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  • English  (17)
  • Russian
  • 2000-2004  (17)
  • 1980-1984
  • 2002  (17)
  • Internationale Energieagentur
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  • English  (17)
  • Russian
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  • 2000-2004  (17)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. The Czech Republic became the twenty-fifth member of the IEA in February 2001. In its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, the Czech Republic has thoroughly reformed its energy policies and regulatory framework and restructured its energy sector. The country established a new energy regulator in 2001 and adopted a schedule for opening its electricity and gas markets to competition. The effective introduction of competition, however, will depend on regulatory details still to be defined and the privatisation of the state energy companies that still dominate the internal market. The Czech Republic has only limited energy resources. Coal is still the leading fuel for power generation but its role is declining. This trend will accelerate with the commissioning of a second nuclear power plant, at Temelín. Oil and gas imports have been diversified and the Czech electricity grid has been connected to Western Europe. Emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Czech Republic have been reduced, but remain higher than average for IEA Europe. There is also room for improvement in energy efficiency, which would contribute to the country's environmental goals as well as enhance its economic competitiveness.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264191976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United States
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of US energy policies and programmes. It finds that US energy policy has an influence on energy policy throughout the world. The 2001 National Energy Policy is an important development. The US is taking unilateral action as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. This report urges consideration of legislation on carbon dioxide and adoption of policies allowing international trading in emissions. Strengthening fuel economy standards is an encouraging approach to energy use in transport. Different standards for cars and light trucks should be addressed as a priority. Policies to promote new sources of energy supply should be balanced by continuing effort to enhance efficient use of energy. Regional Transmission Operators are a sensible means of ensuring access to transmission and the functioning of a competitive wholesale market. The power crisis in California has slowed progress on market reform; confidence should be restored to reactivate reform and to create certainty for new investment. Harmonised electricity industry standards and regulations could help promote competition and encourage investment. Barriers to exploration for oil and gas need to be addressed. Drilling in new onshore and offshore areas, meeting acceptable environmental standards, is necessary or imports must rise. Refineries are operating at full capacity; pressure could be eased by reducing the range of products they are required to produce to meet regional standards. Coal use will remain important and could be environmentally sustainable with advanced clean coal technology. Re-licensing of existing nuclear plants, consistent with safety standards, could ensure nuclear power plays a continuing role, even if new plants remain uneconomic. The decision on the Yucca Mountain repository will be important for the future of nuclear power worldwide.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This survey, the first since 1995, describes the energy-security issues affecting Russian oil, gas, coal and nuclear power after decades of inadequate investment and maintenance.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264175976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Distributed generation of electric power OECD countries ; Electric power Economic aspects ; OECD countries ; Energy ; Energiepolitik ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Liberalisierung
    Abstract: Electric power in OECD countries is mostly produced by large central generating stations, then transmitted along high voltage lines to local distribution systems that carry it to final consumers. Distributed generation plants are different. They produce power on an electricity consumer’s own site or at the local distribution substation and can supply power directly to the customer or to the local distribution network. Distributed generation technologies include engines, small turbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems. Distributed generation technologies are already having a large impact, particularly for high- reliability applications, as a source of emergency capacity or as a way of deferring the expansion of a local network. In some markets, these plants are displacing more costly grid electricity. Globally, more capacity for distributed generation was ordered in 2000 than for nuclear power. This book provides a guide to energy policy makers on this growing phenomenon. It surveys the current situation and market status of distributed generation in selected OECD countries, including the impact of current energy policies.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264177451
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 388.41322
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Buses ; Urban transportation Planning ; Energy ; Transport ; Omnibusverkehr ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Cities around the world face enormous problems of transport sustainability. Rapidly increasing populations and vehicle usage have created gridlock and sprawl, even in very poor cities, as well as unacceptably high levels of air pollution, noise, and accident rates. But improvements can be made. This book explores how the provision of better bus services can bring concrete solutions. "Bus rapid transit" systems emerging in Latin America provide fast, reliable and efficient urban travel for large numbers of people. Express busways, employing high-capacity buses and new technologies such as GPS-based bus tracking systems, can conveniently and reliably move up to 10 times as many people along a route as can cars – and be profitable. This book shows how bus rapid transit differs from traditional bus systems and how it can be developed around the world. There is a detailed look at clean fuels and advanced technologies such as "clean diesel", CNG, hybrid-electric and fuel cells. Case studies are made of six cities and of the steps each might take to encourage more sustainable transport systems.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264196445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Electricity India ; Energy development India ; Power resources India ; Energy ; India ; Indien ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Energieversorgung
    Abstract: The quality of Indian electricity, which is still provided mainly by the electricity boards of the several federal states, has deteriorated sharply. This has seriously impeded the country's economic growth. India needs now to meet the growing demand for electricity from more than a billion citizens. Vast amounts of domestic and foreign investment will be required to reach this goal. India's electricity market is moving in the right direction, but the implementation of planned reforms must be accelerated. First necessary steps include improving the administration of public utilities, reducing electricity losses from pilfering and non-payment, bolstering the utilities' revenues, expanding transmission grids and offering private players more freedom of action. This book chronicles and analyses India's progress toward liberalisation since the early 1990s. It offers constructive advice on how to overcome the immense challenges facing the Indian electricity sector today.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264033917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.8/2311/094
    Keywords: Gas industry Europe ; Supply and demand ; Energy ; Erdgasversorgung ; Flexibilität
    Abstract: In most IEA Member countries, natural gas demand varies strongly during the year, according to temperature. Flexibility is needed to cover seasonal swings and variations in gas demand, especially for household customers. This book analyses how new flexibility tools and mechanisms are developing with market liberalisation and with the evolution of supply and demand trends. It highlights differences in flexibility requirements and provisions among IEA Member countries.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 comprehensive review of Korea's energy policies and programmes. This report comes at a time when Korea has become the 26th Member of the IEA and when the country’s energy policies are being substantially reformed, to mobilise investments and increase efficiency. The report brings information on all energy sectors (oil, gas, coal, nuclear, electricity, renewables) showing what role different energy sources could play in the context of a heavily dependency on external sources of energy. The report analyses the effect of efficiency measures to reduce the energy intensity of the Korean economy, still one of the highest of the IEA countries. A special attention is paid to the assessment of the energy policy reforms currently unfolding in Korea, in particular in the electricity and in the gas sectors. The report analyses in details the electricity reforms, the gradual emergence of an electricity market in Korea and their implications. KEPCO has now been restructured and its partial privatisation is a matter of time. The report shows how the government’s ambitious plans still require a number of measures for the market to achieve a satisfactory outcome, the role of nuclear remaining a source of uncertainty for future competition in the generation industry. Though less advanced, the reforms in the gas sector are progressing well. The report shows the main challenges which the government will need to resolve for the market to deliver its promises.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264175945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.27240954
    Keywords: Energy ; India ; Statistik 1975-2000 ; Indien ; Kohlenbergbau ; Lagerstätte ; Bergwerk ; Energiewirtschaft ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Indien ; Steinkohle ; Braunkohle ; Vorrat ; Produktion ; Indien ; Energieträger ; Kohle ; Transport ; Rohstoffpreis ; Rohstoffmarkt
    Abstract: Indian coal reserves are the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. India is the third largest coal producer in the world and the eighth largest importer. With annual production of 310 million tonnes and imports of almost 25 million tonnes, coal provides one-third of energy supply in India. The Indian government forecasts huge increases in electricity capacity based on coal. Massive increases in coal supply would be required if these plans are realised, although it is not clear if they are feasible. The principal objective of Indian coal policy should be to improve the financial performance of the industry by creating a freely competitive coal industry. A financially viable electricity industry will be necessary to support reforms in the coal industry. This report describes the Indian coal sector, and comments on government policies and the performance of India’s largely state-owned coal companies. There is a substantial need for reforms in India’s coal sector to improve efficiency and competitiveness.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264171022
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 363.738/74
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Klimaänderung ; Kohlendioxid ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: Mitigating climate change will require profound changes in world energy production and use. While the full effects of climate change are not likely to be felt for decades, the need for action is more immediate, for changes in greenhouse gas concentrations are almost irreversible. Solutions exist in the form of energy efficiency improvements, fuel switching to non-carbon sources, and carbon recovery and storage. But the long-term costs of mitigation and the precise extent and pace of climate damage remain uncertain. So policy-makers face the task of conceiving and implementing measures in a context of uncertainty – and global inequity -, and run the risk of taking either excessive or insufficient action. This volume details the options available in the energy sector to reduce climate change. It explores the type of international agreement that could cope with the uncertainty inherent in implementing a climate program at the national and international level. It identifies mechanisms to deal with both international equity and economic uncertainty, and addresses the fundamental question: how can we proceed beyond Kyoto?
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of the UK's energy policies and programmes. It finds that the UK energy sector has performed remarkably well during the 1990s. The gas and electricity markets opened up to competition. Real gas and electricity prices fell. Domestic natural gas replaced coal in the power industry, and carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution declined as a result. Increased oil and gas production on the UK continental shelf has contributed significantly to these developments. Central to the success of the energy sector however, was a readiness to adjust policies and regulatory measures when shortcomings became apparent. The last major adjustment was the introduction of the New Electricity Trading Rules in March 2001. These rules provided the decisive step towards a fully competitive power market. Thanks to energy market reform and the resulting "dash for gas" in power generation, the UK is likely to meet its 12.5% greenhouse gas reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol. But the country has a national target to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2010. Meeting this target will require extra efforts. In the gas market, capacity auctions at the St. Fergus entry point into the UK’s onshore pipeline system have fetched very high bid prices in recent years. This has revealed bottlenecks at the St. Fergus terminal and farther afield. But so far the high prices have not resulted in capacity expansion. The regulatory regime may have to be adjusted to give stronger incentives for new pipeline construction.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195790
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Turkey
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Turkey's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Turkey aspires to link the oil- and gas-rich Caspian area to Western markets. Several pipelines through Turkey are nearing completion. The projects could enhance diversity and security of supply in consuming countries. They could also relieve the environmental strain of heavy ship traffic through the Bosporus. Numerous attempts have been made to open Turkey’s energy markets to competition and to ensure that energy supply grows in step with population and demand. Turkey has made early and extensive use of build-own-operate and build-own-transfer schemes to promote investment in power-plant capacity. In the last two years, decisive progress has been made. The concept of privatisation was introduced into the Turkish constitution. Legislation was adopted in February 2001 to allow competition in the electricity market and to adapt Turkey’s legislation for European Union membership. A new Gas Market Law was adopted in May 2001, despite the macro-economic turmoil that Turkey has experienced since late 2000. These reforms must now be implemented. Turkey’s carbon emissions are growing rapidly. They will grow even faster if coal use quadrupled by 2020, as the government expects. Air pollution is also a significant problem. Turkey has not signed the United Nations’ Climate Convention. But the government aims to comply with the general provisions of the Convention and to exploit the country’s energy efficiency potential. These efforts should be reinforced.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Greece's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Greece produces little energy, almost all of it from lignite, which is the main source for electricity generation but which creates environmental problems. Energy consumption is growing rapidly making Greece increasingly dependent on imported energy, and electricity supply is expected to be tight over the next three or four years. A well-designed market reform is essential in both the electricity and gas sectors to attract private investment.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264033894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Denmark's energy policies and programmes. It finds that over the past four years, Danish energy policy has made good progress towards meeting its high standards of environmental protection while opening its gas and power industries to competition. The concurrent pursuit of economic efficiency, energy policy and environmental protection is an issue of prime importance in Denmark. The country has adopted both international and national greenhouse-gas emissions targets. A host of measures is in place to reach these targets, and to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The targets are within reach. But actually attaining them requires the continued application of a system of power plant carbon dioxide quotas. The Danish power market has been opened to competition beyond the requirements of the EU directive, but the scope for effective competition continues to be limited by priority dispatch for wind energy and combined heat and power plants. The gas market has been opened, but much less fully. The gas industry’s debt problem was addressed through industry restructuring, but this has led to a dominant position for the state-owned gas pipeline company DONG. The report recommends that foreign suppliers be encouraged to enter the market, in order to stimulate competition in electricity and gas markets. This report discusses the energy policies of Denmark based on a review visit in October 2001, before the recent general elections.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264174504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This book analyses the impact of electricity market reform on investment in the power industry. It considers the implications of more open and competitive markets for the security of electricity supply. Some of electricity’s uses are essential components of modern life. Security of electricity supply is an important policy objective in virtually all modern economies because of the limited possibilities for replacing electricity by other forms of energy. Adequate investment is the basic prerequisite for a secure supply of electricity. Despite the highly-publicized problems experienced in California, the international picture is reassuring. Large investment has taken place and OECD electricity markets are generally reliable. There are, however, major investment needs in some areas, particularly in the development of infrastructures for transmission, which remains for the most part a regulated activity. Through policies and regulations, governments continue to play a key role in determining investment and security standards in a liberalised market. Energy policies on fuel use, authorisation processes, regulatory risk, capacity mechanisms and price caps, among other instruments, play a large role in promoting adequate investment or hindering it.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the energy policies and programmes of Norway. It finds that oil and gas contribute about 40% of Norway’s exports, and up to 16% of GDP, depending on world oil prices. The government used production controls as a means of influencing prices in 1986, in 1998 and again in 2002. Important changes are occurring in the oil and gas sector. Statoil has been partially privatised, the State Direct Financial Interest in oil and gas developments has been restructured, and the Gas Negotiations Committee is to be abolished. Private marketing of gas should be a guiding principle in future marketing policy, and depletion policy generally should balance the goals of optimising recovery with ensuring competition. Growth in energy consumption has been limited by government policies, but consumption is rising with strong economic growth. A new agency has been established to promote energy efficiency and new renewables. Norway has the highest per capita electricity consumption in the world. New large-scale hydro is unlikely, and the future of gas-fired power is uncertain. New generating and transmission capacity may be necessary to avoid price instability or even failure of supply in a dry year. There are limited opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases in the energy sector in Norway because of the extensive use of hydro in electricity generation. The Kyoto flexible mechanisms are therefore particularly important. Decisions on developing new generating capacity will also be influenced by environmental policies.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264190726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Erdgasmarkt ; China ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: Driven by an increasing recognition of the many advantages of natural gas and by the need to diversify its coal-dominated energy supply, China’s natural gas industry is poised for rapid expansion. This study describes China’s gas market situation and examines the key issues facing its industry and policy makers. Drawing on the experiences and lessons from developed gas markets around the world and taking into account the specific circumstances of the Chinese gas market, it also offers a number of policy suggestions for the Chinese government to consider in its effort to boost the country’s natural gas industry.
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