Abstract: Klappentext: The Routledge Companion to History and the Moving Image takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding history in moving images. It engages this popular and dynamic field that has evolved rapidly from film and television to digital streaming into the age of user-created content. The volume addresses moving image history through a theoretical lens; modes and genres; representation, race, and identity; and evolving forms and formats. It brings together a range of scholars from across the globe who specialize in film and media studies, cultural studies, history, philosophy of history, and education. Together, the chapters provide a necessary contemporary analysis that covers new developments and questions that arise from the shift to digital screen culture. The book examines technological and ethical concerns stemming from today's media landscape, but it also considers the artificial construction of the boundaries between professional expertise and amateur production. Each contributor?s unique approach highlights the necessity of engaging with moving images for the academic discipline of history. The collection, written for a global audience, offers accessible discussions of historiography and a compelling resource for advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in history, film and media studies, and communications.

Abstract: Chakshudana or rituals of opening the eyes are practiced across multiple South Asian communities by artists, sculptors and priests. The ritual offers gods access to the mortal world, this practice applied to the study of art offers a distinctive perspective to interrogate the complex engagements with paintings, sculptures, found objects, fragments, built environments, and ecologies. This volume takes as its focus the process of seeing—to look closely, remaining true to the object, but also to see widely, from multiple subjective stances and diverse bodily engagements from walking to dreaming, from glancing to looking askance, and hypnotic stares, and to see beyond the visible. It examines art history through nuanced considerations of materiality, aesthetics and regional specificities. The essays emerge from current research building on the contributions of Michael W. Meister, W. Norman Brown Distinguished Professor of History of Art and South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, whose works laid the foundations for the study of South Asian visual and material culture. The essays in this book underscore methodological resonances rather than privileging conventional categories of media or chronology exploring artistic media including temples and paintings, as well as Bengali quilted textiles, manuscript ‘lozenges,’ and metal repousse. This volume, part of the Visual Media and Histories Series, will be of interest to students and researchers of history of art, religious studies, history, as well as the allied disciplines of anthropology and folklore studies

Abstract: This volume offers the first comparative, interdisciplinary, and intercultural examination of the lactating woman – biological mother and othermother – in antiquity and early Byzantium. Adopting methodologies and knowledge deriving from a variety of disciplines, the volume’s contributors investigate the close interrelationship between a woman and her lactating breasts, as well as the social, ideological, theological, and medical meanings and uses of motherhood, childbirth, and breastfeeding, along with their visual and literary representations. Breastfeeding and the work of mothering are explored through the study of a great variety of sources, mainly works of Greek-speaking cultures, written and visual, anonymous and eponymous, which were mostly produced between the first and the seventh century AD. Due to their multiple interdisciplinary dimensions, ancient and early Byzantine lactating women are approached through three interconnected thematic strands having a twofold focus: society and ideology, medicine and practice, and art and literature. By developing the model of the lactating woman, the volume offers a new analytical framework for understanding a significant part of the still unwritten cultural history of the period. At the same time, the volume significantly contributes to the emerging fields of breast and motherhood studies. The new and significant knowledge generated in the fields of ancient and Byzantine studies may also prove useful for cultural historians in general and other disciplines, such as literary studies, art history, history of medicine, philosophy, theology, sociology, anthropology, and gender studies

Abstract: Frank Ankersmit tells historians of their mission: “You can approximate objectivity only as long as you sincerely despair of approximating it.” It follows that it is incumbent upon anyone who represents the past to enter that struggle. Whether by keyboard or camera, historians who do not probe and question their suppositions may seek to represent the past, but they do not make history. A prime question for historiophoty is to ask what this struggle looks and sounds like projected off the page. This chapter considers the cinepoetics of historical objectivity through a model of moving images that rewinds the clock to the emergence of film on screens and traces a new path for cinema through to a digital reimagining of what Tom Gunning calls the “cinema of attractions.” It explores the documentary methods of narration and reenactment in Sam Green’s Live Documentary practice and analyzes the methods by which filmmakers become cine-historians through articulating the historians’ dilemma by audiovisual means in the creation of moving history of shared experience and public spectacle

Abstract: This book offers a study into the perceptions of ancient and medieval Iran in the Byzantine Empire, as well as the effects of Persian culture upon Byzantine intellectualism, society, and culture. Byzantine Ideas of Persia, 650-1461 focuses on the place of ancient Persia in Byzantine cultural memory, both in the "religious" and the "secular" sense. By analysing a wide range of historical sources – from church literature to belles-lettres – this book provides an examination of the place of ancient Persia in Byzantine cultural memory, as well as the place and function of Persian motifs in the Byzantine mentality. Additionally, the author uses these sources to analyse thoroughly the knowledge Byzantines had about contemporary Iranian culture, the presence of ethnic Iranians and the circulation and usage of the Persian language in Byzantium. Finally, this book discusses the importance and influence of Iranian science on Byzantine scholars. This book will appeal to scholars and students interested in Byzantine and Iranian History, particularly in reference to the cross-cultural and social influence of the two societies during the Middle Ages

Abstract: This chapter addresses the interpretations of the emerging social question in the field of post-revolutionary French liberalism. It focuses on the cholera outbreak of 1832 to describe how it fostered unprecedented and dramatic representations of urban pauperism chiefly marked by feelings of panic and distress with respect to the new “dangerous classes” brought into being by the Industrial Revolution. By analysing the pandemic crisis, the chapter shows that these subjects were initially perceived not merely as a different social class, but also – and especially – as a different “race,” according to a conception exemplified by the metaphor of “new barbarians” invading the manufacturing cities. Hence, the chapter retraces a transformation whereby these initial representations of the subaltern classes based on fear and exclusion gradually gave way to the rise of social research on the subaltern classes aimed at elaborating new welfare policies as risk reduction strategies. These initiatives of social investigation are described as marking the origins of the methods and epistemology of modern social sciences, which are the focus of the following chapter

Abstract: Focusing on the processes of political socialisation and democratisation that took place in Spain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this book brings together specialists who propose the need to rethink the contemporary history of democracy in Spain to build a new narrative. To do so, the authors go down to the local level, where they are able to trace a political culture that forged the foundations of a process of political ""modernization"" much more complex than what conventional historiography has conveyed, even though it was not always transferred institutionally to the national level. The idea of a rural Spain that was backward, apolitical, violent and unprepared for democracy gives way to a more interesting history which, while recognising the peculiarities of the country and the important limitations to democracy, shows examples that could help build a new narrative closer those of other neighbouring countries. Aimed at contemporary historians interested in Spain and Europe, the book also addresses the debates faced by other social scientists on the concept of democracy. This dialogue between history, sociology and political science is particularly present in a special final chapter featuring a discussion of democracy and its application to Spanish history

Abstract: From premodern societies onward, humans have constructed and produced images of ideal masculinity to define the roles available for boys to grow into, and images for adult men to imitate. The figure of Alexander the Great has fascinated people both within and outside academia. As a historical character, military commander, cultural figure and representative of the male gender, Alexander’s popularity is beyond dispute. Almost from the moment of his death Alexander’s deeds have had a paradigmatic aspect: for over 2300 years he has been represented as a paragon of manhood - an example to be followed by other men - and through his myth people have negotiated assumptions about masculinity. This work breaks new ground by considering the ancient and medieval reception of Alexander the Great from a gender studies perspective. It explores the masculine ideals of the Greco-Roman and medieval past through the figure of Alexander the Great, analysing the gendered views of masculinities in those periods and relates them to the ways in which Alexander’s masculinity was presented. It does this by investigating Alexander’s appearance and its relation to definitions of masculinity, the way his childhood and adulthood are presented, his martial performance and skill, proper and improper sexual behaviour, and finally through his emotions and mental attributes. Masculine Ideals and Alexander the Great will appeal to students and scholars alike as well as to those more generally interested in the portrayal of masculinity and gender, particularly in relation to Alexander the Great and his image throughout history

Abstract: The Materiality of the Archive is the first volume to bring together a range of methodological approaches to the materiality of archives, as a framework for their engagement, analysis and interpretation. Focusing on the archives of creative practices, the book reaches between and across existing bodies of knowledge in this field, including material culture, art history and literary studies, unified by an interest in archives as material deposits and aggregations, in both analogue and digital forms, as well as the material encounter. Connecting a breadth of disciplinary interests in the archive with expanding discourses in materiality, contributors address the potential of a material engagement to animate archival content. Analysing the systems, processes and actions that constitute the shapes, forms and structures in which individual archival objects accumulate, and the underpinnings which may hold them in place as an archival body, the book considers ways in which the inexorable move to the digital affects traditional theories of the physical archival object. It also considers how stewardship practices such as description and metadata creation can accommodate these changes. The Materiality of the Archive unifies theory and practice and brings together professional and academic perspectives. The book is essential reading for academics, researchers and postgraduate students working in the fields of archive studies, museology, art history and material culture

Abstract: History

Abstract: The Art of a Corporation is a comprehensive study of artworks that were commissioned and collected by the East India Company from the early 17th to the mid-19th century. These items range from oil paintings on canvas and marble statuary, to sandstone Buddhas and metal figurines of Hindu deities. The book takes a chronological approach and focuses on provenance to show that objects are valuable primary resources for understanding the East India Company’s history. The artworks illustrate how one of the longest surviving multinational corporations in the western world changed over its three-century history and provide a powerful visual account of its perpetually reinvented image. This book is a must read for scholars and researchers of art history, colonial art, colonial studies, British history, economic history, business history, South Asian history, post-colonial studies and cultural studies

Abstract: Stalin was a master of deception, disinformation, and camouflage, by means of which he gained supremacy over China and defeated imperialism on Chinese soil. This book examines Stalin's covert operations in his hunt for supremacy. By the late 1920s Britain had ceded place to Japan as Stalin's main enemy in Asia. By seducing Japan deeply into China, Stalin successfully turned Japan's aggression into a weapon of its own destruction. The book examines Stalin's covert operations from the murder of the Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin in 1928 and the publication of the forged "Tanaka Memorial" in 1929, to Stalin's hidden role in Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the outbreak of all-out war between China and Japan in 1937, and Japan's defeat in 1945. In the shadow of these and other events we find Stalin and his secret operatives, including many Chinese and Japanese collaborators, most notably Zhang Xueliang and Kōmoto Daisaku, the self-professed assassin of Zhang Zuolin. The book challenges accounts of the turbulent history of inter-war East Asia that have ignored or minimized Stalin's presence and instead exposes and analyzes Stalin's secret modus operandi, modernized as "hybrid war" in today's Russia. The book is essential for students and specialists of Stalin, China, the Soviet Union, Japan, and East Asia

Abstract: Tens of thousands of Italian civilians perished in the Allied bombing raids of World War II. More of them died after the Armistice of September 1943 than before, when the air attacks were intended to induce Italy's surrender.　 Allied Air Attacks and Civilian Harm in Italy, 1940-1945 addresses this seeming paradox, by examining the views of Allied political and military leaders, Allied air crews, and Italians on the ground. It tells the stories of a little-known diplomat (Myron Charles Taylor), military strategist (Solly Zuckerman), resistance fighter (Aldo Quaranta), and peace activist (Vera Brittain) - architects and opponents of the bombing strategies. It describes the fate of ordinary civilians, drawing on a wealth of local and digital archival sources, memoir accounts, novels, and films, including Joseph Heller's Catch-22 and John Huston's The Battle of San Pietro. The book will be of interest to readers concerned about the ethical, legal, and human dimensions of bombing and its effects on civilians, to students of military strategy and Italian history, and to World War II buffs. They will benefit from a people-focused history that draws on a range of eclectic and rarely used sources in English and Italian

Abstract: This volume presents the first extensive census of the surviving copies of the treatise Historia Naturalis Brasiliae in libraries worldwide and examines the book from a variety of interdisciplinary viewpoints. The chapters in this volume are written by scholars from different fields of knowledge, including anthropology, botany, linguistics, literature, book history, medieval and early modern history, and art history. The chapters contextualize the treatise vis-à-vis its predecessors and contemporaneous works of natural history and examine its botanical, zoological, and linguistic accuracy and usefulness in the present day. Put together, the seven chapters of this volume present a kaleidoscope of possibilities of how to re-interpret Piso and Marcgraf’s work within the dynamic context of knowledge-production about the ‘New’ World in the early modern era, while also suggesting approaches to continue profiting from its subject matter in the present day. Toward an Intercultural Natural History of Brazil offers essential reading on the Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, natural history and Latin American history

Abstract: This book delves into the conceptual changes produced by the Spanish constitutional debate held between 27 August and 9 December 1931. Taking place at the beginning of Spain’s Second Republic, those parliamentary deliberations brought about significant novelties in the political vocabulary. Concepts such as democracy, sovereignty, reform, revolution, and freedom, among others, were re-signified. This study investigates the conceptual contributions made by Spanish MPs in the course of the constitutional debate of 1931 by assuming, as a research approach, an interdisciplinary stance combining conceptual history, political theory, and parliamentary constitutional history. By doing so, it selects five determining issues: the pervasive discussion about two competing meanings of a democratic state; the rhetorical uses of reform and revolution; conceptual controversies about religious freedom; the disputed idea of property rights; and the functions of parliament and the president of the republic in a semi-presidential regime. The constitutional debate was largely inspired by interwar European constitutionalism which constituent representatives used to update the Spanish constitutional tradition. With that goal in mind, this book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students and scholars working in the fields of conceptual history, political philosophy, parliamentary history, European political history, and European constitutionalism

Abstract: This book is a "big history" of the evidence regarding how we came to be. It briefly explores philosophical thought and how our past might affect our future. The text summarizes different perspectives, including the strengths and weaknesses of each. The genesis of our planet is explored, especially the circumstances that must exist for complex life to arise. This brief journey highlights the history of life, the emergence of simple lifeforms, and the evolution of complex creatures, including humans. The book concludes with a discussion of why other humanoids went extinct while our species achieved dominance. The author speculates on potentialities awaiting humankind and our planet

Abstract: Providing a novel research methodology for students and scholars with an interest in dynasties, at all levels, this book explores the Spanish Habsburg dynasty that ruled the Spanish monarchy between c. 1515 and 1700. Instead of focusing on the reigns of successive kings, the book focuses on the Habsburgs as a family group that was constructed in various ways: as a community of heirs, a genealogical narrative, a community of the dead and a ruling family group. These constructions reflect the fact that dynasties do not only exist in the present, as kings, queens or governors, but also in the past, in genealogies, and in the future, as a group of hypothetical heirs. This book analyses how dynasties were ‘made’ by the people belonging to them. It uses a social institutionalist framework to analyse how family dynamics gave rise to practices and roles. The kings of Spain only had limited power to control the construction of their dynasty, since births and deaths, processes of dynastic centralisation, pressure from subjects, relatives’ individual agency, rivalry among relatives and the institutionalisation of roles limited their power. Including several genealogical tables to support students new to the Spanish Habsburgs, this book is essential reading for all students of early modern Europe and the history of monarchy

Abstract: Dünyanın önde gelen tarihi kentlerinden olan İstanbul’un kalbindeki İstanbul Üniversitesi ülkemizin en köklü eğitim kurumlarından biri olmasının yanında, tarihsel zenginliğiyle de ön plana çıkmaktadır. Kuruluşu İstanbul’un fethine dayanan İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin tarihi, bir süreliğine medrese olarak hizmet veren Zeyrek Camii (Pantokrator Manastırı Kilisesi) ve Fatih Külliyesi’ne ait medreselerde verilen eğitime dayanmaktadır. Osmanlı dünyasında 19. yüzyılda başlayan reformlar eğitim sistemini de etkilemiş ve daha batılı bir üniversite anlayışı içeren Dârülfünun denemelerine girişilmiştir. 20. yüzyıl başında devam eden bu süreçte istenilen başarıya ulaşılamamıştır. Cumhuriyet’in ilanından bir süre sonra İsviçreli Profesör Albert Malche’nin raporları esas alınarak hazırlanan ve 31 Mayıs 1933 yılında çıkarılan kanunla birlikte Dârülfünun kapatılmış ve yerine İstanbul Üniversitesi kurulmuştur. Üniversite reformu olarak da bilinen bu dönüşüm, literatürde çağdaş yüksek öğretimin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmektedir. İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde sunulan eğitimin her unsurunun arkasında asırlık bilgi ve birikim bulunmaktadır. İstanbul Üniversitesi Türkiye’nin yükseköğretim geleneğini kuran, başlatan, kurallarını koyan, nitelikli hale gelmesi için, geliştirilmesi için özgür fikirler üreten bir üniversitedir. İstanbul Üniversitesi bünyesinde bulunan çok sayıda yapı da yine yüzyıllara uzanan tarihinden izler taşımaktadır. Bunların bir kısmı tarihsel gelişim içinde üniversite için inşa edilmiş birçok diğeri ise başka amaçlarla yapılmışken İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin kullanım ve muhafazası altına girmiştir. Birçoğu tescilli kültür varlığı niteliği taşıyan bu eserler son dönem Osmanlı dünyası ile erken Cumhuriyet dönemi içinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Cumhuriyetimizin 100. yılı anısına hazırlanan bu çalışmada İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne ait tescilli yapıtların geçmişleri ve mimari özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında bildiklerini bizlerle paylaşan Tarihçi Yazar Sayın Necdet Sakaoğlu’na, İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne ait eski fotoğrafların temini için arşivlerini açan Çelik Gülersoy Vakfı İstanbul Kitaplığı ve Sanat Tarihçi Sayın Hayri Fehmi Yılmaz’a, çalışmada kullanılan güncel fotoğrafların çekimi sırasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen İç Mimar Sayın Rumeysa Töl’e çalışmamız için kıymetli fikirlerini bizlerle paylaşan Tarihçi Sayın Zafer Bilgi’ye ve Sanat Tarihçi Sayın Sedat Bornovalı’ya teşekkürü bir borç biliriz. Ayrıca çalışmanın eksiksiz bitirilmesi için yoğun çaba harcayan İstanbul Üniversitesi Genel Sekreter Yardımcısı Sayın Figen Cihan’a minnettarız. Çalışmamızın İstanbul Üniversitesi ve yakın çevresini merak eden herkese kılavuz olmasını diliyoruz. Fetihten günümüze İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin gelişimi için çalışan kişilerin aziz hatırasına

Abstract: The communists of East Central Europe came to power promising to bring about genuine equality, paying special attention to achieving gender equality, to build up industry and create prosperous societies, and to use music, art, and literature to promote socialist ideals. Instead, they never succeeded in filling more than a third of their legislatures with women and were unable to make significant headway against entrenched patriarchal views; they considered it necessary (with the sole exception of Albania) to rely heavily on credits to build up their economies, eventually driving them into bankruptcy; and the effort to instrumentalize the arts ran aground in most of the region already by 1956, and, in Yugoslavia, by 1949. Communism was all about planning, control, and politicization. Except for Yugoslavia after 1949, the communists sought to plan and control not only politics and the economy, but also the media and information, religious organizations, culture, and the promotion of women, which they understood in the first place as involving putting women to work. Inspired by the groundbreaking work of Robert K. Merton on functionalist theory, this book shows how communist policies were repeatedly undermined by unintended consequences and outright dysfunctions

Abstract: This volume is an interdisciplinary attempt to insert a broader, historically informed perspective into current political and academic debates on the issue of evidence and the reliability of scientific knowledge. The tensions between competing paradigms, different bodies of knowledge and the relative hierarchies between them are a crucial element of the historical and contemporary dynamics of scientific knowledge production. The negotiation of evidence is at the heart of this process. Starting from the premise that evidence constitutes a central, but also essentially contested concept in contemporary knowledge-based societies, this volume focuses on how evidence is generated and applied in practice—in other words, on “evidence in action.” The contributions analyze and compare different evidence practices within the field of science and technology, how they interlink with different forms of power, their interaction with and impact on the legal and political domain, and their relationship to other, more heterodox forms of evidence that challenge traditional notions of evidence. In doing so, this volume provides much-needed context and historical background to contemporary debates on the so-called “post-truth” society. Evidence in Action is the perfect resource for all those interested in the relationship between science, technology, and the role of knowledge in society

Abstract: Nanetti outlines a methodology for deploying artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance historical research. Historical events are the treasure of human experiences, the heritage that societies have used to remain resilient and express their identities. Nanetti has created and developed an interdisciplinary methodology supported by practice-based research that serves as a pathway between historical and computer sciences to design and build computational structures that analyse how societies create narratives about historical events. This consilience pathway aims to make historical memory machine-understandable. It turns history into a computational discipline through an interdisciplinary blend of philological accuracy, historical scholarship, history-based media projects, and computational tools. Nanetti presents the theory behind this methodology from a humanities perspective and discusses its practical application in user interface and experience. An essential read for historians and scholars working in the digital humanities

Abstract: Globalizing the Soybean asks how the soybean conquered the West and analyzes why and how the crop gained entry into agriculture and industry in regions beyond Asia in the first half of the twentieth century.　 Historian Ines Prodöhl describes the soybean’s journey centered on three hubs: Northeast China, as the crop’s main growing area up to the Second World War; Germany, to where most of the beans in the interwar period were shipped; and the United States, which became the leading cultivator of soy worldwide during the 1940s. This book explores the German and U.S. adoption of the soybean being closely tied to global economic and political changes, such as the two world wars and the Great Depression. The attraction of the soybean to stakeholders on both sides of the Atlantic was linked to a need for cheap alternatives to butter and lard and a desire for greater quantities of meat, which led to the soybean becoming a cheap resource for fat and fodder. Only occasionally was it also used as food. This volume is useful for anyone who is studying or interested in economic history and commodity trading in the twentieth century. It is also connected to the histories of capitalism, globalization, imperialism, and materiality

Abstract: This book provides an overview of Irish gender history from the end of the Great Famine in 1852 until the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922. It builds on the work that scholars of women's history pioneered and brings together internationally regarded experts to offer a synthesis of the current historiography and existing debates within the field. The authors place emphasis on highlighting new and exciting sources, methodologies, and suggested areas for future research. They address a variety of critical themes such as the family, reproduction and sexuality, the medical and prison systems, masculinities and femininities, institutions, charity, the missions, migration, 'elite women', and the involvement of women in the Irish nationalist/revolutionary period. Envisioned to be both thematic and chronological, the book provides insight into the comparative, transnational, and connected histories of Ireland, India, and the British empire. An important contribution to the study of Irish gender history, the volume offers opportunities for students and researchers to learn from the methods and historiography of Irish studies. It will be useful for scholars and teachers of history, gender studies, colonialism, post-colonialism, European history, Irish history, Irish studies, and political history

Abstract: This volume is an interdisciplinary attempt to insert a broader, historically informed perspective into current political and academic debates on the issue of evidence and the reliability of scientific knowledge. The tensions between competing paradigms, different bodies of knowledge and the relative hierarchies between them are a crucial element of the historical and contemporary dynamics of scientific knowledge production. The negotiation of evidence is at the heart of this process. Starting from the premise that evidence constitutes a central, but also essentially contested concept in contemporary knowledge-based societies, this volume focuses on how evidence is generated and applied in practice—in other words, on “evidence in action.” The contributions analyze and compare different evidence practices within the field of science and technology, how they interlink with different forms of power, their interaction with and impact on the legal and political domain, and their relationship to other, more heterodox forms of evidence that challenge traditional notions of evidence. In doing so, this volume provides much-needed context and historical background to contemporary debates on the so-called “post-truth” society. Evidence in Action is the perfect resource for all those interested in the relationship between science, technology, and the role of knowledge in society

Abstract: Art, Art History, temple art, South Asian Art, South Asian architecture, temple architecture, Michael W. Meister, visual and material culture

Abstract: The Art of a Corporation is a comprehensive study of artworks that were commissioned and collected by the East India Company from the early 17th to the mid-19th century. These items range from oil paintings on canvas and marble statuary, to sandstone Buddhas and metal figurines of Hindu deities. The book takes a chronological approach and focuses on provenance to show that objects are valuable primary resources for understanding the East India Company’s history. The artworks illustrate how one of the longest surviving multinational corporations in the western world changed over its three-century history and provide a powerful visual account of its perpetually reinvented image. This book is a must read for scholars and researchers of art history, colonial art, colonial studies, British history, economic history, business history, South Asian history, post-colonial studies and cultural studies

Abstract: This book is a "big history" of the evidence regarding how we came to be. It briefly explores philosophical thought and how our past might affect our future. The text summarizes different perspectives, including the strengths and weaknesses of each. The genesis of our planet is explored, especially the circumstances that must exist for complex life to arise. This brief journey highlights the history of life, the emergence of simple lifeforms, and the evolution of complex creatures, including humans. The book concludes with a discussion of why other humanoids went extinct while our species achieved dominance. The author speculates on potentialities awaiting humankind and our planet

Abstract: The Routledge History of Loneliness takes a multidisciplinary approach to the history of a modern emotion, exploring its form and development across cultures from the seventeenth century to the present. Bringing together thirty scholars from various disciplines, including history, anthropology, philosophy, literature and art history, the volume considers how loneliness was represented in art and literature, conceptualised by philosophers and writers and described by people in their personal narratives. It considers loneliness as a feeling so often defined in contrast to sociability and affective connections, particularly attending to loneliness in relation to the family, household and community. Acknowledging that loneliness is a relatively novel term in English, the book explores its precedents in ideas about solitude, melancholy and nostalgia, as well as how it might be considered in cross-cultural perspectives. With wide appeal to students and researchers in a variety of subjects, including the history of emotions, social sciences and literature, this volume brings a critical historical perspective to an emotion with contemporary significance

Abstract: "Images of Change focuses on the visual propaganda employed by Catholic popes in Rome during the time of Tridentine Reform. In 1563, at the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church decided to reform its own use of imagery, in response to Protestant criticism. This volume examines how different sixteenth-century popes dealt with church reform by looking at the variety of artworks that were commissioned particularly in the city of Rome, the immediate sphere of influence of papal power. Based on original research in the Vatican archives, the book argues that because of the contradictory media strategies employed by individual popes, the papacy began to lose its spiritual and temporal influence and power. This book will appeal to students and scholars alike interested in the Roman Catholic Church in and around the sixteenth-century, as well as Early Modern religious reform and Papal influence"--

Abstract: writing; media; history

Abstract: writing; media; history

Abstract: writing; media; history

Abstract: This chapter introduces the idea of a postformalist aesthetic theory of reconstructing remote artefacts aesthetic statuses. The case is immune to the misgivings about aesthetic enquiry prevalent in the humanities and social sciences, since it does not assume that recovering such statuses involves experiencing the artefacts potential to provide an intrinsically rewarding gratification of the senses, of the intellect, or of both together. Postformalist aesthetics sees itself as part of a broad investigation into the nature of evaluative attitudes towards visually conspicuous artefacts. Such a broad investigation represents a necessary step towards establishing whether an object was meant to merit aesthetic attention

Abstract: One of the motifs of the study is the Kut-Alp Motif which concerns a pre-Islamic Turkish motif that describes the Kutlu Turkish Khan (Blessed Turkish ruler) and symbolizes all the Turkish khans throughout history. This motif is so coherent that it is as if a single soul came to the world at different times and was repeated over and over, taking control of the Turkish nation and saving it from extinction. Understanding Kut-Alp is to understand the deep meanings this work is attempting to penetrate. Indeed, the Kut-Alp motif is a brilliant mirror in which Turkish identity and the Turkish national spirit are fully manifested. Of course, this research is beneficial in shedding light on Turkish history, especially the period of the Huns. The work's aim reveals that the Huns established a civilization in which the contemporary Turkish identity has flourished. In fact, this civilization sends us messages from the past through magnificent works of art. These messages' correct interpretation becomes possible through decoding artworks' motifs and symbols, and this study's decoding element is cognitive psychology, which, through my formal education, became a beneficial tool for solving and interpreting the codes hidden in artworks, in service of Turkish history. When this research started, there existed no previous scale or categories for motifs and symbols, which include: böke, water of life, the kut power deal, wolf, tiger, stag, bull/camel, eagle, alp, and kut-alp (see Table 1 titled Hun Period Turkish Symbols and Motifs). After two years of painstaking and careful research and analysis, I created a ladder into the depths of meanings by classifying symbols under "kut-alp motif" categories. One of the most important foundations of this work was the Russian Federation's State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg and the trip we made there with the BAP project (no. 21875) of the Rectorate. Our seven-day walk through the State Hermitage Museum's long corridors resulted in approximately three thousand photographs of archaeological artifacts of Turkish art being recorded. In addition to this study's physical achievements, the trip served as the gateway to our emotional world. Particularly when I entered the great hall in which the Pazyryk burials were exhibited, sensation was displaced, and the idea that these exhibits were more than simple artwork but actually carry messages from the depths of time engrained the hall forever in my mind. The desire to read and understand these messages became a passion. Extensive studies, various interpretations of art from various sources, and various philosophical approaches first led to the creation of categories by only visual implementation. Similar elements caught my attention, helping to form categories of repeated motifs: curved serpentine dragon/stag/eagle with horned heads, wings, two horns, the three-point or three-slice pattern, circular motions, pointed teeth, biting movements, fish scale ornaments, and curved motion tree branches. Simultaneously, I began an in-depth study of the Turkish epics, finding that their motifs and symbols were described through the various meanings of a composition. These epics and my gathered visuals allowed for me to begin to unravel their meanings. A unique analysis and presentation method emerged through finding and matching the visuals to the epics (see Table 3 titled Arrival, Analysis, and Presentation Method). But a third dimension was missing. I wanted to reach the mind structure of the society that created these epics and artworks so as to find their true meanings and to see their reflected faces. At this point, C.G. Jung's Archetypes and Collective Subconscious Theory helped me in assembling and assigning meanings. In brief, first categorized visual images were made and then used to search for their repeated symbols and motifs within Turkish epics, matching the visuals together with written word. The key concepts developed from this interdisciplinary method are böke, kut-power exchange, and kut-alp concepts, through which we were able to uncover all other meanings of the motifs. To present this intricate analysis uniquely, we have reached what we call the "method of arrival from process to process" by developing the formula of "the curtain, the light behind the curtain, and the source of light behind the curtain."

Abstract: Türkiye'de beşerî bilimler sahasının ilk ve en büyük kurumu olan İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, kuruluşunun 150. yıldönümü olan 2020 yılında bir dizi etkinlik gerçekleştirdi. Elinizdeki kitap da yaşanan pandemi süreci dolayısıyla çoğu dijital ortamda gerçekleştirilen bu etkinlikler manzumesine bir ek ve Fakültemizin kuruluşunun bu önemli yıldönümüne bir armağan olarak tasarlanıp yayımlanmıştır. 1916-1933 yılları arasında neşredilen, tabiatıyla Mayıs 1929'a kadar Arap harfli olarak çıkarılan Felsefe, İçtimaiyat, Tarih, Coğrafya, Edebiyat dergisi Dârülfünun Edebiyat Fakültesi Mecmuası, çoğu Dârülfünun'da müderrislik ya da müderris muavinliği yapan hocaların veya yabancı bilim insanlarının dil, edebiyat, tarih, sosyoloji, felsefe, psikoloji, coğrafya başta olmak üzere beşerî bilimlerin çeşitli alanlarında kaleme aldıkları makalelerin neşredildiği mühim bir akademik yayın organıdır. Toplam 8 cilt ve 49 sayı olarak çıkan mecmuanın ilk sayısı Mart 1332 (1916)'de, son sayısı Kânunusani (Ocak) 1933'te yayımlanır. "Başlangıçta düzenli olarak iki ayda bir neşredilen mecmuanın 1. cildinin 6. ve son sayısı Kânunusani 1332 (Ocak 1916) tarihlidir. Bu sayıdan iki ay sonra yayımlanan ve üzerinde "sene 2, Mart 1331 1917, sayı 7" ibaresi bulunan nüshadan sonra mecmuanın 1. serisinin yayımı Mart 1922 tarihine kadar durdurulmuştur. Bu tarihte çıkan 1. sayı ile ll. cilde ve 2. seriye başlandığından Mart 1333 / 1917'de yayımlanan ve 1. serinin son sayısı olan nüsha herhangi bir cilde dâhil edilememektedir." Türkiye'nin seferberlik içerisinde ve savaşın tam ortasında bulunduğu 1916 yılının çetin şartları altında, biraz da iktidarda olan İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası'nın resmî ideolojisi olan Türkçülük cereyanı etkisiyle daha çok Türk tarihi, dili, edebiyatı, içtimaiyatı alanlarına ait öncü metinlerin neşredildiği, önemli meselelerin tartışıldığı makalelerle kendisini gösteren Mecmua, daha sonra İslâm felsefesine ağırlık vermeye başlar. Fırkanın Kâtib-i Umumîsi olan ve 1912-1918 arası, kültür, edebiyat, matbuat ve bilim faaliyetlerinin hemen hepsinin bir yerinde bulunan Ziya Gökalp'ın, bu Mecmuanın da fikir babası, en azından yönlendiricisi olduğu kolaylıkla ifade edilebilir. Mecmuada neşredilen yazılarda ele alınan mevzular, esasen pek çok kültür adamı gibi, Türkleşmek-İslâmlaşmak-Muasırlaşmak yazarının da temel meseleleridir. Mecmuada makalesi ya da tercümesi neşredilen hocalardan bazılarının isimleri ve Dârülfünun Edebiyat Şubesi'ndeki kadroları şöyledir: Mehmed Ali Aynî (Felsefe Tarihi Müderrisi), Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad (Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi Müderrisi), Mustafa Şekip (Tunç) (Rûhiyât Muallimi), Ziya Gökalp (İçtimaiyât Müderrisi), İsmail Hakkı (Baltacıoğlu) (Terbiye Müderrisi), Necip Âsım (Yazıksız) (Türk Lisaniyâtı ve Türk Tarihi Müderrisi), Mehmed Emin (Erişirgil), (Felsede Tarihi Muallimi), Hüseyin Daniş (İran Edebiyatı ve Farsça Müderrisi), Mehmed Şemseddin (Günaltay) (İslâm Tarihi Müderrisi), İzmirli İsmail Hakkı (İslâm Felsefesi Müderrisi), Ârif (Tarih-i Osmanî Müderrisi), Faik Sabri (Duran), (İslâm ve Türk Coğrafyası Müderrisi), Avram Galanti (Akvâm-ı Kadime-i Şarkiyye Tarihi Muallimi), Ali Ekrem (Nazariyat-ı Edebiye Müderrisi).2 Türkoloji denen geniş çalışma ve araştırma sahasının önemli isimleri olan bu hocalardan başka Carl Brockelman, G. Bergstrasser, T. Lefevr, Ernest Chaput, Franz Babinger, Gustave Lanson gibi yabancı Türkolog ve filologların da pek çok makalesi de telif veya tercüme yoluyla Mecmua'da yerini bulur. Söz konusu yıllarda Osmanlı Devleti'nin Almanya İmparatorluğu ile sadece askerî ittifakı değil, ticarî, sınaî, ilmî alanlardaki işbirliği Dârülfünun, dolayısıyla Mecmuadaki Alman hocaların varlığını izaha kâfidir. Savaşın sonuna doğru yani 1917'de yayınına ara verilen ve Millî Mücadele'nin zaferle sonuçlanmasının hemen ardından neşrine devam edilen Mecmua, 1933 Üniversite Reformuna kadar yayınını sürdürecektir. Çok ciddî maddi sıkıntıların yaşandığı 1922 yılında, Mecmuanın yeniden hayata dönmesi, döndürülmesi bu yayın faaliyetine atfedilen önem hakkında çok fikir vericidir. Hakikaten Dârülfünun Edebiyat Fakültesi Mecmuası, Türkiye'de dil, edebiyat, dilbilimi, felsefe, sosyoloji, psikoloji, ilahiyat ve coğrafya gibi alanlarda ilk ilmî, ciddî, sistemli neşirlerin yapıldığı, sonraki yıllarda daima bir başvuru kaynağı olan bir yayın faaliyeti olmuştur. "Türkolojinin Babası" olarak anılan Ord. Prof. M. Fuad Köprülü'nün Türk dili, edebiyatı, tarihi, inanç sistemi gibi konularda yazmış olduğu makalelerin 11'nin evvela bu mecmuda yayımlanmış olduğunu belirtmek herhâlde kastımızı ifadeye yardımcı olacaktır. Sadece Köprülü'nün etütleri değil, bu mecmuada neşredilmiş araştırma, tenkit, tanıtma vs türlerindeki pek çok makale, bugünün nesillerinin istifadesi için farklı zamanlarda muhtelif alanlardaki akademisyenler tarafından yeni yazıya aktarılmıştır. Bununla beraber bu muazzam ilim hazinesindeki yazıların pek çoğu da araştırmacılardan aynı gayret ve hizmeti beklemektedir. Sosyal Bilimler alanında çalışanlar için Osmanlı Türkçesiyle yazılmış metinleri okumak, okuyabilmek bir ayrıcalık ve bu tür metinlerin yeni harflerle neşri onlar için bir ihtiyaç değilse de yine bu sahalara mensup olan ama formasyonu gereği ya da çeşitli sebeplerle eski yazı okuyamayan pek çok araştırmacı için bu ve benzeri mecmua ve kitapların günümüz alfabesiyle neşri bir zarurettir. Elinizdeki kitap işte bu tür bir endişeden doğmuş ve böylesi bir ihtiyacı kısmen de olsa gidermek maksadıyla neşre hazırlanmıştır. "Kısmen" diyoruz zira ideal olan, elbette Mecmuadaki yazıların tümünün Latin alfabesiyle yayımlanması ve dilimizi, edebiyatımızı, tarihimizi, coğrafyamızı, düşünce ve inanç sistemimizi kendisine mesele edinen herkesin istifadesine sunulmasıdır. Biz, Edebiyat Fakültesi'nin kuruluşunun 150. yıldönümüne armağan olarak düşündüğümüz bu kitaba, görsellerle zenginleştirilmiş 16 adet yazıyı alabildik. Kitapta hangi yazıya, niçin yer verildiği konusuna gelince: 49 sayıda toplam 244 makalenin neşredildiği4 Dârülfünun Edebiyat Fakültesi Mecmuası'nda çıkmış bütün makaleler önemli ve değerlidir. Dolayısıyla sınırlı sayıda metne yer verilebilecek bu kitapta hangi yazının yer alacağına karar vermek kolay olmamıştır. Bununla beraber seçimi kolaylaştıracak bazı ölçütlerimiz vardı. Şöyle ki: Mecmua, Dârülfünun Edebiyat Şubesi'ne ait olduğu için, Şubenin değişik disiplinlerinde hocalığı bulunan isimlere öncelik verildi. Ayrıca Mecmuada çok sayıda ecnebi bilim insanının telif veya tercüme yazısının bulunması, belli oranda bu yazarlara da yer vermeyi gerektiriyordu. Seçimi kolaylaştıran diğer bir unsur ise Mecmuada neşredilen makalelerin alanlara göre sayısı ve oranıydı. Bu anlamda Türk Dili, Doğu Dilleri, Batı Dilleri, dilbilimi, tarih, edebiyat, bilim tarihi, İslâm felsefesi, estetik, coğrafya, sosyoloji, psikoloji gibi disiplinlere bu kitapta mutlaka yer ayrılmalıydı. Öyle de oldu. Kitaptaki yazıların daha önce yeni harflerle yayımlanmamış olanlardan seçilmesi, zaten mesainin başında bir ilke olarak benimsenmişti. Bununla beraber, daha önce neşredilmiş olmak, bir yazının kitaba girmesine mâni de olmadı. Zira asıl gaye, Mecmuanın içerik bakımından zenginliğini, öncülüğünü, dolayısıyla kıymetini aksettirmek ve günümüze taşımaktı. Kitaptaki bazı yazılar, doğrudan editörlerin tercihi doğrultusunda belirlendi. Bazı yazılar da alanın uzmanları ya da yazıları yeni harflere aktaran hocalarımızın, meslektaşlarımızın tercih ve tespitine bırakıldı. Bu 16 yazının ikisinin Farâbî ile ilgili olması yani M

Abstract: Şemseddin Günaltay'ın Farabî ile ilgili birbirini takip eden iki yazısının kitaba derç edilmesi de UNESCO'nun 2020 yılını Farâbî yılı olarak belirlemesiyle ilgilidir ve bu büyük Türk-İslâm filozofunun hatırasını yâda vesile olması maksadıyladır. Görüleceği gibi kitapta yer alan bu 16 yazının tamamı, hâlihazırda Edebiyat Fakültesi'nin değişik programlarında görev yapan akademisyenler tarafından Latin harflerine aktarılmıştır. Bu akademisyenlerin isim ve branşlarını burada zikretmek asgarî bir kadirşinaslık gereğidir: Bu bağlamda, projeyi kendilerine haber verdiğimizde teklifimizi hemen kabul ve çeviriyazıları zamanında teslim eden değerli Hocalarımız, meslektaşlarımız Prof. Dr. Sevtap Kadıoğlu'na (Bilim Tarihi); Prof. Dr. Mehmet Cüneyd Kaya'ya (Felsefe); Prof. Dr. Mücahit Kaçar'a, (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı); Doç. Dr. Nuri Sağlam'a (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı); Doç. Dr. Ömer İshakoğlu'na (Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı); Doç. Dr. Uğur Gürsu'ya (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı); Doç. Dr. Metin Ünver'e (Tarih); Doç. Dr. Cahid Şenel'e (Felsefe); Doç. Dr. Esra Egüz'e (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı); Dr. Öğr. Üy. Aslı Zengin'e (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı); Dr. Öğr. Üy. M. Şerif Eskin'e (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı); Dr. Öğr. Üy. Kaan Kapan ve Aydın Cidan'a (Coğrafya); Dr. Ümran Erdoğan'a (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı) ve Dr. Öğr. Üy. Bilal Alpaydın'a (Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı) çalışmaya olan samimî destekleri için çok teşekkür ediyoruz. Eserin editörleri de iki makalenin yeni yazıya aktarımıyla çalışmaya dâhil oldular. Edebiyat Fakültesi'nin kuruluşunun 150. yılı olan 2020'nin Fakültemiz adına verimli ve anlamlı geçmesi için özverili bir çaba gösteren, gerçekleştirilebilecek farklı akademik çalışmalar konusunda ufuk açıcı tavsiye ve yönlendirmelerde bulunan, bu bağlamda elinizdeki kitabın fikir aşamasından yayımına kadarki süreçlerini ilgiyle takip eden Edebiyat Fakültesi Dekanı Sayın Prof. Dr. Hayati Develi'ye; kitabın mizanpaj ve baskı işlerinin profesyonellikle yürütülmesi konusundaki sahiplenici tavrı ve destekleri için İstanbul Üniversitesi Rektörü Sayın Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ak'a; eserin neşri konusunda karşılaştığımız bazı güçlüklerin aşılması konusundaki değerli destekleri için Rektör Yardımcısı Sayın Prof. Dr. Halûk Alkan'a; değerli tavsiyeleri dolayısıyla Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Başkanı Sayın Prof. Dr. Ali Şükrü Çoruk'a; bu neşirdeki emek ve gayretleri dolayısıyla İÜ Press mensup ve çalışanlarına, ayrıca çalışmanın çeşitli aşamalarında katkıları bulunan meslektaşlarımız Hacer Selçuk, Saliha Çetinkaya ve Burak Koç'a teşekkür ediyor; zor şartlar altında bu mecmuanın neşrini gerçekleştiren, mecmuada yazısı ve emeği bulunan bütün ilim insanlarını rahmet ve minnetle anıyoruz

Abstract: This chapter explores how the revision of national myths in Early Modern Britain and France reflects conflicts and contradictions between the perspectives of the dominant nations, England and France, and those of two subordinate nations, Wales and Brittany, formally annexed by their larger neighbours in the 16th century, and how the national myths in turn impinged on the status of the vernacular languages of the subordinate nations, Welsh and Breton. In order to legitimise the new Church of England, English protestant apologists claimed that its protestant faith was the continuation of the pure faith of the Early Church, which the ancient Britons, ancestors of the Welsh, had acquired directly from a disciple of Christ. Richard Davies’ preface to the 1567 Welsh New Testament, however, re-appropriated the narrative as specifically Welsh. Davies’ narrative was influential in Wales and contributed to a cultural context, together with the Welsh Bible translation, in which the Welsh language could flourish despite the increasing dominance of English. In the case of Brittany and France, the paper explores the contradiction between the antiquarian prestige conferred upon Breton by contemporary language antiquity myths and its actual subordinate sociolinguistic status vis-a-vis French

Abstract: In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the linguistic situation in Europe was one of remarkable fluidity. Latin, the great scholarly lingua franca of the medieval period, was beginning to crack as the tectonic plates shifted beneath it, but the vernaculars had not yet crystallized into the national languages that they would later become, and multilingualism was rife. Meanwhile, elsewhere in the world, languages were coming into contact with an intensity that they had never had before, influencing each other and throwing up all manner of hybrids and pidgins as peoples tried to communicate using the semiotic resources they had available. Of interest to linguists, literary scholars and historians, amongst others, this interdisciplinary volume explores the linguistic dynamics operating in Europe and beyond in the crucial centuries between 1400 and 1800. Assuming a state of individual, societal and functional multilingualism, when codeswitching was the norm, and languages themselves were fluid, unbounded and porous, it explores the shifting relationships that existed between various tongues in different geographical contexts, as well as some of the myths and theories that arose to make sense of them

Abstract: Is the celebrated elegance of Cycladic marble figurines an effect their Early Bronze Age producers intended? Can one adequately appreciate an Assyrian regal statue described by a cuneiform inscription as beautiful? What to make of the apparent aesthetic richness of the traditional cultures of Melanesia, which, however, engage in virtually no recognizable aesthetic discourse? Questions such as these have been formulated and discussed by scholars of remote cultures against the backdrop of a general scepticism about the prospects of escaping the conditioning of one's own aesthetic culture and attuning to the norms of a remote one. This book makes a radical move: it treats the remote observers lack of aesthetic insight not as a hindrance to aesthetic analysis, but as a condition requiring an aesthetic theory that would make room for an aesthetic analysis independent of the model of competent aesthetic judgement or appreciation. Objects of Authority represents a rare effort at bringing together methods and concepts that are often addressed by separate disciplines. It will appeal to scholars and advanced students working on philosophical, art-historical, and anthropological theories of visual art and material culture

Abstract: In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire's social, economic, military, and political structures changed. Military officers began to study the Western nations' technical and institutional structures to understand and resolve the causes of recent defeats and subsequent loss of land. Modernization efforts that began in the military field evolved into a movement to modernize all institutional structures. The Empire's intention to adapt to a rapidly changing world was evident in the widespread modernization of all fields, from art and agriculture to education and transportation. The reforms had some peculiar features. One such feature is continuity between old and new structures. During this time, modernization caused an abrupt change in art. The most significant change was the institutionalization of plastic, visual, and performing arts. Many art institutions were founded between the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. New regulations were drafted to modernize art foundations. Musical ensembles were converted into formal establishments. However, these new establishments did not replace either old structures and educational systems or their traditional elements. This coexistence of old and new allowed for continuity between the two, enabling different "worlds" to exist simultaneously. It also allowed different forms and mentalities across the Ottoman world to merge. Artists and administrators familiar with old and new systems played an important role in the construction of continuity in the Empire. Another change was the politicization of art; for example, music was used to construct power symbols. Given its political use in the process of modernization of the Ottoman Empire, art can be seen as a significant component of the new Ottoman identity. "The Relationship between Art and Politics in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire: institutionalization, Change and Continuity" is an interdisciplinary reading of change and continuity in the Empire's period of modernization within the context of art and politics. We discuss how changes in the political, economic, and social spheres and the intervention of important figures and events affected various forms of art through different dynamics of change and continuity. The authors of this book are scholars working in different fields of the social sciences, bringing an interdisciplinary approach to the subject matter

Abstract: The Turkish Republic, proclaimed at the end of the Turkish National Struggle under the leadership of Ataturk, is a state that leans on the heritage of six centuries Ottoman Empire and constructed on the ashes of it. It was naturally brought with continuity about understanding and institutions of state, because the cadre who performed the national struggle and founded the new state was the last generation of the Ottoman Empire. Ataturk continued the reform method of the Ottoman state, which was destroyed after a long experience of reform, with more radical and radical practices. In addition, he acted more realistically in terms of understanding of dominance and did not pursue ideals that the state could not afford. The main goal of this process was limited to realize the principles of the National Pact. It is known that they tried to find possibilities for internal reforms, around the principals of "peace at home, peace in the World". There are lots of research made with a political point of view about the understanding and performances on the foreign policy of Ataturk, the founder of Turkish Republic and the first President. Distinguished scholars Fahir Armaoğlu and Rifat Uçarol have studied the subject in general in their political history books. Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, Mehmet Gönlübol-Cem Sar and Abdulahat Akşin have handled the topic around Ataturk's era and publications of official document like "Ataturk's National Foreign Policy", examined the outline of bilateral political relations in this process. However, the political relations with the states many of them separated from the Ottoman Empire were not evaluated from the social, cultural and economic points of view with the same measure. Of course, the atmosphere that emerged after the First World War, especially the pursuit of revision in the 30s and the effort to maintain the status quo, had a great impact on this circumstance. The political dimension of the relations stood out more than any other aspect. The aim of this study is pointing out mainly social, cultural and economic aspects of bilateral relations. However, it is noteworthy that the political dimension was not neglected in our chapters, because it is a fact that the other aspects could emerge as much as the political developments let. This book focuses on the relations in the triangle of Caucasus, Balkans and the Middle East, after an introduction part that examines Ataturk's foreign policy understanding and activities on the Hatay example. The relations with Russia and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus, the examples of Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Albania in the Balkans and Iran and Syria in the Middle East are dealt with. Despite our decision and efforts to concentrate our work in the social, cultural and economic sphere, the priority imposed by the conditions of the period required that political relations not be neglected

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: Mental and material reconstruction was an ongoing process after World War II, and it still is. This volume combines a detailed treatment of post-war cultural reconstruction in Finnish Lapland – a region on the geographical and historical margins of its nation-state – with comparative case studies of silent post-war memory from other European countries The contributors shed light on key aspects of cultural reconstruction generally: disruptions of national narratives, difficulties of post-war cultural demobilisation, sites of memory, visual narratives of post-war reconstruction, and manifestations of trans-generational experiences of cultural reconstruction. Exploration of the less conspicuous aspects of mental reconstruction reveals various forms of post-war silence and silencing which have halted or hindered different groups of people in their mental return to peace. Rather than focusing on the “executive level” of material reconstruction, the volume turns its gaze towards those who experienced the return to peace in the mental, societal, and historical margins: members of ethnic, religious, and cultural minorities, women, and children. The chapters draw on archival and other original sources, personal memories, autobiographical interpretations, and academic debate. The volume is relevant for scholars and advanced students in the fields of cultural history, art history, and cultural studies

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: Medical and philosophical theories of generation from the classical world are often classified according to whether the female as well as the male produces 'seed', the fluid substance which does the most important work in procreation. Aristotle is usually identified as the most influential proponent of the 'one-seed model', while Galen champions the 'two-seed' cause, and the debate between them continues to matter for centuries. At stake here is not just theoretical efficiency - how well the full complexities of parental resemblance are accounted for by the contending notions, for example - but also, it has been suggested, politics and patriarchy. Two seeds are better, more egalitarian, than one: the female role in generation is more positively valued in this model. This chapter will argue that, not only this characterisation, but the division itself, is misleading: particularly if viewed from a fluid perspective. Another way must be found to understand the key concepts involved in these foundational ancient debates about human procreation

Abstract: Mental and material reconstruction was an ongoing process after World War II, and it still is. This volume combines a detailed treatment of post-war cultural reconstruction in Finnish Lapland – a region on the geographical and historical margins of its nation-state – with comparative case studies of silent post-war memory from other European countries The contributors shed light on key aspects of cultural reconstruction generally: disruptions of national narratives, difficulties of post-war cultural demobilisation, sites of memory, visual narratives of post-war reconstruction, and manifestations of trans-generational experiences of cultural reconstruction. Exploration of the less conspicuous aspects of mental reconstruction reveals various forms of post-war silence and silencing which have halted or hindered different groups of people in their mental return to peace. Rather than focusing on the “executive level” of material reconstruction, the volume turns its gaze towards those who experienced the return to peace in the mental, societal, and historical margins: members of ethnic, religious, and cultural minorities, women, and children. The chapters draw on archival and other original sources, personal memories, autobiographical interpretations, and academic debate. The volume is relevant for scholars and advanced students in the fields of cultural history, art history, and cultural studies

Abstract: The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This book challenges such view with a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ – to open a window into the often surprising interactions of individuals, transnational networks and global communities that, it argues, made of the British Isles (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world, a launching-pad and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, America and Asia in the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Perhaps not unlike today, that was a time marked by social uncertainty, pandemics, the dislocation of global polities and the rise of radicalisms. The volume offers insights on many themes including trade, the arts, education, language, politics, the press, religion, biodiversity, philanthropy, anti-slavery and imperialism. Established academics and rising stars from different continents and disciplines combined original, primary research with a wide range of secondary sources to produce a rich collection of ten case-studies, 25 biographies and seven samples of interpreted material culture, all presented in an accessible style appealing to scholars, students and the general reader alike

Abstract: Medical and philosophical theories of generation from the classical world are often classified according to whether the female as well as the male produces 'seed', the fluid substance which does the most important work in procreation. Aristotle is usually identified as the most influential proponent of the 'one-seed model', while Galen champions the 'two-seed' cause, and the debate between them continues to matter for centuries. At stake here is not just theoretical efficiency - how well the full complexities of parental resemblance are accounted for by the contending notions, for example - but also, it has been suggested, politics and patriarchy. Two seeds are better, more egalitarian, than one: the female role in generation is more positively valued in this model. This chapter will argue that, not only this characterisation, but the division itself, is misleading: particularly if viewed from a fluid perspective. Another way must be found to understand the key concepts involved in these foundational ancient debates about human procreation

Abstract: The State Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg houses the Golden Treasures of the Huns. This book is a product of meticulous work that began in October 2014. Russia's most important and the world's third largest museum houses works of pre-Islamic Turkish history. Starting with my dissertation and then again with this book I was fortunate to work with this rich archive. For this reason, I consider this academic archive to be like a "grand palace'. One of the most important academic royalty of this palace is Dr. Irina P. Zasetskaya, the Archaeological Museum of Eastern Europe and Siberia's Head of the Department of Artifacts and the Golden Treasure Chamber. Decorated by the rarely bestowed Russian Medal of Cultural Honor, Zasetskaya is a scholar who is in love with her profession. All of her most important work that contributed to world literature regarding the Huns, Sarmatians, and Alans from Russian geography was something I was able to benefit for my Ph.D. Thesis. Especially 1975's, "Золотые украшения гуннской эпохи / Zolotıye ukraşeniya gunnskoy epohi" (The Golden Treasures of the European Huns in the State Hermitage Museum), published in Leningrad and translated into three languages as a catalog in black and white was an academic important resource that was unreachable for me at the time. That is why after my dissertation, to both present this catalog, which is very important for the Turkish scientific world, and to work with this precious scholar I went once again to the Hermitage Museum. Zasetskaya first read my PHD Thesis, that was translated into Russian and published by St. Petersburg University 2014, "ТЮРКСКИЕ МОТИВЫ И СИМВОЛЫ В ПОВСЕДНЕВНОЙ ЖИЗНИ: TURKISH SYMBOLS" И ИСКУССТВЕ ГУННОВ" and afterwards accepted to work with me. This was such a tremendous honor for me. In the Russian 'successor-predecessor' tradition, that is, working together with the most important teacher of the subject, she proposed for us to perform the tradition of publishing a book together with her as my predecessor. I am eternally grateful to Zasetskaya. The book titled, 'St. Petersburg's State Hermitage Museum 'Golden Hun Treasures and Blessed Meanings' is the product of this union. This book is of great importance due to Zasetskaya's no longer in print book of 'The Hun Period Golden Ornamental Items'. This book being printed in this new and only edition as well as the added features of cognitive psychology and anthropology being included. This project, which started in October 2014, was continued in April 2015 with the opening of the Treasury Room for the first time in history to a Turkish academician. For the first time, The Hermitage has given permission and signed over this material to be published in Turkey. I was the director of Istanbul University and Hermitage State Museum International Cooperation Project (20186), which was supported by Başakşehir Municipality as a public institution. I am forever grateful to my precious Rector, Professor Dr. Mahmut Ak who since my first student years in 2010 has taught me history and both supported and helped me in all of my work. Special thanks goes to the previous Mayor of Başakşehir, Mevlüt Uysal who supported the project by publication of this book in Turkish. Thanks also go to my academic mentor, Prof. Dr. Mim Kemal Öke and precious Turkolog Prof. Dr. Osman Mert who read every line of this book and shared their valuable ideas with me. Also, my thanks to Maya L. Johnson, Gülcan İnalcık, and Ayşe Nilgün Sazak for their work on translation. And of course, my dear husband and children who are always with me in all my work

Abstract: Engellilik Tarihi Yazıları, 15-16 Kasım 2018 tarihinde İstanbul Üniversitesi Engelliler Uygulama Merkezi ve İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Sağlık Daire Başkanlığı Engelliler Müdürlüğü işbirliği ile düzenlenen Dünden Bugüne Engellilik-Engellilik Araştırmaları Konferansı'nda sunulan çalışmalardan derlendi. Engellilik meselesini disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımla inceleyen 'Engellilik Araştırmaları', kuramsal ve uygulamalı bir bilim alanıdır. Bu alan 1970'li yıllarda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve İngiltere'de başlayan engelli hakları hareketinin akademik çalışmalara yansımasıyla ortaya çıktı. Sonraki yıllarda engelliliği sosyal, kültürel, tarihsel, hukuki, politik ve etik yönleriyle ele alan disiplinler arası bir araştırma alanı olarak Amerika ve Avrupa'ya yayıldı, pek çok üniversitede lisansüstü, hatta lisans düzeyinde programlar başlatıldı. Türkiye'de 2017 yılında, engellilik araştırmalarının geliştirilmesi amacıyla, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Engellilik Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı kurularak, yüksek lisans programı açıldı. Engellilik deneyiminin kişisel ve toplumsal düzeyde etkilerini incelemeyi hedefleyen bu programın belkemiğini oluşturan konulardan birisi de, toplumlarda engelliliğin tarihsel ve sosyokültürel boyutlarıydı. Türkiye'de engelliliğin tarihsel ve sosyo-kültürel boyutlarını ilgilendiren alanlarda farklı disiplinler tarafından yapılmış bazı çalışmalara rastlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, engellilik çalışmalarıyla ilgilenen araştırmacılar için kaynak ihtiyacı açık bir şekilde eksikliği hissedilen bir konudur. Engellilik Tarihi Yazıları bu amaçla yola çıkmış bir çalışmanın ürünüdür. 2018 Kasım ayında İstanbul'da gerçekleştirilen Engellilik Araştırmaları Konferansı'nın teması Türkiye'de engelliliğin tarihsel, kurumsal, hukuksal ve sosyo-kültürel açıdan incelenmesi hedef alınarak, Dünden Bugüne Engellilik olarak belirlenmişti. Bu konferansta düzenlenen çeşitli panellerde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne uzanan geniş bir tarihsel süreç içinde eğitim, istihdam, sosyal yaşam, edebiyat, din gibi alanlarda engellilik konusunda araştırma sonuçları ve bildiriler sunuldu. Ayrıca, Türkiye'de fiziksel tıp ve rehabilitasyonun, özel eğitimin, engellilikle ilgili politikaları oluşturan ve yürüten kurumların tarihsel süreçleri, ilgili konuların uzmanları olan öğretim üyeleri ve bürokratlar tarafından aktarıldı. Engelli hakları ve savunuculuk konusunda sivil toplumdaki hareketlilik 2000 yılı öncesi ve sonrasında faaliyet gösteren önemli sivil toplum örgütü temsilcilerinin yer aldığı panellerde tartışıldı. Bu konferansta sunulan araştırmalardan bazıları ve konferansta sunulmamış olmakla birlikte konuya doğrudan katkı sunabilecek diğer araştırmalar Engellilik Tarihi Yazıları'nda bir araya getirildi. Böylelikle, Türkiye'de henüz yeni gelişmekte olan engellilik tarihi çalışmaları alanında ilk safhada izlenen yaklaşımları ve yapılan araştırmaları görmeyi mümkün kılan ilk derlemenin araştırmacılara sunulması hedeflendi

Abstract: The Cold War is conventionally regarded as a superpower conflict that dominated the shape of international relations between World War II and the fall of the Berlin Wall. Smaller powers had to adapt to a role as pawns in a strategic game of the superpowers, its course beyond their control. This edited volume offers a fresh interpretation of twentieth-century smaller European powers – East–West, neutral and non-aligned – and argues that their position vis-à-vis the superpowers often provided them with an opportunity rather than merely representing a constraint. Analysing the margins for manoeuvre of these smaller powers, the volume covers a wide array of themes, ranging from cultural to economic issues, energy to diplomacy and Bulgaria to Belgium. Given its holistic and nuanced intervention in studies of the Cold War, this book will be instrumental for students of history, international relations and political science

Abstract: This book describes the ways in which married women appeared in legal practice in the medieval Swedish realm 1350-1450, through both the agency of women, and through the norms that surrounded their actions. Since there were no court protocols kept, legal practice must be studied through other sources. For this book, more than 6,000 original charters have been researched, and a database of all the charters pertaining to women created. This enables new findings from an area that has previously not been studied on a larger scale, and reveals trends and tendencies regarding aspects considered central to married women’s agency, such as networks, criminal liability, and procedural capacity

Abstract: Communities great and small across Europe for eight centuries have contracted with doctors. Physicians provided citizen care, helped govern, and often led in public life. Civic Medicine stakes out this timely subject by focusing on its golden age, when cities rivaled territorial states in local and global Europe and when civic doctors were central to the rise of shared, organized written information about the human and natural world. This opens the prospect of a long history of knowledge and action shaped more by community and responsibility than market or state, exchange or power

Abstract: Back in 1989, many anticipated that the end of the Cold War would usher in the ‘end of history’ characterized by the victory of democracy and capitalism. At the thirtieth anniversary of this momentous event, this book challenges this assumption. It studies the most recent era of contemporary European history in order to analyse the impact, consequences and legacy of the end of the Cold War for Western Europe. Bringing together leading scholars on the topic, the volume answers the question of how the end of the Cold War has affected Western Europe and reveals how it accelerated and reinforced processes that shaped the fragile (geo-)political and economic order of the continent today. In four thematic sections, the book analyses the changing position of Germany in Europe; studies the transformation of neoliberal capitalism; answers the question how Western Europe faced the geopolitical challenges after the Berlin Wall came down; and investigates the crisis of representative democracy. As such, the book provides a comprehensive and novel historical perspective on Europe since the late 1980s

Abstract: This book analyses the impact computerization has had on contemporary science and explains the origins, technical nature and epistemological consequences of the current decisive interplay between technology and science: an intertwining of formalism, computation, data acquisition, data and visualization and how these factors have led to the spread of simulation models since the 1950s. Using historical, comparative and interpretative case studies from a range of disciplines, with a particular emphasis on the case of plant studies, the author shows how and why computers, data treatment devices and programming languages have occasioned a gradual but irresistible and massive shift from mathematical models to computer simulations

Abstract: This book discusses the ongoing revolution of dignity in human history as the work of ‘humanist outliers’: small groups and individuals dedicated to compassionate social emancipation. It argues that anti-authoritarian revolutions like 1989’s ‘Autumn of the Nations’ succeeded in large part due to cultural and political innovations springing from such small groups. The author explores the often ingenious ways in which these maladapted and liminal ‘outliers’ forged a cooperative and dialogic mindset among previously resentful and divided communities. Their strategies warrant closer scrutiny in the context of the ongoing 21st century revolution of dignity and efforts to (re)unite an ever more troubled and divided world

Abstract: This book examines how cultural and ideological reactions to activism in the post-Civil Rights Black community were depicted in fiction written by Black women writers, 1965–1980. By recognizing and often challenging prevailing cultural paradigms within the post-Civil Rights era, writers such as Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Toni Cade Bambara, and Paule Marshall fictionalized the black community in critical ways that called for further examination of progressive activism after the much publicized 'end' of the Civil Rights Movement. Through their writings, the authors’ confronted marked shifts within African American literature, politics and culture that proved detrimental to the collective 'wellness' of the community at large