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  • English  (26)
  • 1995-1999  (26)
  • 1995  (26)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (26)
  • International Business Machines Corporation International Technical Support Organization
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Material
Language
Years
  • 1995-1999  (26)
Year
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.8
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over the past ten years, some general trends have been observed in information technology (IT) policy developments in OECD Member countries.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.10
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: In recent years there has been an acceleration in the liberalisation of OECD national telecommunication markets.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264076136
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Effective systems for allocating, managing and controlling public sector resources are fundamental elements of good governance. The need for continuing fiscal restraint and demands for more and better public services are changing budgetary practices in OECD countries. Budgets are being used increasingly as instruments for promoting managerial improvement and programme effectiveness, in addition to their control and allocation functions. This report analyses budget practices and innovations in twenty-two OECD countries. It describes how the practice of budgeting is contributing to a greater performance orientation in the public sector. It also provides standard summaries of the institutional framework and procedures governing budgeting in each of these countries.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 115 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Where do OECD countries stand on international telecommunication pricing practices regarding accounting rates and collection charges?
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.17
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this report was to analyse the existing regulatory situation and policies regarding the provision of national and international satellite services in the OECD area and provide policy options.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.11
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Since the end of the 1980s, the increasing globalisation of corporate activities (in both the manufacturing and service sectors) in OECD Member countries has spilled over into the telecommunication sector, thus creating fundamental changes in the paradigm of international telecommunication service provision.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264065581
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The Manual on the Measurement of Human Resources devoted to S&T (the "Canberra Manual") was issued in 1995. It was prepared in close co-operation between the OECD and the DGXII/Eurostat of the European Commission, other OECD Directorates, UNESCO and the International Labour Office (ILO), with the support of national experts. Drawing on best international and national practice and classifications, the "Canberra Manual" provides definitions of human resources devoted to science and technology in terms of qualification (levels and fields of study) and occupation and discusses a number of variables of policy interest.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over the last few years numbering arrangements for telecommunication services have become a key issue for discussion among policy-makers, regulators and telecommunication operators in a number of countries. Historically, the allocation of numbers has been seen primarily as a technical issue. Engineers at the Public Telecommunication Operators (PTOs) have had complete control over number allocation functions.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264062511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (166 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evolution des rémunérations du secteur public dans les pays de l'OCDE 1995
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Controlling public spending is a priority for OECD countries. Salary policy in the public sector is therefore of particular concern. This new annual report analyses recent trends in public sector pay in OECD countries. It examines the links between public expenditure and public sector compensation costs, and presents recent developments in pay determination systems in the public sector. It provides information on the level and the components of individual remuneration for a typical employee in ten selected occupations, and identifies various mechanisms implemented in countries to make individual pay more flexible. Every year, a chapter focusing on a specific experience in the public sector pay area will be added. This report should be of particular interest to public officials responsible for defining, implementing and monitoring pay policy in the public sector and to experts in pay determination systems, employment systems and industrial relations in the public and private sectors.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Governments often regulate prices for public utilities. As telecommunication services markets have been opened to competition, new ways had to be found to regulate prices of the former monopoly carriers.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264069664
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 109; Densité des liquides et des solides
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 109: Densité des liquides et des solides
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline lists methods for determining the density of liquids and solids, giving only a very succinct description of them. The density of a substance is the quotient of its mass and its volume and is expressed in kg/m3. Several methods are for liquid substance only: hydrometer, immersed body method (both are buoyancy methods) and oscillating densitometer. These methods are applicable to liquids with a dynamic viscosity below 5 Pa s for hydrometer and oscillating densitometer and below 20 Pa s for immersed body method. The method for solids only is the air comparison pycnometer. The volume of a sample of the solid is measured in air or in an inert gas in a calibrated cylinder of variable volume. After concluding the volume measurement, the sample is weighed. The methods for liquids and solids are the hydrostatic balance (a buoyancy method) and the pycnometer. The dynamic viscosity of liquids to be investigated should not exceed 5 Pa s for hydrostatic balance, and should not be above 500 Pa s for pycnometer.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 103; Point d'ébullition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 103: Point d'ébullition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the boiling point of test substances. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature (in K) at which the vapour pressure equals the standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa.The influence of impurities on the boiling point depends greatly upon the nature of the impurity. The methods described in this Test Guideline can be applied to liquid and low-melting substances, provided that they do not undergo chemical change below the boiling point. The methods are: the ebulliometer, the dynamic method, the distillation method, the method according to Siwoloboff, the photocell detection, the differential thermal analysis, the differential scanning calorimetry. The photocell detection and thermal analysis permit the determination of boiling as well as melting temperatures. The dynamic method has the advantage that it can also be applied to the determination of the vapour pressure.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un corps de cadres supérieurs de l'administration centrale : La mise en place d'un système de gestion pour la haute fonction publique dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Professional administrative leadership is regarded as crucial in all OECD countries for the quality and efficiency of the administration at large as well as for its corporate culture. This issue has been dealt with differently in different countries. Some countries, such as Germany, France or the United Kingdom have established long ago a set of traditions for the career of the entire higher civil service, with specific rules for appointments to top positions. Others have more recently created special career services for these positions, such as the Senior Executive Service in 1978 in the United States. It is common practice in most countries that individuals holding the very top positions are appointed centrally by the highest level of Government. They are managed more centrally than the totality of government agents and civil servants and sometimes according to regulations which are partly different from general civil service regulations. The notion of top managers as an elite of the civil service, or as a club to which membership is desirable or attractive, is used to some extent in western countries. By making a special effort as to the selection and management of top public managers, governments secure objectives of stabilisation, professionalism, attraction of the highest level of personnel as well as quality and cohesiveness in the decision-making.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264070929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 419; Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées; Étude à dose répétée sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 419: Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées: Étude à dose répétée sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is used in the assessment and evaluation of the toxic effects of organophosporus substances. Daily doses of the test substance are administered orally (preferably by gavage or administration of gelatin capsules) to domestic laying hens (aged 8 to 12 months) for 28 days. The animals are observed at least daily until 14 days after the last dose. Biochemical measurements are undertaken on hens randomly selected from each group after the last dose. Two weeks after the last dose, the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The treatment group should contain at least 12 hens. Generally, at least three treatment groups should be used. The highest dose level should be chosen with the aim of inducing toxic effects; thereafter a descending sequence of dose levels should be selected. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include weighing at least once a week, biochemistry (neuropathy target esterase, acetylcholinesterase) and, at least, and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity, and correlation of behavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects and any other observed effects in each of the treated and control groups.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264069527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 102; Point de fusion/Intervalle de fusion
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 102: Point de fusion/Intervalle de fusion
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guidelines describes several methods and devices to determine the temperature or temperature range of the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state or from the liquid to the solid state. The melting point is defined as the temperature at which the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state at atmospheric pressure takes place. It is considerably affected by impurities. The selection of a particular method depends mainly on the state of physical aggregation of the sample and on whether or not the substance can be pulverized easily, with difficulty, or not at all. The methods are: the capillary/liquid bath, the capillary/metal block, the Kofler hot bar, the melt microscope, the differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, the freezing temperature and the pour point.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264070905
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 418; Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées à la suite d'une exposiiton aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 418: Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées à la suite d'une exposiiton aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test substance is administered orally in a single dose to domestic hens. The animals are observed for 21 days, then the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The young adult domestic laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus), aged 8 to 12 months, is recommended. The single dosing with the test substance should normally be by the oral route using gavage, gelatine capsules, or a comparable method. The treatment group should contain, at least 12 hens, and the positive control group at least 6 hens. The objective of the preliminary study is to maximize the main study dose. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 2000 mg/kg body weight/day. The dose level of the main study should be high as possible taking into account the results of preliminary study and the maximum dose level (2000 mg/kg bw/d). The results of this study include measurements (weighing), biochemistry (neuropathy target esterase) and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity, and correlation of behavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects and any other observed effects in the treated and control groups.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264070967
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 421; Essai de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 421: Essai de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test substance is administered in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks. Females should be dosed throughout the study, so approximately 54 days. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It is recommended that each group be started with at least 10 animals of each sex. Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be used. Dose levels may be based on information from acute toxicity tests or on results from repeated dose studies. The test substance is administered orally and daily. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food/water consumption) and daily and detailed observations, preferably each day at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. Because of the short period of treatment of the male, the histopathology of the testis and epididymus must be considered along with the fertility data, when assessing male reproductive effects.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 115 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Mobile communication services, especially analogue cellular radio, have been one of the success stories of the last decade in the telecommunication industry.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Constitutions d'Europe centrale, orientale et balte
    Keywords: Governance ; Baltic States
    Abstract: In the Baltic States, the process of independence started after the elections in spring 1990 and was completed by August 1991. Fifty-one years after being forced to join the Soviet Union, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania each regained their independence and became once again part of the western community of nations. The USSR disappeared in late 1991 and from it sprung 12 new independent states.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264069626
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 107; Coefficient de partage (n-octanol/eau); méthode par agitation en flacon
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 107: Coefficient de partage (n-octanol/eau): méthode par agitation en flacon
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to determine experimentally Pow values in the range log Pow between -2 and 4 (occasionally up to 5). This method can not be used with surface-active materials. The partition coefficient is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of a dissolved substance in a two-phase system consisting of two largely immiscible solvents. The test should be done at a temperature in the range 20 to 25°C, kept constant at ± 1°. There are three runs with different volumes ratio of n-octanol to water. Duplicate vessels containing accurately measured amounts of the two solvents and stock solution are used in all three runs. After agitation the separation of the two phases, in general, is achieved by centrifugation. It is necessary to determine the concentrations of the test substance in both phases. Analytical methods which may be appropriate are: photometry, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The total quantity of substance present in both phases should be calculated and compared with the quantity originally introduced. A Pow value is calculated from the data of each run. The six log Pow values should fall within a range of ± 0.3 units.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 146 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.9
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report deals with the role and specific problems of SMEs in implementing information technologies (IT), and the possibilities for public policy to support SMEs in their efforts to modernise and adapt to technical change.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.16
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: At its Twenty-Fifth Session the OECD's Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy agreed to derestrict a statement on the Benefits of Telecommunication Infrastructure Competition.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264162099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This annual report, covering events in 1994, is a concise factual compendium of cross-country trade and trade-related developments. It chronicles intense activity in the world trading system: the historic signing of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round; preparations for the entry into force of the new World Trade Organisation; and a deepening trend towards regional economic integration, marked by developments in Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264166264
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Hongrie 1995
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Hongrie 1995
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069589
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 105; Solubilité dans l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 105: Solubilité dans l'eau
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the water solubility of test substances. The water solubility of a substance is the saturation mass concentration of the substance in water at a given temperature. This guideline addresses the determination of the solubility in water of essentially pure substances which are stable in water and not volatile. Before determining water solubility, it is useful to have some preliminary information on the substance, like structural formula, vapour pressure, dissociation constant and hydrolysis as a function of pH. The column elution method and the flask method which cover respectively solubilities below and above 10-2 g/l are described. The test is preferably run at 20 ± 0,5 °C. A simple preliminary test is allowed to determine approximately the appropriate amount of sample to be used in the final test, as well as the time necessary to achieve saturation.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264069787
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 115; Tension superficielle des solutions aqueuses
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 115: Tension superficielle des solutions aqueuses
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the surface tension (in N/m) of aqueous solutions. The methods are based on the measurement of the force which it is necessary to exert vertically on a stirrup or ring, in contact with the surface of the liquid, in order to separate it from the surface, or on a plate, with an edge in contact with the surface, in order to draw up the film that has formed.There are four different methods: the plate method, the stirrup method, the ring method and the OECD harmonized ring method. They are described in detail in the ISO Standard 304-1985. The methods described are applicable to aqueous solutions of most substances regardless of their degree of purity. The concentration should be 90% of the saturation solubility, but must below 1g/l. This shall therefore be carried out under a protective cover to avoid interference at 20°C approximately. The ring is immersed below the surface of the solution. Then the table top, where the measurement vessel is placed, is lowered gradually and evenly at a rate of approximately 0.5 cm/min to detach the ring from the surface until the maximum force is reached. The force is read on the tensiometer. After completing the first measurement, measurements are repeated until a constant surface tension value is reached.
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