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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Economic Mobility in Vietnam in the 1990s (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glewwe, Paul Economic Mobility in Vietnam in the 1990s
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Correlation ; Covariance ; Data ; Debt Markets ; Econometrics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Equations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Inequality ; Instrumental Variables ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Matrices ; Measurement ; Measurement Errors ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Probability ; Random Errors ; Reasoning ; Roads and Highways ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Correlation ; Covariance ; Data ; Debt Markets ; Econometrics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Equations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Inequality ; Instrumental Variables ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Matrices ; Measurement ; Measurement Errors ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Probability ; Random Errors ; Reasoning ; Roads and Highways ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Correlation ; Covariance ; Data ; Debt Markets ; Econometrics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Equations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Inequality ; Instrumental Variables ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Matrices ; Measurement ; Measurement Errors ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Probability ; Random Errors ; Reasoning ; Roads and Highways ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Transport
    Abstract: Vietnam's high economic growth in the 1990s led to sharp reductions in poverty, yet over the same time period inequality increased. This increased inequality may be less worrisome if Vietnamese households experience a high degree of income mobility over time. This is because high mobility implies that the long-run distribution of income is more equally distributed than the short-run distribution, since some individuals or households are poor in some years, while others are poor in other years. Glewwe and Nguyen examine economic mobility in Vietnam using recent household survey panel data. The problem of measurement error in the income variable, which exaggerates the degree of economic mobility, is directly addressed. Correcting for measurement error dramatically changes the results. At least one half of measured mobility is because of measurement error. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Paul Glewwe may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
    Keywords: 1958-2000 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Armut ; Teilstaat ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Indien ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There has been much debate about how much India's poor have shared in the economic growth unleashed by economic reforms in the 1990s. Datt and Ravallion argue that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, there is considerable diversity in performance across states. This holds some important clues for understanding why economic growth has not done more for India's poor. India's economic growth in the 1990s has not been occurring in the states where it would have the most impact on poverty nationally. If not for the sectoral and geographic imbalance of growth, the national rate of growth would have generated a rate of poverty reduction that was double India's historical trend rate. States with relatively low levels of initial rural development and human capital development were not well-suited to reduce poverty in response to economic growth. The study's results are consistent with the view that achieving higher aggregate economic growth is only one element of an effective strategy for poverty reduction in India. The sectoral and geographic composition of growth is also important, as is the need to redress existing inequalities in human resource development and between rural and urban areas. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand the relationship between economic growth and poverty. The authors may be contacted at gdattworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder : Accounting for Differences in Household Income Distributions across Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Leite develop a microeconometric method to account for differences across distributions of household income. Going beyond the determination of earnings in labor markets, they also estimate statistical models for occupational choice and for conditional distributions of education, fertility, and nonlabor incomes. The authors import combinations of estimated parameters from these models to simulate counterfactual income distributions. This allows them to decompose differences between functionals of two income distributions (such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares because of differences in the structure of labor market returns (price effects), differences in the occupational structure, and differences in the underlying distribution of assets (endowment effects). The authors apply the method to the differences between the Brazilian income distribution and those of Mexico and the United States, and find that most of Brazil's excess income inequality is due to underlying inequalities in the distribution of two key endowments: access to education and to sources of nonlabor income, mainly pensions. This paper is a product of the Research Advisory Staff. The authors may be contacted at fbourguignonworldbank.org, fferreira@econ.puc-rio.br or phil@econ.puc-rio.br
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Rich and Powerful? : Subjective Power and Welfare (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Rich and Powerful?
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower
    Abstract: Does "empowerment" come hand-in-hand with higher economic welfare? In theory, higher income is likely to raise both power and welfare, but heterogeneity in other characteristics and household formation can either strengthen or weaken the relationship. Survey data on Russian adults indicate that higher individual and household incomes raise both self-rated power and welfare. The individual income effect is primarily direct, rather than through higher household income. There are diminishing returns to income, though income inequality emerges as only a minor factor reducing either aggregate power or welfare. At given income, the identified covariates have strikingly similar effects on power and welfare. There are some notable differences between men and women in perceived power. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to explore broader measures of well-being. The authors may be contacted at mlokshinworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Financial Crises, Financial Dependence, and Industry Growth (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Klingebiel, Daniela Financial Crises, Financial Dependence, and Industry Growth
    Keywords: Adverse Consequences ; Adverse Effects ; Adverse Selection ; Bank Lending ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Research ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Consequences ; Adverse Effects ; Adverse Selection ; Bank Lending ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Research ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Consequences ; Adverse Effects ; Adverse Selection ; Bank Lending ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Research ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Laeven, Klingebiel, and Kroszner investigate the link between financial crises and industry growth. They analyze data from 19 industrial and developing countries that have experienced financial crises during the past 30 years to investigate how financial crises affect sectors dependent on external sources of finance. Specifically, the authors examine whether the impact of a financial crisis on externally dependent sectors varies with the depth of the financial system. They find that sectors highly dependent on external finance tend to experience a greater contraction of value added during a crisis in deeper financial systems than in countries with shallower financial systems. They hypothesize that the deepening of the financial system allows sectors dependent on external finance to obtain relatively more external funding in normal periods, so a crisis in such countries would have a disproportionately negative effect on externally dependent sectors. In contrast, since externally dependent firms tend to obtain relatively less external financing in shallower financial systems (and hence have relatively lower growth rates in such countries during normal times), a crisis in such countries has less of a disproportionately negative effect on the growth of externally dependent sectors. This paper—a product of the Financial Sector Strategy and Policy Department—is part of a larger effort in the department to study the link between financial development and economic growth. The authors may be contacted at llaevenworldbank.org, dklingebiel@worldbank.org, or randy.kroszner@gsb.uchicago.edu
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? : An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glewwe, Paul Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s?
    Keywords: Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators
    Abstract: January 2000 - Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction between 1992 and 1998 were striking, and the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. Households that have benefited most are well-educated, urban, white-collar households, while agricultural workers, ethnic minorities, and those residing in poorer regions have progressed least. Glewwe, Gragnolati, and Zaman assess the extent to which Vietnam's rapid economic growth in the 1990s was accompanied by reductions in poverty. They also investigate factors that contribute to certain households benefiting more than others. Using information from two household surveys, the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys (VNLSS) for 1992-93 and 1997-98, they show that Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction were striking during this period and that the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. After discussing descriptive statistics for both years, the authors examine factors contributing to poverty reduction using both simple decomposition analysis and a multinomial logit model. The results show that: · Returns to education increased significantly during this period, particularly for higher levels of education. · Location significantly affected a household's probability of escaping poverty during this period. Urban households enjoyed a greater reduction in poverty than did rural households, and households residing in the Red River Delta and the southeast were also better able to take advantage of new opportunities. · White-collar households benefited most, and agricultural laborers the least. However, Vietnam cannot afford to be complacent, as nearly half its rural population lives below the poverty line, poverty rates among ethnic minorities remain very high, and natural calamities are a serious impediment to poverty reduction. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the dynamics of poverty. The authors may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu, mgragnolati@worldbank.org, or hzaman@worldbank.org
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