Abstract: I Introduction and Foundational Issues -- 1 An Introduction to Existential-Phenomenological Thought in Psychology -- 2 Psychology and the Attitude of Science -- 3 Phenomenological Research Methods -- II Classical Topics in Psychology -- 4 Brain, Body, and World: Body Image and the Psychology of the Body -- 5 Approaches to Perception in Phenomenological Psychology: The Alienation and Recovery of Perception in Modern Culture -- 6 Learning and Memory from the Perspective of Phenomenological Psychology -- III Development, Emotion, and Social Psychology -- 7 A Phenomenological Approach to Child Development -- 8 An Empirical-Phenomenological Investigation of Being Anxious: An Example of the Phenomenological Approach to Emotion -- 9 The Social Psychology of Person Perception and the Experience of Valued Relationships -- IV The Clinical Area -- 10 Personality and Assessment -- 11 Demystifying Psychopathology: Understanding Disturbed Persons -- 12 Psychotherapy and Human Experience -- V Explorations of Central Life Issues -- 13 Transformation of the Passions: Psychoanalytic and Phenomenological Perspectives -- 14 The Psychology of Forgiving Another: A Dialogai Research Approach -- 15 Aesthetic Consciousness -- VI Transpersonal Psychology -- 16 The Emergence of Transpersonal Psychology -- 17 Basic Postulates for a Transpersonal Psychotherapy -- 18 Transpersonal Psychology: Promise and Prospects -- 19 The Imagery in Movement Method: A Process Tool Bridging Psychotherapeutic and Transpersonal Inquiry -- 20 States of Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology -- Name Index.

Abstract: When I began to study psychology a half century ago, it was defined as "the study of behavior and experience." By the time I completed my doctorate, shortly after the end of World War II, the last two words were fading rapidly. In one of my first graduate classes, a course in statistics, the professor announced on the first day, "Whatever exists, exists in some number." We dutifully wrote that into our notes and did not pause to recognize that thereby all that makes life meaningful was being consigned to oblivion. This bland restructuring-perhaps more accurately, destruction-of the world was typical of its time, 1940. The influence of a narrow scientistic attitude was already spreading throughout the learned disciplines. In the next two decades it would invade and tyrannize the "social sciences," education, and even philosophy. To be sure, quantification is a powerful tool, selectively employed, but too often it has been made into an executioner's axe to deny actuality to all that does not yield to its procrustean demands.

Abstract: I Polymers -- 1. Electrically Conductive Polymers -- 2. Lonically Conductive Polymers -- II Plastics -- 3. Metallic Plating and Coating on Plastics -- 4. Conductive Plastics.

Abstract: One: Perspectives -- 1. Principles of Fish Culture and Aquaculture Systems -- 2. Principles of Culture Systems Management -- 3. Approaches to People (Using Human Resources) -- 4. Marketing -- 5. Life Cycles and Production Strategies -- 6. Water and Health Management -- 7. Ethics -- Two: Quantitative Approaches -- 8. Production Economics -- 9. Records for Managerial Analyses -- 10. Production System Limits -- 11. Decision-Making Tools -- 12. Computer Assisted Decision Support Systems -- Appendixes -- Appendix I. Manager Attributes and Expectations -- Appendix II. Suggested Steps for Learning to Read People -- Appendix III. Examples of Enterprise Budgets, Cash Flow, and Credit Repayment Schedules -- Appendix IV. Life-Cycle Costing -- Appendix V. Sample Calculation to Determine the Number of Fish that Can be Reared in a Unit (Tank) That Receives 5 Gallons Per Minute (GPM) Water Flow -- Appendix VI. Sample Problems on Production Capacity Assessment (PCA).

Abstract: Although some nations, such as Japan, have invested in aquaculture research and developed major aquaculture industries, the opportunities for similar devel­ opment in the United States remain largely unnoticed. In a typical recent year the United States, which claims 20% of the world's marine fisheries resources, imported seafood worth $4. 8 billion and exported $l. 3 billion. In addition to the $3. 5 billion deficit in food-fish, was another $2. 7 billion deficit for nonedible fishery products. Next to oil, fishery products constituted the second highest drain on the United States balance of payments and accounts for a significant portion of the foreign trade deficit. Furthermore, fish consumption has been increasing in North America. In response to the demand for fishery products, aquaculture managers not only have the opportunity to realize economic profit, but in doing so can make an important contribution to reducing the national debt, providing employment, and enhancing our diet. This book might be considered a farm management text for those in aquaculture. It is intended to provide an introduction to aquaculture principles and an introduction to management, including business and people management, microeconomics, and the concepts of efficiency and productivity. I hope it will bridge the gap between conservationists, the academic community, and commer­ cial culturists. Abundant references should enable the reader to quickly access literature on most topics germane to the management of culture systems.

Abstract: 1 Mechanical manometers -- 1.1 Liquid manometers -- 1.2 The McLeod gauge -- 1.3 The diaphragm manometer -- 1.4 Viscous or friction-type gauges -- References -- 2 Thermal conductivity gauges -- 2.1 Basic principles -- 2.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity -- 2.3 Sensitivity -- 2.4 End losses -- 2.5 Accommodation coefficient and relative sensitivity -- 2.6 Alternative methods of bridge control -- 2.7 Useful range of the constant-voltage bridge -- 2.8 The lower limit to the useful pressure range -- 2.9 The importance of bridge-voltage and temperature fluctuations at high pressure -- 2.10 Compensation for temperature and voltage fluctuations -- 2.11 Physical changes in the gauge wire (ageing effects) -- 2.12 Extension of working range to atmospheric pressure -- 2.13 Commercial gauges for laboratory and industrial use -- 2.14 The thermocouple gauge -- References -- 3 Thermionic cathode ionization gauges -- 3.1 Positive ion production in a gas -- 3.2 The principle of the thermionic cathode ionization gauge -- 3.3 The relative sensitivity for different gases -- 3.4 The measurement of low pressures -- 3.5 Extension of the range of the BA gauge to very low pressures -- 3.6 The precision to which measurements can be made with the hot cathode gauge -- 3.7 Gauges specially designed to operate at high pressure -- 3.8 Chemical and physical reactions in the hot cathode ionization gauge -- References -- 4 Cold-cathode ionization gauges -- 4.1 The development of cold-cathode (crossed-field) gauges -- 4.2 Commercial gauges for high- and ultra-high vacuum applications -- References -- 5 Gauge calibration -- 5.1 Basic considerations -- 5.2 Calibration against the transfer gauge -- 5.3 Comparison with absolute gauges -- 5.4 Series expansion techniques -- 5.5 Dynamic flow techniques -- 5.6 The measurement of gas throughput -- References -- 6 Gas analysis in vacuum systems: magnetic, crossed-field and time-of-flight analysers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The magnetic deflection mass spectrometer -- 6.3 The trochoidal (or cycloidal) mass spectrometer -- 6.4 The omegatron -- 6.5 Time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer -- 6.6 Interpretation of mass spectra -- References -- 7 Gas analysis in vacuum systems: quadrupole mass analysers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Principles of the quadrupole mass filter -- 7.3 Design of small residual gas analysers (RGAs) -- 7.4 The operating characteristics of the RGAs designed for general laboratory and industrial use -- 7.5 The use of electron multipliers for signal detection -- 7.6 Non-conventional methods of quadrupole operation -- 7.7 The monopole mass spectrometer -- 7.8 The three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap -- References.

Abstract: This book deals with the underlying theory and practical aspects of pressure gauges that are at present in general use. Because of the ever-increasing demands to provide a wider range of sophisticated and reliable vacuum equipment a good understanding of these instruments is of vital importance to all workers in the research and industrial sectors. Of the gauges considered only the mechanical types are absolute, in the sense that they measure pressure directly as a force upon a liquid column or a solid surface. Under ideal conditions it is possible to calculate their sensitiv­ ities, which are the same for all gases and vapours. The recent developments in the viscous or molecular damping gauges indicate that these may also be considered absolute. Other gauges are indirect in that they involve the measurement of some secondary phenomenon which is pressure-dependent and therefore these gauges can only be used for measurement after calibration against an absolute standard. The radiometer or Knudsen type gauge has been excluded from the text since these are now only of historic interest. Also no mention is made of the integration techniques involving surface changes (such as work function) although these could have application under very special circumstances. The McLeod gauge is dealt with in some detail, for even though this gauge has few practical applications, it is the most sensitive absolute gauge available and has value as a reference standard.

Abstract: • Gender in Transition: A Brave New World? -- I • Gender in Transition: The Androgynous Zone -- 1 • That Old Black Magic of Femininity: Then and Now -- 2 • From John Wayne to Tootsie: The Masculine Struggle with Psychological Integration -- 3 • Preparation for Fatherhood: Dreams of Transition -- 4 • Gender Stereotypes: A New Egalitarian Couple Emerges -- 5 • New Parents in a Changing World: Existential and Interpersonal Dilemmas -- II • New Reproductive Technologies: From Test Tubes to Surrogates -- 6 • A Psychoanalytic Case Study: Infertility, in Vitro Fertilization, and Countertransference -- 7 • Paternity by Proxy: Artificial Insemination with Donor Sperm -- 8 • Psychological Implications of the Anonymous Pregnancy -- 9 • Who Becomes a Surrogate: Personality Characteristics -- 10 • Contemporary Adoption: A Cooperative Enterprise -- 11 • Artificial Insemination by Donor: Yours, Mine, or Theirs? -- 12 • Infertility and the New Reproductive Technologies: Speculations from a Psychodynamic Perspective -- 13 • Amniocentesis: The Experience of Invasion and the Ambivalence of Foreknowledge -- 14 • Gender Selection and Society -- 15 • Woman’s Shifting Sense of Self: The Impact of Reproductive Technology -- III • The 21st Century: Futuristic Patterns, Concerns, and Issues -- 16 • Divided Loyalties: Ongoing Reactions to Baby M -- 17 • Feminist Tensions: Concepts of Motherhood and Reproductive Choice -- 18 • On Surrogacy: Constructing Social Policy -- 19 • The Terror of Surrogate Motherhood: Fantasies, Realities, and Viable Legislation -- 20 • Lesbian Parenting: A Personal Odyssey -- 21 • Bearing the Unbearable: The Psychological Impact of AIDS -- 22 • Toward a Sense of Immortality: Case Studies of Voluntarily Childless Couples -- 23 • 21st Century: Changing Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity -- Overview • Reflections.

Abstract: The wish for a child runs deep, as does the desire for parenthood. It is a wish that is essential to the continuance of the human species. It derives its motive power from many interrelated sources: psychobiological, sociological, historical. Yet it is a power that is changing hands. A short decade ago, Louise Brown was born. Prior to this event, human beings had begun biological life deep inside a female body. Louise Brown's birth signaled the beginning of a new era: The door to a new biotechnological world was opened, a world of artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, embryo transplants, amniocentesis, gender preselection-procedures imagined but never before realized, leading perhaps to the injection of new genetic material into frozen embryos. Indeed, what had been, since Eve, an exclusively female power and prerogative has now been invaded by 20th-century biotechnology. The womb has been replaced, and sperm and egg can now be joined without love and romance. Change brings with it new questions: A complex inquiry has been generated by issues that are psychological, ethical, moral, biological, sociological, and legal. Simultaneously, and not incidentally or accidentally, gender psychology is in transi­ tion. As we enter an androgynous zone, cultural heroes shift, new couples emerge. Gender roles are redefined, and renegotiated, not without struggle and apprehen­ sion. We are approaching a new frontier-hopeful, self-conscious, and anxious. The possibilities are endless, as are the problems.

Abstract: I -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Designing for Building Construction -- 3 Computer Models -- II -- 4 Planning a CAD System -- 5 Implementing a System — Management Issues -- 6 Implementing a System — Hardware and Software -- III -- 7 Preliminary Project Design -- 8 Project Management -- 9 Components: Graphical Representation -- 10 Model Assembly and Drawings for Detailed Design of Projects -- 11 Non-graphical Design Information -- 12 Project Control and Quality Assurance -- 13 Construction, Space Planning and Building Management -- 14 Concluding Remarks and The Future -- References.

Abstract: In the era of Information Technology, the computer is the machine-tool. Designers and planners are information workers and many have turned to CAD technology, hoping to find something that will ensure survival in the increasingly competitive business climate. The new problem relates not to any limitations of systems, but to the lack of knowledge on how to implement, manage and control the CAD technology. This book is aimed at design professionals, planners and managers. Although references and examples relate to building and construction work, most of the principles are unlikely to differ whatever the application. As a result, it should be useful in the fields of mechanical engineering and manufacturing industry too. Chapter 13 deals with applications in construction planning, space planning and facilities management. Emphasis throughout is on people, responsibilities, applications, organisation and procedures. The design process is highly interactive. Manual drawing, or use of a computer drafting system to mimic this, inevitably leads to inconsistencies within in the design information. Computer modelling of projects presents better opportunities and the many techniques range from 2-D modelling to solid modelling. A blend of 2-D and 3-D methods to suit the application is essential today. System planning itself requires a carefully managed feasibility study comprising preliminary and detailed phases. Objectives and requirements of the office must be set down. Then there is something to compare the available systems with. The chosen system must be capable of evolving to meet an ever-changing future.

Abstract: 1 Microcomputer Control -- 2 DC Circuits and Power Supplies -- 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 4 Transistors -- 5 Transducers -- 6 Actuators -- 7 Binary Numbers and Digital Electronics -- 8 Conversion Between Digital and Analog -- 9 Memories -- 10 Binary Arithmetic -- 11 Programming a Microprocessor -- 12 Assembly Language Programming -- 13 The Structure of an Elementary Microcomputer -- 14 Parallel Input/Output and Interrupts -- 15 Serial Input/Output and Modems -- 16 Dynamic Behavior of Systems -- 17 The Computer and Its Sampling Processes -- 18 Field Application of Microcomputer Controllers.

Abstract: Microcomputers are having, and will have in the future, a significant impact on the technology of all fields of engineering. The applications of micro­ computers of various types that are now integrated into engineering include computers and programs for calculations, word processing, and graphics. The focus of this book is on still another objective-that of control. The forms of microcomputers used in control range from small boards dedicated to control a single device to microcomputers that oversee the operation of numerous smaller computers in a building complex or an industrial plant. The most­ dramatic growth in control applications recently has been in the microcom­ puters dedicated to control functions in automobiles, appliances, production machines, farm machines, and almost all devices where intelligent decisions are profitable. Both engineering schools and individual practicing engineers have re­ sponded in the past several years to the dramatic growth in microcomputer control applications in thermal and mechanical systems. Universities have established courses in computer control in such departments of engineering as mechanical, civil, agricultural, chemical and others. Instructors and students in these courses see a clear role in the field that complements that of the com­ puter specialist who usually has an electrical engineering or computer science background. The nonEE or nonCS person should first and foremost be com­ petent in the mechanical or thermal system being controlled. The objectives of extending familiarity into the computer controller are (1) to learn the char­ acteristics, limitations, and capabilit.

Abstract: Key Note Lecture 1 -- Key Note Lecture 2 -- Key Note Lecture 3 -- Machinery/Systems Health Monitoring -- Quality, Reliability, Health and Safety -- Plant and Process Health Monitoring -- Application of Expert Systems in COMADEM -- Information/Data Management -- Condition-based Maintenance Management -- Advances in Instrumentation and Control Technology -- Advances in Diagnostic Technology -- Energy Monitoring and Management -- Condition Monitoring of Offshore Structures and Installations -- Advances in Non-destructive Testing (NDT)/Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) -- Novel Application of COM ADEM Techniques -- Continuing Education and Training in COMADEM -- Author Index.

Abstract: RajB KNRao Conference Director, Birmingham Polytechnic Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM) is a relatively new field that has already made its mark in a wide range of industries. But all the signs are that even more will be required of researchers in the field over the next decade, for COMADEM directly addresses a whole range of issues that are likely to become increasingly important to companies as competitiveness increases along with the uncertainties resulting from rapid technological change. Already for example, businesses are having to scrutinize the economics of plant and machinery in greater detail than ever before; reliability is becoming a crucial factor as the costs of unscheduled breakdowns rise and there is increasing pressure on companies to demonstrate and assure improved health and safety conditions, especially in light of the growing number of catastrophic accidents that have occured throughout the world. Because it offers solutions to these and similar problems, COMADEM is now gaining an international reputation as a problem-solving, user-friendly and financially beneficial multi-discipline with immense potential. Many people at the senior management level are now convinced that COMADEM has much to offer and are wasting no time in reaping maximum benefit from the latest developments. The fact that the first UK informal seminar on COMADEM - COMADEM 88 - proved to be a great success and had a truly international flavour reflected this growing interest in the new field.

Abstract: 1. New Directions in Building Design -- 1.1. Change from Master Builders to Managers -- 1.2. Basic Traditional Building Procedure -- 1.3. Systems Design Approach to Building -- 1.4. Design by Building Team -- 2. Basic Building Elements and Their Representation -- 2.1. Main Parts of Buildings -- 2.2. Floors and Ceilings -- 2.3. Roofs -- 2.4. Exterior Walls and Openings -- 2.5. Partitions, Doors, and Interior-Wall Finishes -- 2.6. Structural Framing and Foundations -- 2.7. Plumbing -- 2.8. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems -- 2.9. Lighting -- 2.10. Acoustics -- 2.11. Electric Supply -- 2.12. Vertical-Circulation Elements -- 2.13. Why Drawings Are Necessary -- 2.14. Drawing Conventions -- 2.15. Types of Drawings -- 2.16. Specifications -- 2.17. Scales and Dimensions on Drawings -- 2.18. Elevation Views -- 2.19. Plan Views -- 2.20. Lines -- 2.21. Sections -- 2.22. Details -- 2.23. Survey and Plot Plans -- 3. Systems Design Method -- 3.1. Models -- 3.2. Value Measures for Comparisons 643.3. Comparisons of Systems -- 3.4. Return on Investment -- 3.5. Constraints Imposed by Building Codes -- 3.6. Zoning Codes -- 3.7. Other Constraining Regulations -- 3.8. Systems Design Steps -- 3.9. System Goals -- 3.10. System Objectives -- 3.11. System Constraints -- 3.12. Value Analysis -- 3.13. Optimum Design of Complex Systems -- 4. Application of Systems Design to Buildings -- 4.1. Considerations in Adaptation of Systems Design -- 4.2. Role of Owner -- 4.3. Conceptual Phase of Systems Design -- 4.4. Design Development Phase of Systems Design -- 5. Contract Documents and Construction Methods -- 5.1. Responsibilities Assigned by the Construction Contract -- 5.2. Components of the Contract Documents -- 5.3. Contract Drawings -- 5.4. Specifications -- 5.5. Bidding Requirements -- 5.6. Contractors Drawings -- 5.7. Construction and Occupancy Permits -- 5.8. Construction Procedures -- 6. Life Safety Concerns -- 6.1. Windstorms -- 6.2. Earthquakes -- 6.3. Fire -- 6.4. Fire Extinguishment -- 6.5. Emergency Egress -- 6.6. Fire Protection -- 6.7. Security -- 6.8. Barrier-Free Environments -- 6.9. Toxic Materials -- 6.10. Construction Safety -- 7. Building Sites and Foundations -- 7.1. Site Considerations -- 7.2. Site Surveys -- 7.3. Soil Considerations for Site and Foundation Design -- 7.4. Shallow Bearing Foundations -- 7.5. Deep Foundations -- 7.6. Lateral and Uplift Forces on Structures -- 7.7. Site Development Considerations 1917.8. Cofferdams and Foundation Walls -- 7.9. Bewatering of Excavations -- 7.10. Investigation and Testing -- 7.11. Systems-Design Approach to Site Adaptation -- 8. Structural Systems -- 8.1. Building Loads -- 8.2. Deformations of Structural Members -- 8.3. Unit Stresses and Strains -- 8.4. Idealization of Structural Materials -- 8.5. Structural Materials -- 8.6. Typical Major Constraints on Structural Systems -- 8.7. Tension Members -- 8.8. Columns -- 8.9. Trusses -- 8.10. Beams -- 8.11. Arches and Rigid Frames -- 8.12. Shells and Folded Plates -- 8.13. Cable-Supported Roofs -- 8.14. Pneumatic Structures -- 8.15. Horizontal Framing Systems -- 8.16. Vertical Structural Systems -- 8.17. Systems-Design Approach to Structural Systems -- 9. Plumbing -- 9.1. Water Supply -- 9.2. Wastewater Disposal -- 9.3. Basic Principles of Plumbing -- 9.4. Water-supply Systems -- 9.5. Sizing of Water-Supply Pipes -- 9.6. Wastewater-Removal Systems -- 9.7. Sizing of Wastewater and Vent Pipes -- 9.8. Piping for Heating Gas -- 9.9. Systems Design of Plumbing -- 10. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning -- 10.1. Design Considerations -- 10.2. Measurement of Heat -- 10.3. Heat Flow and Human Comfort -- 10.4. Thermal Insulation -- 10.5. Prevention of Damage from Condensation -- 10.6. Ventilation -- 10.7. Heat Losses -- 10.8. Heat Gains -- 10.9. Methods of Heating Buildings -- 10.10. Methods of Cooling and Air Conditioning Buildings -- 10.11. Passive Design -- 10.12. Systems-Design Approach to HVAC -- 11. Lighting -- 11.1. Accident Prevention -- 11.2. Quantity of Light -- 11.3. Quality of Light -- 11.4. Color -- 11.5. Lighting Strategies -- 11.6. Daylight -- 11.7. Lighting Equipment -- 11.8. Systems-Design Approach to Lighting -- 12. Sound and Vibration Control -- 12.1. Nature of Sounds and Vibrations -- 12.2. Measurement of Sounds -- 12.3. Acoustic Properties of Materials -- 12.4. Sound and Vibration Design Criteria -- 12.5. Sound and Vibration Control -- 12.6. Systems-Design Approach to Sound and Vibration Control -- 13. Electrical Systems -- 13.1. Characteristics of Direct Current -- 13.2. Characteristics of Alternating Current -- 13.3. Electrical Loads -- 13.4. Electrical Conductors and Raceways -- 13.5. Power-Systems Apparatus -- 13.6. Electrical Distribution in Buildings -- 13.7. Communication Systems -- 13.8. Systems-Design Approach to Electrical Distribution -- 14. Vertical Circulation -- 14.1. Ramps -- 14.2. Stairs -- 14.3. Escalators -- 14.4. Elevators -- 14.5. Dumbwaiters -- 14.6. Pneumatic Tubes and Vertical Conveyors -- 14.7. Systems-Design Approach to Vertical Circulation -- 15. Systems for Enclosing Buildings -- 15.1. Roofs -- 15.2. Roofmg -- 15.3. Exterior Walls -- 15.4. Single-Enclosure Systems -- 15.5. Windows -- 15.6. Doors in Exterior Walls -- 15.7. Systems-Design Approach to Building Enclosure -- 16. Systems for Interior Construction -- 16.1. Interior Walls and Partitions -- 16.2. Ordinary Doors -- 16.3. Special-Purpose Doors -- 16.4. Floor-Ceiling and Roof-Ceiling Systems -- 16.5. Interior Finishes -- 16.6. Systems-Design Approach to Interior Systems -- 17. Building Systems -- 17.1. Mishaps and Corrective Measures -- 17.2. Design of a Building System -- 17.3. Case-Study One: McMaster Health Sciences Center -- 17.4. Case-Study Two: Xerox International Center for Training and Management Development -- 17.5. Case-Study Three: Suburban Office Building for AT & T -- 17.6. Case-Study Four: A Glass-Enclosed Office Tower -- 17.7. Case-Study Five: An Office Building on a Tight Site -- 17.8. Case-Study Six: Office Building for Prudential Insurance Company -- 17.9. Case-Study Seven: Rowes Wharf Harbor Redevelopment Project.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to mobile communications -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Mobile radio system fundamentals -- 1.3 A simple mobile radio system -- 1.4 Practical communication systems -- 1.5 Paging -- 1.6 Portables -- 1.7 Dialling systems -- 1.8 Radiophone services -- 1.9 Channel sharing -- 1.10 Area coverage techniques -- 1.11 Present and future use of mobile radio -- References -- 2 Multipath characteristics in urban areas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The nature of multipath propagation -- 2.3 Short-term fading -- 2.4 Frequency-selective fading -- 2.5 Channel characterization -- 2.6 Channel sounding techniques -- 2.7 Practical channel sounders -- 2.8 Small-area characterization -- 2.9 Large-area characterization -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Propagation and signal strength prediction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fundamentals of VHF and UHF propagation -- 3.3 Propagation over terrain obstacles -- 3.4 Multiple knife-edge diffraction -- 3.5 Propagation prediction models -- 3.6 Signal strength prediction in urban areas -- 3.7 Discussion -- 3.8 Signal variability -- 3.9 Large area statistics -- 3.10 Building penetration losses -- References -- 4 Modulation techniques -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Amplitude modulation -- 4.3 Angle modulation -- 4.4 Implementation of AM systems -- 4.5 Single-sideband implementation -- 4.6 Demodulation -- 4.7 Generation of FM signals -- 4.8 FM demodulators -- 4.9 The effect of noise on AM systems -- 4.10 The effect of noise on FM systems -- 4.11 The effects of multipath propagation -- 4.12 Demodulation of data signals -- 4.13 Differentially encoded PSK (DPSK) -- 4.14 The effect of noise in data communication systems -- 4.15 Carrier transmissions -- 4.16 The influence of multipath fading on data transmissions -- 4.17 System performance -- 4.18 The fully digital approach -- References -- 5 Man-made noise -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Characterization of pulses -- 5.3 Characterization of impulsive noise -- 5.4 Measuring equipment -- 5.5 Practical measuring systems -- 5.6 Measurement of noise amplitude distribution -- 5.7 Statistical characterization of noise -- 5.8 Impulsive noise measurements -- 5.9 Summary -- 5.10 Performance prediction techniques -- References -- 6 Diversity reception -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic diversity methods -- 6.3 Improvements obtainable from diversity -- 6.4 Switched diversity -- 6.5 The effect of diversity on data systems -- 6.6 Practical diversity systems -- 6.7 Predetection diversity -- 6.8 Diversity systems using special receivers -- 6.9 Switched diversity -- 6.10 Comparison -- 6.11 Postdetection diversity -- 6.12 Time diversity -- 6.13 Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 7 Using the radio channel in cellular radio networkgs -- 7.1 The radio channel as a system component -- 7.2 Wideband versus narrowband -- 7.3 Cellular radio fundamentals -- 8 Analogue cellular radio systems -- 8.1 Channel structures -- 8.2 Specifications for the radio equipment -- 8.3 Network control activity -- 8.4 System operation -- 8.5 Some system comparisons -- 9 Digital cellular radio systems -- 9.1 Digital versus analogue for second-generation cellular systems -- 9.2 Choice of basic system architecture -- 9.3 Essential techniques for digital implementation -- 9.4 Example systems -- 9.5 Postscript.

Abstract: During the past decade there has been a dramatic change in the nature of mobile communications technology and its impact on the general communic­ ations environment. In the 1970s, mobile radio was a minority activity in communications, based on relatively unsophisticated technology. The 1980s, however, have seen the emergence of analogue cellular systems and the definition of future digital systems, and the predicted demand for these services is such that investigations into the use of higher frequency bands have already begun. It is predicted that, by the late 1990s, the 'personal communications' world will have resulted in the majority of adults in Europe and North America being dependent on radio-connected terminals of various kinds for more than 50% of their total telecommunications needs. The technology which will form the basis of this revolution has now been defined, at least in outline, and the fixed and mobile equipment that will be used in systems of the future will bear little resemblance to that available even ten years ago. It is impossible within the confines of a single, relatively short book to cover all the subject areas needed for a study of this exciting and expanding field of technology. We have, perforce, been selective and have chosen those topics which we believe to be of primary importance at the present time.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Preliminary-purpose and scope of book -- 1.2 Historic development of ICP spectrometry -- 1.3 Background to quantitative ICP analysis -- 1.4 Range of determinable elements in geological materials -- 2 Analytical characteristics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Simultaneous analysis -- 2.3 Sequential analysis ICP system -- 2.4 Detection limits -- 2.5 Calibration range of ICP—AES -- 2.6 Interferences -- 2.7 Precision and accuracy -- 2.8 Experimental considerations -- 2.9 The injection of organic liquids into an ICP -- 3 Instrumentation for ICP—AES -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Spectrometers -- 3.3 Plasma torches -- 3.4 Nebulizer systems -- 3.5 Radiofrequency generators and source -- 3.6 Electronics, computers and software -- 3.7 Fourier transform spectrometers -- 3.8 ICP-atomic fluorescence spectrometry -- 3.9 Direct current plasmas (DCP) -- 3.10 Microwave plasmas (MIP) -- 3.11 Choice of an ICP system -- 4 Silicate rock analysis -- 4.1 Dissolution methods for silicates -- 4.2 Instrument calibration -- 4.3 Major element determinations -- 4.3 Trace element analysis -- 4.4 Rare earth element determinations -- 5 Multielement applications of ICPS in applied geochemistry -- 5.1 The nature and evolution of applied geochemistry -- 5.2 General aspects of applied geochemical analysis -- 5.3 ICP instrumentation in relation to the requirements of applied geochemistry -- 5.4 Decomposition procedures in applied geochemical analysis -- 6 Gas phase sample injection -- 6.1 The development of gas phase injection methods -- 6.2 Methodology of the hydride injection system -- 6.3 Applications of the hydride injection system -- 7 Injection methods for solid samples -- 7.1 Introduction to solid sample injection methods -- 7.2 Sample injection following electrothermal vaporization -- 7.3 Direct sample injection from a graphite rod -- 7.4 Discrete sample injection by means of laser ablation -- 7.5 Nebulization of slurries -- 8 Water analysis by ICP—AES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 General aspects of water analysis -- 8.3 Direct water analysis by ICP—AES -- 8.4 Water analysis with preconcentration -- 9 The analysis of environmental materials by ICP—AES -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Air analysis -- 9.3 Sewage sludge -- 9.4 Domestic dust, road dust and industrial dust -- 9.5 Domestic and industrial refuse -- 9.6 The analysis of animal and plant tissues -- 10 The analysis of archaeological materials by ICP—AES -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Archaeological materials -- 11 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry -- 11.1 Instrumentation -- 11.2 Optimization -- 11.3 Interferences -- 11.4 Calibration strategies -- 11.5 Applications of ICP-MS with sample introduction by nebulization -- 11.6 Other modes of sample introduction -- 11.7 Future directions -- 12 Analysis of metals by ICP—AES -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Analysis of iron and steel -- 12.3 Analysis of other metals -- Appendix 1 Safety -- Appendix 2 Manufacturers of ICP systems and accessories -- References.

Abstract: The first edition of our Handbook was written in 1983. In the preface to the first edition we noted the rapid development of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and its considerable potential for elemental analysis. The intervening five years have seen a substantial growth in ICP applications; much has happened and this is an appropriate time to present a revised edition. The basic approach of the book remains the same. This is a handbook, addressed to the user of the technique who seeks direct, practical advice. A concise summary of the technique is attempted. Detailed, theoretical treatment of the background to the method is not covered. We have, however, thoroughly revised much of the text, and new chapters have been added. These reflect the changes and progress in recent years. We are grateful to Mr Stephen Walton, Dr Gwendy Hall and London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Co. Ltd for their contributions. Chapter 3 (Instrumentation) has been rewritten by Mr Walton, the new Chapter on ICP-mass spectrometry has been written by Dr Hall, and London and Scandinavian provided much of the information for the chapter on metals analysis by ICP-AES. These chapters have been integrated into the book, and a conscious effort has been made to retain the unity of style within the book. New material has been added elsewhere in the book, archaeological materials are considered, pre concentration methods and chemometrics covered more fully.

Abstract: 1.Introduction -- 2. Collection and Handling of Prochloron and Its Hosts -- Collection and Handling -- Treatment of Prochloron cells -- Conclusion -- 3. Prochloron in Symbiosis -- Photosynthesis -- Translocation -- Formation of the Symbiosis -- Biochemical Interactions between the Symbionts -- Other Interactions between the Symbionts -- References -- 4. Physiological and Cellular Features of Prochloron -- Photosynthetic Features of Prochloron -- Respiratory Behavior and Carbon Balance in Prochloron -- Properties of the Photosynthetic Pigments and Membranes of Prochloron -- Physiology of the Prochloron-Ascidian Association -- Some Suggested Physiological Requirements for the Culture of Prochloron -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. Biochemical Features of Prochloron -- General Features of Enzyme Isolation -- Enzymes of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism -- Enzymes of Glucan Synthesis and Storage Carbohydrates -- Lipophilic Components -- Properties of Membrane Fractions -- Miscellaneous Compounds and Metabolic Investigations -- Conclusion -- References -- 6. Phylogenetic Considerations of Prochloron -- Phylogenetic Position -- Phylogentic Rank -- Possible Relationship to Chloroplasts -- References -- 7. The Cytology of Prochloron -- The Cell Wall -- Thylakoids -- Inclusions -- Nucleic Acids -- Conclusion -- References -- 8. A Status Report on Prochlorothrix hollandica a Free-Living Prochlorophyte -- Epilogue -- Author Index.

Abstract: Ralph A. LewiQand Lanna Cheng In physics, the discovery of new (more properly, hitherto undetected) particles has often resulted from a search: like the discovery of America, their existence had been postulated but their actual existence awaited confirmation. In biology, new discoveries are rarely made in this way. The existence of an alga like Prochloron, as a putative ancestor of chloro­ plasts, had been postulated, but in fact its discovery was a consequence of fortuitous events. Green algal symbionts in didemnid ascidians had been known for decades to a few marine zoologists who had worked in coral reef areas, but nobody had bothered much about them. When we happened to find them, under boulders on a seashore in Baja California, Mexico, where we were taking part in a student expedition, we didn't bother much either at first, though they worried us a little. With our portable microscope we could see no nuclei in the cells, which, according to the dogma accepted at the time, indicated that they were blue-green algae-yet they didn't look blue-green. They were leaf-green, like green algae and higher plants. We made desultory attempts to grow them in culture, in variously enriched seawater media, but failed. (This proved to be a frustrating experience, all too frequently repeated on subsequent expeditions. ) We collected enough for electron microscopy, though, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicated that the cells were unequivocally prokaryotic.

Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Abstract: Communications * Standard Dictionary is a comprehensive compilation of terms and definitions used in communications and related fields. Communications is defined as the branch of science and technology concerned with the process of representing, transferring, and interpreting the meaning as­ signed to data by and among persons, places, or machines. Communication is defined as the transfer of information between a source (trans­ mitter, light source) and a sink (receiver, photodetector) over one or more chan­ nels in accordance with a protocol, and in a manner suitable for interpretation or comprehension by the receiver; or as a method or means of conveying informa­ tion of any kind from one person or place to another. In short, communications is a branch of science and technology, whereas com­ munication pertains to the actual transfer of information. Thus, the word com­ munication should be used as a modifier, as in communication center, communi­ cation deception, and communication line, just as in the field of electronics one speaks of electronic devices and electronic circuits.

Abstract: to Part I: Theory -- 1 Literate Thought -- 2 A Schoolman’s “Doubtfulness”—Metaphors on Literacy and Cognition -- 3 Neural Substrate of Cognition and Literacy: Biology as Wish Fulfillment? -- 4 From Literacy to Cognitive Science -- 5 Cognition and Learning -- 6 A Framework for Developing Theories about Instructional Effectiveness -- to Part II: Research -- 7 The Practical Use of Artificial Intelligence in Automated Tutoring: Current Status and Impediments to Progress -- 8 Dual-Route, ACT*, and PDP Models of the Acquisition of Word Decoding Skills -- 9 Through a Looking Glass: Swedish Research on Reading Using the TEXTWINDOW System -- 10 Computer Speech in Reading Research, Instruction, and Remediation -- 11 Some Re-thinking of the Psycho-Educational Diagnostic Process from the Perspective of Developing a Computer-Guided Expert System -- to Part III: Application -- 12 Schooling, Literacy and Cognitive Development: A Study in Rural India -- 13 Scientific Literacy and the Twenty-First Century -- 14 Technological Literacy: Implications for Instruction -- 15 Cognition, Literacy, and Curriculum -- 16 Cognitive Education: A Longitudinal Examination -- On Literacy and Cognition: A Critical Summation -- Editors’ Addendum.

Abstract: What does it me an to be literate? What does it mean to be a cognizing individual? What is the nature of cognizing? These are not new questions. They have been treated as "philosophical puzzles" to be pondered systema­ tically in the hope of some eventual solution. They have also been viewed as sets of "language games" with their own rules to enable the individual to understand the world. These age-old and significant issues gain renewed meaning with our advances in technology and neurosciences. Psychologists and educators would need to be aware of the explicit knowledge needed to prepare their students to be literate individuals. These were some of the questions that a small number of psychologists, educators, and computer scientists attempted to answer when they gathered for the Symposium Literacy and Cognition, which was held at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada from 29th to 31st October, 1987. The occasion also marked the sixtieth anniversary of the College of Education of the University, which had as its beginning the Normal School for the Province of Saskatchewan. We are grateful to the presenters for their presentations and their written papers, and also to our other colleagues from the United States and Sweden for their contributions to the multi­ faceted theme of literacy and cognition. There are many other people whom we would like to thank. These include: Dr. Sylvia Fedoruk, Chancellor of the University and Lieutenant­ Governor of Saskatchewan, for her opening remarks at the Symposium; Dr.

Abstract: 1 Development of the Tractor -- 2 Thermodynamic Principles of Internal-Combustion Engines -- 3 Internal-Combustion Engine Cycles -- 4 Fuels and Combustion -- 5 Engine Design -- 6 Electrical Systems -- 7 Engine Accessories -- 8 Lubrication -- 9 Human Factors in Tractor Design -- 10 Traction -- 11 Mechanics of the Tractor Chassis -- 12 Hydraulic Systems and Controls -- 13 Transmissions and Drive Trains -- 14 Tractor Tests and Performance -- Appendixes -- A Standards for Agricultural Tractors -- B Standard Graphical Symbols -- C Agricultural Tractor Tire Loadings, Torque Factors, and Inflation Pressures—SAE J709d -- D Conversion Factors.

Abstract: At the time of the writing of the fourth edirion of this textbook, the agricultural economy in the United States and Canada was depressed. The prices paid to farmers for their grain crops were very low, and consequently most farmers in North America could not afford to buy a new tractor when needed; there­ fore, the sales of tractors and other farm machines were much below normal. The farmer who was the victim of the depressed economy was forced to "make do." Instead of purchasing a new tractor when the old one needed to be replaced, the farmer usually purchased a used or second-hand tractor or repaired the old one. In a strict sense, tractors usually do not wear out; instead, they become obsolete. The farmer who owns an obsolete tractor would prefer to replace it with one having more power, more speeds, more conveniences, a better hydraulic system, lower operating cost, or all of the above. But farmers in the United States, Canada, and other industrial nations will continue to want to purchase tractors that have all of the features, in­ cluding microprocessors, found on other vehicles.

Abstract: One — Overview -- 1 Taguchi’s Quality Philosophy: Analysis and Commentary -- 2 Macro-Quality with Micro-Money -- 3 Quality Engineering using Design of Experiments -- 4 Off-Line Quality Control, Parameter Design, and the Taguchi Method -- 5 Quality Engineering through Design Optimization -- Two — Case Studies -- 6 Off-Line Quality Control in Integrated circuit Fabrication using Experimental Design -- 7 Optimizing the Wave Soldering Process -- 8 Robust Design: A Cost-Effective Method for Improving Manufacturing Processes -- 9 Tuning Computer Systems for Maximum Performance: A Statistical Approach -- 10 Design Optimization Case Studies -- Three — Methodology -- 11 Testing in Industrial Experiments with Ordered Categorical Data -- 12 Performance Measures Independent of Adjustment: An Explanation and Extension of Taguchi’s Signal-To-Noise Ratios -- 13 A Geometric Interpretation of Taguchfs Signal to Noise Ratio -- 14 A Data Analysis Strategy for Quality Engineering Experiments.

Abstract: In 1980, I received a grant from Aoyama-gakuin university to come to the United States to assist American Industry improve the quality of their products. In a small way this was to repay the help the US had given Japan after the war. In the summer of 1980, I visited the AT&T Bell Laboratories Quality Assurance Center, the organization that founded modern quality control. The result of my first summer at AT&T was an experiment with an orthogonal array design of size 18 (OA18) for optimization of an LSI fabrication process. As a measure of quality, the quantity "signal-ta-noise" ratio was to be optimized. Since then, this experi­ mental approach has been named "robust design" and has attracted the attention of both engineers and statisticians. My colleagues at Bell Laboratories have written several expository articles and a few theoretical papers on robust design from the viewpoint of statistics. Because so many people have asked for copies of these papers, it has been decided to publish them in a book form. This anthology is the result of these efforts. Despite the fact that quality engineering borrows some technical words from traditional design of experiments, the goals of quality engineering are different from those of statistics. For example, suppose there are two vendors. One vendor supplies products whose quality characteristic has a normal distribution with the mean on target (the desired value) and a certain standard deviation.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Definitions -- Historical Context -- Notes -- 2 Perspectives on Development -- Modernization Model -- Underdevelopment and Dependency -- Modernization and Dependency: The Limitations -- Redistribution with Growth -- Basic-Needs Approach -- Concluding Observations -- Notes -- 3 Equity-Oriented Development: Problems and Prospects -- Urban Bias -- Political and Other Constraints and Structural Change -- Popular Participation and Community-Level Action -- Responses from the Third World -- Multinational Corporations and Poverty-Focused Development -- Official Development Assistance -- Concluding Observations -- Notes -- 4 Links between Development Perspectives and Population Growth -- Demographic Transition -- Modernization and Demographic Transition in the Developing World -- Equity, Poverty, and Population Growth -- Concluding Observations -- Notes -- 5 Population and Development: A Selective Overview -- Causal Analysis -- Economic and Sociological Approaches: Efforts at Convergence -- Effects of Population Growth on Development -- Sociocultural Factors and Population Growth -- Institutional Factors and Population Growth -- Concluding Observations -- Notes -- 6 Sectoral Reviews I -- Natural Resources -- Health, Nutrition, and Food -- Notes -- 7 Sectoral Reviews II -- Status and Employment of Women -- Education -- Concluding Observations -- Notes -- 8 Conclusions -- Equity and Population Growth -- Donor Assistance: Directions and Dimensions -- Tasks for Theory and Research -- Coordination of Population Policy Analysis and Development Planning -- Notes -- References.

Abstract: Until the early to mid-1970s, social scientists in the fields of population and development were largely going their own ways. Demographers relied almost exclusively on demographic transition theory as their para­ digm for understanding the role of development in population change and fertility decline. Conversely, most development economists and other specialists were certainly aware of the constraints placed upon development objectives by population growth. However, the main de­ velopment theories paid little attention to population and the implica­ tions of population growth for development. Indeed it was not until after the World Population Conference in Bucharest in 1974 that the interaction of population and development became a serious and pur­ posive theme for social scientific study. Accordingly, since about the mid-1970s, an extensive literature in the field of population and develop­ ment has been generated. And in 1975, under the auspices of The Popu­ lation Council, the journal Population and Development Review was found­ ed, a journal which in the past decade has developed into the premier publication in the world for work in this area. But our understanding of development as it refers to change in Third World countries remained fragmented. Moreover, our understanding of the linkages and interac­ tions between population and development was very limited. It is in this regard that Ozzie Simmons's Perspectives on Development and Population Growth in the Third World will certainly have an impact.

Abstract: 1 Overview -- 2 The Victim’s Decision to Report a Crime -- 3 The Decision to Arrest -- 4 Pretrial Release Decisions -- 5 The Decision to Charge -- 6 Sentencing Decisions -- 7 Correctional Decisions in the Community -- 8 Correctional Decisions in Institutions -- 9 Parole Decisions -- 10 Toward More Rational Decision Making -- Author Index.

Abstract: The study of decisions in the criminal justice process provides a useful focus for the examination of many fundamental aspects of criminal jus­ tice. These decisions are not always highly visible. They are made, or­ dinarily, within wide areas of discretion. The aims of the decisions are not always clear, and, indeed, the principal objectives of these decisions are often the subject of much debate. Usually they are not guided by explicit decision policies. Often the participants are unable to verbalize the basis for the selection of decision alternatives. Adequate information for the decisions is usually unavailable. Rarely can the decisions be demonstrated to be rational. By a rationaldecision we mean "that decision among those possible for the decisionmaker which, in the light of the information available, maximizes the probability of the achievement of the purpose of the decisionmaker in that specific and particular case" (Wilkins, 1974a: 70; also 1969). This definition, which stems from statistical decision theory, points to three fundamental characteristics of decisions. First, it is as­ sumed that a choice of possible decisions (or, more precisely, of possible alternatives) is available. If only one choice is possible, there is no de­ cision problem, and the question of rationality does not arise. Usually, of course, there will be a choice, even if the alternative is to decide not to decide-a choice that, of course, often has profound consequences.

Abstract: The idea of human hunting -- Reconstructing how early people exploited animals: problems and prospects -- Were there elephant hunters at Torralba? -- Bodies, brawn, brains and noses: human ancestors and human predation -- Hunting in late Upper Paleolithic Western Europe -- Prehistoric, plains-mountain, large-mammal, communal hunting strategies -- Analysis of kill-butchery bonebeds and interpretation of Paleoindian hunting -- The Pleistocene archaeology of Beringia -- Richard E. Morian Mastodont procurement by Paleoindians of the Great Lakes region: hunting or scavenging? -- Taphonomy and hunting -- Contributors.

Abstract: The successful early adaptations of man involve a complex interplay of biological and cultural factors. There is a rapidly growing number of paleontologists and paleoanthropologists who are concerned with hominid foraging and the evolution of hunting. New techniques of paleoanthropology and taphonomy, and new information on human remains are added to the traditional approaches to the study of past human hunting and other foraging behavior. There is also a resurgence of interest in the early peopling of the New World. The present book is the result of the Ninth Annual Spring Systematics 10, 1986, in the Symposium, on the Evolution of Human Hunting, held on May Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. We are grateful to the NSF (grant no. BNS 8519960) for partial financial support in arranging the symposium. In preparation of this volume we have received assistance from many people, particularly the reviewers of individual chapters; it is impossible to name them all. We must however single out Drs. Richard G. Klein and Glen H. Cole for their encouragement at various stages of preparation of the symposium and this volume, and for being a help to the anthropological knowledge. Zbigniew Jastrzebski assisted with the figures and Paul K. Johnson diligently typed the camera-ready copy, and patiently coordinated the endless book-making chores.

Abstract: Life Tables and Stable Populations -- The Basic Life Table -- Life Tables with Multiple Decrements -- The Stable Population -- Multistate Population Models -- The Multistate Life Table -- The Multistate Stable Population -- Two-Sex Population Models -- The Interaction between the Sexes -- Two-Sex Marriage Models -- The Marriage Squeeze -- Two-Sex Fertility Models -- Models of Interacting Populations.

Abstract: This book deals with models that can capture the behavior of individuals and groups over time. Organizationally, it is divided into three parts. Part I discusses the basic, decrement-only, life table and its associated stable population. Part II examines multistate (or increment-decrement) models and provides the first comprehensive treatment of those extremely flexible and useful life table models. Part III looks at "two-sex" models, which simultaneously incorporate the marriage or fertility behavior of males and females. Those models are explored more fully and completely here than has been the case to date, and the importance of including the experience of both sexes is demonstrated analytically as weil as empirically. In sum, this book considers a broad range of population models with a view to showing that such models can be eminently calculable, clearly interpretable, and analytically valuable for the study of many kinds of social behavior. Four appendixes have been added to make the book more usable. Appendix A provides abrief introduction to calculus and matrix algebra so that readers can understand, though not necessarily derive, the equations presented. Appendix B provides an index of the principal symbols used. Appendix C gives the answers to the exercises found at the end of each chapter. Those exercises should be seen as an extension of the text, and are intended to inform as weil as to challenge.

Abstract: The Evolution of Complex Society in Late Prehistoric Europe: Toward a Paradigm -- Northern and Western Europe -- Agro-pastoralism and Regional Social Organization in Early Ireland -- Coinage and Complexity: Archaeological Analysis of Socio-political Change in Britain and Non-Mediterranean Gaul during the Later Iron Age -- A Spatial Approach to Socioeconomic Change in Scandinavia: Central Sweden in the First Millennium B.C -- Demographic and Economic Changes in the Hallstatt Period of the Lusatian Culture -- Demographic and Economic Changes in the Hallstatt Period of the Lusatian Culture -- Technology and Social Change: Ironworking in the Rise of Social Complexity in Iron Age Central Europe -- Diet, Status, and Complex Social Structure in Iron Age Central Europe: Some Contributions of Bone Chemistry -- West Central and Southern Europe -- Slavery in Late Prehistoric Europe: Recovering the Evidence for Social Structure in Iron Age Society -- Rise of Complex Societies in Italy: Historical versus Archaeological Perspectives -- Conclusions -- Industry and Society in Late Prehistoric Europe -- Some Comments on Method and Interpretation -- Contributors.

Abstract: During HaA-HaB, many settlements were established in Silesia and in the central part of Poland, and their stability seems to be confirmed by the existence of regional groups and subgroups, by long-lasting colonies, and by long-used burial grounds, located at large settlements. At the end of HaB, many pre-Scythian elements occurred in this area, only partly influenced by the Cimmerians . During that period the peoples living north of the Carpathian and Sudeten Mountains remained very dependent on the productive and cultural circle south of the Carpathians, with which they maintained strong connections . The Lusatian settlement zone , apart from its increasing internal stability, also tended to extend its range . A partition of the Lusatian Culture, which had appeared earlier , became more pronounced under the strong influence of the East Hallstatt cultural and productive center in the eastern Alpine region , and the so-called amber route . The eastern zone of the Lusatian Culture remained under the influence of the Carpathian center, while the western zone was strongly influenced by the pre-Celtic (Bylanska or Horakowska) and northern Illyrian (Calon­ denberian) cultures. In HaD2' ca. 520-500 B.C., this latter area was the site of an armed incursion of Scythian groups coming from the east through the Karpacka Valley. The most characteristic features of the western zone include its own varieties of more general Hallstatt traits , such as fortified settlements (which date from HaA in the Lusatian Culture) , production of iron (done domestically since HaD), and decorated pottery.

Abstract: I • Early Developmental Themes: The Emotional Birth of the Female -- 1 • Psychohistorical Reflections on Changing Body Images for Women -- 2 • Early Female Development: From Birth through Latency -- 3 • Reflections on the Daughter as a Projective Screen: Mother—Daughter Boundaries -- 4 • The Father’s Role in the Self-Development of His Daughter -- II • Female Passages of the Body-Self -- 5 • Menarche and Menstruation: Psychoanalytic Implications -- 6 • Motivations for Motherhood and the Nature of the Self—Object Tie -- 7 • Psychoanalytic Aspects of Pregnancy -- III • From Body-Self to Other -- 8 • Psychology of Childbirth -- 9 • The Postpartum Period: Analytic Reflections on the Potential for Agony and Ecstasy -- 10 • The Nursing Experience: A Clinical Study -- 11 • Emotional Aspects of Pregnancy and Childbirth -- IV • Later Developmental Themes -- 12 • A Study of Menopausal Women in Analytic Treatment -- 13 • Menopause: Myth and Reality -- V • Twentieth Century Female Issues and Problems -- 14 • Body Image in the 21st Century -- 15 • Psychodynamics of Abortion: Regression or Rebirth? -- 16 • Women and Eating Disorders -- 17 • Psychological Consequences of Infertility -- Overview: Biotechnology and the 21st Century.

Abstract: After the birth of my second son some 11 years ago, I was painfully torn by the timing of my reentry to work-my wish to return to a prestigious and stimulating position as chief psychologist of a large agency, or my equally powerful wish to enjoy fully my beautiful new son's infancy, undivided and untorn. At the time I had a dream that my body was cut in half at the waist-my head leaned to the books neatly contained on the library shelves; my belly went to the crib, all sweet-smelling and soft. Not having had the opportunity to be "un­ divided" with my first son (now 17 years old), I chose to resign my agency position and stay home as long as I wished and then develop my private practice. It was a decision that at the time entailed much loss-cerebral, collegial, social, pres­ tigious-and generated some self-doubt, but in retrospect it is not regretted and was perhaps wise. This son's infancy will always be remembered as a time in which I experienced mothering with ease and grace.

Abstract: 1 The Frontier of Control -- 2 The Formalities of Management and Organisation -- 3 1948–1982: The Manager as Diplomat -- 4 1982–1984: The Manager as Scapegoat -- 5 1982–1984: The Context of Health Care Politics -- 6 The Policy Shift: An Interpretation -- 7 1985 and After: Shifting the Frontier? -- References.

Abstract: I realize more and more that to some degree psychol­ ogists study their own lives. My first studies in the mid-1970s looked at the conflicts that emerge in dual­ career couples as the partners combine their various roles. Ideas for the early studies initially came from con­ versations with clients, friends, and people I met trav­ eling. Soon after the topic of dual careers came up, dis­ cussions of guilt and frustration followed. The partici­ pants in my first studies turned out to be predominantly women. Men expressed little interest in participating. A common response was, "Talk to my wife. " 7 8 PREFACE Ostensibly, husbands saw their partners, but not themselves, as dealing with conflicting roles. Although I presumed this to be somewhat true, I knew from ob­ serving my own husband that my having a career had an immeasurable impact on him. Were men denying something? Were women overly sensitive? Discussions with my husband, which helped me to get a better grasp on what male partners might be feeling, planted the seed for my subsequent book on men in dual-career 1 families, published in 1985. In gathering material for that book, I was struck by the contrast with men's ear­ lier disinterest. Husbands appeared eager to talk about their lives. Their greatest concern-what happens to the children?-became the focus of my last set of studies. Why this book? "Sharing it all" symbolizes the es­ sence of a two-career marriage.

Abstract: Background -- Crime, Social Attitudes, and Causation Theories -- Probation and Parole -- Punishment versus Treatment -- Problems and Issues in Corrections -- General Treatment Approaches -- Treatment Modalities—Problems and Issues -- Schools of Casework and Therapy -- Group Therapies: Traditional and Innovative -- Specific Treatment Approaches -- Drug Addiction, Crime, and Treatment -- Sexual Offenses and Their Treatment -- The Violent Offender -- Alcoholism and Crime -- Crime and Marital Problems, and the Female Offender -- Gambling, White-Collar Crime, and Organized Crime -- New Directions -- Current Trends in Corrections -- Research in Corrections -- Summary and Sources.

Abstract: The second edition of Treating the Criminal Offender was written in an atmosphere of disillusionment and severe criticism of the traditionalist ap­ proach to treatment. As crime rates soared, the voices of the critics rose in volume and intensity. And so, this third edition-revised toward the end of the decade of the 1980s-embodies the shift in emphasis from rehabilitating the offender to protecting the community. This shift, in our opinion, does not reject the goal of changing the of­ fender so as to effect his reintegration into society; it uses the strategy of intensive supervision and surveillance only to effect the desired goal. The use of electronics to monitor the offender's whereabouts and the swift ap­ plication of punitive measures following. the awareness of any violation are extrinsic techniques of control. It is our opinion that for the deep, more lasting changes in behavior, some form of casework, counseling, and/or psy­ chotherapeutic intervention is essential. We are the cohorts who believe in the effectiveness of such treatment modalities when and if applied to the right target population at the appropriate time.

Abstract: Section 1 The Design Process -- Module 1.1 The Relationship between Geometry and Function -- Module 1.2 The Form of the Design Process -- Module 1.3 Traditional Drawing Practices -- Module 1.4 The Development of the CAD Industry -- Exercises -- Section 2 System Configuration -- Module 2.1 Workstations -- Module 2.2 Computers—Mainframes to Micros -- Module 2.3 Output Devices -- Module 2.4 Data Storage -- Module 2.5 Networked Systems -- Exercises -- Section 3 Entity Descriptions -- Module 3.1 Points, Lines and Circular Arcs -- Module 3.2 Basic Geometric Manipulations -- Module 3.3 Free-form Curves 1 -- Module 3.4 Free-form Curves 2 -- Module 3.5 Finding Intersections of Free-form Curves -- Module 3.6 Surfaces -- Exercises -- Section 4 View Transformations -- Module 4.1 Two-dimensional Transformations—Pan, Rotate and Zoom -- Module 4.2 Three-dimensional Transformation Matrices -- Module 4.3 Axial and Observer Systems -- Module 4.4 The Use of Perspective -- Module 4.5 Multi-view Presentations -- Module 4.6 Advanced Viewing Techniques -- Exercises -- Section 5 Types of CAD Modelling Systems -- Module 5.1 Two-dimensional Drafting Practice -- Module 5.2 Three-dimensional Wireframe Models -- Module 5.3 Surface Modelling -- Module 5.4 Solid Modelling -- Module 5.5 Display of Solid Models -- Exercises -- Section 6 The User Interface -- Module 6.1 User Command Language -- Module 6.2 Use of Menus -- Module 6.3 Graphics Interface Languages -- Module 6.4 Use of Parametrics -- Exercises -- Section 7 System Effectiveness and Organization -- Module 7.1 Information Flow -- Module 7.2 Establishing Design Needs -- Module 7.3 Identifying Benefits -- Module 7.4 Training for Operation -- Module 7.5 Working Environment -- Module 7.6 Design and Social Structure -- Module 7.7 System Management -- Exercises -- Section 8 Applications Programs -- Module 8.1 Analysis-centred Applications Programs -- Module 8.2 Manufacturing-centred Applications Programs -- Module 8.3 Control-centred Applications Programs -- Further Reading.

Abstract: Many books already exist on computer-aided design and manufacture most of which are dedicated to describing the complexities of mathematical modelling and its application to industrial problems. In the experience of the present authors, however, if the subject is to be understood within its true, industrial context it must be taught in relation to the design process. Thus, while this book discusses both modelling and industrial applications, it also tries to provide an insight into design methodology, system selection and usage, and the social relationships that exist within design and manufacturing facilities. The teaching modules which make up the book are the distillation of material used by the authors both for undergraduate courses in CAD at BruneI University, and for seminars given to industrial users. The modules are not intended to be used in isolation, but rather to serve as an introductory survey which will enable students to grasp the broad outlines of the subject. Most aspects ofthe course presented here will need to be supported by further work and reading (see 'Further Reading'). In the authors' own courses much of the geometric and modelling work described in the text is supported by tutorial activities using the university department's commercial and research CAD/CAM systems. These include the Computervision-CADDS4X and Personal Systems.

Abstract: 1 The Nature of Printing Inks -- 1.1 Visual characteristics of inks -- 1.2 The nature of printing inks as determined by the printing process -- 1.3 The drying characteristics -- 1.4 The adhesive nature of printing inks -- 1.5 The resistance properties of printing inks -- 2 The Printing Processes -- 2.1 The letterpress process -- 2.2 The offset lithographic process -- 2.3 The gravure process -- 2.4 The flexographic process -- 2.5 The screen printing process -- 2.6 Non-impact printing processes -- 2.7 Other printing processes -- 2.8 Print recognition -- 2.9 Substrate selection -- 2.10 The need for communication -- 3 Colour and Colour Matching -- 3.1 The physical nature of colour -- 3.2 The perception of colour -- 3.3 Additive and subtractive colour mixing -- 3.4 Origins of colour in printed material -- 3.5 Graphic reproduction -- 3.6 The measurement of colour -- 3.7 The recording of colour data and the specification of colour -- 3.8 Colour matching -- 3.9 Instrumental colour match prediction -- References -- 4 Raw Materials -- Section I Pigments -- Section II Dyestuffs -- Section III Oils -- Section IV Resins -- Section V Solvents -- Section VI Plasticisers -- Section VII Waxes -- Section VIII Driers -- Section IX Miscellaneous additives -- Section X Raw materials for radiation curing systems -- Section XI Health and safety at work -- References -- 5 Letterpress Inks -- 5.1 Nature of the process -- 5.2 General characteristics of letterpress inks -- 5.3 Physical properties -- 5.4 Raw materials -- 5.5 Letterpress ink formulation -- 5.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions -- 5.7 New developments -- 6 Lithographic Inks -- 6.1 General characteristics of litho inks -- 6.2 Drying mechanisms -- 6.3 Physical properties -- 6.4 Formulating principles -- 6.5 Typical inks and varnishes -- 6.6 Ink-related problems and their possible solutions -- 6.7 Recent and future trends -- 7 Gravure Inks -- 7.1 General characteristics -- 7.2 Physical properties of inks and their measurement -- 7.3 Formulating principles -- 7.4 Inks and varnishes for specific end-use applications -- 7.5 Printing ink faults -- 7.6 Future developments -- 8 Flexographic Inks -- 8.1 General characteristics of the inks -- 8.2 Physical properties of flexographic inks and their measurement -- 8.3 Formulating principles -- 8.4 Inks and varnishes for special purposes -- 8.5 Ink-related printing problems and possible solutions -- 8.6 Recent and future trends -- 9 Screen Inks -- 9.1 Important characteristics of screen inks -- 9.2 Requirements of raw materials -- 9.3 Inks for paper and board -- 9.4 Inks for impervious surfaces -- 9.5 Inks for plastic containers -- 9.6 Textile inks -- 9.7 Transfer inks -- 9.8 Overprint varnishes -- 9.9 Daylight fluorescent inks -- 9.10 Process inks -- 9.11 Metallics -- 9.12 Ink-related printing problems -- 9.13 Recent and future trends -- 10 Radiation Curable Systems -- 10.1 Electromagnetic radiation and electron beams -- 10.2 Microwave and radio frequency drying -- 10.3 Infra-red curing systems -- 10.4 Ultraviolet and electron beam curable inks and varnishes -- 10.5 Radiation curing equipment -- 10.6 State of the art and future trends -- Further reading -- 11 Inks for Special Purposes -- 11.1 Non-impact printing -- 11.2 Speciality screen inks -- 11.3 Inks for the electronics industry -- 11.4 Inks for laminated plastics -- 11.5 Inks for wallcoverings -- 11.6 Textile transfer inks -- 11.7 Sterilisation inks -- 11.8 Metal decorating -- 11.9 Letterset printing -- 12 Manufacture of Inks and Varnishes -- 12.1 General requirements -- 12.2 The manufacturing processes -- 12.3 Mixing equipment -- 12.4 Milling equipment -- 12.5 Handling, storage and manufacture of UV inks -- 12.6 Manufacture of newspaper inks -- 12.7 Handling and storage of inks -- 12.8 Modern production trends -- 12.9 The future -- 13 Rheology of Printing Inks -- 13.1 Flow in ideal systems -- 13.2 Deviations from Newtonian behaviour -- 13.3 Apparatus for the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian liquids -- 13.4 Practical measurements for non-Newtonian systems -- 13.5 Tack -- 13.6 Tack measurement -- 13.7 Ink distribution and related matters -- 13.8 Rheological measurements and machine design -- References -- 14 Testing, Control and Analysis -- 14.1 Standard tests -- 14.2 Sampling technique -- 14.3 Pigment testing -- 14.4 Chips and pre-dispersions -- 14.5 Dye testing -- 14.6 Resins -- 14.7 Varnishes and oils -- 14.8 Solvents -- 14.9 Radiation curing products -- 14.10 Miscellaneous materials -- 14.11 Ink quality control -- 14.12 Short-term ink testing -- 14.13 Long-term ink testing -- 14.14 Press performance tests -- 14.15 Dry print performance tests -- 14.16 Analysis of printing inks -- References -- Further reading -- 15 Health, Safety and the Environment -- 15.1 Handling of dangerous substances in the manufacture of printing inks -- 15.2 Mechanical and operational aspects -- 15.3 Specific printing ink applications -- 15.4 Some international constraints -- Glossary of abbreviations -- References.

Abstract: The Printing Ink Manual was first published in 1961 under the auspices of the Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers with the object of providing an authoritative work on printing ink technology. This, the fourth edition, continues that purpose and presents a comprehensive study of the current 'state of the art' in the ink industry. For those starting in the printing ink industry it is a textbook dealing with all aspects of the formulation and manufacture of printing ink. For the ink technician it is a practical manual and useful source of reference. For printers and users of printed material the manual supplies helpful information on the nature and behaviour of ink both on the printing press and as the finished print. Readers with a little scientific knowledge will have no difficulty in using the manual, but as in previous editions, sufficient chemistry and physics have been introduced to assist the advanced technician and research scientist.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Structure and properties of plastics -- 1.3 Additives -- 1.4 Processing of plastics -- 1.5 Practical methods of processing -- 1.6 Interactions between shaping process and plastics materials -- 2 Fundamentals of design -- 2.1 Engineering design -- 2.2 Design limitations imposed by processing method -- 2.3 Product design -- 2.4 Importance of economics of processing in design -- 3 Styrene plastics -- 3.1 Polystyrene -- 3.2 High impact polystyrene -- 3.3 Styrene copolymers -- 3.4 ABS plastics -- 3.5 Polystyrene—poly(phenylene oxide) blends -- 4 Other amorphous thermoplastics -- 4.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate) -- 4.2 Cellulose plastics -- 4.2.1 Regenerated cellulose -- 5 Propylene plastics -- 5.1 Homopolymer and impact-modified grades -- 5.2 Filled polypropylene -- 5.3 Foamed polypropylene -- 5.4 Miscellaneous applications of propylene polymers -- 6 Other polyolefin plastics -- 6.1 Polyethylene -- 6.2 Ethylene copolymers -- 6.3 Polybut-1-ene -- 6.4 Poly-4-methylpent-1-ene -- 7 Other crystalline thermoplastics -- 7.1 Polyamides -- 7.2 Thermoplastic polyesters -- 7.3 Polyacetals -- 8 Vinyl chloride plastics -- 8.1 Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) -- 8.2 Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) -- 8.3 Vinyl chloride copolymers -- 8.4 Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) -- 8.5 Vinylidene chloride polymers and copolymers -- 9 Speciality thermoplastics -- 9.1 Fluoroplastics -- 9.2 Polysulphones -- 9.3 Poly(phenylene sulphide) -- 10 Cross-linked plastics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Phenol-formaldehyde plastics -- 10.3 Urea-formaldehyde plastics -- 10.4 Melamine-formaldehyde plastics -- 10.5 Unsaturated polyester resins -- 10.6 Epoxide resins -- 11 Polyurethane plastics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Molecular structure—property relationships -- 11.3 Properties and applications of polyurethanes -- Further reading.

Abstract: Plastics are part of everyday life and contribute immensely to the benefit of humanity. When failures occur, they are due in part either to inferior properties (resulting from poor design or badly controlled processing), or to an incomplete understanding of the properties and applications of plastics materials. Since publication of the first edition, the plastics industry has increas­ ingly adopted advanced business procedures and automation (such as closed loop control and robotics), to combat the effects of recession, and has moved increasingly towards methods based on sound scientific and technological principles. Plastics have increasingly been used in appli­ cations once dominated by the use of metals and ceramics. For instance, in the automotive industry, the modern car now contains a much higher proportion of polymers, including commodity plastics and more spec­ ialized materials. In addition, compact discs are being made from new injection-moulding grades of polycarbonate, which meet the requirements of a demanding process. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and extended to include new materials, technologies and design concepts. Chapters on thermoplastics reflect the development of polymer blends and alloys, whilst the chapters devoted to thermosets have been reorganized to accommodate the renaissance in the applications of phenolics and to cover the growing importance of polyurethanes. The related two­ component process technologies are now included; having undergone major developments in the last decade, they have become important shaping processes.

Abstract: Many books on ageing attempt to cover the whole field of gerontology. However, since gerontology is now such a diversified and rapidly expanding subject, the results of such attempts tend to be either incomprehensible compendia or encyc10pedias of disheartening size. The present book aims to be both more modest and more ambitious. It focuses on a single object (Drosophila), but attempts to off er a synthesis of all the gerontological work that has been done on it. It also aims to show the extent to which this work has led to an understanding of the biological phenomena of ageing, longevity, senescence and death in higher organisms, inc1uding man. Finally it attempts, on the basis of current knowledge, to mark out the paths that the next generation of researchers will most probably follow. Drosophila has been used as a model organism to advance our basic knowledge of the fundamentals of genetics and gerontology. It may be noted that the pioneering work on the genetics of ageing, which used Drosophila, began very early in this century, within the first decade of the rediscovery of Mendel's laws.

Abstract: I. Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels -- Calcium Channel Diversity -- Multiple Types of Calcium Channels: Is their Function Related to Their Localization? -- Calcium Channels Incorporated Into Planar Lipid Bilayers: Phenomenology, Pharmacology, and Phylogeny -- Modulation of Ionic Selectivity of Ca Channels in the Neuronal Membrane by Ca2+ Ions. -- Proton-Induced Transformation of Ca2+ Channel in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. -- Physiology of Multiple Calcium Channels. -- Expression of Presynaptic Calcium Channels in Xenopus Oocytes. -- II. Intracellular Calcium and Cell Function: Sensory Transduction, Modulation of Excitability and Neurosecretion -- Control of Light Emitting Photoprotein by Calcium Channels in a Hydrozoan Coelenterate -- Calcium in Photoreceptors. -- Small Conductance Ca2+ Activated K Channels in Mollusks. -- Ca2+ Diffusion in the Cytoplasm of Aplysia Neurons: Its Relationship to Local Concentration Changes. -- Fura-2 Imaging of Localized Calcium Accumulation Within Squid ‘Giant’ Presynaptic Terminal -- Toward a Molecular Understanding of Synaptic Transmitter Release: Physiological Clues from the Squid Giant Synapse. -- Quantal Classes and Subunits of Quanta in the Neuromuscular Junction -- III. Ion Channel Modulation by Neurotransmitters and Second Messengers -- Cytoplasmic Modulation of Ion Channel Functioning in the Neuronal Membrane. -- Control of the Generation and Removal of Calcium-Mediated Inactivation of the Calcium Current in Helix aspersa Neurons. -- The Role of Protein Phosphorylation in the Response of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels to Membrane Depolarization in Mammalian Pituitary Tumor Cells. -- Modulation of the Potassium Conductance in the Squid Giant Axon. -- Physiological Interaction Between Calcium and Cyclip AMP in an Aplysia Bursting Pacemaker Neuron. -- Functional Implications of Calcium Channel Modulation in Embryonic Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. -- Neurotransmitter Modulation of Calcium Currents in Rat Sensory Neurons. -- Modulation of Potassium and Calcium Currents by FMRFamide in Aplysia Neurons: A Mechanism of Presynaptic Inhibition -- Cytoplasmic Modulation of Transmitter Gated K Channels in Cultured Mammalian Central Neurons -- IV. Ion Channels as Causes and Consequences of Development -- Regulation of Cortical Vesicle Exocytosis in Sea Urchin Eggs. -- Studies on the Development of Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in Vertebrate Neurons. -- Generation of Neuronal Architecture: Ionic Regulation of Growth Cone Behavior. -- Target Cell Contact Modulates Spontaneous Quantal and Non-quantal Acetylcholine Release by Xenopus Spinal Neurons -- Development and Regulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Function -- Steroidal Regulation of mRNA Coding for Potassium Channels in Uterine Smooth Muscle. -- V. New Approaches to Ion Channel Function and Regulation -- Fast Patch-Pipette Internal Perfusion with Minimum Solution Flow -- Evidence for a Bicarbonate Conductance in Neuroglia -- Divalent Cations as Modulators of NMDA-Receptor Channels on Mouse Central Neurons. -- Fluorescence Imaging Applied to the Measurement of Ca2+ in Mammalian Neurons. -- Use of Fused Synaptosomes or Synaptic Vesicles to Study Ion Channels Involved in Neurotransmission. -- Ion Channels of Three Microbes: Paramecium, Yeast and Escherichia coli.

Abstract: Cellular neurobiology has been transformed in the past decade by new technologies and fundamental discoveries. One result is an enormous increase in our understanding of how ion channels function in nerve and muscle cells and a widening perspective on the role of ion channels in non-neuronal cell physiology and development. Patch clamp techniques now permit direct observation of the transitions between functional confor­ mations of individual ion channels in their native membrane. Recombinant DNA techniques are being used to determine the primary structure of ion channel proteins and to test hypotheses about channel conformations, sites of grating and modulation, and the basis of ion selectivity. At the same time, biochemical techniques have revealed intricate signalling systems in­ side cells, involving second messengers such as calcium, phospholipids and cyclic nucleotides, which interface with the external milieu through GTP binding proteins and regulate cell metabolism by altering protein phos­ phorylation. This panorama of second messenger systems has greatly increas­ ed our application for their potential role in regulating ion channel function. We now recognize that ion channels are much more complicated than we once thought, and more interesting. They are not simply isolated macro­ molecules in the membrane, gated directly by depolarization or trans­ mitter binding to open briefly at a fixed conductance and then close or inactivate. Instead, individual channels now appear to have many open and closed states that are regulated independently by voltage and transmitters.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Arrivals in time -- 1.2 Reliability -- 1.3 Safety assessment -- 1.4 Random stress and strength -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 2 Point processes -- 2.1 The probabilistic context -- 2.2 Two methods of representation -- 2.3 Parameters of point processes -- 2.4 Transformation to a process with constant arrival rate -- 2.5 Time between arrivals -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 3 Homogeneous Poisson processes -- 3.1 Definition -- 3.2 Characterization -- 3.3 Time between arrivals for the hP process -- 3.4 Relations to the uniform distribution -- 3.5 A process with simultaneous arrivals -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 4 Application of point processes to a theory of safety assessment -- 4.1 The Reactor Safety Study -- 4.2 The annual probability of a reactor accident -- 4.3 A stochastic consequence model -- 4.4 A concept of rare events -- 4.5 Common mode failures -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 5 Renewal processes -- 5.1 Probabilistic theory -- 5.2 The renewal process cannot model equipment wearout -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 6 Poisson processes -- 6.1 The Poisson model -- 6.2 Characterization of regular Poisson processes -- 6.3 Time between arrivals for Poisson processes -- 6.4 Further observations on software error detection -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 7 Superimposed processes -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 8 Markov point processes -- 8.1 Theory -- 8.2 The Poisson process -- 8.3 Facilitation and hindrance -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 9 Applications of Markov point processes -- 9.1 Egg-laying dispersal of the bean weevil -- 9.2 Application of facilitation — hindrance to the spatial distribution of benthic invertebrates -- 9.3 The Luria-Delbrück model -- 9.4 Chance placement of balls in cells -- 9.5 A model for multiple vehicle automobile accidents -- 9.6 Engels’ model -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 10 The order statistics process -- 10.1 The sampling of lifetimes -- 10.2 Derivation from the Poisson process -- 10.3 A Poisson model of equipment wearout -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 11 Competing risk theory -- 11.1 Markov chain model -- 11.2 Classical competing risks -- 11.3 Competing risk presentation of reactor safety studies -- 11.4 Delayed fatalities -- 11.5 Proportional hazard rates -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- Further reading -- Appendix 1 Probability background -- A1.1 Probability distributions -- A1.2 Expectation -- A1.3 Transformation of variables -- A1.4 The distribution of order statistics -- A1.5 Conditional probability -- A1.6 Operational methods in probability -- A1.7 Convergence concepts and results in the theory of probability -- Notes on the literature -- Appendix 2 Technical topics -- A2.1 Existence of point process parameters -- A2.2 No simultaneous arrivals -- Solutions to a few of the problems -- References -- Author index.

Abstract: In teaching an elementary course in stochastic processes it was noticed that many seemingly deep results in point processes are readily accessible by the device of representing them in terms of random gap lengths between points. The possibility of representing point processes in terms of sequences of random variables rather than probability measures makes them mathemati­ cally simpler than general stochastic processes. Point processes can be studied using only the tools of elementary probability, that is the joint distributions of finitely many random variables. Given the wide applicability of point process models and the difficulty of access by the measure-theoretic route, it was determined that the simpler representation is of sufficient expository im­ portance to deserve emphasis. The present book is the result: it is specialized and short and therefore is called a monograph. In its development the material has been taught to several classes with pleasing results. Students have apparently understood theorems which by other methods appear difficult and deep. A few of the results, particularly on reliability, safety assessment and clustering, are original applied research. An alternative title for this monograph might be 'Point processes: What they are and what they are good for.

Abstract: Reshaping the Organization for the Twenty First Century -- Environmental Scanning: Strategic and Functional Approaches -- Baby Boom and Baby Bust: Corporate Response to the Demographic Challenge of 1990-2010 -- Work Place Challenges for Managers in the Twenty-first Century -- Forces Reshaping the Future Organization and Management of Work: A Perspective from a Canadian Integrated Oil Company -- Designing the Adaptive Organization -- Coping with Major Organizational Change -- Managerial Careers and Organization-Wide Transformations -- The Role of Human Resources in Organization Consolidation and Relocation -- Innovative Working Relationships in a Traditional Organization -- Analyzing Organizational Strategic Change Using Proactive Labor Force Forecasts -- Coping with Large Organizational Structure Issues at Large Public Industrial Organizations -- Organizational Downsizing -- Organization Downsizing in a Company Committed to Work Force Continuity and People Involvement -- Downsizing as a Positive Experience -- Layoffs: What Does Flexibility Really Cost? -- Evaluating the Human Resource Function -- Process Management vs. Problem Solving: Choosing an Appropriate Perspective for Evaluating Human Resource Systems -- Appropriate Staffing Levels for the Human Resource Function: Is There an Magic Ratio? -- Using Human Resource Data to Select Merger/Acquisition Candidates -- Personnel Policy Analysis Using Entity Level Network Simulation -- Impact of Corporate Culture on Future Human Resource Practices -- International Human Resource Planning & Development: The Emerging Profession -- Corporate Culture and the Concept of Competition -- Implementing Cultural Change in the National Health Service of the UK: Implications for Staff & Resourcing Policy -- Identifying Future Management Development Needs -- Contributors.

Abstract: This volume is the proceedings of a symposium entitled "Creating the Competitive Edge Through Human Resource Applications" which was held at Salve Regina College, Newport, Rhode Island on Jtm.e 16-19, 1987. The meeting was sponsored by the Research Coomi ttee of the Human Resource Plarming Society (HRPS). In developing the agenda, the Research Committee built upon the format of the first HRPS research symposium on "Strategic Human Resource Plarming Applications" held at the University of Pennsylvania in 1985. The intent in both meetings was on the linkage of the state-of-practice with the state-of­ the-art. Particular attention was placed on research studies which were application oriented so that member organizations can see examples of ways to extend current practices with the knowledge presented by the applications • The meeting has sessions on: (1) Reshaping the Organization for the Twenty-first Century, (2) Coping with Major Organizational Change, (3) Organization Downsizing, (4) Evaluating the Human Resource Function and (5) The Impact of Corporate Culture on Future Human Resource Practices. Thirty papers were presented with discussion sessions at appropriate points in the meeting. This volume contains twenty one of these papers along with an introductory paper. A short summary is also provided at the begirming of each major subdivision into which the papers are arranged.

Abstract: 1 Lumped and distributed circuits -- 2 Characteristics of ideal transmission lines/cables -- 2.1 Equations for an ideal line -- 2.2 Possibility of line pulse reflections -- 2.3 Matching and mismatching -- 2.4 ‘Phantom generator’ interpretation of reflections -- 3 The reflection chart -- 3.1 The Reflection Chart: step-input voltage -- 3.2 Rectangular pulse drive -- 3.3 Input waveforms with finite rise- and fall-times -- 4’ sliding-Load-Line’ analysis of pulses on lines -- 4.1 Resistive terminations -- 4.2 Nonlinear load: a diode termination -- 4.3 Reflections with logic circuit interconnections -- 5 Time domain reflectometry -- 5.1 Application examples: step and truncated-ramp drive -- 6 Crosstalk -- 6.1 Crosstalk with strip lines -- 6.2 Crosstalk with cable bundles: general comments -- 7 Logic signal transmission: an introduction -- 7.1 Transmission characteristics -- 7.2 Noise rejection in unbalanced and balanced systems -- 7.3 Single-ended, point-to-point transmission: RS232C -- 7.4 Multi-point bidirectional data transmission: RS485 -- Appendix A: Résumé of practical line characteristics -- Appendix B: Laboratory demonstration work -- General considerations -- Circuit descriptions and observed waveforms -- Appendix C: General notes on waveform observation -- Lumped systems -- Distributed systems -- Answers (including worked solutions to problems) -- References.

Abstract: The coming of digital electronics has given rise to many textbook- outstanding among which are the authoritative works of Douglas Lewin- dealing, in the main, with the combinational and sequential logic aspects of system design. By comparison, the coverage of digital hardware has been meagre: in particular, books on logic circuit interconnections have been scarce in number. When circuits operated at relatively low speeds this did not cause major problems to engineers and students, but the increasing use of fast, and very fast, logic circuits employed extensively in modern digital systems has brought the requirement for properly-designed transmission paths between printed circuit boards, on the boards, and even in the integrated circuit packages themselves. turn, has necessitated a physical understanding of line pulse This, in behaviour, and an ability to design practically appropriate interconnection systems, by a far wider audience of engineers, scientists and students than has been the case hitherto. For many years the study of transmission lines was, primarily, the province of the telecommunications engineer sending high-frequency radio signals to antennas for radiation into space, and the power engineer working at low frequencies (50/60 Hz) but with corresponding wavelengths comparable with the relatively large distances involved in the supply of power from generating stations to remote users. The textbook treatment of lines was well­ established, but based mainly on the assumption of sinusoidal signals. This 'frequency-domain' approach is not best suited to the understanding of the transmission of digital signals.

Abstract: Molecular Biology and Biosynthesis of Neuropeptides -- Oxytocin and Vasopressin: After the Genes, What Next? -- The Evolution of FMRFamide-Like Neuropeptide Genes -- Developmental and Molecular Studies of Neurons That Express FMRFamide-Related Genes in Insects -- The Role of RNA Splicing and Post-Translational Proteolytic Processing in the Biosynthesis of Neuropeptides -- Precursors of Urotensins and Their Co-Expression in the , Caudal Neurosecretory System -- In Situ Hybridization Study of Neurohypophysial Hormone mRNAS -- The Release of Enkephalin-Containing Peptides from the Adrenal Gland in Conscious Calves -- Localization of Neuropeptides -- Modern Microscopical Imaging Techniques for the Study of the Neuroendocrine System -- Combined Use of Lectin Histochemistry and Immunocytochemistry for the Study of Neurosecretoon -- Mapping and Analysis of Receptors for Neurohypophyseal Peptides Present in the Brain -- Somatostatin and Neuropeptide Y: Coexistence in the Hippocampus and Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease -- Bioactive Peptides at the Neuromuscular Junction of Insects -- The Role of Head Activator in Cell Growth and Control Processes -- Cell Biology of Neuropeptide Secretion -- Release of Neuropeptides from Magnocellular Neurones: Does Anatomical Compartmentation Have a Functional Significance? -- Biosynthesis and Release of Multiple Peptides by the Caudodorsal Cells of Lymnaea Stagnalis -- Emerging Identity in Cytophysiology of Synaptic and Neurosecretory Terminals -- Isolated Neurohypophysial Nerve Endings, a Promising Tool to Study the Mechanism of Stimulus-Secretion Coupling -- Neuronal-Glial and Synaptic Plasticity in the Adult Oxytocinergic System -- Electrical Activity of Peptidergic Neurones Sponsored by Upjohn Ltd -- Contributions of Electrophysiology to the Study of Neurosecretion -- Electrical Activity of Peptidergic Neurones and Its Relation to Hormone Release -- Rhythmic Patterns of Discharge from Preoptic Neurones: Relationship to LH Release in Conscious Rabbits -- Electrical Attributes of Neurosecretory Terminals and Their Relationship to Secretion -- Neuroanatomical and Electrophysiological Analysis of the Brain-Sinus Gland Neurosecretory System in a Crustacean -- Intrinsic and Synaptic Factors Regulating Mammalian Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neuron Activity -- Intrinsic Electrophysiological Regulation of Firing Patterns of Bursting Neurons in Aplysia -- The Neonatal Rat Supraoptic Neurone in Culture: Development of a Model for Control of Peptidergic Secretion -- Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Polypeptide and Angiotensin II on the Supraoptic Neurons in Vitro -- Poster Presentations -- Participants.

Abstract: This volume collects together the Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Neurosecretion which was held in Bristol in September 1987. This series of symposia began with a meeting in Naples in 1953 and it was particularly gratifying to welcome two members of that original gathering, Berta Scharrer and Ellen Thomsen, to the 10th Symposium. The acceptance of the invitation to meet in Bristol gave particular pleasure to the Local Organising Committee because it was the first time that a former venue was revisited - the 3rd Symposium was organised in Bristol by Hans Heller in 1961 and we were very glad that his widow, Josephine, was able to be the Guest-of-Honour at the banquet of our 10th symposium. Neurosecretion has diversified considerably since the first meeting in 1953. From the outset, the local committee decided to focus the meeting by organising it under the title "Cellular aspects of the production and release of neuropeptides. " Having sought advice from the International Committee for Symposia on Neurosecretion, we invited 28 scientists from throughout the world to present their work on aspects ranging from the organisation of the gene through to the electrical properties of peptide-secreting neurones. The progress of studies in neurosecretion owes much to the comparative approach and we attempted to reflect this in the programme of the tenth symposium by inviting the speakers, to illustrate the various aspects of neuropeptide secretion, from among scientists working with systems in many parts of the animal kingdom.

Abstract: I Background -- 1 Introduction to Mechatronics -- 2 Mechatronic System Elements -- II Applications -- 3 Factory Automation -- 4 Office Automation -- 5 Home Automation -- III Technology -- 6 Computer Integrated Systems -- 7 Smart Robots -- 8 Machine Vision Systems -- IV Assessment -- 9 Technology Assessment -- 10 Trends in Mechatronics -- 11 A Blueprint for the Future -- Appendix A Glossary -- Appendix B Reference Materials -- Japanese Information Sources -- U.S. Report on Mechatronics -- Mechatronics Standards.

Abstract: Children and Anthropological Research: An Overview -- Mango Pickles and Goat Grass: Family Fieldwork in an Indian Village -- Order Rules the World: Our Children in the Communal Society of the Hutterites -- Research and Experience with my Daughter in Ecuador: An Odyssey of Ethnic Mobility -- What Happened When my Daughter Became a Fijian -- Reciprocal Relations: Family Contributions to Anthropological Field Research—and Vice Versa -- City Walls and Campus Groves in Northern Nigeria: A Profile of Parenting in the Field -- Author Index.

Abstract: The first time that we, the editors of this volume, met, a chance remark by one of us, newly returned from fieldwork in Fiji, quickly led to an animated discussion of our experiences doing anthropological research with children. Following that occasion, we began to seek each other out in order to continue such conversations, because we had found no other opportunity to discuss these significant events. We knew our experiences were rich sources of cross-cultural data and stimuli to rethinking anthro­ pological theory and methods. A cursory review of the literature on fieldwork revealed, to our surprise, that fieldworker's experiences with children were rarely and only briefly mentioned (Hostetler and Huntington, 1970, are an early exception). In order to learn more about research that included the ethnographers' children, we organized a conference on the topic at Michigan State University on May 1, 1982. This volume includes papers from that conference, as well as insights and ideas from the formal and informal discussions among the conference participants and audience. This volume, like the conference which preceded it, is intended to be the effects of accompanying children on anthropological an exploration of field research and on the effects of fieldwork on the children themselves. Additionally, we see this book as part of an anthropological inquiry into research as a cultural process, by which is meant the effects of the researchers' cultural identity--class, gender, age, ethnicity, and other characteristics--on fieldwork.

Abstract: Towards the end of 1983, the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD) published a report giving the findings of a working group which had been set up to study the factors which inhibited or supported the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) in engineering manufacture. Prominent amongst their findings was that, up to that time, 'appraisal of investment in AMT on a short-term financial basis was not entirely adequate' and that 'the conventional approach to financial appraisal techniques, directed towards an early return on capital invested, may be inappropriate'. Today, over three years later, advanced manufacturing technology is more widely recognised and is providing a proven solution to survival and growth for manufacturers. However, many medium-and small-size companies are still finding great difficulty in the evaluation and justification of investment in this vital area. The Institution of Production Engineers therefore set up a special joint working party with The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants to follow up the ACARD report, with the objective of examining the whole area of the justification of investment in advanced manufacturing technology.

Abstract: Theme Paper -- The Role of ACME in the Direction of Production Research -- Quality and Measurement -- The Development of Ultrasonic Sensors for Ranging and Imaging -- A High Speed Assembly Force Monitoring System for Quality Control -- Modelling Integrated Systems of Quality Control -- Automotive Suppliers: A Survey of Quality Management Methods and Attitudes -- The Influence of Cost, Function and Process Capability on Tolerance -- Problems of Very Long Life Prediction When Employing Short Term (Routine) Test Methods -- Plastic and Composite Materials -- Comparative Flow Properties of the Polyethylenes -- Processing Characteristics of PVC Powder Formulations -- Use of Fibre Reinforced Composites in Robot Structures -- The Use of Composite Materials in Engineering -- CAD -- Blend Design Scheme of Solids with Parametric Surfaces -- Performance Experiments on an Industrial Minicomputer Running Computer-aided Design Software -- Quadratic Surfaces on Triangles and Squares for CAD/CAM -- An Approach to Layout Planning Using a CAD System -- CIM and Expert Systems -- MAP and CIM -- Napier CIM Centre -- An Expert Systems Approach to Machine Tool Selection -- Simulation -- A Modular Simulation Model for FMS Using Structured Techniques -- Performance and Simulation of Heat Treatment Furnaces -- FMS — Simulation and Practice -- A Simulation Tool for Real Time Scheduling of FMS -- Automation -- A Survey of Wire Harness Manufacturing Strategies -- The Development of a Modular Cell Control System for FMS -- An Automated Press Working System -- The Design of a Low Cost System for the Automatic Locating and Clamping of Components within a Flexible Manufacturing Cell -- Robots and Assembly -- Correcting the End Deflection of an Industrial Robot Arm and Employing a Weighing Mechanism on the Robot Arm -- Developments in Post-processing for Offline Robot Programming -- The Presentation of Parts for Robot Assembly -- An Analytical and Modular Approach to Robotic Force Control Using a Wrist-based Force Sensor -- Mathematical Model and Test Method for ‘Static’ and Dynamic Positional Accuracy Measurement of Robots for Six Degrees of Freedom -- Rapid Estimation of Operation Times for Robotic Assembly -- The Development of Autonomous Devices to Aid Component Assembly -- Small Parts Feeding Using a Horizontal Belt Feeder and a Low Cost Vision System -- An Investigation into the Effect of Inter-transducer Distance on the Voltage-gap Relationship of a Set of Inductive Transducers for Robot ‘Static’ and Dynamic Positional Accuracy Measurement -- An Intelligent Vacuum Gripper for Robotic Handling -- Determining Flexibility Requirements in Robotic Assembly -- The Use of Compliance in Robotic Assembly -- Work Design and Organization -- How Not to Design a Questionnaire Form! -- A Study of Effectiveness of Some Algerian Production Organizations -- Who Manages Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing? -- Watching Managers at Work: A Research Approach -- Computer Aided Production Management -- A Pragmatic Approach to CAPM in Smaller Companies -- A Petri-net Representation of Computer-aided Production Management -- Computer-aided Flow Shop Scheduling -- Production Management System -- Production Economics -- Technology and the Small Company -- The Relationship between Costing Systems and AMT Investment -- Loss Generated by Poor Production System Specification and Design -- The Development of an In-house PCB Manufacturing Facility -- Product Quality and UK Trade Performance -- The Output and Trade Performance of the UK’s Manufacturing Industries -- The Financial Management of Quality as a Strategy -- Manufacturing Systems -- Design For Manufacture: Good Practice and its Implementation -- The Application of SSADM to the Design of Information Systems in Manufacturing -- An Analytical Approach to the Introduction of Advanced Production Systems -- Bridging the Gap between CAD and CAM — GIPPS: A Generative Integrated Process Planning System -- The Development of a Manufacturing Design Procedure -- Low Stock Manufacturing -- Work Loading of Multi-model Flow Process Lines -- The Implementation of a Computerized Classification System in a High Variety, Batch Manufacturing Company -- A Knowledge-based Information Sub-system for Flexibly Automated Manufacturing Systems -- The Influence of Management Systems on Production Line Design -- The Design of an Optimum Information System in a Manufacturing Environment -- Processes -- Monitoring, Targeting and the Use of SPC within the Energy Chain of Manufacture -- The Temperature Compensated Grinding of Bearing Rings -- The Effect of Gullet Geometry on the Performance of Hacksaw Teeth -- Use of Computers to Reduce Plastic Injection Mould Lead Times -- Metallurgical Effects Associated with the Centreless Grinding of EN24 Steels -- Polishing Moulds and Dies by Electrochemical Machining — A Theoretical Study of Smoothing EDM Surfaces by ECM -- A Mathematics Analysis for the Experimental Study of Plate Springback at the Top Roll Contact in Four-roll Plate Bending -- Human Factors -- Developing a Human Interface for a Rotary Forging Machine: Definingthe Issues -- Developments in the Design and Evaluation of Industrial Seating -- Author index.

Abstract: EN Corlett Joint-Chairman - COPED, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK The contributions offered to this Third National Conference demonstrate that research in production is very much alive. The considerable numbers of papers on robotics, automation and flexible manufacturing systems, together with those in production control and quality matters, demonstrate that there is much work going on in our colleges, polytechnics and universities related to modern methods of manufacture. The future of manufacture undoubtedly hinges on better control. Control over the supply and movement of materials is now keenly sought. Control over manufacturing equipment is also a goal, not just to maintain quality but to give flexibility in sequence and quantity. None of these objectives for improved performance is entirely a technical matter, although there is an increasing technical ability to influence all of them. To achieve their potential, they depend on competent people at all levels. Discussion with alert managers soon reveals that this is one of their major concerns. Either the people they have require more training, or they cannot hire the people with the abilities they need. This applies at all levels, and the availability of people with competence in manufacture is particularly low.

Abstract: Section 1: Introduction -- Implementation of Strategic Human Resource Planning Applications -- Section 2: General Issues of Strategic Human Resource Planning -- Human Resource Management and Strategie Change: Challenges in Two Deregulated Industries -- Formulating Human Resource Strategies in a Professional Service Firm: A Systemic Approach -- Pay Policy, Organization Strategy and Structure: A Question of “Fit” -- Human Resource Costs and Business Strategy: Striving for Competitive Advantage in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- Section 3: Employee Responses to Organizational Strategies -- What Motivates Technical Professionals to Contribute Their Best Effort and Maintain Their Commitment to Their Organization? -- Employee Responses to Organizational Strategies: The Forgotten Variable in Human Resource Forecasting -- Executive Career Patterns and Organizational Adaptation to Change. -- Section 4: Strategies for Productivity Improvement -- Strategies for Managing Productivity Improvement -- Forecasting the Cost-Benefits of Job Training -- Individual Productivity: A Sourcing Analysis -- Section 5: Forecasting and Turnover Control -- Manpower Requirements Forecasting: A Case Example -- Use of Personnel Flow Models for Analysis of Large Scale Work Force Changes -- New Technology for Controlling Turnover -- Section 6: Work Force Dynamics and Compensation Policy -- A Model to Simulate the Effects of Work Force Dynamics on Compensation Policy -- Decision Information Support for a Comprehensive Retirement System Conversion -- Analyzing the Link Between Compensation and Quit Decisions of Civil Service Employees -- Section 7: Impact of Information Processing on Human Resource Planning -- Current Trends in the Use of Computer Technology by Human Resource Managers -- Deployment of a Micro-based HRMS as a Distributed Information System: H.R. Policy Management Implications and Impact -- About the Editor and Contributors.

Abstract: This volume is the proceedings of a symposium entitled, "Strategic Human Resource Planning Applications" which was held at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia on December 4-6, 1985. The meeting was sponsored by the Research Committee of the Human Resource Planning Society. In developing the symposi~m, the Research Committee built upon a study which resulted in a broad research agenda for the Society. The thrust of that research agenda was emphasis on linking the state-of- practice with the state-of-the-art. In the case of the symposium emphasiS was on the presentation of forward looking applications which could help member organizations link current practice with the research frontier. The meeting had sessions on (1) Description of Issues, (2) Human Resource Costs and Strategy, (3) Case Studies of Strategic Planning, (4) Computer Technology and Office Automation, (4) Large Scale Forecasting and Compensation Issues, (5) Models for Policy Analysis, (6) Work Force Optimization, (7) Implementation of Information Processing Activities, (8) Productivity Analysis, and (9) Relationship of Strategy to Practice. Thirty papers were presented with discussion sessions at appropriate points in the m~eting. This volume contains 18 of these papers along with an introductory paper. A short summary is also provided at the beginning of each major subdivision into which the papers are arraigned.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Literacy Drives in Preindustrial Germany -- 3 The Literacy Campaign in Scotland, 1560–1803 -- 4 Literacy Campaigns in Sweden -- 5 The Anatomy of Mass Literacy in Nineteenth-Century United States -- 6 Russian Literacy Campaigns, 1861–1939 -- 7 Literacy Movements in Modern China -- 8 The 1961 National Cuban Literacy Campaign -- 9 The Experimental World Literary Program: A Unique International Effort Revisited -- 10 Tanzania’s Literacy Campaign in Historical-Structural Perspective -- 11 Adult Literacy for Development in India: An Analysis of Policy and Performance -- 12 The 1980 Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade -- 13 Adult Literacy Policy in Industrialized Countries.

Abstract: We came to the task of editing this book from different disciplines and back­ grounds but with a mutuality of interest in exploring the concept of literacy campaigns in historical and comparative perspective. One of us is a professor of comparative education who has participated in and written about literacy campaigns in Third World countries, notably Nicaragua; the other is a com­ parative social historian who has written on literacy campaigns in Western his­ tory. Both of us believed that literacy could only be understood in particular As Harvey Graff has noted, "to consider any of the ways in historical contexts. which literacy intersects 'with social, political, economic, cultural, or psychological life ... requires excursions into other records.") Thus, we have set out in this edited collection to explore some five hundred years of literacy campaigns in vastly different societies: Reformation Germany, early modern Sweden and Scotland, the nineteenth-century United States, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Russia and the Soviet Union, pre­ Revolutionary and Revolutionary China, and a variety of Third World countries in the post-World War II period (Tanzania, Cuba, Nicaragua, and India). In addition, we have included studies of the UNESCO-sponsored Experimental World Literacy Program and recent adult literacy efforts in three industrialized Western countries (the United Kingdom, France, and the United States).

Abstract: There is an ever-growing interest in control problems today, con­ nected with the urgent problems of the effective use of natural resources, manpower, materials, and technology. When referring to the most important achievements of science and technology in the 20th Century, one usually mentions the splitting of the atom, the exploration of space, and computer engineering. Achievements in control theory seem less spectacular when viewed against this background, but the applications of control theory are playing an important role in the development of modern civilization, and there is every reason to believe that this role will be even more signifi­ cant in the future. Wherever there is active human participation, the problem arises of finding the best, or optimal, means of control. The demands of economics and technology have given birth to optimization problems which, in turn, have created new branches of mathematics. In the Forties, the investigation of problems of economics gave rise to a new branch of mathematical analysis called linear and convex program­ ming. At that time, problems of controlling flying vehicles and technolog­ ical processes of complex structures became important. A mathematical theory was formulated in the mid-Fifties known as optimal control theory. Here the maximum principle of L. S. Pontryagin played a pivotal role. Op­ timal control theory synthesized the concepts and methods of investigation using the classical methods of the calculus of variations and the methods of contemporary mathematics, for which Soviet mathematicians made valuable contributions.

Abstract: 1. Introduction to Polymer Science -- 2. The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber -- 3. Fillers -- I: Carbon Black -- II: Nonblack Fillers -- 4. Processing and Vulcanization Tests -- 5. Physical Testing of Vulcanizates -- 6. Natural Rubber -- 7. Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers -- 8. Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubbers -- 9. Ethylene-Propylene Rubber -- 10. Butyl and Halobutyl Rubbers -- 11. Nitrile and Polyacrylic Rubbers -- 12. Neoprene and Hypalon -- I: Neoprene -- II: Hypalon -- 13. Silicone Rubber -- 14. Fluorocarbon Elastomers -- 15. Polyurethane Elastomers -- 16. Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 17. Miscellaneous Elastomers -- 18. Reclaimed Rubber -- 19. Latex and Foam Rubber -- 20. Rubber-Related Polymers -- I: Poly (vinyl chloride) -- II: Polyethylene.

Abstract: About ten years after the publication of the Second Edition (1973), it became apparent that it was time for an up-date of this book. This was especially true in this case, since the subject matter has traditionally dealt mainly with the structure, properties, and technology of the various elastomers used in industry, and these are bound to undergo significant changes over the period of a decade. In revising the contents of this volume, it was thought best to keep the orig­ inal format. Hence the first five chapters discuss the same general subject matter as before. The chapters dealing with natural rubber and the synthetic elastomers are up-dated, and an entirely new chapter has been added on the thermoplastic elastomers, which have, of course, grown tremendously in importance. Another innovation is the addition of a new chapter, "Miscellaneous Elastomers," to take care of "old" elastomers, e.g., polysulfides, which have decreased some­ what in importance, as well as to introduce some of the newly-developed syn­ thetic rubbers which have not yet reached high production levels. The editor wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all the contributors, without whose close cooperation this task would have been impossible. He would especially like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Dr. Howard Stephens in the planning of this book, and for his suggestion of suitable authors.

Abstract: 1 Opening Session / Jean Vertut Memorial Session, Eulogy -- Advanced Teleoperation. Introductory Paper. The Advanced Teleoperation Project -- Advanced Teleoperation (I). Control and Supervision in Computer Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (II). The Generalized Information Feedback Concept in Computer-Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (III). An Integrated Experiment -- Analysis of a Robot Wrist Device for Mechanical Decoupling of the End-Effector Position and Orientation -- 2 Mechanics 1 -- Robot Motion: Configuration Analysis of Redundant and Non Redundant Manipulators -- Analysis of the Positioning and Orientation Accuracy in 6R Manipulators (Direct Task) -- A Unified Approach to Modelling of Flexible Robot Arms -- Solving the Inverse Kinematic Problem for Robotic Manipulators -- Determination of the Accuracy of Flexible Automatic Positioning Module with Clearances -- Invariant Kinestatic Filtering -- 3 Mechanics 2 -- Redundant Manipulators and Kinematic Singularities The Operational Space Approach -- Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical Process in Hyperstatical Gripping with n-Contact Points -- Computer Aided Modelling of Pneumo-Hydraulic Robots -- A Cartesian Model of Manipulator Kinematics -- A Method for Solving the Inverse Problem of Kinematics of Anthropomorphic Manipulators with Spherical Wrist -- Dynamic Equations of General Robots by Kane’s Method -- The Role of Delay in Robot Dynamics -- 4 Synthesis and Design 1 -- Smart Hand Systems for Robotics and Teleoperation -- A Mathematical Model of a Flexible Manipulator of the Elephant’s-Trunk-Type -- Analytical Design of Two-Revolute Open Chains -- On a Fundamental Study of Micro Mechanical Gripper Using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuator -- The Kinematic Design and Mass Redistribution of Manipulator Arms for Decoupled and Invariant Inertia -- Graphical-Interactive System for CAD and Simulation of Manipulation Systems -- 5 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 1 -- Force Feedback in Telemanipulators -- Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Optical Fibre Reflective Sensors for Robotics -- Task Specification and Closed Loop Control of Manipulators in the Presence of External Sensors -- Adaptive Force Control of Grippers Taking into Account the Dynamics of Objects -- Bilateral Remote Control with Dynamic Reflexion -- 6 Control of Motion 1 -- Finger-Arm Coordination Control Method for Multiple Degrees of Freedom Robot -- A Model-Based Expert System for Strategical Control Level of Manipulation Robots -- Robot-Task Adaptability by Semi-Local Correction without Contact -- Robot Control Synthesis in Conjunction with Moving Workpieces -- Dynamic Command Motion Tuning for Robots. A Self Learning Algorithm -- 7 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 2 -- C-Surface Theory Applied to Force-Feedback Control of Robots -- Experimental Investigation of Active Force Control of Robot and Manipulator Arms -- Automatic Grasp Planning. An Operation Space Approach -- A Method of Optical Processing in the Robot Vision -- Tridimensional Optical Syntaxer -- 8 Locomotion and Walking Machines -- Towards Generalized Concepts and Tools for Unconventional Mobile Robots. General Languages, Mobility Modes -- Mobile Robotic Systems for Use in Unstructured Terrain -- Wall Climbing Vehicle Using Internally Balanced Magnetic Unit -- Experimental Development of a Walking Transport Robot -- Legs that Deform Elastically -- Features of Mechanisms Synthesis of Walking Robot Propelling Agents -- Avoiding Obstacles by a Mobile Robotized Vehicle -- 9 Application and Performance Evaluation -- The Automation of the Mine Support Erection Technology with Remotely-Controlled Manipulators -- Experimental Investigations of Robots and Manipulators -- Minimization of Vibrations of a Gantry Manipulator During Positioning -- Experimental Evaluation of Feedforward and Computed Torque Control -- Experimental Research and Development of Methods for Improving Kinematic and Dynamic Robot Characteristics -- 10 Synthesis and Design 2 -- Kinematics and Torque Control of Multi-Fingered Articulated Robot Hand -- Progress towards a Robotic Aid for the severely Disabled -- Logical Structures for Collision Avoidance in Assembly with Robots -- Repositioning-Unit for very Fine and Accurate Displacements Analysis and Design -- 11 Synthesis and Design 3 -- Polyarticulated Mechanical Structure for Decoupling the Position and Orientation of a Robot -- Application of I-Coordinates in Robotics -- Design of Spring Mechanisms for Balancing the Weight of Robots -- Structural and Geometrical Systematization of Spatial Positioning Kinematic Chains Employed in Industrial Robots -- Tasks and Methods of Constructing Mechanical Facilities and Control Systems of Industrial Robots Taking into Account their Force Interaction with the Equipment -- 12 Control of Motion 2 -- Contribution to Solving Dynamic Robot Control in Machining Process -- An Approach to Development of Real-Time Robot Models -- Time-Optimal Robotic Manipulator Task Planning -- Time-Optimal Motions of Some Robotic Systems -- Frequency Space Synthesis of a Robust Dynamic Command -- Structure Strategy Problem on a Redundant Manipulator -- Participants.

Abstract: International Dictionary of Marketing and Communication -- Appendix 1: Associations, Institutes, Professional/Trade World-Wide -- Appendix 2: Audit Bureaux World-Wide -- Appendix 3: Journals on Communication Subjects World-Wide -- Appendix 4: News Agencies World-Wide.

Abstract: This dictionary covers marketing communications in the broadest sense, including advertising, but also extending to public relations which concerns many organizations not involved in marketing and which have little to do with advertising. Entries have been gathered from around the world, and this dictionary will therefore be valuable to those operating in an international environ­ ment where different term~, or terms with different spellings, are used. There are also terms with different meanings, depending on their country of origin. For example, in the UK newspapers are called press media, while in the USA the term print media is more usual. In the UK, print usually applies to printed items, such as sales or edu!;;ational literature. Likewise, there are big differences between European and American broadcasting systems, and sponsored radio or TV can mean different things around the world. Outdoor advertising also has different terminology in different countries, especially in North America and the UK. In many cases, alternative British and American terms are given, while some are either European or American. Some terminology is specific to a certain country. Entries have been collected from all parts of the world, including the oramedia or folk media of the Third World. Financial terms have been included because of their increasing im­ portance in advertising and public relations, and the dictionary reflects the increasing relevance of satellites and computers.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Variegated, Ever-Changing Transportation Marketplace -- Railroads -- Motor Carriers -- Household Goods Movers -- Brokers -- Shipper Associations -- Airlines -- Domestic Water Carriers -- Freight Forwarders -- Pipelines -- Intermodal Transportation -- Private Carriage -- 3. Regulation and Rates Today -- Common-Carrier Tariffs -- Reduced Protections for Shippers -- Rate Bureaus -- 4. Marketing Strategies for Carriers -- A Need for Rational Planning -- Pricing Strategies and Approaches -- The Tactics of Marketing -- The Special Case of Loss-and-Damage Liability -- The Art of Transportation Salesmanship -- 5. Buying Transportation Service: The Shipper’s View -- Characteristics of the Traffic -- The Rate and Service “Package” -- The Question of Pricing -- The Carrot, the Stick and Other Matters -- Common Pitfalls to Avoid -- Researching the Other Side -- The Special Case of Captive Traffic -- 6. Computers and Strategic Planning -- 7. The Art of Negotiating -- When, Where and Who -- The Initial Proposal(s) -- The Conduct of Negotiations -- “Boulwarism” -- Finalizing the Agreement -- Two “Winners,” No “Losers” -- Appendix: Negotiations in Transportation -- 8. Contracting for Carriers and Shippers -- The Element of Mutuality -- Transportation Contracts and the Law -- Contract Negotiation Strategies -- Key Features of Transportation Contracts -- The Ethics of Contracting -- The Negotiating Process -- Contract Administration -- Appendix: Contract for Carriage -- 9. The Many Facets of Competitive Bidding -- The Request for Proposal -- The Specifications -- Traffic Volume -- The Bid Element(s) -- Bid Format -- The Basis of Evaluation -- The Deadline -- Responding to the RFP -- Legal and Ethical Considerations -- The Future of Competitive Bidding -- 10. Antitrust Law and Rate Negotiations -- Some Recent Cases -- Other Facets of Antitrust Law.

Abstract: In the time-worn traditions of the transportation industry, ship­ pers and carriers regard one another as enemies. There is, to be sure, a certain degree of validity to such a viewpoint. An element of conflict will naturally be present in any vendor-purchaser relationship. The two, after all, are seeking distinctly different things from that relationship; and to a con­ siderable extent each party's success in realizing its own goals must be achieved at the expense of the other. At the same time, however, viewing that relationship as strictly zero-sum-a gain by one side always resulting in an equal and offsetting loss by the other-is a gross misconception. It overlooks the key reality that, no matter which party comes closest to its own objectives, the relationship, and the business transactions that flow from it, must ultimately benefit both. Without that level of mutual benefit the relationship will simply not exist (or will soon founder if it somehow does come into being); for it is only the self-interest of the two parties that impels them to establish and continue that relationship at all. In transportation, however, this element of mutuality-the attitude that the parties share a common interest in nurturing their relationship-is often forgotten. Instead of working to­ gether as, fundamentally, partners in a business transaction from which both expect to derive gains, they dedicate the bulk of their energies to fighting, rather than cooperating, with one another.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1 • Old World Archaeology and Archaeologists from a New World Perspective -- II Defining and Interpreting Regional Records -- 2 Searching for Camps and Missing the Evidence?:Another Lookat the Lower Paleolithic -- 3 • Reduction Sequences in the Manufacture of MousterianImplements of France -- 4 • “Arms Too Short to Box With God”: Problems and Prospects forPaleolithic Prehistory in Dordogne, France -- 5 • Interpretive Problems in Hunter-Gatherer Regional Studies:Some Thoughts on the European Upper Paleolithic -- III Macroregional Patterns -- 6 • Man The Shoveler: Alternative Models for Middle PleistoceneColonization and Occupation in Northern Latitudes -- 7 • Middle Pleistocene Adaptations in India -- 8 • Regional Perspectives on the Soviet Central Asian Paleolithic -- 9 • Recent Developments in the Upper Pleistocene Prehistory ofChina -- 10 • Pleistocene Australia: Peopling a Continent -- IV Regional Adaptations at a Point in Time -- 11 • Upper Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Wadi Feiran, Southern Sinai -- 12. The Paris Basin in Magdalenian Times -- 13. Magdalenian Settlement Pattern and Subsistence in Central Europe: The Southwestern and Central German Cases -- V Changes Through Time -- 14 • Late Pleistocene Adaptations in the Levant -- 15 • Perigordian and Noaillian in the Greater Périgord -- 16 • Aurignacian and Gravettian Settlement Patterns in Central Europe -- 17 • Glimpses of Long-Term Shifts in Late Paleolithic Land Use in the Périgord -- 18 • Fishing and Foraging: Marine Resources in the Upper Paleolithic of France -- 19 • From the Mousterian to the Metal Ages: Long-Term Change in the Human Diet of Northern Spain -- 20 • Late Pleistocene Refugia in Europe -- 21 • Upper Paleolithic Connubia, Refugia, and the Archaeological Record from Eastern Europe -- 22 • Prehistory and Paleoenvironments at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in the Western Cape -- 23 • The Case for the Regional Perspective: A New World View.

Abstract: Regional approaches to past human adaptations have generated much new knowledge and understanding. Researchers working on problems of adaptations in the Holocene, from those of simple hunter-gatherers to those of complex sociopolitical entities like the state, have found this approach suitable for comprehension of both ecological and social aspects of human behavior. This research focus has, however, until recently left virtually un­ touched a major spatial and temporaI segment of prehistory-the Old World during the Pleistocene. Extant literature on this period, by and large, presents either detailed site­ speeific accounts or offers continental or even global syntheses that tend to compile site­ speeific information but do not integrate it into whole c~nstructs of funetioning so­ ciocuhural entities. This volume presents our current state of knowledge about a variety of regional adaptations that charaeterized prehistoric groups in the Old World before 10,000 B. P. The authors of the chapters consider the behavior of humans rather than that of objects or features and present data and models for variaus aspects of past cultures and for culture change. These presentations integrate findings and understandings derived from a number of related disciplines actively involved in researching the past. Data and interpretations are offered on a range of Old \yorld regions during the PaIeolithic, induding Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe, and chronological coverage spans from the Early to Late PIeisto­ cene.

Abstract: THE AMERICAN CATHOLIC church is a remarkable institu­ tion. Its people worship in numbers that dwarf figures from elsewhere. It has one of the most vibrant of Cath­ olic school systems, perhaps the most vibrant. It is by and large an obedient church, some would say docile­ controversies of recent years notwithstanding. It is a church characterized by great loyalty to the pope and by unstinting financial generosity to Rome. Still, the Ameri­ can church is a church in transition. There has been ero­ sion in areas of church life. Yet more is likely. The vii viii PREFACE American Catholic church, in sum, is a ready-made sub­ ject for analysis and study. When this book project on American Catholicism was first broached, no particular time urgency seemed to be involved. In recent years, nuns and priests had ex­ ited the religious life by the thousands, and their ranks were not being refilled. Many seminaries and convents had been closed for lack of need, then sold off to meet the financial imperatives of the respective religious com­ munities. The administration of Catholic hospitals in several cities had been turned over to lay boards, and a few Catholic colleges had shut their gates. A number of Catholic publications had disappeared from view, and in many Catholic parishes, focuses shifted, often to ac­ tivities of apostolic inconsequence, as emphases drained away from diocesan schools, very many of which had closed for good.

Abstract: to the First Round Table on Law and Semiotics -- Analytical Rhetoric, Semiotic and Law -- The Semiotic Web of the Law -- The Shopping Mall: Signs of Power -- The Prescriptions of the New Hobbesian Contractarian -- Animals as Property and the Law -- The Problem of Normative Authority in Legal Interpretation -- Natural Law and Emancipation: Toward a Theonomous Democracy -- Communication Research and the Practice of Lawyering: Is the Tail Wagging the Dog? -- Psychoanalysis in Legal Education: Notes on the Violence of the Sign -- The Rhetoric of Esotericism: The ‘Challenge’ to Deconstruction -- Legitimizing ‘Repugnancy’ in Law: Peirce and Contradiction -- Constitutionalism: Principle and Policy -- The United States Constitution: A Semiotic Interpretation -- The Merely Symbolic.

Abstract: However, it became apparent shortly after the establishing of the Center that not only were all methods of legal semiotics not Peircean in origin, but were in their respective foundational assumptions not likely to be compatible with Peirce's semiotics without some radical, transforming development of the idea, 'legal semiotics'. It was clear that if one would intend to be faithful to Peircean semiotics then holding a fixed notion of what an idea of Peircean semiotics of law means would be a violation of the spirit of Peirce's thought; this above all emphasizes the growth and development of initiative ideas and also the stricture that all leading principles must be subject to revision. Even the idea of Peircean semiotics, as leading principle, must itself be an open idea, the meaning of which must be transformable through the process of defining it. A metasemiotics view of a semiotics of law must leave open the possibility for revision of the leading principle of the term, "legal semiotics. " Therefore, if legal semiotics is an idea which accumulates and evolves its meaning in the very process of self-examination, then a process of investigating law investigates itself as well in any semiotic process of inquiry. It became apparent that the most appropriate contribution the Center could make to the area of a Peirce an semiotics would be to act as a sponsor, an inclusive rather than exclusive agent for inquiry of all kinds into the general topic of law and semiotics.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to instrumental methods of analysis -- 1.1 Precision and accuracy -- 1.2 Speed of analysis -- 1.3 Cost -- 1.4 Safety -- 1.5 Automation -- Recommended general texts -- 2 Liquid chromatography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory of liquid chromatography -- 2.3 Modes of chromatography -- 2.4 Chromatographic techniques -- 2.5 Sample preparation -- References -- 3 Gas chromatography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Principles -- 3.3 The chromatographic system -- 3.4 GLC columns -- 3.5 Principles of separation -- 3.6 Stationary phases -- 3.7 Gas—solid chromatography -- 3.8 Detectors -- 3.9 Sample preparation -- 3.10 Quantification -- References -- 4 Electrophoresis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of pH on charge -- 4.3 Techniques of electrophoresis -- 4.4 Isotachophoresis -- References -- 5 Introduction to spectroscopy -- 5.1 Spectroscopy -- 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum -- 5.3 Molecular energy states -- 5.4 Molecular transitions -- 5.5 Quantitative analysis -- 5.6 Determination of a spectrum -- Further reading -- 6 UV—visible spectrophotometry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electronic energy levels -- 6.3 Electronic transitions -- 6.4 Qualitative analysis -- 6.5 Quantitative analysis -- 6.6 Calibration of spectrophotometers -- 6.7 Sample presentation -- 6.8 Difference spectrophotometry -- 6.9 Spectrophotometric titrations -- 6.10 Derivative spectrophotometry -- 6.11 Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry -- 6.12 Spectrophotometers and colorimeters -- 6.13 Turbidimetry and nephelometry -- 6.14 Colour and gloss of solid samples -- References -- 7 Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fluorophores -- 7.3 Excitation and emission spectra -- 7.4 Quantitative measurements -- 7.5 Factors affecting fluorescence spectra -- 7.6 Instruments for fluorescence studies -- 7.7 Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometry -- References -- 8 Infrared spectroscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Molecular vibrations -- 8.3 Qualitative analysis -- 8.4 Quantitative analysis -- 8.5 Instrumentation -- 8.7 Attenuated total reflectance -- 8.8 Near-infrared reflectance analysis -- References -- 9 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Principles -- 9.3 Pulse NMR spectrometer -- 9.4 Chemical shifts -- 9.5 Spin—spin coupling -- 9.6 Integration -- 9.7 Further techniques for elucidation of NMR spectra -- 9.8 Wide-line NMR -- 9.9 In-vivo NMR -- References -- 10 Electron spin resonance -- 10.1 Principles -- 10.2 ESR spectra -- 10.3 ESR spectrometer -- 10.4 Sample preparation -- 10.5 Spin labelling -- 10.6 Quantitative analysis -- References -- 11 Flame techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Flame emission spectrometry (FES) -- 11.3 Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) -- 11.4 Applications -- References -- 12 Mass spectrometry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mass spectrometer -- 12.3 Analysis of mixtures -- 12.4 Determination of molecular structures -- References -- 13 Electrochemical techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Conductivity of solutions -- 13.3 Voltammetry -- 13.4 Potentiometric measurements -- References.

Abstract: Instrumental techniques of analysis have now moved from the confines of the chemistry laboratory to form an indispensable part of the analytical armoury of many workers involved in the biological sciences. It is now quite out of the question to considcr a laboratory dealing with the analysis of biological materials that is not equipped with an extensive range of instrumentation. Recent years have also seen a dramatic improvement in the ease with which such instruments can be used, and the quality and quantity of the analytical data that they can produce. This is due in no sm all part to the ubiquitous use of microprocessors and computers for instrumental control. However, under these circumstances there is areal danger of the analyst adopting a 'black box' mentality and not treating the analytical data produced in accordance with the limitations that may be inherent in the method used. Such a problem can only be overcome if the operator is fully aware of both the theoretical and instrumental constraints relevant to the technique in question. As the complexity and sheer volume of material in undergraduate courses increases, there is a tendency to reduce the amount of fundamental material that is taught prior to embarking on the more applied aspects. This is nowhere more apparent than in the teaching of instrumental techniques of analysis.

Abstract: One -- 1 Introduction: Sociology and Engineering -- 2 Engineering and the Social Process -- 3 Engineering and the British Economic Problem -- 4 The British Economy in Context -- 5 The Legal and Political Context of Engineering -- Two -- 6 Engineering Education -- 7 Theories of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction -- 8 The Colleagues of the Engineer -- 9 The Organization and Experience of Engineering -- 10 Engineers, Professional Associations and Trade Unions -- 11 Engineering Work: The Division of Labour -- 12 Conclusions -- References -- Authorlndex.

Abstract: 1 Control Theory and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What is “Control”? -- 1.3 Elementary Control System -- 1.4 Purposes of Control -- 1.5 Control Action -- 1.6 Energy Sources for Control Systems -- 1.7 Measurement -- 1.8 Symbols and Abbreviations -- 1.9 Psychrometrics -- 1.10 Relationships -- 1.11 Summary -- 2 Pneumatic Control Devices -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pneumatic Control Devices -- 2.3 Control Cabinets -- 2.4 Air Supply -- 3 Electric and Electronic Control Devices -- 3.1 Electric Control Devices -- 3.2 Electronic Control Devices -- 4 Fluidic Control Devices -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Wall Attachment Devices -- 4.3 Turbulence Amplifiers -- 4.4 Vortex Amplifiers -- 4.5 Radial Jet Amplifier -- 4.6 Fluidic Transducers -- 4.7 Manual Switches -- 5 Flow Control Devices -- 5.1 Dampers -- 5.2 Steam and Water Flow Control Valves -- 5.3 System Gains -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Elementary Control Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Outside Air Controls -- 6.3 Air Stratification -- 6.4 Heating -- 6.5 Cooling Coils -- 6.6 Humidity Control -- 6.7 Dehumidifiers -- 6.8 Static Pressure Control -- 6.9 Electric Heat -- 6.10 Gas-Fired Heaters -- 6.11 Oil-Fired Heaters -- 6.12 Refrigeration Equipment -- 6.13 Fire and Smoke Control -- 6.14 Electrical Interlocks -- 6.15 Location of Sensors -- 6.16 Summary -- 7 Complete Control Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Single-Zone Systems -- 7.3 Multizone Air Handling Systems -- 7.4 Dual-Duct Systems -- 7.5 Variable-Volume Systems -- 7.6 Reheat Systems -- 7.7 Heat Reclaim -- 7.8 Fan-Coil Units -- 7.9 Induction Systems -- 7.10 Unit Ventilators -- 7.11 Packaged Equipment -- 7.12 Other Packaged Equipment -- 7.13 Radiant Heating and Cooling -- 7.14 Radiators and Convectors -- 7.15 Heat Exchangers -- 7.16 Solar Heating and Cooling Systems -- 7.17 Summary -- 8 Electric Control Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electric Control Diagrams -- 8.3 Electrical Control of a Chiller -- 8.4 Electrical Control of an Air Handling Unit -- 8.5 Example: A Typical Small Air Conditioning System -- 8.6 Electric Heaters -- 8.7 Reduced-Voltage Starters -- 8.8 Multispeed Starters -- 8.9 Variable Speed Controllers -- 8.10 Summary -- 9 Special Control Systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Close Temperature and/or Humidity Control -- 9.3 Controlled Environment Rooms for Testing -- 9.4 Some Examples from Practice -- 9.5 Summary -- 10 Supervisory Control Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hard-Wired Systems -- 10.3 Multiplexing Systems -- 10.4 Computer-Based Systems for Monitoring and Control -- 10.5 The Economics of Supervisory Systems -- 10.6 Benefits of the Computer System -- 10.7 Training for Maintenance and Operation -- 10.8 Summary -- 11 Psychrometrics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Psychrometric Properties -- 11.3 Psychrometric Tables -- 11.4 Psychrometric Charts -- 11.5 Processes on the Psychrometric Chart -- 11.6 HVAC Cycles on the Chart -- 11.7 Impossible Processes -- 11.8 Effects of Altitude -- 11.9 Summary -- 12 Central Plant Pumping and Distribution Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Diversity -- 12.3 Constant Flow Systems -- 12.4 Variable Flow Systems -- 12.5 Distribution Systems -- 12.6 Building Interfaces -- 12.7 Summary -- 13 Retrofit of Existing Control Systems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Economic Analysis -- 13.3 Discriminators -- 13.4 Control Modes -- 13.5 Economy Cycle Controls -- 13.6 Single-Zone Systems -- 13.7 Reheat Systems -- 13.8 Multizone Systems -- 13.9 Dual-Duct Systems -- 13.10 Systems with Humidity Control -- 13.11 Control Valves and Pumping Arrangements -- 13.12 Summary -- 13.13 Conclusion -- Control Bibliography -- Abbreviations Used in this Book -- Symbols Used in this Book.

Abstract: There are two reasons why we have a new edition every four or five years. The first is that technology changes. Chapter 10, on computer-based con­ trols, has had to be almost completely rewritten. Fundamentals don't change, but the tools available to us do change. Evaluation and proper use of those tools makes it even more imperative that we understand fundamentals. Many of our control problems stem from the use of new devices as a solution to problems that are, in fact, control design errors. New gadgets, for example, Direct Digital Controls (DDC), will not solve basic problems and may even compound them. None-the-Iess, you will find an extensive discussion of DDC because I think it is the probable "future" in HVAC control. But it must be applied with a good understanding of fundamentals. The second reason is that I keep learning and need to pass on my new and improved understanding to my readers. Thus you will find a number of small but important revisions, a dissertation on control "modes," and a much more detailed discussion of how electronic control devices work. There are a few places where I have corrected what I now perceive to be errors. I apologize for these. I have been much encouraged by the acceptance of this book in the past, and I hope that this new edition will be helpful. Thank you for your support.

Abstract: One The Propositional Calculus -- 1. Propositional Connectives. Truth Tables -- 2. Tautologies -- 3. Adequate Sets of Connectives -- 4. An Axiom System for the Propositional Calculus -- 5. Independence. Many-Valued Logics -- 6. Other Axiomatizations -- Two Quantification Theory -- 1. Quantifiers -- 2. Interpretations. Satisfiability and Truth. Models -- 3. First-Order Theories -- 4. Properties of First-Order Theories -- 5. Additional Metatheorems and Derived Rules -- 6. Rule C -- 7. Completeness Theorems -- 8. First-Order Theories with Equality -- 9. Definitions of New Function Letters and Individual Constants -- 10. Prenex Normal Forms -- 11. Isomorphism of Interpretations. Categoricity of Theories -- 12. Generalized First-Order Theories. Completeness and Decidability -- 13. Elementary Equivalence. Elementary Extensions -- 14. Ultrapowers. Nonstandard Analysis -- 15. Semantic Trees -- Three Formal Number Theory -- 1. Axiom System -- 2. Number-Theoretic Functions and Relations -- 3. Primitive Recursive and Recursive Functions -- 4. Arithmetization. Gödel Numbers -- 5. The Fixed Point Theorem. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem -- 6. Recursive Undecidability. Church’s Theorem -- Four Axiomatic Set Theory -- 1. An Axiom System -- 2. Ordinal Numbers -- 3. Equinumerosity. Finite And Denumerable Sets -- 4. Hartogs’ Theorem. Initial Ordinals. Ordinal Arithmetic -- 5. The Axiom of Choice. The Axiom of Regularity -- 6. Other Axiomatizations of Set Theory -- Five Effective Computability -- 1. Algorithms. Turing Machines -- 2. Diagrams -- 3. Partial Recursive Functions. Unsolvable Problems -- 4. The Kleene-Mostowski Hierarchy. Recursively Enumerable Sets -- 5. Other Notions of Effective Computability -- 6. Decision Problems -- Answers to Selected Exercises -- Notation.

Abstract: This is a compact mtroduction to some of the pnncipal tOpICS of mathematical logic . In the belief that beginners should be exposed to the most natural and easiest proofs, I have used free-swinging set-theoretic methods. The significance of a demand for constructive proofs can be evaluated only after a certain amount of experience with mathematical logic has been obtained. If we are to be expelled from "Cantor's paradise" (as nonconstructive set theory was called by Hilbert), at least we should know what we are missing. The major changes in this new edition are the following. (1) In Chapter 5, Effective Computability, Turing-computabIlity IS now the central notion, and diagrams (flow-charts) are used to construct Turing machines. There are also treatments of Markov algorithms, Herbrand-Godel-computability, register machines, and random access machines. Recursion theory is gone into a little more deeply, including the s-m-n theorem, the recursion theorem, and Rice's Theorem. (2) The proofs of the Incompleteness Theorems are now based upon the Diagonalization Lemma. Lob's Theorem and its connection with Godel's Second Theorem are also studied. (3) In Chapter 2, Quantification Theory, Henkin's proof of the completeness theorem has been postponed until the reader has gained more experience in proof techniques. The exposition of the proof itself has been improved by breaking it down into smaller pieces and using the notion of a scapegoat theory. There is also an entirely new section on semantic trees.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Manufacturing Techniques -- 3 The Network — The Physical Transmission Medium -- 3.1 Basic communications -- 3.2 Communications options -- 3.3 Distributed LANs -- 3.4 Head ends -- 4 The Seven Layer Model -- 4.1 The application itself -- 4.2 Applications layer (layer 7) -- 4.3 Presentation layer (layer 6) -- 4.4 Session layer (layer 5) -- 4.5 Transport layer (layer 4) -- 4.6 Network layer (layer 3) -- 4.7 Datalink layer (layer 2) -- 4.8 Physical layer (layer 1) -- 4.9 Interconnecting MAP and TOP with each other and with other systems -- 4.10 Technical and Office Protocols (TOP) -- 5 The Standards Scene -- 5.1 The origins of OSI -- 5.2 The International Standards Organization (ISO) -- 5.3 ISO stages of development of standards -- 5.4 National activity in the UK -- 5.5 Who’s who in standards -- 6 Key Issues -- 6.1 The functionality of MMS -- 6.2 Interoperability -- 6.3 Testing -- 7 Map and Top Application Case Studies -- 7.1 The Towers of Hanoi and beyond -- 7.2 Cell controller applications -- 7.3 A link from design to assembly and inspection -- 7.4 MAP in the electronics test environment -- 7.5 AIMS — an Assembly Information Management System applied to engine assembly -- 7.6 Using MAP in the factory -- 7.7 MAP in printed circuit board assembly -- 7.8 Communications in the aerospace industry -- 7.9 MAP in General Motors -- 8 The Way Ahead -- 8.1 The future -- 8.2 MAP and TOP products -- Useful Addresses -- Abbreviations -- Sources and Recommendations for Further Reading.

Abstract: Advances in technology are making the business and manufacturing environment increasingly complex. Standards can help us cope with this complexity. Given the strategic importance of computers in the economies of the industrial world, it is fitting that one of the most significant commercial stories of our time is the standardization of computer communications. Quite frankly, when we joined with other computer users to launch this effort we didn't predict its scope and we should have done. public visibility. In restrospect, I guess The computer assisted technologies looming on the horizon offer some of the greatest functional and productivity tools available to improve business operations. However, the absence of a standardized electronic link permeating most business organizations poses a severe impediment to the efficient deployment of this technology. The feasibility of using computer controlled devices to design, test, and manufacture products - as part of a massive network - is well within our technological grasp. However, unless the world agrees upon a global set of standards that will make multi-vendor computer systems interoperable, successful implementation of these technologies becomes less and less attractive.

Abstract: 1 Polymer structures and general properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Polymer structures -- 1.3 Morphology and softening behavior -- 1.4 Amorphous polymers and softening behavior -- 1.5 Semi-crystalline polymers and softening behavior -- 1.6 Molecular weight -- 1.7 Copolymers -- 1.8 Chemical behavior -- 1.9 Solubility -- 1.10 Electrical properties -- 1.11 Conclusion -- Further reading -- 2 Polymerization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Addition polymerization -- 2.3 Step-growth polymerization -- 2.4 Copolymer formation -- 2.5 Chemical conversion -- 2.6 Polyblends -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 High-temperature and fire-resistant polymers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The need for thermally resistant polymers -- 3.3 Improving low-performance polymers for high-temperature -- 3.4 The need for fire-resistant polymers -- 3.5 Polymers for low fire hazards -- 3.6 Polymers for high temperature resistance -- 3.7 Heterocyclic polymers -- Further reading -- 4 Hydrophilic polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Natural polymers -- 4.3 Semi-synthetic polymers -- 4.4 Synthetic polymers -- Further reading -- 5 Polymers with electrical and electromeric properties -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conducting polymers -- 5.3 Photoconducting polymers -- 5.4 Polymers in non-linear optics -- 5.5 Polymers with piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties -- 5.6 Photoresists for semiconductor fabrication -- References -- 6 Ionic polymers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification -- 6.3 Synthesis -- 6.4 Physical properties and applications -- 6.5 lonomers based on polyethylene -- 6.6 Elastomeric ionomers -- 6.7 Ionomers based on polystyrene -- 6.8 Ionomers based on polytetrafluoroethylene -- 6.9 Ionomers with polyaromatic backbones -- 6.10 Polyelectrolytes for ion-exchange -- 6.11 Polyelectrolytes based on carboxylates -- 6.12 Polymers with integral ions -- 6.13 Polyelectrolyte complexes -- 6.14 Blends of polymers and salts -- 6.15 Biological and inorganic ionic polymers -- 6.16 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Polyurethanes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chemical aspects -- 7.3 Product types -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References and further reading.

Abstract: R. W. DYSON There will be few readers of this book who are not aware of the contribution that polymers make to modern life. They are to be seen around the home, at work, in transport and in leisure pursuits. They take many forms which include plastic mouldings and extrusions, plastic film and sheet, plastic laminates (fibreglass and formica) rubber gloves, hoses, tyres and sealing rings, fibres for textiles and carpets and so on, cellular products for cushioning and thermal insulation, adhesives and coating materials such as paints and varnishes. The majority of these polymers are synthetic and are derived from oil products. The most important of these in terms of tonnage used are polymers based upon styrene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, propylene and butadiene among plastics and rubber materials, and nylons, polyethylenetere­ phthalate and polyacrylonitrile among fibres. The total amount of these polymers used each year runs into millions of tonnes. These polymers are sometimes known as commodity polymers because they are used for everyday artefacts. They are available in many grades and formats to meet a variety of applications and processing techniques. The and light stabilizers, properties can be adjusted by using additives such as heat plasticizers, and reinforcing materials. Often, grades are specially designed and formulated to meet particular requirements and, in a sense, these might be regarded as specialities. Much has been written about these materials elsewhere and they are not the concern of this book.

Abstract: 1. Introduction. Plans, Strategies and Actions -- Categories of Muscles -- Problems of Moving -- A Legacy -- 2. Mechanical Properties of Muscles -- Review of Muscle Anatomy -- Mechanical Properties of Muscle -- Behaviour of Isolated Muscle Stimulated at Subtetanic Rates -- Muscle Mechanics in Intact Man -- Effects of Muscle Properties on Control of Movement -- A Theory of Movement Control which Makes Use of the Mechanical Properties of Muscle -- 3. The Motor Unit -- The Concept of the Motor Unit -- Twitch and Tonic Muscle Fibres -- Physiological Investigation of the Motor Unit -- Histochemical and Biochemical Classification of Muscle Fibres -- Some Electrophysiological Properties of Motoneurones -- Control of Motor Units and their Recruitment Order -- The Study of Motor Units in Human Physiology -- Pathophysiology of the Motor Unit -- 4. Proprioceptors in Muscle, Joint and Skin -- Muscle Receptors: I. The Muscle Spindle -- Muscle Receptors: II. Golgi Tendon Organs -- Muscle Receptors: III. Other Types of Ending -- Joint Receptors -- Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors -- Recordings from Human Afferent Nerve Fibres -- 5. Reflex Pathways in the Spinal Cord -- Classification of Nerve Fibres -- Reflex Pathways from la Muscle Spindle Afferents -- Reflex Pathways from lb Tendon Organ Afferents -- Reflex Pathways from Group II Muscle Afferents and the ‘Flexor Reflex Afferents’ -- The Renshaw Cell -- Integration in Spinal Reflex Pathways -- Presynaptic Inhibition -- 6. Functional Consequences of Activity in Spinal Reflex Pathways -- The Stretch Reflex in Animals -- Stretch Reflexes in Human Muscles -- The Servo Hypothesis and Alpha-Gamma Coactivation -- The Regulation of Stiffness Hypothesis and lb Effects -- Other Spinal Reflex Pathways -- Cutaneous Reflexes -- Pathophysiology of the Stretch Reflex: Disorders of Muscle Tone -- Pathophysiology of Other Reflex Pathways -- 7. Ascending and Descending Pathways of the Spinal Cord -- Ascending Pathways -- 8. Cerebral Cortex -- Structure of Cerebral Cortex -- Detailed Electrophysiology of Primary Motor (MI) Cortex -- The Pyramidal Tract -- Motor Cortex Cell Activity During Voluntary Movements -- Sensory Input to Motor Cortex -- Other Motor Areas of Cortex -- Supplementary Motor Area -- Motor Functions of Parietal Cortex -- Pathophysiology of Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex -- 9. The Cerebellum -- Cerebellar Anatomy -- Electrophysiological Studies of the Cerebellum -- Effects of Cerebellar Lesions -- Studies of Cerebellar Dysfunction in Man -- Theories of Cerebellar Function -- 10. The Basal Ganglia -- Anatomy -- Electrophysiological Recordings from Behaving Animals -- Pathophysiology of Diseases of the Basal Ganglia in Man.

Abstract: The human motor system is unique. It talks, walks and can play the piano from a remarkably early age. But it is difficult to study. One cannot impale single neurones with electrodes or lesion discrete areas of the nervous system in man. However, data gleaned from such elegant experiments in lower species that walk on four feet may not reflect the organisation of human motor mechanisms. John Rothwell is one of a small band of human-motor physiologists who have followed the dictum 'The proper study of mankind is man'. In this book, he brings together what is known about human motor physiology in an eminently readable and critical fashion. Of course, there is a stimulating symbiosis between animal and human experimental motor physiology, and this is effected by the integration of critical information that can only be obtained from work on animals with what is known about man. Many disciplines have interest in the mechanisms of human voluntary movement - physiologists, psychologists, physiotherapists and clinicians, be they neurologists or those working in orthopaedics, physical medicine or rehabilitation. All will find John Rothwell's book invaluable. To the beginner it provides an excellent introduction to the subject. To the expert it presents a coherent review of current knowledge and areas of uncertainty. What is abundantly clear is how much more remains to be discovered about how man controls movement. The stimulus provided by this volume will be invaluable to thought and experiment.

Abstract: I Conflict, Power, and Justice -- 1 Cooperation, Conflict, and Justice -- 2 Justice and Power: An Exchange Analysis -- 3 Justice Considerations in Interpersonal Conflict -- 4 Power and Justice in Intergroup Relations -- II Theoretical Perspectives on Justice -- 5 Justice Ideology and Social Legitimation: A Revised Agenda for Psychological Inquiry -- 6 The Experience of Injustice: Toward a Better Understanding of its Phenomenology -- 7 Thinking about Justice and Dealing with One’s Own Privileges: A Study of Existential Guilt -- 8 Rethinking Equity Theory: A Referent Cognitions Model -- III Norms and Justice -- 9 Social Context and Perceived Justice -- 10 Levels of Interest in the Study of Interpersonal Justice -- 11 The Need Principle of Distributive Justice -- 12 Group Categorization and Distributive Justice Decisions -- 13 Children’s Use of Justice Principles in Allocation Situations: Focus on the Need Principle -- IV Applications of Justice Research -- 14 Two Rotten Apples Spoil the Justice Barrel -- 15 Justice as Fair and Equal Treatment before the Law: The Role of Individual Versus Group Decision Making -- 16 The Psychology of Leadership Evaluation -- 17 When Expectations and Justice Do Not Coincide: Blue-Collar Visions of a Just World -- 18 The Distributive Justice of Organizational Performance Evaluations -- Author Index.

Abstract: From July 16 through July 21, 1984 a group of American and West German scholars met in Marburg, West Germany to discuss their com­ mon work on the topic of justice in social relations. For over 30 hours they presented papers, raised questions about each other's work, and in so doing plotted a course for future research and theory building on this topic. The participants were asked to present work that represented their most recent state-of-the-science contributions in the area. The con­ tributions to this volume represent refined versions of those presentations-papers that have been improved by the authors' consid­ eration of the comments and reactions of their colleagues. The result, we believe, is a work that represents the cutting edge of scholarly inquiry into the important matter of justice in social relations. To give the participants the freedom to present their ideas in the most appropriate way, we, the conference organizers and the editors of this volume, gave them complete control over the form and substance of their presentations. The resulting diversity is reflected in this book, where the reader will find critical integrative reviews of the literature, reports of research investigations, and statements of theoretical posi­ tions. The chapters are organized with respect to the common themes that emerged in the way the authors addressed the issues of justice in social relations. Each of these themes-conflict and power, theoretical perspectives, norms, and applications-is represented by a part of this book.

Abstract: Ronald L. Cohen Justice is a central moral standard in social life. It is invoked in judging individual persons and in judging the basic structure of societies. It has been described as akin to a "human hunger or thirst" (Pascal, Pensees, cited in Hirschman, 1982, p. 91), "more powerful than any physical hunger, and endlessly resilient" (Pitkin, 1981, p. 349). The most prominent contemporary theory of justice proceeds from the claim that justice is "the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is systems of thought" (Rawls, 1971, p. 3). However, as the following chapters demonstrate, justice has a complex and controversial history. If, as has been claimed, justice is a central category of human thought and a central aspect of human motivation, can it also be the case that to invoke justice is no more than "banging on the table: an emotional expression which turns one's demand into an absolute postulate" (Ross, 1959, p. 274)? If justice is the first virtue of social institutions, can the concept of social or economic justice at the same time be "entirely empty and meaningless" so that any attempt to employ it is "either thoughtless or fraudulent" (Hayek, 1976, pp. xi-xii)? In a formal sense, justice concerns ensuring that each person receives what she or he is due.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Social Antecedents and Consequences of Self-Referent Cognition -- 3 Social Antecedents and Consequences of Self-Evaluation -- 4 Social Antecedents and Consequences of Self-Feelings -- 5 Nature and Antecedents of Self-Protective-Self-Enhancing Responses -- 6 Toward A General Theory of Self-Referent Behavior -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book is about human behavior and, more particularly, about a class of human behaviors-those behaviors by people that have themselves as the object of their behaviors. These self-referent behaviors are social in nature in the sense that in large measure, they are the outcomes of pervasive social processes and are themselves major influences on social outcomes. As such, self-referent behaviors have the potential to be sig­ nificant organizing constructs in the study of the broader field of social psychology. In any case, they are regarded here as of intrinsic interest and are the focus of this volume. Four broad categories of self-referent behaviors are considered with regard to their social bases and conse­ quences as these are revealed in the social psychological and sociological literature. With appropriate discriminations made within each group­ ing, the four categories are: self-conceiving, self-evaluating, self-feeling, and self-protective-self-enhancing responses. Following a consideration of the social antecedents and consequences of each category of self­ referent behaviors, I present a final summary statement that outlines a theoretical model of the additive and interactive social influences on and consequences of the mutually influential self-referent behaviors. The outline of the theoretical model reflects my synthesis of the apparently relevant theoretical and empirical literature and is intended to function as a framework for the orderly incorporation of new theoretical asser­ tions and more or less apparently relevant empirical associations.

Abstract: Air conditioning boosts man's efficiency no less than his comfort. Air-conditioned homes, offices, and factories unmistakably raise human productivity and reduce absenteeism, turnover, mistakes, accidents and grievances, especially in summer. Accordingly, many employers every year cool workrooms and offices to raise summer profits. Employees in turn find cool homes enhancing not only comfort and prestige but also personal efficiency and income. With such economic impetus, low-cost summer cooling must irresistibly spread to all kinds of occupied buildings. Refrigeration provides our best cooling, serving well where people are closely spaced in well-constructed, shaded, and insulated structures. However, its first and operating costs bar it from our hottest commercial, industrial, and residential buildings. Fortunately, evaporative cooling is an economical substitute in many regions. First used in Southwest homes and businesses and in textile mills, it soon invaded other fields and climates. In 1946, six firms produced 200,000 evaporative coolers; in 1958, 25 firms produced 1,250,000, despite the phenomenal sale of refrigerating window air conditioners. Though clearly secondary to refrigeration, evaporative cooling is 60 to 80 percent is economical for moderate income groups and cheaper to buy and operate. Thus, it climates where summers are short. Moreover, it cheaply cools hot, thinly constructed mills, factories, workshops, foundries, powerhouses, farm buildings, canneries, etc., where refrigerated cooling is prohibitively expensive

Abstract: Discourse Education and Cognitive Aspect -- Pragmatics and language differences -- Discursive Representation -- Non-verbal communication devices: their relevance, their use and the mental processes involved -- Cognitive pedagogy, or a strict nominalistic approach to pedagogy -- Language, Learning and teaching: helping learners to make knowledge their own -- Native and Second Language Acquisition and Learning -- Capacity-sharing interdependence in reading processes -- Time and tense in an English pedagogical grammar -- Choice of directives in spontaneous family interaction -- Register theory and communicative teaching -- Children’s ideas about the form and function of questions -- Individual language awareness testing and early reading -- Goals, method, and theory in language instruction -- Mathematics -- On the representation of algorithmic concepts -- A study of pupils reading geometry -- The ob-serving computer -- The character of student knowledge -- Rules in arithemetic. Learning the basic facts -- Language Disorders -- The communicative impact of non-fluent aphasia on the dialog behavior of linguistically unimpaired partners -- Dynamics of interaction in speaking dialogs with deaf children in the classroom -- Evolution of an aphasic child after the introduction of NVCDs -- Synthesis and Future Perspectives -- Synthesis and future perspective.

Abstract: F. Lowenthal Universite de l'Etat a Mons 24 rue des Dominicains 7000 Mons Belgium series of "Language and Language Acquisition" conferences The was born in Mons in 1977. One day the Dean said to me: "You are doing research in that field, why don't you try to organize a small conference?". I thought about it, tried to contact people, received several answers and finally told the Dean: "There will be so many participants and I need so much money to organize the conference". His answer was a short one: "I told you to organize a SMALL conference". I do not know what he did, but he succeeded in working a miracle: the funds were found and the conference took place. This miracle has been repeated twice: once in Mons (1980) and once in Ghent (1983). The group of people interested in these conferences has become bigger, but the aim of the organizers is still the same: to bring together people working in different fields such as mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, logic, computer, science, education, psychology, medicine, ••• and to give them the possibility to have long discussions even if the time devoted to the presentation of papers has to be reduced.

Abstract: Preface -- The role of computer graphics in the design process -- Constructing the ideal system -- Acknowledgements -- 1: The Design Process -- An overview -- Computer aided design and manufacture (CAD and CAM) -- The relationship between activity, weight, control and role -- Product constraints -- Man-machine interactions -- Proposed design approach -- 2: Design Theory -- Fundamental requirements -- Spatial associations -- Functional associations -- 3: Local Space Modelling -- Logical spaces -- Interpretive geometric models -- 4: System Configuration -- Software -- Hardware -- 5: Design Records -- Hierarchical, networked and relational data bases -- Assembly records -- 6: Drawing Office Procedures -- Space allocation and role -- Application of HERMS -- Integration and control procedures -- Application examples -- 7: Mechanical Functions of Performance -- The functional design of mechanisms -- Kinematic modelling -- Dynamic modelling -- Conclusions -- 8: Future Developments -- The design base -- Tolerance modelling -- Modelling force fit -- Assemblability -- Standard parts and catalogues -- Factory layout and process control -- Electronics modelling -- References.

Abstract: The topic known as computer-aided design and manufacture has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The range of hardware configurations and supporting software on offer to the potential user is bewildering. This extends from the inexpensive single-user micro-based system, through to the vast industrial networks which are supported by many remote mainframe machines and have been reported to service up to a thousand workstations. This advance in technology has been driven by, and in its turn has fuelled, the development of ever greater computing power and graphics capability. It is these features that all working in the field would now recognize as essential to any CADCAM system. Effort has thus been put into developing a range of structural and solid modellers which, in conjunction with the appropriate terminal configuration and ray tracing graphics technology, can construct pictures of uncanny realism. Complicated analysis programs have been developed that can calculate the stresses in complex structures and display the results as colour shaded maps upon the surface of a pictorial view of the object. If the time to process and the system cost are ignored, then the apparent ease with which these systems perform such analysis and generate such high quality images, leaves the observer awe struck.

Abstract: The Goal -- Warped Space-Time -- Early Unified Field Theories -- Star Death -- The Ultimate Abyss: The Black Hole -- The Early Universe -- Cosmological Controversy -- The Final Fate of the Universe -- The World of Particles and Fields -- A Unified Theory of the Universe -- Epilogue.

Abstract: Thirty years ago Albert Einstein died, his dream of a theory that would unify the universe unfulfilled. He spent the last decades of his life searching for such a theory-a theory that would explain everything from elementary particles and their interac­ tions to the overall structure of the universe. But he failed, not because he didn't try hard enough, but because the attempt was ahead of its time. When Einstein worked on the problem liter­ ally nothing was known about black holes, white holes, sin­ gularities, the Big Bang explosion and the early universe, quarks, gauge invariance, and weak and strong nuclear forces. Today we know that all these things are important in relation to a unified theory, and that they must be incorporated in and explained by such a theory. Thus, in a sense, our problem is much more complex today than it was in Einstein's day. But scientists have persevered and as a result we are now tan­ talizingly close to achieving this long-sought goal. Important breakthroughs have been made. In this book we will look at these breakthroughs and at recent unified theories-theories that go by the names supergravity, superstrings, GUTs, and twistor theory. In order to understand the problem, however, we must begin at the beginning.

Abstract: 1. Summarizing Data -- 2. Random Variables and Probability Distributions -- 3. Some Useful Distributions -- 4. Estimation and Hypothesis Testing -- 5. Regression -- 6. The Design of Experiments and the Analysis of Variance -- 7. Reliability and Survival Analysis -- 8. Order Statistics -- 9. Stochastic Processes -- 10. Time Series -- 11. Categorical Data -- 12. Epidemiology -- 13. Quality Control and Acceptance Sampling -- 14. Multivariate Analysis -- 15. Survey Sampling.

Abstract: Statistics is the accepted body of methods for summarizing or describing data and drawing conclusions from the summary measures. Everyone who has data to summarize thus needs some knowledge of statistics. The first step in gaining that knowledge is to master the professional jargon. This dictionary is geared to offer more than the usual string of isolated and independent definitions: it provides also the context, applications, and related terminology. The intended audience falls into five groups with rather different needs: (1) professional statisticians who need to recall a definition, (2) scientists in disciplines other than statistics who need to know the acceptable methods of summarizing data, (3) students of statistics who need to broaden their knowl­ edge of their subject matter and make constant reference to it, (4) managers who will be reading statistical reports written by their employees, and (5) journalists who need to interpret government or scientific reports and transmit the information to the public.

Abstract: Rationale and Structure of the Workshop on ‘Long-term Development of NATO’s Conventional Forward Defense’ -- I Basic Premises for the Evaluation -- The Nuclear Relationship: Conventional Defense and Nuclear Posture in the Strategy of Deterrence -- Criteria for the Evaluation of Conventional Forces and Quantification -- II Conceptual Approaches to the Assessment of Alternatives -- Game-structured Analysis as a Framework for Defense Planning -- Assessing Alternative Strategic Concepts -- System Dynamics as a Conceptual Framework for Long-term Defence Planning Initiatives -- III Analysis of Improvement Proposals -- Analyzing Alternative Concepts for the Defense of NATO -- On Reactive Defense Options - A Comparative Systems Analysis of Alternatives for the Initial Defense against the First Strategic Echelon of the Warsaw Pact in Central Europe -- Some Long-term Trends in Force Structuring -- IV Assessment Group Summaries -- Military Rational and Operational Robustness: The Impact of Emerging Technology and Experimental Tactics on the Future of Infantry -- Politico-Military Assessment -- Technology Implications -- Economic Implications, Cost and Manpower -- Assessment Methodology and Modelling -- Workshop Participants.

Abstract: This book presents a collection of contributions to a workshop on "Long-teY'fr/ Development of NATO's Conventional Forrward Defense" to which the GERMAN STRATEGY FORUM (DSF*» had invited some 50 systems analysts and defense experts of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and the SHAPE Technical Centre. Held in Bonn from 2 to 4 December 1984, this workshop was to provide a forum for the dis­ cussion, at a non-political expert level and in the light of available analysis results, of proposals for the improvement of NATO's conventional defense capabilities. In addition, it aimed at arriving at some recommenda­ tions as to which of these proposals deserve to be studied further and what methodological deficiencies must be alleviated and information gaps closed for an adequate assessment. The idea to organize this workshop has been discussed ever since 1980 with several defense systems analysts in the US and the UK who shared the opinion that, with a view to the immense global build-up of the Soviet threat on one hand and the stringency of defense resources in most NATO countries on the other, there is no reason that could permit us to dismiss any proposal promising improvement without careful study.

Abstract: Impact of Computer-Aided Drafting on Design Office Management -- Design Considerations of the OMRAN System; a CAD-System for Construction Engineering in Micro-computer Environment -- Affordable CAD But is the £ 10,000 Workstation Capable ? -- CADCAM in the British Construction Industry -- Computer Synthesized Pictures for the Architect and in Scenography -- Education and Training in CAD -- Case Studies in Computer-Aided Visual Impact Analysis -- An Integrated Approach to the Use of Computers in Construction: The Nordic Effort -- Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Architecture -- Development of Advanced Construction Technology Systems utilizing Advanced Electronics -- Computer Aided Bridge Design.

Abstract: In any business, the essential element for the successful use of data processing is training. This represents the largest expense both at start-up and as CAD impacts design office procedures other than drafting. Training is also the most difficult cost item to quantify. Even more than the equip­ ment, training - or retraining in the case of professionals in practice - is the key to increased productivity. Recommendations for specific programs of training are beyond the scope of this paper. Once staff has been retrained to work at higher levels of productivity with data processing equipment, they are more valuable. They will be more difficult to replace. Their new capabilities represent a significant invest­ ment in modernization, both to the individual design office and to the design profession as a whole. There is a shortage of qualified people with both professional and computer skills. Competition among employers for people with these skills already exists and will probably continue into the foreseeable future. At the outset of training, an employment agreement is worth consider­ ing for the well-being of all parties.

Abstract: I Preparing a Project for Construction -- 1. Work Environments within the Construction Industry -- 2. Common Descriptions of Work -- 3. The Project Statement of Expectations -- 4. Single Data Capture and Integrated Systems -- 5. Management Information Systems -- 6. Computer Applications -- 7. Project Statement of Expectations and Performance Models -- 8. Estimates and Budgets as Performance Models -- 9. The Schedule as a Performance Model -- 10. The Cost Curve and the Production Curve as Performance Models -- 11. The Planned Schedule of Values and Cash Income Curves as Performance Models -- 12. The Planned Cash Requirements Curve as a Performance Model -- 13. Production Forecasting and Analysis and Cash Analysis -- II Administrative Project Activity Flow -- 14. Prebid Activities -- 15. Preconstruction Activities -- 16. The Construction Phase of the Project -- 17. Job Closeout -- 18. Contract Administration -- 19. Cash Management Information and Strategies -- III Construction and Production -- 20. The Construction Team and Its Working Relationships -- 21. Administrative Prerequisites to Starting Construction -- 22. The Game Plan and Making It Work -- 23. Production Management -- 24. The Turnaround Document and Its Use -- 25. Performance Measurements -- IV Project Monitoring and Control -- 26. Schedule Update and Control -- 27. Projections to Completion -- 28. Update of Production Projections -- 29. Exception Reporting -- 30. Cost Control -- 31. The Schedule and Other Informational Procedures -- Appendix A. Preconstruction Job Planning -- Appendix B. Summary Levels of Detail for Project Informational Processes -- Appendix C. Cost Types and Their Uses -- Appendix D. Performance Ratio Comparisons.

Abstract: Management and administrative processes within the construction industry have been undergoing major changes in the last several decades. These changes have involved significant adjustments in management science and manage­ ment techniques, brought about by the need for contemporary valid informa­ tion with which to manage the construction process. In short, management in the construction industry is changing significantly; change will continue at an accelerated pace at least through the next decade. The responses required of construction industry management are now resulting in a movement away from an entrepreneurial management style to professional management tech­ niques and procedures. THE COMPELLING ECONOMIC ISSUES The issues forcing these changes are economic. The rising costs of construction and of money are forcing the buyers of construction services to be more demanding. Their demands are for more construction economies, more pro­ duction, and more productivity than at any time in the past. Nowhere has this been more evident than in the Business Roundtable on construction and in the response of the construction industry to it.· To be successfully responsive, management in the construction industry will be required to use the best project management methods available for cost control, schedule control, and for financial and accounting controls. But responsive professional management can survive and will flourish within this more demanding eco­ nomic environment.