Security and Defense Political Actor -- Europe’s Space Security Contingencies and Preparedness -- The Pursuit of Collective Autonomy? Europe's Autonomy in "Space and Security" Lacks a Joint Vision -- European Autonomy and Space: The Need for European Independence in Space Applications -- European Access to Space: Factors of Autonomy -- European Autonomy in Space: Human Space Flight -- Technological Dependence
    Abstract: The volume provides analyses and evaluations of the continuing importance of Europe’s autonomy in its access to space as a key driver in the development of European space capabilities. From a detailed historical analysis of some of the pitfalls of dependence in the space industry, experts analyse the full range of current European space capabilities and identify areas where autonomy is both possible and required, even in a situation of severe budgetary constraints. The contributions present a comprehensive overview of European efforts in a broad range of areas including energy, culture, science, and security; access to space, space applications, human spaceflight, security and space situational awareness, and strategic issues. They make a cogent strategic and economic case for policy makers to continue to bear in mind the importance of autonomous space capabilities, even in an interdependent globalised world
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: Setting the Scene: Europe’s Autonomy in SpaceEuropean Autonomy and Policy: Strategic Autonomy in EU Space Policy - A Conceptual and Practical Exploration -- Autonomy and Dependence in Space Sciences -- Lessons for European Autonomy in Space from Past Pursuits of Energy Autonomy -- In Search of Shared Autonomy: the EU as a Restricted Foreign, Security and Defense Political Actor -- Europe’s Space Security Contingencies and Preparedness -- The Pursuit of Collective Autonomy? Europe's Autonomy in "Space and Security" Lacks a Joint Vision -- European Autonomy and Space: The Need for European Independence in Space Applications -- European Access to Space: Factors of Autonomy -- European Autonomy in Space: Human Space Flight -- Technological Dependence.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9783319126852
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 118 p. 6 illus., 3 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Political Science
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Geopolitics, development, and national security
    RVK:
    Keywords: Business ; Business and Management ; Globalization ; Markets ; International relations ; European Economic Community literature ; Social policy ; Economics ; Europe Economic policy ; Social policy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Rumänien ; Moldawien ; Geopolitik ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: Preface -- Ch 1 Governmental Administration and the Security of Romania in a Global Context -- Ch 2 Geopolitics and Security by the Black Sea: The Strategic Options of Romania and Moldova.- Ch 3 Transfer and Diffusion of New Technologies within the Supply Chain of multinational companies with operations in to Romania – A Contemporary Approach.- Ch 4 Growth, Security and Development in the Romanian Hospitality Industry -- Ch 5 Between Russia and the EU: The Socio-politics of The Republic of Moldova - a Transdisciplinary Approach.- Ch 6 Striving for Military and Economic Security.
    Abstract: This volume focuses on the spotlight on Romania and Moldova, two distinct nations that share a common language, history and culture. Romania is a NATO member since 2004 and a fully integrated nation into the European Union since 2007, while The Republic of Moldova (a former Soviet republic) is attempting to join both international organizations for security and development reasons. Ever since the Iron Curtain fell on Europe at the end of World War II, the term “Eastern Europe” has been used without much regard for the diversity of the region. Given the geographical proximity, perhaps this is an understandable error. However, moving forward into the twenty-first century, and considering the highly sensitive geopolitical, security and development issues playing out in the region, we believe each nation should be treated with the unique distinction it deserves. Building a mosaic of the most current research, practical application, and policy, the authors, who represent unique, insider perspectives, cover a range of emerging and timely topics from Black Sea security to cultural analyses, organizational development and risk assessment shedding light on social, political and economic challenges of rapid transition in the region, while considering the implications for research, practice and policy in other front-line regions around the world.
    Description / Table of Contents: PrefaceCh 1 Governmental Administration and the Security of Romania in a Global Context -- Ch 2 Geopolitics and Security by the Black Sea: The Strategic Options of Romania and Moldova.- Ch 3 Transfer and Diffusion of New Technologies within the Supply Chain of multinational companies with operations in to Romania  - A Contemporary Approach.- Ch 4 Growth, Security and Development in the Romanian Hospitality Industry -- Ch 5 Between Russia and the EU: The Socio-politics of The Republic of Moldova - a Transdisciplinary Approach.-  Ch 6 Striving for Military and Economic Security.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319158020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 124 p, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Law
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Moustaira, Elina Art collections, private and public
    Keywords: Arts ; Economics ; Law ; Law ; Arts ; Economics ; Art Collectors and collecting ; Art Economic aspects ; Art Private collections ; Art as an investment ; Art museums ; Law and art ; Public art ; Privatsammlung ; Museum ; Kunst ; Sammeln ; Gesetz ; Geschichte 1800-2015
    Abstract: This book is a comparative legal study of the private and public art collections in various states of the world, covering the most important issues that usually arise and focusing on the differences and the similarities of the national laws in the treatment of those issues.
    Abstract: This book is a comparative legal study of the private and public art collections in various states of the world, covering the most important issues that usually arise and focusing on the differences and the similarities of the national laws in the treatment of those issues
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: Collecting artComparative Studies of Civilization - Comparative Studies of Art Collection -- Collectors’ Rights “versus” Artists’ Rights - Conservation and Collection Care -- Comparative approaches to the study of national museums -- Private Collections “versus” Public Collections -- Governance of museums -- Selling art - Is it permitted? And if yes, under what conditions? -- Cultural Economics -- Museums and Collectors and the Illicit Trade of Art/Cultural Objects -- Conclusions: The Ethics of Acquiring Art and Antiquities.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer
    ISBN: 9783319194738
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 336 p. 27 illus, online resource)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2015
    Series Statement: Studies in Space Policy 11
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Aerospace engineering ; Political science ; Astronautics ; Economic policy ; Engineering ; Astronautics ; Economics
    Abstract: Introduction -- China's space program: Why the moon?- China's way to the moon -- China and the moon: endogenous conditioning factors -- China, the moon and the world -- Europe and China in space: constraints, opportunities and options -- Epilogue
    Abstract: This book is about China’s ambitions in its most complex and internationally visible space endeavor, namely its human space exploration programme. It provides a comprehensive reflection on China´s strategic direction and objectives in space, including in particular those set forth in its human spaceflight programme, and analyses the key domestic and external factors affecting the country’s presumed manned lunar ambitions. The objective of the book is to disentangle the opportunities and challenges China´s space ambitions are creating for other spacefaring nations, and for Europe in particular. It therefore includes an in-depth analysis of possible European postures towards China in space exploration, and seeks to stimulate a debate on future space strategies in the broader context of world politics
    Description / Table of Contents: IntroductionChina's space program: Why the moon?- China's way to the moon -- China and the moon: endogenous conditioning factors -- China, the moon and the world -- Europe and China in space: constraints, opportunities and options -- Epilogue.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Cover
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401797627
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 258 p. 4 illus., 1 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: Philosophy of Engineering and Technology 18
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Economics ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science History ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Economics
    Abstract: This edited volume explores the interplay between philosophies in a wide-ranging analysis of how technological applications in science inform our systems of thought. Beginning with a historical background, the volume moves on to explore a host of topics, such as the uses of technology in scientific observations and experiments, the salient relationship between technology and mechanistic notions in science, and the ways in which today’s vast and increasing computing power helps scientists achieve results that were previously unattainable. Technology allows today’s researchers to gather, in a matter of hours, data that would previously have taken weeks or months to assemble. It also acts as a kind of metaphor bank, providing biologists in particular with analogies (the heart as a ‘pump’, the nervous system as a ‘computer network’) that have become common linguistic currency. This book also examines the fundamental epistemological distinctions between technology and science and assesses their continued relevance. Given the increasing amalgamation of the philosophies of science and technology, this fresh addition to the literature features pioneering work in a promising new field that will appeal both to philosophers and scientific historiographers
    Description / Table of Contents: PrefaceContributors -- Part I. Introductory -- Preview; Sven Ove Hansson -- Chapter 1. Science and technology. What they are and why their relation matters; Sven Ove Hansson.-Part II. The technological origins of science -- Chapter 2. Technological thinking in science; David F. Channell -- Chapter 3. The scientific use of technological instruments; Mieke Boon -- Chapter 4. Experiments before science. What science learned from technological experiments Sven Ove Hansson -- Part III. Modern technology shapes modern science -- Chapter 5. Iteration unleashed. Computer technology in science; Johannes Lenhard -- Chapter 6. Computer simulations: a new mode of scientific inquiry?; Stéphanie Ruphy -- Chapter 7. Adopting a technological stance toward the living world. Promises, pitfalls and perils; Russell Powell -- Part IV. Reflections on a complex relationship -- Chapter 8. Goal rationality in science and technology. An epistemological perspective; Erik J. Olsson -- Chapter 9. Reflections on rational goals in science and technology. A comment on Olsson; Peter Kroes -- Chapter 10. The naturalness of the naturalistic fallacy and the ethics of nanotechnology; Maoro Dorato -- Chapter 11. Human well-being, nature and technology; Ibo van de Poel -- Chapter 12. Philosophy of science and philosophy of technology: one or two philosophies of one or two objects?; Maarten Franssen.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2015/02
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that younger generations are less likely to be engaged in formal political participation than older ones. However, there is little evidence on the trends for non-formal participation (e.g. signing petitions, demonstrations, etc.) This paper tries to fill a gap in this field by looking at the evolution of extra-parliamentary participation in politics through various measures of civic and political engagement, based on data from six waves of the European Social Survey. The paper confirms that younger generations in European countries participate less in politics through formal activities. A similar trend is observed for extra-parliamentary participation, although this trend is less clear-cut. The results also show that the financial crisis of 2007-2009 witnessed a halt in the downward trend of period effects in the various forms of political participation, followed by the increase of period effects on both formal and extra-parliamentary political participation in the subsequent years (2011-2012.)
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (109 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the situation of youth in OECD countries since the onset of the financial crisis focusing primarily on describing the characteristics and living conditions of youth not in employment, education or training (the ‘NEETs’). It also provides data on the availability, coverage and effectiveness of income-support policies for young people, and summarises available evidence on the impact of interventions that aim at improving the social, education and employment situation of the most disadvantaged youth. Due to the paper’s explicit focus on the hardest-to-place, most disadvantaged youth, the range of policies covered is broader than in earlier studies on the same topic, including various social benefits and in-kind services targeted at this group. The paper shows that NEET rates have not yet recovered from the crisis. There are large differences in youth unemployment and inactivity across countries, and these differences were further exacerbated by the recession. Reducing NEET rates is a great challenge for governments, as youth who remain jobless for long periods typically come from more disadvantaged backgrounds, have low levels of educational attainment, and are in many cases inactive. There is substantial evidence, however, that even the most disadvantaged youth can benefit from a variety of targeted interventions, including for instance special education programmes and mentoring.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264241138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (407 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Neutralising the effects of hybrid mismatch arrangements
    Keywords: Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This report sets out recommendations for domestic rules to neutralise the effect of hybrid mismatch arrangements and includes changes to the OECD Model Tax Convention to address such arrangements. Once translated into domestic law, the recommendations in Part 1 of the report will neutralise the effect of cross-border hybrid mismatch arrangements that produce multiple deductions for a single expense or a deduction in one jurisdiction with no corresponding taxation in the other jurisdiction. Part I of the report sets out recommendations for rules to address hybrid mismatches in respect of payments made under a hybrid financial instrument or payments made to or by a hybrid entity. It also recommends rules to address indirect mismatches that arise when the effects of a hybrid mismatch arrangement are imported into a third jurisdiction. The recommendations are supported by a commentary and examples to illustrate how they should apply. Part 2 of the report sets out proposed changes to the Model Convention that will ensure the benefits of tax treaties are only granted to hybrid entities (including dual resident entities) in appropriate cases. Part 2 also considers the interaction between the OECD Model Convention and the domestic law recommendations in Part 1.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264246829 , 9789264227682
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Colombia 2015
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Colombie 2015
    Keywords: Economics ; Colombia
    Abstract: El 2015 Estudio Económico de la OCDE de Colombia examina los últimos económicos desarrollos, perspectivas y políticas. Capítulos especiales política tributaria y reforma del sistema de pensiones.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264233393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Colombia; políticas prioritarias para un desarrollo inclusivo
    Keywords: Economics ; Colombia
    Abstract: In recent years, Colombia has made major economic and social advances. Despite this recent progress, Colombia faces significant structural challenges associated with the concentration of economic activity – particularly exports - in a few sectors, low levels of productivity, and high inequality. Embarking on a path towards inclusive growth is vital in the context of successfully eradicating poverty, providing opportunities for its growing middle class and solidifying progress towards lasting peace. The road ahead to high-income status will be demanding and calls for major policy initiatives in areas such as education, innovation, infrastructure and rural development, as embodied in the New Development Plan 2014-2018: Everyone for a new country. Furthermore, the country needs to work towards bolstering government capacities, building strong institutions, and effectively mobilising domestic revenues to facilitate effective implementation of its public policy priorities.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236363
    Language: Czech
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: OECD360 přináší nejnovější analýzy a data z klíčových publikací OECD. Bohatá grafika ilustruje hlavní aktuální problémy. Vzdělávání, zaměstnanost, růst šetrný k životnímu prostředí, regionální perspektivy, zemědělství, hospodářský růst, finanční krize a její dopady na společnost a rozvoj: 8 témat, která shrnují situaci vaší země a celé mezinárodní scény. Každý článek doprovází dvě stránky obrázků a grafů, které znázorňují data OECD ze tří grafů převzatých z původní publikace – odkazy na statistiky umožňují stáhnout zdroje dat jednotlivých obrázků.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236189
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD360; Schweiz 2015; Wie schneidet die Schweiz ab?
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: OCDE360 vous offre les dernières analyses et données issues des publications phares de l’OCDE. De nombreuses infographies illustrent les grandes questions d’actualité. L’éducation, l’emploi, la croissance verte, les perspectives régionales, l’agriculture, la croissance économique, la crise financière et ses retombées sur la société et le développement : 8 thèmes qui abordent de manière synthétique la situation de votre pays ainsi que celle de l’ensemble de la scène internationale. Chaque texte est accompagné de deux pages d’infographies qui mettent en valeur les données OCDE provenant de trois graphiques issus de la publication d’origine, avec les liens Statlinks permettant de télécharger les données sources de chaque visualisation.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236219
    Language: Slovenian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovenia
    Abstract: OECD360 je revija, v kateri so zbrane najnovejše analize in podatki iz ključnih publikacij OECD. Pereča vprašanja spremljajo grafični prikazi. Izobraževanje, zaposlovanje, zelena rast, regionalni pogledi, kmetijstvo, gospodarska rast, finančna kriza in njene posledice za družbo in razvoj: 8 tem, ki povzemajo razmere v vaši državi kot tudi razmere na celotnem mednarodnem prizorišču. Vsak članek spremljata dve strani grafičnih ponazoritev, ki prikazujejo podatke OECD iz treh grafičnih prikazov iz izvirne publikacije – s povezavami Statlinks, ki omogočajo prenos izvirnih podatkov za vsak grafični prikaz.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236448
    Language: Turkish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Turkey
    Abstract: OECD360, size temel OECD yayınlarından seçilen en yeni analizleri ve bilgileri sunan bir dergidir. Önemli güncel olaylar çok sayıda grafik ile açıklanmaktadır. Eğitim, istihdam, çevre ile uyumlu ekonomik kalkınma, bölgesel perspektifler, tarım, ekonomik kriz ve toplum ile toplumun gelişimi üzerindeki etkileri: İşte ülkenizin ve tüm uluslararası tablonun durumunu özetleyen 8 ana konu. Her makale, orijinal yayın organından alınan üç grafiğin içerdiği OECD bilgilerini özetleyen iki sayfalık grafikler içermektedir. Statlink’ler sayesinde her grafiğin kaynak verilerini indirebilirsiniz.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236615
    Language: Norwegian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: OECD360 gir deg de nyeste analysene og dataene fra OECDs nøkkelpublikasjoner. Tallrike grafikker illustrerer viktige aktuelle temaer. Utdanning, arbeid, grønn vekst, regionale perspektiver, jordbruk, økonomisk vekst, finanskrisen og dens konsekvenser for samfunnet og utviklingen: 8 temaer som sammenfatter situasjonen for ditt land og hele den internasjonale arenaen. Hver artikkel ledsages av to sider med grafikker som fremhever OECD-data fra tre grafikker hentet fra originalpublikasjonen – med StatLinks som gjør at du kan laste ned kildedataene til hver grafikk.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236493
    Language: Estonian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Estonia
    Abstract: OECD360 toob teieni OECD peamistest väljaannetest pärit uusimad analüüsid ja andmed. Mitmed graafikud illustreerivad praegusi peamisi probleeme. Haridus, tööhõive, keskkonnahoidlik majanduskasv, regionaalsed perspektiivid, põllumajandus, majanduskasv, finantskriis ja selle tagajärjed ühiskonnale ja majandusarengule: need on kaheksa teemat, millega võetakse kokku teie riigi olukord ja kogu vastav rahvusvaheline olukord. Iga artikliga kaasnevad kaks lehekülge graafikutega, milles tõstetakse esile originaalväljaande kolme graafiku OECD andmed, kusjuures Statlinksi kaudu on võimalik iga graafiku algandmed alla laadida.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236202
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE360; Suisse 2015 ; Où se situe la Suisse ?
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: OECD360 stellt Ihnen die neuesten Analysen und Daten aus wichtigen OECD-Publikationen bereit. Zahlreiche Grafiken veranschaulichen wichtige aktuelle Themen. Bildung, Beschäftigung, umweltverträgliches Wachstum, regionale Perspektiven, Landwirtschaft, Wirtschaftswachstum, die Finanzkrise und ihre Folgen für Gesellschaft und Entwicklung: acht Themen, die die Lage in Ihrem Land und auf internationaler Ebene zusammenfassen. Jeder Artikel umfasst zusätzlich zwei Seiten mit Grafiken, die OECD-Daten aus drei Grafiken der Originalpublikation enthalten, sowie Statlinks, mit denen Sie die Quelldaten für jede Grafik herunterladen können.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236714
    Language: Slovak
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Brožúra OECD360 vám ponúka najnovšie analýzy a údaje z vlajkových publikácií OECD. Množstvo ilustrácií znázorňuje aktuálne najdôležitejšie problémy. Vzdelávanie, zamestnanosť, ochranu životného prostredia, regionálny rozvoj, poľnohospodárstvo, hospodársky rast, finančná kríza a jej dôsledky pre spoločnosť a rozvoj: 8 tém, ktoré sumarizujú situáciu vašej krajiny i celej medzinárodnej scény. Každý článok dopĺňajú dve strany grafických znázornení so zvýraznenými údajmi OECD prevzatými z pôvodných publikácií – prevzatie zdrojových údajov pre každé grafické znázornenie umožňuje program Statlinks.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236066
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: OECD360 stellt Ihnen die neuesten Analysen und Daten aus wichtigen OECD-Publikationen bereit. Zahlreiche Grafiken veranschaulichen wichtige aktuelle Themen. Bildung, Beschäftigung, umweltverträgliches Wachstum, regionale Perspektiven, Landwirtschaft, Wirtschaftswachstum, die Finanzkrise und ihre Folgen für Gesellschaft und Entwicklung: acht Themen, die die Lage in Deutschland und auf internationaler Ebene zusammenfassen. Jeder Artikel umfasst zusätzlich zwei Seiten mit Grafiken, die OECD-Daten aus drei Grafiken der Originalpublikation enthalten, sowie Statlinks, mit denen Sie die Quelldaten für jede Grafik herunterladen können.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236462
    Language: Polish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: OECD360 przedstawia najnowsze analizy i dane z kluczowych publikacji OECD. Liczne materiały graficzne ilustrują główne aktualne kwestie. Edukacja, zatrudnienie, zielony wzrost, perspektywy regionalne, rolnictwo, wzrost ekonomiczny, kryzys finansowy oraz jego konsekwencje dla społeczeństwa i rozwoju: 8 tematów podsumowujących sytuację w Twoim kraju i na całej scenie międzynarodowej. Każdemu artykułowi towarzyszą dwie strony materiałów graficznych, które zwracają uwagę na dane OECD z trzech grafik pochodzących z oryginalnych publikacji - wraz z linkami do danych Statlinks, umożliwiającymi pobranie danych źródłowych dla każdej grafiki.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236240
    Language: Danish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: OECD360 indeholder de seneste analyser og data fra de vigtigste OECD-publikationer. Væsentlige, aktuelle emner illustreres ved hjælp af adskillige grafikker. Uddannelse, beskæftigelse, grøn vækst, regionale perspektiver, landbrug, økonomisk vækst, den finansielle krise og dens konsekvenser for samfundet og udviklingen: 8 emner, der opsummerer dit lands situation og situationen for hele den internationale arena. Hver artikel ledsages af to sider med grafikker, der fremhæver OECD-dataene fra tre grafiske fremstillinger i den originale publikation - med Statlinks, der giver mulighed for at downloade kildedataene til hver enkelt grafik.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264236776
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD360 ; Luxemburg 2015; Wie schneidet Luxemburg ab?
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: OCDE360 vous offre les dernières analyses et données issues des publications phares de l’OCDE. De nombreuses infographies illustrent les grandes questions d’actualité. L’éducation, l’emploi, la croissance verte, les perspectives régionales, l’agriculture, la croissance économique, la crise financière et ses retombées sur la société et le développement : 8 thèmes qui abordent de manière synthétique la situation de votre pays ainsi que celle de l’ensemble de la scène internationale. Chaque texte est accompagné de deux pages d’infographies qui mettent en valeur les données OCDE provenant de trois graphiques issus de la publication d’origine, avec les liens Statlinks permettant de télécharger les données sources de chaque visualisation.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264235854
    Language: Dutch
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD360
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE360; Belgique 2015 ; Où se situe la Belgique ?
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: OECD360 biedt u de meest recente analyses en gegevens uit belangrijke OECD-publicaties. Talrijke afbeeldingen illustreren belangrijke lopende kwesties. Onderwijs, werkgelegenheid, groene groei, regionale perspectieven, landbouw, economische groei, de financiële crisis en de gevolgen daarvan op de samenleving en ontwikkeling: 8 onderwerpen die de situatie van uw land en die van het hele internationale toneel samenvatten. Elk artikel gaat vergezeld van twee pagina's afbeeldingen, die gegevens van OECD uit drie afbeeldingen uit de originele publicatie duidelijk veergeven - met Statlinks waarmee de brongegevens van elke grafiek kunnen worden gedownload.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264228504 , 9789264230330
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia 2015
    Keywords: Economics ; Latvia
    Abstract: L'Étude économique de l'OCDE pour la Lettonie 2015 examine les récents développements économiques, politiques, et les perspectives et jette un regard plus détaillé sur améliorer l'efficacité du secteur public et augmenter la productivité.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264244290
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The state of public finances 2015
    Keywords: Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzpolitik ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: For most countries in the OECD, 2015 is the seventh or eighth year of dealing with the budgetary consequences of the economic and financial crisis. These years have been marked by challenges of fiscal retrenchment of a scale and nature unprecedented in modern times. Previous OECD publications have tracked the fiscal policy responses adopted by OECD governments during the early years of the crisis (2007-2012). This book takes stock of how these responses have evolved and in recent years, up to 2014/15. Two points are apparent from the outset: the response to the crisis has had repercussions for virtually every aspect of budgetary governance; and there are clear lessons for governments about the conduct of fiscal policy – including in its institutional aspects – that should inform future decisions and the agenda of budgetary reform.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264243606
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p.)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: The book introduces several models for assessing health and economic policies in relation to NCDs; shows how the models can be used for different diseases or risk factors; and provides case studies of those models’ application in various countries in the Americas. The ultimate goal is to help policymakers find the best strategies for cost-effective and evidence-based NCD interventions.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Buckingham : Open University Press - McGraw-Hil
    ISBN: 9780335262274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: A growing body of evidence from economic studies shows areas where appropriate policies can generate health and other benefits at an affordable cost, sometimes reducing health expenditure and helping to redress health inequalities at the same time. The evidence is especially strong for policies to curb tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol use, while gaps still exist in the evidence base on tackling unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity, as well as environmental exposures and road accidents. The book underscores the importance of taking a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach in addressing the rising tide of non-communicable diseases.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264232440 , 9789264239746
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (282 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives de l'économie numérique de l'OCDE 2015
    DDC: 384.3
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The digital economy now permeates countless aspects of the world economy, impacting sectors as varied as banking, retail, energy, transportation, education, publishing, media or health. Information and Communication Technologies are transforming the ways social interactions and personal relationships are conducted, with fixed, mobile and broadcast networks converging, and devices and objects increasingly connected to form the Internet of things. This report assesses how countries can maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth, and discusses the evolutions in the digital economy that policy makers need to consider as well as the emerging challenges they need to address as a part of national digital strategies. Chapters include an overview of the current status and outlook of the digital economy; the main trends in the ICT sector, and developments in communication and regulation policy; and overviews of ICT demand and adoption, plus the effects of the digital economy on growth and development. This volume also includes a chapter on developments related to trust in the digital economy and on the emerging Internet of things.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264241695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Preventing the granting of treaty benefits in inappropriate circumstances
    Keywords: Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This report includes changes to the OECD Model Tax Convention to prevent treaty abuse. It first addresses treaty shopping through alternative provisions that form part of a minimum standard that all countries participating in the BEPS Project have agreed to implement. It also includes specific treaty rules to address other forms of treaty abuse and ensures that tax treaties do not inadvertently prevent the application of domestic anti-abuse rules. The report finally includes changes to the OECD Model Tax Convention that clarify that tax treaties are not intended to create opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance (including through treaty-shopping) and that identify the tax policy considerations that countries should consider before deciding to enter into a tax treaty with another country.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264243699
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Style Guide; Third Edition
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le but de cette troisième édition du Guide de style de l’OCDE est d'aider à préparer et organiser les publications afin que les lecteurs puissent plus facilement explorer, comprendre et consulter les analyses, statistiques et données de l’OCDE. Elle le fait en vous offrant 1) des lignes directrices fondamentales garantissant que la présentation de nos travaux répond aux besoins de notre public, surtout sur internet, 2) des astuces pour bien écrire et 3) des normes et des conventions à suivre dans la préparation de l’ensemble des documents de l’OCDE pour favoriser la clarté et la cohérence. Nous sommes en train de mettre à jour le Guide de style de l’OCDE : Troisième édition afin d'assurer sa parfaite cohérence avec le nouvel environnement auteur de l’OCDE (O.N.E Author). N’hésitez pas à nous contacter (styleguideoecd.org) si vous avez des questions lorsque vous rédigez ou révisez vos travaux.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Luxembourg : Eurostat
    ISBN: 9789264235175
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (201 p.)
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The repercussions of the 2007–2008 financial crisis have acted as an impetus to improve the quality and availability of statistical information. One such initiative addresses the importance of compiling a complete accounting of a nation’s wealth, and especially the wealth of households. This is of particular importance in view of the housing market’s role in the financial crisis in several countries. The most valuable item on the households’ balance sheet is usually housing wealth which is composed of the value of the dwelling and its underlying land. Many countries experience difficulties in valuing land and in particular separating the value of the land from the value of the structure. To assist countries, the Eurostat-OECD compilation guide on land estimation represents the first comprehensive overview of conceptual and practical issues related to the compilation of the balance sheet item land in the national accounts, in total and by institutional sector. The Eurostat-OECD compilation guide on land estimation was prepared by the Task Force on Land and other non-financial assets under the joint leadership of Eurostat and the OECD. Representatives from various European Union (EU) and non-EU OECD countries were represented as well as the European Central Bank.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264241244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (167 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aligner les prix de transfert calculés sur la création de valeur, Actions 8-10 - 2015 Rapports finaux
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aligning transfer pricing outcomes with value creation
    Keywords: Verrechnungspreis ; Immaterielle Güter ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: The report contains revisions to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines to align transfer pricing outcomes with value creation. The revised guidance focuses on the following key areas: transfer pricing issues relating to transactions involving intangibles; contractual arrangements, including the contractual allocation of risks and corresponding profits, which are not supported by the activities actually carried out; the level of return to funding provided by a capital-rich MNE group member, where that return does not correspond to the level of activity undertaken by the funding company; and other high-risk areas. The report also sets out follow-up work to be carried out on the transactional profit split method which will lead to detailed guidance on the ways in which this method can appropriately be applied to further align transfer pricing outcomes with value creation.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264240735
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How's Life? 2015; Measuring Well-being
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment va la vie ? 2015 ; Mesurer le bien-être
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: ¿Cómo va la vida? 2015. Medición del bienestar describe los componentes esenciales que conforman el bienestar de las personas en los países de la OCDE y los países asociados. Incluye una gran variedad de estadísticas que abarcan tanto el bienestar material (ingresos, empleo y vivienda) como la calidad de vida en un sentido más amplio (salud, educación, balance vida-trabajo, medio ambiente, comunidad o apoyo social, compromiso cívico, satisfacción ante la vida y seguridad). En el informe se presenta la evidencia más reciente sobre el bienestar, así como su evolución en el tiempo y la distribución de los resultados de bienestar entre diferentes grupos de la población. Esta tercera edición de ¿Cómo va la vida? 2015. Medición del bienestar nos ayuda a comprender el bienestar en nuevas y diferentes formas. Se presta especial atención al bienestar de los niños, concluyendo que no todos tienen un buen inicio en la vida, y que los niños que pertenecen a familias de escasos recursos enfrentan mayores riesgos en su bienestar. En el informe se presentan nuevas medidas para capturar algunos de los recursos naturales, humanos, sociales y económicos que contribuyen a sostener el bienestar a lo largo del tiempo. En un capítulo sobre el trabajo de voluntariado se sugiere que éste puede crear un círculo virtuoso: hacer el bien propicia que las personas se sientan bien consigo mismas y aporta varios beneficios de bienestar adicionales, no solamente para los voluntarios sino también para la sociedad en su conjunto. Por último, en el informe se analizan las desigualdades de bienestar que prevalecen entre las diferentes regiones de los países, y se demuestra que el lugar donde habitan las personas puede influir de manera importante en sus oportunidades para vivir bien. ¿Cómo va la vida? 2015. Medición del bienestar es parte de la Iniciativa para una Vida Mejor de la OCDE, la cual incluye una serie de publicaciones sobre medición del bienestar, así como el Índice para una Vida Mejor, un sitio web interactivo que tiene por objetivo incluir a las personas en el debate sobre qué significa para ellos una vida mejor.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264243439
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guide de style de l'OCDE ; Troisième édition
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This third edition of the OECD Style Guide is designed to help draft and organise published material so that readers can easily navigate, understand and access OECD analysis, statistics and information. It does so by 1) providing basic guidelines that meet the needs of our mostly online audiences, 2) offering tips on good writing, and 3) setting out the standards and conventions that should be used to ensure coherence and clarity across all OECD information, on all communications platforms. The OECD Style Guide: Third Edition is currently being updated to align with the OECD’s new authoring environment (O.N.E Author). If you have any questions while drafting or editing content, please email: styleguideoecd.org.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264241343
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Measuring and monitoring BEPS
    Keywords: Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Verrechnungspreis ; Steuervermeidung ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: There are hundreds of empirical studies finding evidence of tax-motivated profit shifting, using different data sources and estimation strategies. While measuring the scope of BEPS is challenging given its complexity and existing data limitations, a number of recent studies suggest that BEPS is responsible for significant global corporate income tax (CIT) revenue losses. This report assesses currently available data and concludes that significant limitations severely constrain economic analyses of the scale and economic impact of BEPS and improved data and methodologies are required. Noting these data limitations, a dashboard of six BEPS indicators has been constructed, using different data sources and assessing different BEPS channels. These indicators provide evidence that BEPS exists and has been increasing over time. New empirical analysis estimates that the scale of global CIT revenue losses could be between USD 100 and 240 billion annually at 2014 levels. The report also presents a toolkit to assist countries evaluate the fiscal effects of BEPS countermeasures. The research also finds significant non-fiscal economic distortions arising from BEPS. The report concludes by making recommendations regarding data and monitoring tools to improve the analysis of BEPS in the future.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264246997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Costa Rica
    Keywords: Good Governance ; Costa Rica ; Governance ; Economics ; Costa Rica ; Good Governance ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: The review analyses key areas of public governance in Costa Rica and identifies opportunities to improve the performance of the state in order to ensure more effective and efficient service delivery for all citizens. It examines co-ordination at the centre of government, public policy monitoring and evaluation and the use of the budget framework for strategic planning. It also looks at human resource management, integrity policies and public procurement, and multi-level governance. The review provides recommendations to assist the government in strengthening the capacity of the public sector to support social and economic development.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264218734
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 2015
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: El 2015 Estudio Económico de la OCDE de México examina los últimos económicos desarrollos, perspectivas y políticas. Capítulos especiales impulsar el crecimiento y la productividad y compartiendo los frutos del crecimiento.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264246966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Institutions оf intergovernmental fiscal relations
    Keywords: Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: Intergovernmental fiscal institutions are the overarching framework for relations across government levels. They comprise the constitutional set up of a country; the division of power between government levels; the prevalence of fiscal rules across government levels; intergovernmental budget frameworks; the role of independent bodies such as fiscal councils in shaping fiscal relations; the inter-ministerial organisation of fiscal decision making; and other framework conditions shaping intergovernmental fiscal relations and fiscal policy. This book brings together academics and practitioners dealing with or being involved in shaping the institutions of intergovernmental fiscal relations. It has an interdisciplinary focus and provides insight from various academic or practitioners’ fields: economists, political scientists, budget management specialists and others.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264219281
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fisheries; While Stocks Last?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pêcheries ; Jusqu'à l'épuisement des stocks ?
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: El pescado en su plato pudo haber sido capturado por un arrastrero de alta tecnología, atrapado por un pescador solitario, criado junto con otras toneladas de pescado o robado por piratas. Incluso, pescado en el Atlántico meridional, descargado en Europa y procesado en China. La globalización, las relaciones Norte-Sur, el cambio en las actitudes y el estilo de vida, y la manera en que administramos los recursos naturales influyen en las pesquerías. En este libro, se utiliza el conocimiento experto de la OCDE para evaluar estas cuestiones y se describen los retos que enfrentan quienes trabajan en la industria. Además de los pescadores y su familia, también se considera el punto de vista de las ONG, los especialistas gubernamentales, los científicos y los expertos independientes.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 978-3-658-07386-2
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 375 Seiten) : , Diagramme.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 158.7
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Economics ; Applied psychology ; Psychology ; Industrial, Organisational and Economic Psychology ; General Psychology ; Business/Management Science, general ; Consulting - Supervision - Coaching ; Wirtschaft ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung. ; Teamwork. ; Innovationsmanagement. ; Deutschland. ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Teamwork ; Innovationsmanagement
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789814585453
    Language: English
    Pages: XXIII, 544 p. 70 illus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Quality of Life ; Humanities ; Economics ; Quality of Life Research ; Konferenzschrift
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789812873811
    Language: English
    Pages: X, 291 p. 19 illus., 14 illus. in color
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302.2
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Cover
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789400769700 , 9789400769717
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 871 p. 89 illus., 44 illus. in color. eReference, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Handbook of ethics, values, and technological design
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Design and construction ; Economics ; Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Design and construction ; Economics ; Design. ; Economic development. ; Technology Philosophy ; Industriedesign ; Ethik
    Abstract: Chapter 1. General Introduction -- Part I. Sources -- Chapter 2. General overview; Jeroen van den Hoven and Noëmi Manders-Huits -- Chapter 3. Value Sensitive Design; Janet Davis and Lisa Nathan -- Chapter 4. Technology Assessment; Armin Grunwald -- Part II. Theory -- Chapter 5. Part introduction; editors -- Chapter 6. Design and conflicting values; Ibo van de Poel -- Chapter 7. Design and emotions; Pieter Desmet and Sabine Roeser -- Chapter 8. Design for human capabilities; Ilse Oosterlaken -- Chapter 9. Design for values and system roles; Maarten Franssen -- Chapter 10. Design for mediation; Peter-Paul Verbeek -- Chapter 11. Design methods for values; P. Vermaas, P. Hekkert, N. Manders-Huits and N. Tromp -- Chapter 12. Operationalization of values; Peter Kroes and Ibo van de Poel -- Chapter 13. Values and modeling in design; Sven Diekmann and Sjoerd Zwart.- Part III. Values -- Chapter 14. Part introduction; editors -- Chapter 15. Accountability and transparency; Joris Hulstijn and Brigitte Burgemeestre -- Chapter 16. Democracy and Justice; tbd -- Chapter 17. Human well being/good life; Philip Brey -- Chapter 18. Inclusive/universal design; Simeon Keates -- Chapter 19. Presence and Participation; Carline Nevejan -- Chapter 20. Privacy; Martijn Warnier, Francien Dechesne and Frances Brazier -- Chapter 21. Responsibility; Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist, Neelke Doorn and Ibo van de Poel -- Chapter 22. Risk and safety; Neelke Doorn and Sven Ove Hansson -- Chapter 23. Sustainability; Bhamra, Mawle and Hernandez-Pardo -- Chapter 24. Trust; Philip Nickel.- Part IV. Application Domains -- Chapter 25. Part introduction; editors.- Chapter 26. Architecture; Christian Illies -- Chapter 27. Biotechnology; Henk van den Belt -- Chapter 28. Complex Systems; Paulien Herder and Eswaran Subrahmanian -- Chapter 29. Economics; John Groenewegen -- Chapter 30. Engineering; Ibo van de Poel -- Chapter 31. ICT; Huib Aldewereld, Virginia Dignum and Yao-Hua Tan -- Chapter 32. Institutions and Policy; Seamus Miller and David Koepsell -- Chapter 33. Military technology; Lambér Royakkers and Sjef Orbons -- Chapter 34. Nanotechnology; Johannes F. Jacobs and Marc J. de Vries -- Chapter 35. Nuclear technology; Behnam Taebi and Jan Leen Kloosterman -- Chapter 36. Water Management; Wim Ravesteijn and Otto Kroesen -- Chapter 37. Outlook.
    Abstract: This handbook enumerates every aspect of incorporating moral and societal values into technology design, reflects the fact that the latter has moved on from strict functionality to become sensitive to moral and social values such as sustainability and accountability. Aimed at a broad readership that includes ethicists, policy makers and designers themselves, it proffers a detailed survey of how technological, and institutional, design must now reflect awareness of ethical factors such as sustainability, human well-being, privacy, democracy and justice, inclusivity, trust, accountability, and responsibility (both social and environmental). Edited by a trio of highly experienced academic philosophers with a specialized interest in the ethical dimensions of technology and human creativity, this syncretic handbook collates an array of published material and offers a studied, practical introduction to the field. The volume addresses myriad aspects at the intersection of technology design and ethics, enabling designers to adopt a constructive approach in anticipating, preventing, and resolving societal and ethical issues affecting their work. It covers underlying theory; discrete values such as democracy, human well-being, sustainability and justice; and application domains themselves, which include architecture, bio- and nanotechnology, and military hardware. As the first exhaustive survey of a field whose importance is characterized by almost exponential growth, it represents a compelling addition to a formerly atomized literature.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    ISBN: 9783662455449
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 266 p. 8 illus. in color) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 170
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Economics
    Abstract: This book promotes the original concept of “Moral Capital” as the key to analyzing the nature and function of morality in economic activities. The book is divided into three major sections. In the first, the author argues that the logical connections between morality and economy and those between morality and profit provide a concrete theoretical basis for the concept of moral capital. In the second, the author elucidates the concept, the form and the functional mechanism of moral capital. In the third, the author describes the economic ethics of traditional Chinese intellectual history, especially the main idea of morality’s role in economics, which shows the historical narrative of this concept and provides resources on ideological history, helping businesses to establish their own moral capital approaches and accumulate moral capital. In the fourth, the author explores the special economic role of morality, and proposes an evaluation index system for assessing moral assets in enterprises, demonstrating the concept of moral capital’s significance from both a theoretical and application-oriented standpoint
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword,- Chapter one: the theoretical base of moral capital1.The economy is indeed the economy integrated morality -- 2.Moral objective: Spiritual or material.- 3.The virtue of economy and its function -- 4.Pareto optimality and its moral base -- 5.The economic values of morality -- 6.Moral profit and moral materialization are not one thing -- Chapter two: the basic principle of moral capital -- 1.The conception of moral capital and its value realization -- 2.The dependency and independence of moral capital.- 3.An economic interpretation to moral capital -- 4.The historical interpretation and contemporary thought of the conception and function of moral capital -- 5.Moral capital and its cultivation.- 6.The basic forms of moral capital.- 7.In what sense morality is capital -- 8. How can morality be capital -- Chapter three: moral effect during the corporate operation as capital factor -- 1.In what sense morality is spiritual productive force -- 2.The base and standard of productive force level of morality -- 3.Integrity is the core-competitiveness for economic development -- 4.Corporate integrity and realization mechanism -- 5.The moral situation and strategy analysis for contemporary corporate development in China.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9780857285799
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxiv, 771 Seiten)
    Edition: Second edition
    Series Statement: Anthem other canon economics
    Series Statement: Anthem Other Canon Economics, Anthem European Studies
    Keywords: Grain trade History ; Economics ; Business & Economics / Economic History ; France Politics and government 1715-1774 ; France Economic conditions 18th century ; Electronic books ; Frankreich ; Getreidemarkt ; Deregulierung ; Geschichte 1715-1774
    Abstract: A new edition of Kaplan's landmark study on eighteenth-century French political economy, reissued with a new Foreword by Sophus A. Reinert. Based on research in all the Parisian depots and more than fifty departmental archives and specialized and municipal libraries, Kaplan's classic work constitutes a major contribution to the study of the subsistence problem before the French Revolution and the political economy of deregulatory reform. Anthem Press is proud to reissued this pathbreaking work together with a significant new historiographic companion volume by the author, "The Stakes of Regulation: Perspectives on 'Bread, Politics and Political Economy'Forty Years Later."--
    Abstract: Cover; Bread, Politics and Political Economy in the Reign of Louis XV; Contents ; List of Illustrations; Foreword to the Second Edition by Sophus A. Reinert; Acknowledgements; List of Abbreviations; Introduction; Chapter I. The Police of Provisioning; Chapter II. The Regulations and the Regulators; Chapter III. The Origins of Liberty; Chapter IV. The Response to Liberalization: Theory and Practice; Chapter V. Forcing Grain to Be Free: The Government Holds the Line; Chapter VI. The Reforms and the Grain Trade; Chapter VII. Paris; Chapter VIII. The Royal Trump
    Abstract: Chapter IX. The Government, the Parlements, and the Battle over Liberty: IChapter X. The Government, the Parlements, and the Battle over Liberty: II; Chapter XI. From Political Economy to Police: The Return to Apprehensive Paternalism; Chapter XII. Policing the General Subsistence, 1771-1774; Chapter XIII. The King's Grain and the Retreat from Liberalization; Conclusion; Bibliography; Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Cover  (Thumbnail cover image)
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658074876
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 95 p.) , Ill.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Business and Economics
    Series Statement: Business, Economics, and Law
    DDC: 302.35
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Investor Relations ; Immaterielles Wirtschaftsgut ; Patent
    Abstract: To ensure refinancing opportunities for SMEs, answers for bridging the information gap between investor and company are needed; in this context, capital markets are becoming increasingly important. Alexander Zureck focuses on patents as an example of intangible assets and on their importance for the financial communication between SMEs and the capital market. A positive correlation between patent application and stock price development underscores the importance of patents. Based on his findings, the author recommends to take patents and other intangible assets into companys’ financial communication. Contents Financial Communication in the Context of Information Economics Financial Communication in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Patents in Financial Communication Target Groups Researchers, students, and practitioners in the field of economics with a focus on finance, communication and medium-sized enterprises The Author While Alexander Zureck studied business administration at FOM University of Applied Sciences, he worked in market research and in a bank. Today, he works for the FOM University of Applied Sciences in the field of financial research and he consults small and medium-sized enterprises
    Description / Table of Contents: Financial Communication in the Context of Information EconomicsFinancial Communication in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises -- Patents in Financial Communication.
    Note: "Results"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1188
    Keywords: Rechtsordnung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Regulierung ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Mexiko ; Economics ; Mexico ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mexico has embarked on a bold package of structural reforms that will help it to break away from three decades of slow growth and low productivity. Major structural measures have been legislated to improve competition, education, energy, the financial sector, labour, infrastructure and the tax system, among many, and implementation has started in earnest. If fully implemented, these reforms could increase annual trend per capita GDP growth by as much as one percentage point over the next ten years, with the energy reforms having the most front-loaded effects. Beyond this, a second wave could go further to tackle other structural bottlenecks. These challenges include reducing stringent regulation – particularly at the local level – and addressing corruption and weak enforcement of legal rights. The justice system is often slow and inefficient. And in the agricultural sector, strict land use restrictions and the structure of subsidies promote inefficiency. Moving even closer towards OECD best practices could increase potential growth by another percentage point annually.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1190
    Keywords: Leistungsbilanz ; Wechselkurs ; Wechselkurspolitik ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Makroökonomik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent episodes of large exchange rate movements, such as for Japan or the United Kingdom, have typically not been associated with large changes in trade balances and despite the polarisation of international investment positions large currency fluctuations during the global crisis of 2008-09 did not cause significant financial dislocations. This paper presents empirical evidence that for a number of OECD countries firms’ increasing participation in global value chains may have contributed to reducing exchange rate pass-through to the terms of trade, which may in turn have contributed to reducing the response of trade balances to exchange rate changes. Further empirical evidence suggests that over the past two decades large net external debtor countries, including emerging market economies, have reduced net aggregate foreign currency exposures, thereby limiting direct financial effects of exchange rate fluctuations through the valuation of external assets and liabilities. However, sizable increases in foreign currency borrowing for a number of emerging market economies in the wake of the global crisis of 2008-09, including by non-financial corporations, suggest that large exchange rate movements may nonetheless cause financial stress for exposed sectors and entities that may percolate through the financial system despite limited aggregate exposures.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1194
    Keywords: Dienstleistungssektor ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Regulierung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Deutschland ; Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Germany’s manufacturing sector, which plays an important role for exports, has been performing well over the past decade in terms of labour productivity growth and international competitiveness. However, the services sector has had much slower growth rates. Competition often appears to be hindered by protection of incumbents. Reforming and deregulating the domestically oriented sectors, including network industries, crafts and professional services would release hidden growth potential and prove beneficial to the economy as a whole. It could also help strengthen domestic demand and reduce dependence on exports. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 Economic Survey of Germany (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-germany.htm).
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1195
    Keywords: Mindestlohn ; Soziale Integration ; Bildungschancen ; Migranten ; Schulauswahl ; Einkommensteuer ; Steuerwirkung ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Berufsbildung ; Bildungspolitik ; Belgien ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Immigrants make up one fifth of the Belgian working age population, but their labour market integration is poor. Employment rates of non-EU immigrants, in particular, are very low, and the problem extends to their native-born offspring. Further, with more precarious jobs and lower wages, immigrants are heavily exposed to poverty. This is explained by low educational attainment and correspondingly high vulnerability to disincentives to work and relatively high minimum wages, but also by more diffuse handicaps, like discrimination and imperfect knowledge of the languages of Belgium. Improving the labour market performance of immigrants requires a two-fold strategy. First, policies specific to migrants need to be enhanced. To improve job matching, immigrants need more support to develop and validate their human capital, and employers, both public and private, need stronger incentives to hire a more diverse workforce. Second, general reforms to improve the functioning of the economy, desirable in any case, could also have a significant positive impact on immigrants. There is vast scope to reduce labour costs and increase work incentives for low-skilled workers. Also, the education system needs to become more equitable and responsive to the needs of the children of immigrants. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-belgium.htm)
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1199
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Einkommensteuer ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Indirekte Besteuerung ; Altersvorsorge ; Ökosteuer ; Subvention ; Australien ; Economics ; Australia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Getting tax and transfer systems to efficiently deliver sufficient revenues to achieve macroeconomic targets, address goals in re-distribution and social welfare, encourage employment, accommodate business-competitiveness concerns and incorporate environmental issues is difficult. In Australia, slowing economic growth in the wake of the mining boom has sharpened the trade-offs and brought into focus the importance of encouraging broad-based advances in employment and productive capacity while also dealing with other long-term challenges, in particular population ageing and greenhouse-gas emission reduction. This review particularly recommends shifting away from income taxation to indirect taxation, for instance by raising more revenue from the Goods and Services Tax. The report also advises caution in some recent welfare-reform proposals, and advocates broad support for business rather than targeted subsidies and other forms of corporate welfare. As regards environmental policies, the report comments on the proposed Emission Reduction Fund for reducing greenhouse gases and supports reform to vehicle-related taxation. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Australia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-australia.htm).
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1201
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Stabilisierungspolitik ; Haushaltsökonomik ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn as well as how stable their income and jobs are. The level and stability of earnings both matter for well-being. Standard economic aggregates do not measure accurately the economic uncertainty which households are facing. This paper shows that household-level economic instability is only very loosely related to macroeconomic volatility. It uses several household-level databases to document how pro-growth reforms influence household-level economic stability. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests a trade-off between growth and micro-level stability. Certain policy changes boost growth but increase micro-level instability: they include reductions in tax progressivity or social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moves from very to moderately tight restrictions on the flow of goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1208
    Keywords: Wohnungsmarkt ; Landnutzung ; Wohnungspolitik ; Wohnungspolitik ; Vermögensteuer ; Wohngeld ; Energiesparendes Bauen ; Hypothek ; Wohnungsmarkt ; Immobilienpreis ; Belgien ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing conditions in Belgium are among the best in OECD countries according to the Better Life Index, as dwellings are of high quality and large, and housing costs are average. However, the steep increase in house prices since 2003 has put market access for first-time buyers under pressure. Housing affordability is also deteriorating for the poor, as demand for social housing has not been met while the private rental market has become expensive. As a result, access to housing is at risk of becoming less equitable if the young and poorer people are priced out. Affordability for poorer people could be improved by expanding the regional rental allowance schemes. In parallel, scaling down the disproportional support for homeownership would free up public resources and reduce the bias towards homeownership. Other challenges to the efficiency of the housing market are posed by the high level of greenhouse gas emissions due to the old age of the housing stock and the low residential mobility, which harms the labour market and contributes to congestion and air pollution. To maintain an efficient housing market, policies should aim at increasing building densities in residential areas. Tilting taxation from transaction to recurrent taxes would lower barriers for residential mobility and contribute to labour market flexibility. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-belgium.htm)
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1209
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Führungskräfte ; Humankapital ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the link between skill and qualification mismatch and labour productivity using cross-country industry data for 19 OECD countries. Utilising mismatch indicators aggregated from micro-data sourced from the recent OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the main results suggest that higher skill and qualification mismatch is associated with lower labour productivity, with over-skilling and under-qualification accounting for most of these impacts. A novel result is that higher skill mismatch is associated with lower labour productivity through a less efficient allocation of resources, presumably because when the share of over-skilled workers is higher, more productive firms find it more difficult to attract skilled labour and gain market shares at the expense of less productive firms. At the same time, a higher share of under-qualified workers is associated with both lower allocative efficiency and within-firm productivity – i.e. a lower ratio of high productivity to low productivity firms. While differences in managerial quality can potentially account for the relationship between mismatch and within-firm productivity, the paper offers some preliminary insights into the policy factors that might explain the link between skill mismatch and resource allocation.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1214
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Sozialversicherungsbeitrag ; Teilzeitarbeit ; Bildungschancen ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Altersvorsorge ; Estland ; Economics ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour input in Estonia remains lower than before the crisis. Skill mismatches between workers and jobs contribute to structural unemployment and emigration, notably among young, employed workers, has reduced labour supply. Although the government has lowered labour taxes and further reductions are planned, government revenues still rely heavily on taxing employment. Shifting some of the tax burden on labour to real estate would make the tax system more employment friendly. High costs reduce the returns workers earn on the assets in the compulsory private pension system, effectively raising the tax burden on labour. There is scope to reduce costs. In the public pension system, phasing out early retirement schemes for workers in specific sectors or professions would make room for lower social security contributions. They pay gap between men and women is substantial and further steps could be envisaged to reduce it. Reforms to improve the skills of Estonian workers have a high pay-off in view of increased demand for skilled workers. The recent initiatives of the government to foster life-long learning and improve financial support for students from low-income families in tertiary education are welcome. There is scope to promote apprenticeships, for example by fostering cooperation between local firms and local schools. This would help reduce skill mismatch. More financial support is needed for students, especially to ensure youth have access to upper secondary vocational education. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-estonia.htm
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1221
    Keywords: 2000 - 2011 ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Produktionspotenzial ; Industrie ; Dienstleistung ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; China ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Chinese economy has been undergoing fundamental structural changes since the start of reforms in 1978. An increasing number of farmers first got engaged in off-farm activities and then started to migrate to cities in the 1990s in search of jobs. Such movement of labour from less to more productive jobs boosted overall labour productivity and growth. Agglomeration and scale economies further pushed up productivity. While the productivity gains from internal migration will diminish gradually over time, urbanisation is likely to remain an important source of productivity growth in the coming decade or so. This paper first decomposes labour productivity growth over 2000-11 into a within-industry, a shift and a cross effect in a number of countries and compares China with other countries over this period. This shift-share analysis also allows a comparison of within-sector productivity gains across a large number of sectors and countries. Labour productivity alongside total factor productivity is also discussed from the perspective of its gap with the United States and growth rate over 2000-11 and in comparison with other BRIICS economies. In this analysis, manufacturing and service industries are looked at separately. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of China www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1224
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Einkommensverteilung ; Aktienmarkt ; Gini-Koeffizient ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using data from OECD countries over the past three decades, this paper shows that financial expansion has fuelled greater income inequality. Higher levels of credit intermediation and stock markets are both related with a more unequal distribution of income. Greater income inequality may not reduce the welfare of even the lowest earners so long as their income growth is not negatively affected. Numerical simulations based on a novel empirical methodology indicate, however, that the financial expansion has put a brake on the income growth of many low- and middle-income households. No evidence is found that financial crises explain the observed relationships. While causality is difficult to establish beyond doubt, the paper finds credit patterns which are inconsistent with reverse causality running from greater income inequality to more household borrowing.
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  • 79
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    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1229
    Keywords: 1985 - 2013 ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; Schuldenmanagement ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent euro area sovereign debt crisis has shown the importance of market reactions for the sustainability of debt. The objective of this paper is to calculate endogenous government debt limits given the markets assessment of the probability to default. The estimated primary balance reaction function to growing debt has the “fiscal fatigue” property (a loosening fiscal effort makes the primary balance insufficient to support rising debt) at high debt levels. It is the combination of this feature of the primary balance reaction function with the market interest rate reaction to growing debt that determines the government debt limit beyond which debt cannot be rolled over. An application of this framework to OECD countries over the period 1985 – 2013 shows that current debt limits are high for most of the OECD thanks to particularly low current interest rates. It shows also for some countries that current debt levels are not sustainable without a change in government behaviour as compared to the past. Most importantly, the framework illustrates the state contingent nature of debt limits and therefore the vulnerability of governments to a change in macroeconomic conditions and to market reactions.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1230
    Keywords: 2040 ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; Makroökonomik ; Simulation ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The sharp rise in debt experienced by most OECD countries raises questions about the prudent debt level countries should target. It also raises questions about the fiscal frameworks needed to reach them and to accommodate cyclical fluctuations along the path towards a prudent debt target. The objective of this paper is to define long-run prudent debt targets for OECD countries and country-specific fiscal rules. To this end, a semi-structural macroeconomic model for OECD countries and primary balance reaction functions are estimated. The shocks derived from these estimations are used to assess uncertainties surrounding the development of macroeconomic variables. The model is simulated up to 2040 to derive the prudent debt target for each country and design country-specific fiscal rules.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1240
    Keywords: Diversifikation ; Technologiepolitik ; Kleine offene Volkswirtschaft ; Luxemburg ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Developing activities in areas other than finance would help to sustain growth and deal with the declining potential output and trend productivity growth that Luxembourg’s economy is facing. Given the relatively high labour costs, Luxembourg’s future comparative advantages are likely to lie in higher value added and skill intensive activities. Further development of Luxembourg’s high living standards thus requires strengthening the economy’s growth potential via further diversification of activity in high value added sectors. Stepping up investment in knowledge based capital and enterprise innovation can help Luxembourg to maintain and further develop comparative advantages in high value added activities. The government is promoting the formation of enterprise clusters by providing networking, infrastructure investment and financial support for research and development. To enhance the efficiency of the government’s policy, high priority should be given to outcome-oriented evaluation. This is required to ensure that costly infrastructure investment yields good results. Further efforts should be made to create synergies via cross-border initiatives, in particular with respect to research. Experience in other countries points to the importance of regulatory framework conditions in product and labour markets to spur enterprise dynamics. Regulation in professional services can be made more competition friendly, and impediments to labour force participation, notably for women, can be reduced. Productivity and innovation are also affected by the effectiveness of the secondary education system to produce skilled workers, which in Luxembourg is hampered by high repetition rates among students. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Luxembourg (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-luxembourg.htm).
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1242
    Keywords: 2015 - 2030 ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Altersvorsorge ; Gesundheitswesen ; Altenhilfe ; Prognose ; Slowenien ; Economics ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Slovenia’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This demographic trend will increasingly put pressure on already fragile public finances as age related expenditure is projected to rise by 3 percentage points of GDP by the year 2030. Ensuring debt sustainability and generational equity requires reforms of social support systems and necessitates adjustments in labour markets. Policy makers will thus need to act more strongly than in the past to rein in ageing related outlays, pursue efficiency-enhancing restructurings of health and long-term care systems, and adopt measures to strengthen labour force participation. In particular, further increases in the relatively low pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and the burden on the active population. Better utilisation of medical resources and coordinated purchasing of medical supplies would curb health care expenditure, while a dedicated funding mechanism for long-term care would enhance the sustainability of the system. Moreover, removing incentives for early retirement in combination with active labour market policies would increase the labour force participation rates of older workers from its currently very low levels. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-slovenia.htm).
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1246
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; Entwicklung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Bildung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Indonesien ; Economics ; Indonesia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Indonesia has a very good record of poverty reduction, having halved its incidence over the past two decades. Nevertheless, almost 30 million people still live below the national poverty line, mostly in rural areas and in certain provinces. In order to make further progress in lifting these people out of poverty and economic vulnerability, policy needs to focus on generating strong, inclusive and sustainable growth. Pro-poor growth can assist in the process of economic convergence by facilitating the migration of workers out of the low-productivity agricultural sector into the industry and services sectors. By putting in place the right fundamentals, such as a well-designed and inclusive education system, efficient infrastructure and a stable macroeconomic environment, Indonesia will have decades of strong growth ahead by virtue of economic convergence with frontier countries. This has the potential to lift millions more out of poverty without exacerbating income inequality. Moreover, it will set Indonesia up for the next phase of innovation-driven growth that will propel it into the ranks of high income countries. While existing poverty reduction programmes have become increasingly effective, more resources are required, and efficiency could be further enhanced, especially through better targeting. The distribution of income has become markedly more unequal over the past decade and needs to be kept in mind when formulating growth policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-indonesia.htm)
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1249
    Keywords: Konjunktur ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Vulnerabilitätsanalyse ; Coping-Strategie ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The high costs of crises underscore the need to strengthen the resilience of economies, notably by assessing early on potential vulnerabilities that can lead to such costly events. This paper first discusses the source and nature of potential vulnerabilities in OECD countries that can lead to costly economic crises. Based on the most recent evidence from the early warning literature and lessons learned from the global financial crisis, it then proposes a new dataset of more than 70 vulnerability indicators that could be monitored to assess country risks in OECD economies. The indicators are grouped into five domestic areas: i) financial sector imbalances, ii) non-financial sector imbalances, iii) asset market imbalances, iv) public sector imbalances and v) external sector imbalances. An additional international “spillovers, contagion and global risks” category aims at capturing vulnerabilities that could transmit from one country to another through financial, trade or confidence channels. Evidence in a companion paper (Hermansen and Röhn, 2015) shows that the majority of the proposed indicators for which sufficiently long time series exists is helpful in predicting severe recessions and crises in the 34 OECD economies and Latvia between 1970 and 2014.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1254
    Keywords: Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Haushaltsplanung ; Finanzverwaltung ; Finanzpolitik ; Lettland ; Economics ; Latvia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper explores avenues to improve public sector efficiency in Latvia, a catching-up and ageing economy where spending needs are large. Ensuring that spending allocated to core services (e.g. education, healthcare) is adequate to achieve convergence of policy outcomes to OECD upper standards is challenging. Efficiency gains in the tax system could bring additional revenues. The tax base should be expanded by reducing informality, strengthening tax administration and increasing property and environmentally related taxes, which are low by international standards. To reduce unemployment and income inequality, the tax-benefit system should also be revised as it is now relatively regressive and the tax wedge on low-income earners is high. Enhancing analytical, monitoring and assessment capacities should help to rein in wasteful expenditure and improve the prioritisation of spending. The reform of human resource management, public procurement, and state-local relations is also needed to deliver higher-quality and more cost-efficient public services.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1262
    Keywords: Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Geldpolitik ; Stabilisierungspolitik ; Finanzpolitik ; Japan ; Economics ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: With gross government debt of 226% of GDP, Japan’s fiscal situation is in uncharted territory and puts the economy at risk. Japan needs a detailed and credible fiscal consolidation plan, including specific revenue increases and measures to control spending to restore its fiscal sustainability. The major concern on the spending side are social spending pressures in the context of rapid population ageing, making reforms to contain such spending a priority. Much of the consolidation, though, will have to be on the revenue side, primarily through hikes in the consumption tax rate beyond the 10% now planned for 2017. Fiscal consolidation should be accompanied by measures to promote social cohesion through the tax and benefit system and by breaking down labour market dualism. In particular, an earned income tax credit is a priority to assist the working poor.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1264
    Keywords: long run ; Flexibilität ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Anpassungskosten ; Bibliometrie ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This survey highlights the key results of the empirical literature concerning the costs of flexibility enhancing reforms in product and labour markets. The documented costs include reduced employment, loss of government revenue, undesirable distributional consequences and political instability. The literature suggests that: i) once implemented, product and labour market reforms affect prices and quantities quite rapidly; ii) there are no major differences between the overall effects in the short and long run; iii) the costs of reforms are very much related to interactions with other policies and institutions; and iv) the costs of reforms change over the business cycle.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1261
    Keywords: Deregulierung ; Risikokapital ; Technologiepolitik ; Geldpolitik ; Stabilisierungspolitik ; Finanzpolitik ; Japan ; Environment ; Economics ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Innovation is key to boosting economic growth in the face of a rapidly ageing population. While Japan spends heavily on education and R&D, appropriate framework conditions are essential to increase the return on such investments by strengthening competition, both domestic and international, and improving resource allocation. Upgrading corporate governance would encourage firms to maximise profits and invest their large cash reserves. To promote open innovation in a global framework, it is necessary to improve universities and expand their role in business R&D, while increasing international collaboration in R&D from its current low level. Venture capital-backed firms and start-ups should play a key role in commercialising innovation. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels and foster entrepreneurship. SMEs, which account for 70% of employment, should contribute more to innovation.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1269
    Keywords: Steuervergünstigung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Soziale Mobilität ; Irland ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses income inequality in Ireland using a new panel dataset based on the administrative tax records of the Revenue Commissioners for Ireland. High inequality at market incomes in Ireland by international standards appears to be driven by both ends of the income distribution. An analysis of income mobility over time shows it has been low at both ends of the income distribution, though it increased at the low end once the crisis began, reflecting the sharp deterioration of the labour market. The data confirms that the tax system is highly progressive at the high end of income distribution and the welfare system provides the most significant support to lower income deciles in Ireland. The redistributive function in the tax and benefit system was enhanced during the last decade, not only because more income support was necessitated with the crisis, but also because of steeper and more progressive tax rates. This working paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Ireland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-ireland.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Sicherheit ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: People feel economically insecure when they perceive a significant hazard or danger looming in the future, which they are unable to insure against, avoid or ignore. While all OECD countries devote significant resources to mitigate economic insecurity, no consensus exists on the best way to measure it. The paper reviews the pros and cons of the main approaches proposed by the literature and identifies a number of criteria than an ideal measure of economic insecurity should satisfy. It advocates the construction of household level sub-indices for the hazards identified in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e. unemployment, illness, widowhood, disability and old age) and their aggregation to an over-all summary measure of economic insecurity, discussing what could be done with existing data and what additional information should be collected.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/08
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sterblichkeit ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: All OECD countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health status between socioeconomic groups within their populations. One aspect of these inequalities for which data are routinely available in many countries is inequalities in mortality by level of education: people with a lower level of education typically have considerably higher death rates and lower life expectancy than people with a higher level of education. The OECD recently started a project to generate measures of the distributions of ages at death by educational level, gender and cause of death for as many countries as possible. This working paper aims to highlight the most important methodological issues to be faced when trying to create valid statistics on mortality by level of education, and to highlight how different methodologies may affect results and comparisons. Topics covered include study designs (e.g. use of cross-sectional census-unlinked versus longitudinal census-linked data), data harmonization issues (e.g. use of a common educational classification scheme), and data analysis issues (e.g. choice of a summary measure of inequalities in mortality). The paper ends with a number of recommendations for data analysts.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 02
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Technische Effizienz ; Allokation ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the characteristics of firms that operate at the global productivity frontier and their relationship with other firms in the economy, focusing on the diffusion of global productivity gains and the policies that faciliate it. Firms at the global productivity frontier – defined as the most productive firms in each two-digit industry across 23 countries – are typically larger, more profitable, younger and more likely to patent and be part of a multinational group than other firms. Despite the slowdown in aggregate productivity, productivity growth at the global frontier remained robust over the 2000s. At the same time, the rising productivity gap between the global frontier and other firms raises key questions about why seemingly non-rival technologies do not diffuse to all firms. The analysis reveals a highly uneven process of technological diffusion, which is consistent with a model whereby global frontier technologies only diffuse to laggards once they are adapted to country-specific circumstances by the most productive firms within each country (i.e. national frontier firms). This motivates an analysis of the sources of differences in the productivity and size of national frontier firms vis-à-vis the global frontier and the catch-up of laggard firms to the national productivity frontier. Econometric analysis suggests that well-designed framework policies can aid productivity diffusion by sharpening firms’ incentives for technological adoption and by promoting a market environment that reallocates resources to the most productive firms. There is also a role for R&D tax incentives, business-university R&D collaboration and patent protection but trade-offs emerge which can inform the design of innovation-specific policies.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1275
    Keywords: Zyklisches Verhalten ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Steuereinnahmen ; Produktionspotenzial ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper re-estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for OECD countries. These elasticities are used by the OECD to calculate cyclically adjusted fiscal balances. The study updates the earlier 2005 study using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to 35 countries, the 34 OECD member states and Latvia. The same two-step methodology is retained: revenue and expenditure elasticities with respect to the output gap being defined as the product of, first, the elasticities of individual revenue and expenditure items with respect to their bases and, second, the elasticities of these bases with respect to the output gap. A number of refinements and methodological improvements are made relative to the 2005 study. The revisions to individual elasticities relative to the 2005 vintage are significant in a number of cases but do not follow a clear pattern across countries, except for the elasticities of corporate income tax revenue which are revised up in most cases.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1192
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Rechtsstaat ; Privatisierung ; Corporate Governance ; Auslandsinvestition ; Korruption ; Wettbewerb ; Frühindikator ; WTO-Mitgliedschaft ; Rechtsordnung ; Russland ; Economics ; Russian Federation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic growth is below what would be needed to resume rapid convergence to average OECD living standards. On-going efforts to improve the business climate are laudable, but need to be widened and strengthened. Much progress has been achieved in reducing red tape, but it is only recently that the authorities have visibly become more energetic in fighting corruption. Adverse interactions between politics, business and law enforcement generate obstacles for the rule of law and remain a major risk for potential investors. High entry barriers lead to weak competition. Reducing the role of the state in the economy and WTO membership should be viewed as opportunities to strengthen competition, and hence provide incentives for productivity improvements, which are urgently required to ensure stronger growth in Russia because of a shrinking labour force. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of the Russian Federation (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-russian-federation.htm).
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1193
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Umweltstandard ; Transportmanagement ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Wettbewerb ; Russland ; Economics ; Russian Federation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Transport can play an important role in promoting growth, diversification and regional convergence. However, with insufficient investment and incomplete structural reforms, Russia faces very large challenges in modernising its large transport system. Urban transport problems are intensifying, because of weak policy coordination and inadequate traffic management. Promoting competition in the transport sector is essential, in particular by effectively opening the railway freight market to independent operators. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 Economic Survey of the Russian Federation (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-russian-federation.htm).
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1196
    Keywords: Beruflicher Status ; Einkommen ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Mexiko ; Economics ; Mexico ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The growing literature studying the determinants of subjective wellbeing find that Mexicans report, on average, levels of life satisfaction that are above what would be predicted by the available objective measures of well-being. This paradox raises the following question: Are the drivers of subjective well-being in Mexico different from the drivers in other countries? This paper tries to answer this question using data from the World Gallup Poll and Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Geografía (INEGI). In particular, it investigates if the impact that key objective measures of well-being have on life satisfaction is different in Mexico than in other countries. The results show that the drivers of life satisfaction are very similar to those in other countries. In particular, as in other countries, in Mexico income, education, health, job status and other individual characteristics are significantly associated with life satisfaction. These findings suggest that the higher average level of life satisfaction in Mexico is probably related to unobserved country characteristics. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Mexico (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-mexico.htm).
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1197
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Mexiko ; Economics ; Mexico ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2013 the Mexican government embarked on a major reform agenda which, if fully implemented and pushed forward, will help Mexico break out from a recent history of economic stagnation and high levels of poverty and inequality that has hampered the quality of life of its citizens. Indeed, compared with other OECD countries, Mexico performs poorly in indicators that are essential to a good life, often resulting in traps that hinder growth and well-being. The government has introduced major structural reforms to fight poverty, improve the quality of education, create more jobs in the formal sector and move towards a universal social security system. This is a substantial accomplishment. However, Mexico needs to build a more inclusive state. This implies raising more tax revenue (without necessarily increasing tax rates) to expand social protection. It also means promoting an inclusive labour market to reduce informality and increase female labour market participation; inclusive schools to reduce educational gaps; inclusive health systems so that health care quality no longer depends on employment status; and inclusive cities to reduce geographical segregation. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Mexico (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-mexico.htm).
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1198
    Keywords: Föderalismus ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Australien ; Economics ; Australia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Australia’s inter-governmental fiscal relations have gradually moved towards greater centralisation. State governments receive sizeable transfers from the federal government and own revenues only partially cover their expenses. Finding the right balance between federal control and state autonomy in public service provision and its financing has not been easy. Over time various compromises have somewhat blurred responsibilities in various functional areas or reduced incentives to raise sub-national revenues potentially affecting public sector efficiency and service quality. A better balance, one in which central government has less steerage over state activities and states have more financing autonomy but also bear increased responsibility is likely to improve outcomes. Federal-state shared responsibilities continue to affect the efficiency of healthcare service delivery in particular. A clearer delineation of roles in shared functions and possibly a reallocation of responsibilities in some cases, are important. There is also scope to reduce federal grant conditionality further to contain red tape and enhance transparency and give the states a more flexible allocation of funds. Strengthening states’ revenueraising by broadening existing tax bases would promote efficiency. Consideration could be given to the introduction of a state-level income tax. The government’s current review of the federal system, focusing on both spending and tax responsibilities, is welcome, as is the “whole of government” approach to the process. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Australia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-australia.htm).
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1202
    Keywords: Finanzbeziehungen ; Kolumbien ; Economics ; Colombia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Colombia has engaged in a sustained process of fiscal decentralisation over the past decades. This paper analyses three aspects of fiscal performance for Colombia’s departments. First, it studies the sustainability aspects of subnational finances by estimating a fiscal reaction function. Evidence is presented that the current framework is conducive to fiscal sustainability, especially after the reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Second, the paper analyses the impact of transfers and oil and mining royalties and the effort to raise own tax revenues at the departmental level. Overall, there is little evidence of a negative effect of transfers from the central government on departmental tax revenue, the so-called “fiscal fatigue”. Finally, the paper presents evidence of a limited degree of risk sharing of departmental idiosyncratic shocks, as transfers from the central government are mostly pro-cyclical. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Colombia. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-colombia.htm)
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1206
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Qualifikation ; Frühkindliche Bildung ; Kinderbetreuung ; Hochschule ; Berufsbildung ; Frauen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The education system has reacted slowly to changes in labour market needs, leading to an increasing number of school leavers without sufficient qualification. In addition, declining PISA scores and a rising share of low achievers are raising concerns about the quality of the future labour force. These factors play a role in the stalled income convergence process. Indeed, practices such as early tracking, streaming and low transferability between academic tracks hamper employability, human capital accumulation and social mobility. In the vocational education and training system, resources continue to be allocated on a historical basis. A more endogenous adjustment of the system to better align students’ qualifications with labour market needs requires active participation of social partners, students and education institutions. The rapid expansion of tertiary education without a corresponding increase in resources has led to fears about declining quality. Quality in tertiary education can be fostered by modifying the accreditation system, introducing student fees, strengthening the links with the private sector and foreign research networks and publicising information on labour market outcomes by field of study and higher education institution. Measures to better balance family and work lives can improve career options for women and therefore reduce the current tensions between having children and full time labour market participation of younger women. This could also ease the coming labour shortages associated with population ageing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of the Czech Republic (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-czech-republic.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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