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  • English  (1,532)
  • Japanese  (20)
  • Portuguese  (15)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (1,415)
  • Paris : OECD  (121)
  • Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.  (31)
  • Oxford : Oxford University Press
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (1,567)
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Language
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.89
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) staff are central to promoting young children’s development, learning and well-being. Novice staff, defined as staff with up to three years of experience, account for 27% of staff in TALIS Starting Strong 2018. Novice staff are generally less educated than experienced staff in terms of the level of educational attainment and education or training with a focus specifically on working with children. More novice staff than experienced staff report a strong need for additional professional development in several areas, including “classroom/playgroup/group management” and “working with parents or families”. Policy approaches to support novice staff in ECEC can include ensuring that initial education prepares novice staff for their jobs by providing relevant knowledge specifically on working with children, supporting novice staff to engage in ongoing professional development, and clarifying how novice staff can progress professionally.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264996526 , 9789264451674 , 9789264920927
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Budgetinzidenz ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Irland ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Governance
    Abstract: In many countries, public expenditure, including transfers, plays a major role in reducing income inequality. The report reviews the various ways that budgeting can be used to this end. A first includes taking a broad approach to results-based budgeting, taking social and distributional goals into consideration. A second relies on integrating distributional impact analysis directly into the budget process. The report discusses the concrete experience of eight OECD countries in this area, analysing how they are integrating distributional impact assessment in spending and budgeting decisions. Finally, it discusses the tools, frameworks and data that are needed to take distributional considerations into account as part of evidence-informed policy making.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264944329 , 9789264653399 , 9789264507401
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Repenser l'évaluation de la performance des systèmes de santé : Un cadre renouvelé
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Performance-Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Health systems are under intense pressure to adapt to evolving needs and megatrends driven by population ageing, digitalisation, and climate change. They also need to be better prepared to withstand sudden, large-scale shocks such as pandemics, financial crises, natural disasters, or cyberattacks. This shifting policy context and emerging challenges called for a revision in how OECD countries assess health system performance, to help ensure that health systems meet people’s health needs and preferences while providing quality healthcare for all. This document presents the OECD’s renewed health system performance assessment framework. It incorporates new performance dimensions, notably people-centredness, resilience, and environmental sustainability, and places increased emphasis on addressing inequalities, including those related to gender. This framework expands on existing OECD efforts in these domains and integrates the most recent advancements in health system performance assessment. By offering common definitions and fostering a shared understanding among policy makers, stakeholders and organisations, the updated framework will enhance international collaboration. Furthermore, it lays the foundation for developing future indicators, facilitating data collection, policy analysis, and the integration of knowledge.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.20
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Parental emotional support, alongside material and temporal support, is an important determinant of children's subjective well-being and academic success. However, not all children benefit from the same level of parental support, and there are major differences depending on families' socio-economic status and child gender. Using the PISA 2018 surveys, this paper examines differences in parental support reported by 15-year-olds both within countries according to social status and between girls and boys, and between countries. We show that differences in parental emotional support by parents' education level and child gender are substantial. Some of these differences are (largely) explained by other characteristics such as family wealth, country of origin, and school urbanicity and private/public status. Greater parental emotional support is also found to be associated with higher PISA test scores and greater subjective wellbeing, with little variation by parental education. On the whole, our findings suggest that a significant enhancement in parental support and related child outcomes, especially in countries with lower average levels of parental emotional support, can be attained through a combined effort on several fronts: by addressing monetary and material poverty within families, by facilitating parents in balancing work and taking care of their children, by promoting greater parental involvement in their children's school life, and by offering appropriate services to assist families with special needs and facing greater challenges.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Feuer ; Klimawandel ; Brandschutz ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The frequency and severity of extreme wildfires are on the rise in the United States, causing unprecedented disruption and increasingly challenging the country’s capacity to contain losses and damages. These challenges are set to keep growing in the context of climate change, highlighting the need to scale up wildfire prevention and climate change adaptation. This paper provides an overview of the United States’ wildfire policies and practices and assesses the extent to which wildfire management in the country is evolving to adapt to growing wildfire risk under climate change.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264867604 , 9789264579644 , 9789264438736
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (261 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; EU-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cancer causes almost a quarter of all deaths in the EU27, Norway and Iceland, with five new cancer cases diagnosed every minute in 2022. Assessing and improving cancer care from prevention to treatment is essential for promoting longer, healthier lives. This report addresses the latest trends in cancer incidence and mortality in the EU and reviews key cancer risk factors, cancer screening programmes and early diagnoses, and issues in the provision of high-quality cancer care. Country performance, cross-cutting challenges and new developments are examined with a particular focus on disparities by regions, socio-economic status and gender. The report provides policy makers with fiscal, regulatory and health systems organisation tools, as well as examples of initiatives that can be undertaken in primary care, workplaces, and schools to better control cancer and counter inequalities.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264913097 , 9789264394872 , 9789264379046
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (207 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gesundheitsfinanzierung ; Gesundheitskosten ; Gesundheitswesen ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Finding sufficient funds to pay for more resilient health systems is challenging in the current economic context. COVID-19 has shown the need for additional targeted spending on public health interventions, the digital transformation of health systems, and bolstering the health workforce. Rising incomes, technological innovation and changing demographics put further upward pressure on health spending. This could result in health spending reaching 11.8% of GDP across OECD counties by 2040. This publication explores the policy options to finance more resilient health systems whilst maintaining fiscal sustainability. It finds that the scale of the additional health financing needs requires ambitious and transformative policy changes. Robust actions to encourage healthier populations and policies to reduce ineffective spending can put future health expenditure on a far gentler upward trajectory. These would enable spending to reach a more sustainable 10.6% of GDP in 2040. Better budgetary governance is critical. It improves how public funds for health are determined, executed and evaluated. Therefore, a focus of this report is on how good budgeting practices can increase the efficiency of current public spending, and also enable more ambitious policy changes in the medium to longer-term. Findings of this report are targeted at health and finance policy makers, with improved dialogue between health and finance ministries especially important when governments are operating in a constrained fiscal setting.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264362321
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Portugal: Country Health Profile 2023
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Portugal
    Abstract: Este perfil providencia uma visão geral e concisa, centrada nas políticas, sobre o estado da saúde e o sistema de saúde portugueses, fazendo parte da série mais alargada de perfis de saúde nacionais da iniciativa “O Estado de Saúde na UE”. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sucinta que engloba os seguintes aspectos fundamentais: o estado atual da saúde em Portugal; os determinantes da saúde, em particular os factores de risco comportamentais; a organização do sistema de saúde português; e uma avaliação da eficácia, acessibilidade e resiliência do sistema de saúde. Adicionalmente, a edição de 2023 apresenta uma secção temática sobre o estado da saúde mental e serviços associados em Portugal. Este perfil resulta da colaboração entre a OCDE e o Observatório Europeu dos Sistemas e Políticas de Saúde, em cooperação com a Comissão Europeia.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264825420 , 9789264577473 , 9789264378490
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Rückwanderung ; Familie ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Return migration has emerged as a critical policy concern for both destination and origin countries. While policy attention in destination countries has been focused on assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programs, particularly for migrants with expulsion orders, these efforts represent only a fraction of broader return movements. This report, based on a project carried out by the OECD with support from the German Corporation for International Co-operation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH – GIZ), commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development, analyses the scope and characteristics of different categories of return migration. The report draws on three workshops, held in Tunis, Rabat and Brussels, that discussed return migration in different contexts. It examines the multiple factors that influence migrants' decisions to return to their countries of origin and their reintegration at home, including the role of family and community. The report emphasises the pre-existing structures and networks of returning migrants in origin countries and their role in supporting different types of return migrants. The report also looks at potential re-migration.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.10
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Gesundheitswesen ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence will have profound impacts across health systems, transforming health care, public health, and research. Responsible AI can accelerate efforts toward health systems being more resilient, sustainable, equitable, and person-centred. This paper provides an overview of the background and current state of artificial intelligence in health, perspectives on opportunities, risks, and barriers to success. The paper proposes several areas to be explored for policy makers to advance the future of responsible AI in health that is adaptable to change, respects individuals, champions equity, and achieves better health outcomes for all. The areas to be explored relate to trust, capacity building, evaluation, and collaboration. This recognises that the primary forces that are needed to unlock the value from artificial intelligence are people-based and not technical. The OECD is ready to support efforts for co-operative learning and collective action to advance the use of responsible AI in health.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264343115 , 9789264396784 , 9789264782051
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Sparen ; Privater Haushalt ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication presents guidance for the compilation of distributional results on household income, consumption and saving consistent with national accounts totals. These results are a key input for evidence-based policies targeting inequality and fostering inclusive growth, providing insights into key dimensions of material well-being across household groups. The results complement existing inequality measures by including elements that are often lacking from micro statistics and by providing inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, broadening the scope for analyses, while also capturing households and transactions that are typically underrepresented in micro data. Moreover, while the estimates do require a number of statistical choices and assumptions, they have a high degree of international comparability because of the common methodology and their alignment to national accounts results. The handbook provides an overview of the conceptual framework underlying the distributional results and discusses various aspects in relation to the compilation and presentation of the distributional results. It aims to assist compilers in deriving high-quality distributional results and to provide users with more insights into the main benefits of these results as well as into the way that the results have been derived.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.290
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This document serves both as a conceptual and practical guide for defining and classifying AI, in order to help stakeholders analyse and understand its impact on the workplace. It first discusses how AI can be defined and provides a selection of AI use cases to help stakeholders identify AI and distinguish it from other advanced technologies. The document then provides a framework for classifying AI according to its impact on the workplace, consisting of a set of questions intended to help stakeholders evaluate any AI application from a workplace perspective (either a priori or ex post) and to promote informed discussion so that AI is implemented in a way that empowers and complements workers and improves job quality, and that no one is left behind.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.151
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Ensuring affordable access to novel medicines has been identified as a policy priority among OECD and EU countries, yet systematic monitoring of the various dimensions of access is lacking. Previous efforts to measure access have focused primarily on one or at most two of these dimensions, such as availability and affordability, but a more holistic picture is needed. The OECD undertook a pilot study in EU Member States that aimed to determine the utility and feasibility of routine, cross-national monitoring of access to medicines across multiple dimensions. The work included a desk review to define the dimensions of access and associated indicators, followed by an OECD survey to explore the feasibility of collecting and analysing the relevant data for a convenience sample of 15 recently authorised product/indication pairs. This working paper presents key learnings from the desk review and country survey to which 21 EU Member States responded, with a focus on exploring the utility and feasibility of the processes of monitoring and measurement.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264625662 , 9789264960930 , 9789264830875
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (475 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Keywords: Gesundheitspolitik ; Resilienz ; Gesundheitswesen ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic had massive consequences for societies and health systems across the OECD and beyond. Health systems were not resilient enough. Resilient health systems plan and are ready for shocks, such as pandemics, economic crises or the effects of climate change. They are able to minimise the negative consequences of crises, recover as quickly as possible, and adapt to become better performing and more prepared. Smart, targeted investments in health system resilience are needed to improve health and ensure the next shock is less disruptive and costly. This report reviews the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic and applies them to build policy recommendations to ensure the global community is ready for the next crisis. The reviews and recommendations cover health system issues – including workforce, digitalisation, continuity of care and mental health – and other topics, including long-term care, supply chains and international co-operation.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264915206 , 9789264775220 , 9789264469853
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (123 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Making Integration Work
    Keywords: Migranten ; Soziale Integration ; Migrationspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD series Making Integration Work summarises, in a non-technical way, the main issues surrounding the integration of immigrants and their children into their host countries. Each book presents concrete policy lessons for its theme, along with supporting examples of good practices and comparisons of the migrant integration policy frameworks in different OECD countries. This sixth volume presents a set of considerations for policy makers in designing introduction measures for newly-arrived immigrants and includes a mapping of national practices.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264811577
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perfiles nacionales de cáncer: España 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Spanien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Spain as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264640443
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Landprofil om kreft: Norge 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Norwegen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Norway as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.288
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Austria ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Ireland ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: New OECD surveys of employers and workers in the manufacturing and finance sectors of seven countries shed new light on the impact that Artificial Intelligence has on the workplace —an under-researched area to date due to lack of data. The findings suggest that both workers and their employers are generally very positive about the impact of AI on performance and working conditions. However, there are also concerns, including about job loss—an issue that should be closely monitored. The surveys also indicate that, while many workers trust their employers when it comes to the implementation of AI in the workplace, more can be done to improve trust. In particular, the surveys show that both training and worker consultation are associated with better outcomes for workers.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.11
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the work of the Expert Group on the Joint Distribution of Income, Consumption and Wealth at Micro Level (EG ICW) set up by Eurostat and the OECD. It discusses the challenges of producing joint income, consumption and wealth estimates, assesses their quality, and presents selected experimental results. Although the analysis reveals large differences between countries, a number of general patterns emerge. First, income, consumption and wealth are partially correlated, with the association being stronger in the tails of the joint distribution than around its middle. Second, risk of poverty goes beyond income, with asset and consumption risk of poverty being widespread, especially among some population groups. Third, a large share of households spend more than they earn. This is corroborated by negative median saving rates for households in the bottom income quintile. Fourth, inequalities are significantly higher when using a comprehensive measure of material living standards than a distributional analysis of disposable income would suggest. Looking ahead, this paper calls for further efforts to improve the robustness of the results.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe ウクライナ難民のスキルと初期の労働市場の成果について
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Ukrainer ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Even though much uncertainty remains regarding the length of stay of Ukrainian refugees in host countries, continued fighting has dimmed prospects of an early return and the issue of labour market integration is becoming increasingly pertinent. Finding gainful employment commensurate with refugees’ educational and professional qualifications supports new arrivals in becoming self-sufficient and boosts the local economy. It also enables them to use and possibly further enhance their skills, which is crucial for the future recovery of Ukraine. This policy response outlines the existing evidence on the socio-economic profiles and labour market integration of Ukrainian refugees in OECD countries as well as relevant policies to further support labour market integration. Findings suggest that the labour market inclusion of Ukrainian refugees has been faster compared to other refugee groups. That said, much of the early employment uptake by Ukrainian refugees has been concentrated in low-skilled jobs, thus skills mismatches are widespread.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264843240
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Länderprofile Krebs: Deutschland 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Germany as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264543119
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Syöpäprofiilit: Suomi 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finland ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Finland as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264865228
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profils sur le cancer par pays : France 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Frankreich ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in France as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.152
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Schwellenländer ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted that access to timely health spending data is crucial for informed policy-making. This Health Working Paper summarises and compares the methodologies applied in around half of OECD countries to estimate public and private health spending for the most recent year (i.e., t-1) as well as the approaches taken by the OECD Secretariat to fill existing data gaps for the remaining OECD countries. For the first time, the paper also explores the feasibility of nowcasting health spending for the current year (i.e., t) and examines data sources that could be potentially useful in such an exercise. While this review should help OECD countries that do not yet have experience in estimating health spending for year t-1 to improve the timeliness in their data reporting, the paper also analyses the applicability of the methods in low- and middle-income countries.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.285
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of existing data and research on the gendered dimension of teleworking, to foster efficient data collection and evidence-based monitoring of the phenomenon in the future. Analysing existing data on work from home, teleworking, teleworkability and preferences for work from home highlights the need for a consistently defined teleworking concept to be used across sources. A literature review of existing results finds mixed effects of teleworking on work-life balance inequalities, on the gender wage gap, and on gender disparities in career progression. Prevailing gender norms are likely to mediate the effect of teleworking on all three outcomes and should be a focus of future research.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264321991 , 9789264539303 , 9789264496996
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (243 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Keywords: Altenhilfe ; Pflegeheim ; Häusliche Pflege ; Seniorenpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: With more chronic conditions and an ageing population, a growing share of the population will need end-of-life care, reaching close to 10 million people by 2050. While end-of-life care services help improve quality of life through relieving pain and other symptoms, currently, there are substantial gaps in the provision of services. More than half of deaths still occur in hospital across OECD countries, despite home generally being the preferred place of death, because of lack of appropriate services and poor care co-ordination. There are marked inequalities in access with people from higher education twice as likely to receive end-of-life care services than those with low education. Planning, recording of wishes and shared decision-making fall short of what is desirable, with only one-quarter of wishes being recorded in the form of advance directives. People at the end of life do not always receive appropriate symptom relief, while others suffer from overtreatment. This report suggests avenues to improve care for the dying by enhancing measurement and monitoring of quality and rethinking funding and governance models of care. End-of-life care could also be improved by increasing knowledge among health care staff across different care settings, and making communication around the topic more person-centred.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264642478
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Landenprofiel voor Kanker: Nederland 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Niederlande ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in the Netherlands as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264658714 , 9789264806764 , 9789264682603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Inklusives Wachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Japan ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Japan
    Abstract: The report Measuring Progress towards Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Japan is the outcome of a collaboration with the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry which aims to monitor progress in key areas crucial to realising the Japanese government’s vision for a “New Form of Capitalism”. Building on the OECD Framework for Policy Action on Inclusive Growth, the report includes a set of key indicators to support measures for the government to deliver on its vision as well as inform on best practices in other major advanced economies. A central message is that creating the equality of opportunity in Japan requires a balanced approach of taking both efficiency and equity concerns into account. The report presents the main dynamics for policy consideration to strengthen sustainability of the Japanese growth model, with due attention paid to specific issues that matter for different groups of Japanese population. Underpinned by rigorous statistical analysis at a sufficiently disaggregated level, the report helps to better understand some of the main drivers of well-being and economic success in Japan.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264775305 , 9789264639324 , 9789264732629
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Panorama da Saúde: América Latina e Caribe 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This second edition of Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean, prepared jointly by OECD and the World Bank, presents a set of key indicators of health status, determinants of health, healthcare resources and utilisation, healthcare expenditure and financing, quality of care, health workforce, and ageing across 33 Latin America and the Caribbean countries. Each of the indicators is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries, and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicators and any limitations in data comparability. This edition of Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean also provides thematic analyses on two key topics for building more resilient health in the LAC region: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LAC healthcare systems, and climate change and health.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.58
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Despite the fundamental importance of childhood, countries tend to invest much less in this area than in old age. Effective child well-being policies can bring high long-term returns on early life investments and public interventions. However, these benefits are not fully understood and thus do not always receive the necessary political attention in public policy making. Mobilising evidence to support effective policies for child well-being is crucial, especially as responsibilities for such policies tend to be fragmented across government departments and levels of government. Therefore, organisations such as knowledge brokers, which help ensure that evidence is shared with those responsible for designing and implementing public policies, have a critical role to play in improving the effectiveness of child well-being policies and practices. They can help make evidence accessible, trustworthy, and understandable, so that it has the greatest impact on policy. This working paper sheds light on the best practices identified for mobilising evidence to enhance the effectiveness of child well-being policies, based on a stocktaking of 81 knowledge broker organisations across 24 countries, complemented by a qualitative survey carried out among senior experts operating at national and international level.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.216
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Compromised kidney function is associated with an array of environmental contaminants and chemicals, including heavy metals, certain organic solvents, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as food and waterborne pathogens. Many of these hazards are subject to regulation, or may be considered for regulation, in order to reduce exposures and prevent human health risks. However, valuation estimates for kidney effects that can be used in cost-benefit analyses are few, particularly willingness-to-pay estimates. In particular, there appears to be no willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimate available for reduced risk of chronic kidney disease and therefore no estimate for the Value of a Statistical Case (VSC) of chronic kidney disease. This paper is part of the series of large scale willingness to pay (WTP) studies resulting from the Surveys to elicit Willingness to pay to Avoid Chemicals related negative Health Effects (SWACHE) project that intends to improve the basis for doing cost benefit analyses of chemicals management options and environmental policies in general. The paper details a stated preference survey estimating WTP to reduce the risk of symptomatic chronic kidney disease, termed serious kidney disease in the survey instrument, filling an important gap in the valuation literature and addressing a need for applied benefits analysis for chemicals regulation. The SWACHE serious kidney impairment survey was fielded in 10 countries: Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.219
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Exposure to chemicals has been shown to reduce IQ in children. In turn, a person’s IQ is likely to affect their educational achievements, which may then affect lifetime earnings, more generally, a person’s quality of life. At the same time, authorities face challenges in regulating chemical substances through actions such as bans and prohibitions, because of the difficulty in explicitly considering the economic benefits and costs of such regulations. Moreover, economic studies that show the value of reducing IQ loss caused by chemical exposure are not yet available. This paper is part of the series of large scale willingness to pay (WTP) studies resulting from the Surveys to elicit Willingness to pay to Avoid Chemicals related negative Health Effects (SWACHE) project that intends to improve the basis for doing cost benefit analyses of chemicals management options and environmental policies in general. The present paper details a stated preference survey estimating WTP to avoid IQ loss, filling an important gap in the valuation literature and addressing a need for applied benefits analysis for chemicals regulation. The SWACHE IQ loss survey was fielded in 11 countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Korea, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264920347 , 9789264857650 , 9789264868526
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Protecting people, rather than specific jobs, plays a key role in promoting labour-market inclusiveness and dynamism. Effective unemployment benefits reduce inequality, and raise productivity by facilitating a good match between workers’ skills and job requirements. They are a crucial policy lever for adapting to the major societal, technological and environmental transitions of our time. This report is the first of a number of OECD country reviews of income support policies. Each report analyses key policy challenges, discusses recent reform initiatives, and identifies good practices from other OECD countries. This report on Korea focuses on avenues for strengthening benefit coverage, income security and re-employment in the context of a “dual” labour market with large parts of the workforce in short-duration, non-standard or informal employment. It welcomes Korea’s recent reforms towards more accessible jobseeker support, and points to priorities for additional policy action to make income and employment support more effective and inclusive.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264916494 , 9789264725058 , 9789264673311
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gleichberechtigung ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Kolumbien ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Colombia
    Abstract: In recent decades, Colombia has pursued a strategy to encourage gender equality as an important enabler of inclusive growth and national well-being and to promote gender mainstreaming through institutions, policies and tools. This report assesses four main pillars of Colombia’s governance for gender equality, analysing strengths and identifying areas for further improvement. It examines strategic planning for gender equality policy, a whole-of-government approach to promoting gender equality policy, using government tools to achieve gender equality objectives, and an inclusive and gender-sensitive emergency preparedness framework. The report also provides examples of different approaches in OECD Member and Partner countries to closing gender equality gaps. Based on this analysis, the report proposes solutions to help Colombia strengthen gender mainstreaming and gender-sensitive policy making to promote sustainable, inclusive economic growth.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.215
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: While fertility decline is a global phenomenon that has many causes, part of it can be explained by exposure to substances linked to reproductive toxicity that are produced and lead to human exposure through the environment and products. Authorities face challenges in regulating reprotoxic substances through actions such as bans and prohibitions, because of the difficulty in explicitly considering the economic benefits and costs of such regulations. Moreover, economic studies that show the value of reducing infertility caused by chemical exposure are not yet available. This paper is part of the series of large scale willingness to pay (WTP) studies resulting from the Surveys to elicit Willingness to pay to Avoid Chemicals related negative Health Effects (SWACHE) project that intends to improve the basis for doing cost benefit analyses of chemicals management options and environmental policies in general. The present paper details a stated preference survey estimating WTP to reduce the risk of infertility, filling an important gap in the valuation literature and addressing a need for applied benefits analysis for chemicals regulation. The SWACHE infertility survey was fielded in 10 countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.293
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Karriereplanung ; Erwerbsverlauf ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper documents the development and piloting of the OECD Skills Profiling Tool. The OECD Skills Profiling Tool assesses three types of skills: occupation-specific skills; foundational skills (literacy, numeracy and digital skills); and a set of noncognitive skills using academically validated self-reported tests. After completion of the assessment, the OECD Skills Profiling Tool generates two sets of results: a personalised skill profile, which can be benchmarked against other users; and a list of suggested occupations that make use of those skills. In December 2021, 270 users and 38 career guidance counsellors in Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru tested the OECD Skills Profiling Tool. This paper describes the selection of assessment instruments, the methodology used to generate the results provided by the OECD Skills Profiling Tool and the outcomes of the piloting phase of the tool.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264377974
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbsverlauf ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Personalmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment
    Abstract: The world of work is getting older in advanced and an increasing number of emerging economies. Two powerful and persistent trends, longer lifespans and lower birth rates, all but guarantee that midcareer and older workers will make up an even larger portion of the future workforce, with profound implications for our economies, businesses and workers. Are societies adapting quickly enough to cope with ageing at an unprecedented scale? What are some of the key structural barriers, the embedded attitudes and behaviours, that stand in the way of helping midcareer and older workers stay employed longer? What steps can we take to support them as we transition to a more digital and sustainable economy, and make sure that age is no longer a barrier to work? In search of answers, the OECD and Generation, a global employment nonprofit network, teamed up to develop new research based on a survey of thousands of employed and unemployed people, and hiring managers in eight countries: the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Romania, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The evidence presented in this report aims to foster a more inclusive and resilient labour market for workers at all stages of their careers.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.349
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Development ; Indonesia ; Malawi ; Peru ; South Africa
    Abstract: Using panel data for Indonesia, Malawi, Peru and South Africa, this paper investigates the relationship between transitions to formal employment and workers' labour income. It shows that transiting from informal to formal employment increases the probability of improving workers' labour income in both absolute and relative terms. However, income gains from formalisation do not accrue to all workers equally. Switching to formal employment has the greatest potential to improve the labour income of the richest workers. The chances of improving the labour income of the poorest workers through formalisation are slim. Transitions between formal and informal employment affect income gains and losses differently for men and women, older and younger workers, and workers with different levels of schooling. The effects of labour market transitions on income changes are considerably greater in magnitude than other life events such as a births, separation, or death of a partner or spouse.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.47
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: This paper provides a factual baseline of the extent to which refugees and internally displaced persons are included in development planning, specifically in the national development plans and sector plans of low- and middle-income countries; in the international development co-operation strategies of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and participants; and in the UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Frameworks of the UN development system at country level. It contributes to measuring progress towards commitments – under the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and the UN Action Agenda on Internal Displacement – to treat forced displacement also as a development issue. Finally, it formulates policy recommendations to further improve the inclusion of the forcibly displaced in development planning.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.18
    Keywords: Inflationsrate ; Verteilungswirkung ; Verbraucherpreisindex ; Preisindex ; Inflation ; EU-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Inflation indices – such as the national Consumer Price Indices (CPI) and the EU Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP) – measure price changes for the overall economy, which may not reflect the inflation experience of an individual household or group of households. This paper contributes to previous studies of the distributive impact of recent high inflation in EU Member States. Producing more granular and recent results, this paper finds a substantial rise in effective inflation dispersion across households and confirms that lower-income households continue to experience higher inflation. This inflation gap remains even after energy prices have eased and when controlling for other household characteristics. Results also show that the distributive impact of inflation on household groups has varied over time, as changes in relative prices across the inflationary period have influenced the extent of the impact of inflation across population groups. Finally, differences in effective inflation rates have cumulated over time, particularly for households with lower-income and headed by people aged 60 years or more and with lower levels of education.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.160
    Keywords: E-Health ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Electronic Health Records (eHR) represent a significant digital transformation in the healthcare sector. A 2021 OECD survey of 27 countries revealed a growing adoption of eHRs. However, system fragmentation remains a concern: only 15 countries have a nationally unified system. Twenty-four countries have adopted a minimum data set for standardized core health information. While patient access to eHRs has notably increased since 2016, obstacles such as provider resistance, technical barriers, and legal hurdles continue to exist. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the pivotal role of eHRs, particularly in vaccine tracking and post-market surveillance, highlighting the pressing need for international cooperation to maximize the benefits of eHRs in healthcare. Furthermore, as eHRs integrate with artificial intelligence, new governance challenges arise.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.297
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper quantifies changes in employment and the demand for skills in the European Union following the implementation of Fit for 55 policies. Between 2019 and 2030, the economy is projected to grow by 1.3% in the Fit for 55 scenario (3% in a Baseline scenario without the Fit for 55 policies). Employment growth is projected to be lower in the Fit for 55 than the Baseline scenario. Employment in the Fit for 55 scenario is projected to decrease by 3% for blue collar and farm workers (2% in the Baseline) and increase by 4 5% for other occupations (5-6% in the Baseline). The most demanded skills following the implementation of Fit for 55 will be those related to inter personal communication and the use of digital technologies, whereas the demand for skills related to the use of traditional tools and technologies is projected to decline. Anticipating changes in employment and the demand for skills as well as the socio-demographic profile of those most affected can facilitate the design of upskilling and reskilling efforts and promote the reallocation of workers across sectors and occupations.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.154
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This is the second in a series of three reports that explore how science was mobilised in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on science for policy – research agenda setting, scientific advice and public communication and engagement. The report includes recommendations and options for policy action to improve the resilience of national science systems and their capacity to cooperate internationally in response to crises. The context in each country is different, as illustrated by the many case studies included in the report, and so the priority attached to these recommendations and the specific details of how they might be implemented will vary. They are provided as an overall framework for science policymakers and other actors, including research funders and research providers, to consider.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.296
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment
    Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) extensions on jobseeker households in selected US states and examines how these extensions compare to the pre-pandemic policies. The analysis finds that PUA extensions increase benefit duration for all jobseekers, but due to interactions between other government benefits, this translates to significant increases in benefit generosity only for jobseekers without children. This has an impact on the financial incentives to take up employment, although incentives are still above the OECD average. PUA extensions have little impact for people who have been unemployed for a very long time, and jobseekers with no recent contribution history. PUA extensions also have minimal impact on jobless families with children who continue to receive less support compared to other OECD countries.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264765085 , 9789264918832 , 9789264808416
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Verbraucherpreisindex ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Risiko ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Prices of essentials like energy and food have increased dramatically in OECD countries, adding uncertainty to household finances despite a persistently strong labour market post COVID-19. The latest edition of the OECD Risks that Matter (RTM) survey confirms that costs of living are at the top of people's minds even in the world's wealthiest countries: around nine in ten respondents, on average, report feeling concerned about inflation. Drawing on a representative sample of 27 000 respondents across 27 OECD countries, RTM illustrates respondents' perceived economic risks, levels of satisfaction with current social policies, and preferences for future government action on social protection. People are calling on governments to help with the cost-of-living crisis, to spend more on health post COVID-19, and to reinforce support for older people, including in long-term care. Based on a comprehensive cross-national survey of perceptions of social protection, this report offers lessons for the functioning of social programmes as countries emerge from COVID-19, manage the cost-of-living crisis, and plan for future challenges.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264824065 , 9789264713796 , 9789264532922
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (204 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Social Institutions and Gender Index
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Norm ; Gleichberechtigung ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Environment
    Abstract: What are the root causes of gender inequality? Building on the fifth edition of the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), the SIGI 2023 Global Report provides a global outlook of discriminatory social institutions, the fundamental causes of gender inequality. It reveals how formal and informal laws, social norms and practices limit women's and girls' rights and opportunities in all aspects of their lives. Globally, 40% of them continue to live in countries where gender-based discrimination is assessed as high or very high. The report stresses how discriminatory social institutions curtail women's and adolescents' fundamental access to sexual and reproductive health and rights. It also sheds light on the gendered impacts of climate change and underlines how women can play a pivotal role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. To accelerate efforts aimed at achieving SDG 5 and eliminating the underlying and structural factors that hamper women's empowerment, the report offers concrete policy actions. It calls for a gender-transformative approach to leverage crises and challenges into windows of opportunity to establish women and men as agents of change.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.52
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: This paper provides novel evidence on the regional impact of immigration on native employment in a cross-country framework based on rich European Labour Force Surveys and past censuses data for 2010-2019. The paper finds a modest average impact of the rise in the share of immigrants across European regions on the employment-to-population rate of natives, but highly uneven effects over time and across workers and regions. The short-run estimates show adverse employment effects in response to immigration that nevertheless disappear in the longer run. High-school or less educated native workers experience employment losses due to immigration, whereas higher educated workers are more likely to experience employment gains. Moreover, the presence of institutions providing strict employment protection and high coverage of collective wage agreements exert a protective effect on native employment. Finally, the paper finds that regions experiencing strong growth can absorb immigrant workers, resulting in little or no effect on the native workforce, including in the short-run.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264377479 , 9789264713352 , 9789264961371
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promouvoir les talents à Bruxelles, Belgique
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitskräfte ; Brüssel (Region) ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: The Brussels-Capital Region has witnessed significant improvements in its labour market over the past decade. Local job creation has been driven by ample opportunities for highly-skilled workers whom the Brussels-Capital Region attracts from its surrounding regions, the European Union, and beyond. However, not all of the region's population has seen their labour market prospects improve equally. Many workers with lower levels of education continue to compete for a small number of vacancies, despite the increasingly tightening labour market. A future vision for the Brussels-Capital Region, therefore, needs to be built on recognising and addressing the multiple and often distinct challenges faced by its young and diverse population. In a labour market that offers high rewards for skills formation, tailoring continuous education and training offerings to different groups while removing barriers to participation in such programmes will need to take priority. Simplifying processes for accessing employment services, streamlining labour market policies, supporting the geographic mobility of less-educated jobseekers, and removing barriers to employment for its migrant population could serve as building blocks to increase labour force participation and improve the employment quality of all local talent.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264339149 , 9789264330764 , 9789264813779
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (176 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Soziale Integration ; Sozialpolitik ; Spanien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Spain
    Abstract: Spain has a high share of the working age population at risk of poverty or social exclusion and a high incidence of child poverty. While Spain has introduced a minimum income at the national level, social inclusion policies are the responsibility of the regions. At present, the coverage of the minimum income remains low and there are many differences in the design and implementation of social inclusion policies across regions, especially as a number of regions do not develop social inclusion strategies. There is also a lack of a multidimensional approach to social inclusion. This report develops options for new inclusion models that address current challenges and help formulate a coherent inclusion strategy. It also sets out a blueprint for developing a monitoring and evaluation framework. The recommendations aim to increase the effectiveness of minimum income policies and strengthen the co-ordination between social services, employment, health and housing.
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.301
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Two out of five OECD countries contract out some of the job brokerage and counselling functions of publicly financed employment services using outcome-based payment models. This paper examines several important aspects related to the design and implementation of such outsourcing. First, innovative payment models can improve incentives for external providers to offer training and more effective services for hard-to-place clients. Second, providing forward guidance to providers and accounting for contingencies can mitigate their risks, e.g. of being underpaid relative to expenses incurred, thus lowering service costs. Third, letting individuals choose a provider can result in services that are better tailored and foster ongoing competition between providers. Finally, automating data exchange can, somewhat paradoxically, improve data privacy and data protection while enabling new payment models. These and related findings are discussed with country examples based on desk research and interviews with stakeholders in several OECD countries. The paper builds on work conducted in the project “Reforming the Swedish Public Employment Service”, which was carried out with funding from the European Union via the Technical Support Instrument and was implemented by the OECD in cooperation with the European Commission's Directorate-General for Structural Reform Support.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.304
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Education systems around the world are increasingly recognising that social and emotional skills (SES) are essential for students and societies. This paper contributes to the Innovative approaches to measuring social and emotional skills project, which aims to complement self-report measures of SES with more direct assessments. It addresses criticisms of the OECD framework for SES used by the OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills and discusses the use of the Big Five model as an underlying structure for organising SES. The paper then examines the teachability of SES through a comprehensive literature review. In addition, it reviews the evidence for the relationship between different SES and key life outcomes. The paper also seeks to reconcile divergent conceptual understandings in the literature by providing a clear definition of SES and highlighting discrepancies in skill definitions. The conclusions of the paper identify gaps in current research, highlight teachable skills with notable predictive value SES relevant for educators and policy makers, and support the development of direct SES assessments.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.350
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: This paper exploits the information available in the OECD Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIBIH) to shed light on several elements that could help inform national strategies for the extension of social protection to workers in the informal economy. It provides an assessment of current social protection coverage of informal workers throughout a large sample of developing and emerging economies and proposes a statistical framework to examine country-specific data, upon which a strategy for extending social protection to informal workers could be articulated. While the paper does not intend to provide detailed country-level recommendations, it highlights a number of important findings and policy directions as regards the way to extend non-contributory and contributory schemes to informal workers.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intégration des réfugiés ukrainiens : une double approche
    Keywords: Economics ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: As the displacement of Ukrainians in OECD countries is prolonged, additional integration support in host countries is needed for optimal outcomes, yet the nature and scope of support needed may not align with the usual integration practices as many refugees are expected to want to return to home when the situation permits. Considering the conflicting needs, adopting a dual intent approach could prepare for both indefinite stay as well as for possible return of refugees by deliberatively seeking to minimise possible return barriers.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264984684
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Portugal: Perfil de Saúde do País 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Portugal ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Portugal
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Portugal, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Portugal; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Portuguese healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Portugal. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264700949
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Belgique : Profils de santé par pays 2023
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe België: Landenprofiel Gezondheid 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Belgien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Belgium, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Belgium; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Belgian healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Belgium. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264905979
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Ελλάδα: Προφίλ Υγείας 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Griechenland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Greece
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Greece, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Greece; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Greek healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Greece. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264853775
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation
    Abstract: Citizenship and residency by investment (CBI/RBI) programmes are government-administered programmes that grant citizenship or residency to foreign investors by expediting or bypassing normal migration processes. These programmes can help spur economic growth through foreign direct investment, but they are also attractive to criminals and corrupt officials seeking to evade justice and launder the proceeds of crime reaching into the billions of dollars. This report highlights how CBI programmes can allow criminals more global mobility and help them hide their identity and criminal activities behind shell companies in other jurisdictions. It highlights the vulnerabilities of these complex and international investment migration programmes, including the frequent use of intermediaries, involvement of multiple government agencies, abuse by professional enablers and lack of proper governance of the CBI/RBI programmes. The report proposes measures and examples of good practice, that can help policy makers and those responsible for managing the investment migration programmes address these risks. These include an in-depth analysis and understanding of how criminals can exploit CBI or RBI programmes and incorporating risk mitigation measures, such as multi-layer due diligence, in the design of the investment migration programme.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264828261
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Malta ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Malta
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Malta, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Malta; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Maltese healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Malta. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264662056
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Lietuva: Šalies sveikatos profilis 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Litauen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Lithuania, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Lithuania; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Lithuanian healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Lithuania. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264898615
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Deutschland: Ländergesundheitsprofil 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Germany, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Germany; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the German healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Germany. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264681293 , 9789264519350 , 9789264805323
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Un équilibre précaire ? Instabilité des revenus et insécurité économique en Europe (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Over the past few decades, economies and technologies have changed in ways that have made people’s economic prospects more insecure. While non-standard work and digital transformation have created opportunities for many, they have also exposed individuals to fluctuations in their incomes, known as "income instability", as have major recent shocks. Recognising that individuals’ jobs and circumstances can change multiple times in a year, this report uses novel techniques to identify who is most exposed to income instability in European OECD countries and examines the effects it has on their lives, social mobility, and inequality. Income instability can be difficult to manage for individuals who lack the financial resources to smooth their incomes. In this report, people facing the twin problems of exposure and vulnerability to income instability are considered to be economically insecure. Economic insecurity falls predominantly on people with weak attachments to the labour force and on those who are not well-placed to leverage the benefits of digitalisation. People at risk of economic insecurity are more likely to worry about losing their jobs in the future than economically secure individuals and, as shown in other research, experience poor health, food insecurity, and poor childhood development outcomes, which can impede social mobility. Finally, the report reviews a range of policies to improve the timeliness of social protection to better support people with highly unstable incomes and explores options to help those most at risk of economic insecurity build financial buffers.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264810877
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe España: Perfil Sanitario del País 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Spanien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Spain, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Spain; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the Spanish healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Spain. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; New Zealand ; Singapore ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted on line.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264570740
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profils sur le cancer par pays : Luxembourg 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Luxemburg ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Luxembourg ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Luxembourg as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264397477
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profil držav o stanju na področju raka: Slovenija 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Slowenien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Slovenia ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Slovenia as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.154
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Innovative providers’ payment models represent an important policy lever that could be used to promote value-based health systems. By bundling services across the continuum of care or to target acute events or chronic conditions, innovative payment models set financial incentives for providers to increase efficiency in service delivery, improve health outcomes and enhance patient experience with care. This paper offers insights on value-based payment models, a type of innovative payment model implemented in several OECD countries and reviews the publicly available evidence on the impact of those payment models on value. Innovative payment models tend to be exceptional and small-scale compared to activity-based payment models and have been extensively piloted in the United States while implementation and evaluation in other countries is limited. The publicly available empirical evidence points to modest efficiency and quality gains from value-based payment models. Impact on healthcare spending, outcomes and patient experience varies across programmes. Given the significant variation in the key features of value-based payment models and the context-specific issues they address, those models do not offer a one-size-fits-all solution. This paper outlines several intervention points that policy makers need to consider when designing and implementing value-based payment models to maximise their positive outcome.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.153
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Ethnische Gruppe ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The COVID 19 pandemic has disproportionately hit some vulnerable population groups. Those living in deprived areas, migrant population, and ethnic minorities are at higher risk of catching and dying from the virus than other groups, and they also face significant indirect health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic - both mental health impacts and disruption of routine care. The working paper gathers evidence on the direct and indirect health impacts of the COVID-19 on the poor population and the ethnic minorities. It reviews factors underlying these inequalities, and maps policy interventions adopted by OECD countries to help address the disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable population groups.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What we know about the skills and early labour market outcomes of refugees from Ukraine
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: ロシアの対ウクライナ侵略戦争の結果、2022年11月中旬までに、ウクライナを出国した約470万人が欧州連合(EU)に難民として一時保護登録された。成人のほとんどは女性で、他の難民グループやウクライナの一般人口と比較して、平均より高い学歴を有している。 これらの難民の職歴について現在得られる情報は限られているが、それによると彼らの大多数は戦争が始まった時点で仕事を持っていた。その中には、無視できない数の医療・教育分野の就労者がいた。 ウクライナ難民の労働市場への受け入れは、他の難民グループと比較して早い。欧州のOECD加盟国のうち数カ国では、生産年齢のウクライナ難民で就労している人の割合がすでに40%を超えている(オランダ、リトアニア、エストニア、英国など)。短期雇用や非正規雇用を考慮すると、他の国々、特にポーランドとチェコでも同様の割合になるとみられる。他の国々では、その割合は低いものの上昇している。 ウクライナ人の労働市場への参入は比較的早かったが、彼らの現在の雇用状況の少なくとも一部には、彼らの実際のスキルよりも、彼らが利用できるネットワークが反映されている。早期に就職できた仕事の多くが低技能の仕事に集中しているため、技能のミスマッチが蔓延している。また、ウクライナ難民の場合、育児を理由にパートタイム雇用で働く人の方が多い。 正規の資格水準が高いと、技能の移転可能性や外国の資格の評価という問題が生じる。いくつかの国々は、支援活動の改善や情報提供などにより認定制度を強化している。各国は、特に医療分野において、認定手続きの合理化や特定の職業要件の撤廃により、規制された職業に就きやすくしている。
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’avenir de la télémédecine après le COVID-19
    Keywords: E-Health ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The use of telemedicine, or remote clinical consultations, was limited in most OECD countries before the COVID-19 pandemic, held back by regulatory barriers and hesitancy from patients and providers. In early 2020, as COVID-19 massively disrupted in-person care, governments moved quickly to promote the use of telemedicine. The number of teleconsultations skyrocketed, playing a vital role in maintaining access to care, but only partly offsetting reductions in in-person care. This brief describes how governments scaled up remote care during the pandemic and explores the impact that this massive shift to remote care has had on health care system performance.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264835733
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Krajowe profile dotyczące nowotworów: Polska 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Polen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Poland as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264864450
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Προφίλ χωρών για τον καρκίνο: Ελλάδα 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Griechenland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Greece ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Greece as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264320130
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Valstu vēža profili: Latvija 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Lettland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Latvia ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Latvia as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264410305 , 9789264923379 , 9789264573864
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Sportpolitik ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; EU-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report calls on policy makers to step up the policy response to increase physical activity. Being physically active is one of the most important things people can do to improve their physical and mental health. It helps prevent a range of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and improves mental health and cognitive functioning, among other benefits. Nevertheless, too many Europeans are physically inactive. One in three European adults do not meet the WHO physical activity guidelines, and almost half never exercise or play sport. The report describes patterns and trends of insufficient physical activity in Europe. It reviews the detrimental impact that current physical inactivity levels have on population health and health expenditure. The report provides policy makers with options to address insufficient physical activity, drawing on case studies from across Europe.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264825833
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (337 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agir ensemble pour l'égalité des genres (version abrégée) : Quelles priorités ?
    Keywords: Gleichstellungspolitik ; Gleichberechtigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD countries continue to face persistent gender inequalities in social and economic life. Young women often reach higher levels of education than young men, but remain under-represented in fields with the most lucrative careers. Women spend more time on unpaid work, face a strong motherhood penalty, encounter barriers to entrepreneurship and fare worse in labour markets overall. They are also under-represented in politics and leadership positions in public employment. These elements permeate many policy areas and economic sectors - from international trade and development assistance to energy and the environment - in which policy often lacks a strong gender focus. Violence against women, the most abhorrent manifestation of gender inequality, remains a global crisis. This publication analyses developments and policies for gender equality, such as gender mainstreaming and budgeting, reforms to increase fathers' involvement in parental leave and childcare, pay transparency initiatives to tackle gender pay gaps, and systems to address gender-based violence. It extends the perspective on gender equality to include foreign direct investment, nuclear energy and transport. Advancing gender equality is not just a moral imperative; in times of rapidly ageing populations, low fertility and multiple crises, it will strengthen future gender-equal economic growth and social cohesion
    Description / Table of Contents: Women at work in OECD countries -- The labour market integration challenges of Ukrainian refugee women -- Global goals in gender equality -- Improving policy implementation to end gender-based violence -- Foreword -- Gender gaps in Vocational Education and Training (VET) and adult learning -- Governance tools and evidence to promote inclusive decision making -- Gender equality in public leadership -- Gender balance in the nuclear sector -- Mainstreaming gender equality -- Tax systems and gender -- Gender differences in financial literacy and resilience -- Supporting equal parenting: Paid parental leave -- Addressing gender disparities in access to finance for business creation -- Gender gaps in entrepreneurship remain -- Gender differences in career expectations and feminisation of the teaching profession -- Women entrepreneurs and international trade -- Ensuring the availability, quality and affordability of childcare -- The gender wage gap and the role of firms -- Gender diversity in energy -- The gender gap in school engagement and retention -- Harnessing foreign direct investment for gender equality -- Gender mainstreaming in environmental policies -- Assessing gender equality in transport policies -- Pay transparency to close the gender wage gap -- Participation and performance of girls and boys in education -- Women and the social economy -- Executive summary -- Gender gaps in asset-backed pension arrangements -- Gender diversity on boards and in senior management -- Systems and legal frameworks to address gender-based violence -- Legal frameworks, institutional design and strategic planning for gender mainstreaming -- The potential of digitalisation for women's economic empowerment in MENA countries -- Improving gender equality in public employment -- Teleworking through a gender lens.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Insights on Well-being, Inclusion and Equal Opportunity no.9
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Increasingly more emphasis is placed on damages and risks that people, companies and governments face in the way they affect their well-being as well as material conditions or financial fundamentals. There is, however, still quite a bit of heterogeneity in how countries and companies frame and implement their endeavours, sometimes with no harmonised or unified goals as well as a lack of consistent metrics for assessing their impacts on the environment and society. Common semantics on just transition concepts and a solid understanding of just transition activities by governments and businesses would help assess the scale of the problem. This Policy Insights provides a glimpse at some of the positive practices to encourage others to make the shift and provide a benchmark against which future action could be measured.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264591424 , 9789264431911 , 9789264648630
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Fertilität ; Familienpolitik ; Familie-Beruf ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Norwegen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway
    Abstract: Like other Nordic countries Norway has been investing heavily in family policy to enable combining work and family life. Nevertheless, between 2009 and 2022 the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Norway dropped from 2 children to 1.4 children per woman. What is happening, and why? Can Norwegian parents still reconcile work and family commitments? What role do demographic trends play for the future of the Norwegian society? Should we worry? These are some of the questions that this study addresses. It illustrates various aspects of fertility trends, as well as changes in the Norwegian labour market as well as in Norway’s comprehensive system of public family support. The study also looks at social attitudes and how these might be affecting family formation and fertility trends. The final chapter projects demographic, economic, fiscal and social outcomes under different fertility trend scenarios.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264502406 , 9789264470699 , 9789264325319
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Jugendliche ; Junge Erwachsene ; Behindertenhilfe ; Jugendpolitik ; Straffälligenhilfe ; Litauen ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Despite strong economic performance and significant governance reforms over the past few decades, Lithuania has a higher share of its population at-risk-of poverty than other EU countries (21.4% in 2020 compared to an EU average of 16.3%), with some people more at risk than others, particularly people with multiple and complex needs in vulnerable situations who tend to rely more on public services. The provision of personalised services is fundamental to addressing the needs of people in vulnerable situations and to improving their well-being. This report is part of a joint project between the OECD and the European Commission to develop a more integrated approach to personalised services for people with disabilities, young people leaving care, and people leaving prison in Lithuania and to increase the involvement of non-governmental organisations in the design and delivery of those services. The report provides an analysis and assessment of the governance arrangements and NGO involvement in Lithuanian public service provision, the associated operating models and information technology (IT) infrastructure of employment and social services; and service design and delivery methods for the three groups. Finally, the report proposes recommendations to deliver effective, well-integrated public services to people in vulnerable situations in Lithuania.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264772106
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (256 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Working Together for Integration
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Qualifikation ; Migranten ; Kinder ; Flandern ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium
    Abstract: Flanders experienced large inflows of immigrants over the past decade, coming from an increasingly diverse range of countries, with growth rates outpacing the Netherlands, France and Germany, as well as Belgium as a whole. While integration outcomes have improved in recent years, some of the core indicators remain unfavourable in international comparison, especially for non-EU immigrant women, refugees, and youth with migrant parents. Against this backdrop, Flanders has developed a comprehensive integration policy. This review, the fourth in the series Working Together for Integration, provides an in-depth analysis of the Flemish integration system, highlighting its strengths, weaknesses, and potential areas for improvement. Earlier reviews in this series looked at integration in Sweden (2016), Finland (2018) and Norway (2022).
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264709447 , 9789264705579 , 9789264320383
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (95 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitswesen ; Estland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Estonia
    Abstract: The Health System Performance Assessment (HSPA) framework for Estonia acts as a tool for stakeholders and policy makers to guide health reforms in an evidence-based and targeted manner. This report outlines the Estonian HSPA framework and documents its development through a highly inclusive and consultative process. It also reports on indicators that were selected to populate the first Estonian HSPA report, their selection criteria and core methodologies, and describes the HSPA governance structure, implementation plan, and HSPA capacity building. The report provides a guideline to embed the HSPA in Estonian governance processes in a sustainable manner. Implementing the HSPA will improve systematised public reporting on the health system performance in Estonia, thus increasing transparency and accountability of stakeholders and public awareness and involvement in the health system policy making.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264622173 , 9789264626126 , 9789264859616
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States
    Abstract: Protecting people, rather than specific jobs, plays a key role in promoting labour-market inclusiveness and dynamism. Effective unemployment benefits reduce inequality, and facilitate a good match between workers’ skills and job requirements. They are a crucial policy lever for adapting to the major societal, technological and environmental transitions of our time. This report on the United States is the second of a number of OECD country reviews of income support policies. Each report analyses key policy challenges, discusses recent reform initiatives, and identifies good practices from other OECD countries. The report examines the reach and generosity of unemployment insurance and other income support for working age households, with a special focus on disadvantaged labour market groups. What are key gaps in benefit receipt between wage- and salaried employees and non-standard workers (part-time workers, those on temporary contracts, and self-employed workers including own-account workers)? What factors, including race/ethnicity and gender, drive non-entitlement to unemployment compensation? The report examines these questions, considers the impact of recent extensions to the unemployment insurance programme in response to the COVID pandemic, and outlines policy directions for strengthening out-of-work support.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.292
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper introduces the Employer Module of the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), a new OECD survey designed to measure the imbalance between the supply of and demand for the skills needed in the workplace (skill gaps), and how this relates to companies’ business strategy and hiring, training and human resource practices. The document first describes the added value of collecting such data, and the different streams of economic research it can contribute to. It then shows how the Module can complement worker-level information on skill imbalances collected in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills. Lastly, it presents the key technical features of the survey, including the questionnaire’s conceptual development, the units of observation and coverage, the mode of administration, and the requirements for data cleaning and validation.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Croatia ; Cyprus ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Netherlands ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the demand for language skills using data on online job vacancies in 27 European Union member countries and the United Kingdom in 2021. Evidence indicates that although Europe remains a linguistically diverse labour market, knowing English confers unique advantages in certain occupations. Across countries included in the analyses, a knowledge of English was explicitly required in 22% of all vacancies and English was the sixth most required skill overall. A knowledge of German, Spanish, French and Mandarin Chinese was explicitly demanded in between 1% and 2% of all vacancies. One in two positions advertised on line for managers or professionals required some knowledge of English, on average across European Union member countries and across OECD countries in the sample. This compares with only one in ten positions for skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers and among elementary occupations.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (106 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.218
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Asthma is a non-communicable and non-curable lung disease that is associated with an array of environmental contaminants and chemicals. Many of these hazards are subject to regulation, or may be considered for regulation, in order to reduce exposures and prevent human health risks. However, the available information on willingness-to-pay (WTP) to avoid asthma or reduce its severity is scarce, incomplete and does not provide estimates compatible with welfare economic theory that can be used in cost-benefit analysis. This paper is part of the series of large scale willingness to pay (WTP) studies resulting from the Surveys to elicit Willingness to pay to Avoid Chemicals related negative Health Effects (SWACHE) project that intends to improve the basis for doing cost-benefit analyses of chemicals management options and environmental policies in general. The present paper offers values suitable for use in cost-benefit analyses of the WTP for reduced severity of asthma attacks in adults and children and in reduced probability of getting asthma for these two population groups, all in the context of reducing chemical exposures, and covering populations in seven OECD countries: Canada, Czech Republic, France, Poland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The context for such WTP elicitations was a set of household products that contain fewer hazardous chemicals than what is currently available in supermarkets but are more expensive.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.217
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: There is ample evidence that exposure to various chemicals can increase the probability of children to be born with low or very low birth weight. Infants born with very low birth weight have a higher risk of suffering from neurosensory problems, issues related to behavioural and social competencies, and learning disabilities than infants born with normal birth weight. Authorities face challenges in regulating chemical substances through actions such as bans and prohibitions, because of the difficulty in explicitly considering the economic benefits and costs of such regulations. Moreover, existing Values of a Statistical Case (VSC) of very low birth weight are rare and cannot be directly applied to the cost benefit analysis of chemical management options for a wide range of countries. This paper is part of the series of large scale willingness to pay (WTP) studies resulting from the Surveys to elicit Willingness to pay to Avoid Chemicals related negative Health Effects (SWACHE) project that intends to improve the basis for doing cost benefit analyses of chemicals management options and environmental policies in general. The present paper details a stated preference survey estimating WTP to reduce the risk of very low birth weight, filling an important gap in the valuation literature and addressing a need for applied benefits analysis for chemicals regulation. The SWACHE very low birth weight survey was fielded in 9 countries: Canada, the Czech Republic, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Türkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264617742 , 9789264654457 , 9789264860988
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Feuer ; Brandschutz ; Klimawandel ; Welt ; Feuer ; Brandschutz ; Klimawandel ; Welt ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Australia ; Costa Rica ; Greece ; Portugal ; United States
    Abstract: This report provides a global assessment and outlook on wildfire risk in the context of climate change. It discusses the drivers behind the growing incidence of extreme wildfires and the attribution effect of climate change. It outlines the environmental, social and economic impacts of wildfires by illustrating the losses and costs observed during recent extreme wildfire events. Building on this, the report presents the findings of a cross-country comparative analysis of how countries’ policies and practices have evolved in recent years in light of observed and projected changes in wildfire risk. The analysis draws on in-depth case studies conducted in Australia, Costa Rica, Greece, Portugal and the United States. The report underlines the urgent need for governments to scale up climate change adaptation efforts to limit future wildfire costs.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/08
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Governments at all levels are looking for new and innovative ways to include individuals in vulnerable situations such as youth, migrants, persons with disabilities and families facing multiple challenges, in the labour market and in society more generally. This paper explores integration of employment services with other services (e.g. social, health and housing) at the local level as one promising way for governments to provide more effective support that is holistic and person-centred and be more efficient in public spending. The paper analyses different forms of local service integration, the possible benefits, and the particular roles subnational governments can play in service integration reforms – ranging from national public employment service-led reforms to more locally driven reforms. The paper also analyses the barriers to service integration and proposes future work to strengthen local service integration.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.46
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: This paper shows that climate-related forced displacement is insufficiently addressed in two fundamental commitments made towards the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) between 2015 and 2023: National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It describes the important role NAPs and NDCs play in prioritising the tackling of certain aspects of climate change adaptation, identifies gaps on forced displacement, and proposes ways of adding it among their policy objectives, and of mobilising finance to reach them.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.1
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Regulierung ; Politik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) creates new content in response to prompts, offering transformative potential across multiple sectors such as education, entertainment, healthcare and scientific research. However, these technologies also pose critical societal and policy challenges that policy makers must confront: potential shifts in labour markets, copyright uncertainties, and risk associated with the perpetuation of societal biases and the potential for misuse in the creation of disinformation and manipulated content. Consequences could extend to the spreading of mis- and disinformation, perpetuation of discrimination, distortion of public discourse and markets, and the incitement of violence. Governments recognise the transformative impact of generative AI and are actively working to address these challenges. This paper aims to inform these policy considerations and support decision makers in addressing them.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264873568 , 9789264347915 , 9789264941090
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (382 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Keywords: Antibiotika ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitskosten ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; EWR-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the ability of microbes to resist antimicrobials – remains an alarming global health threat. This is despite the efforts made by OECD and EU/EEA countries to curtail it. Unless additional effective interventions are scaled up quickly, AMR rates are forecasted to increase in the next three decades across OECD and EU/EEA countries, with costs exceeding the healthcare expenditure on the COVID-19 pandemic. Using microsimulation and machine-learning techniques, this report analyses critical policy levers to inform the next generation of AMR initiatives. It shows that tackling the detrimental health and economic impact of AMR requires embracing a One Health framework – a collaborative, trans-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach that promotes close co-operation and collaboration across human health, animal health, agrifood systems and the environment. This report identifies 11 One Health "best buys" that, if implemented systematically, would improve population health, reduce health expenditure and generate positive returns for the economy.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.3
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Regulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: In 2019, the OECD Council adopted the Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence (the "OECD AI Principles"). These include five values-based principles and five recommendations for OECD countries and adhering partner economies to promote responsible and trustworthy AI policies. This report takes stock of initiatives launched by countries worldwide to implement the OECD AI Principles which were reported to the OECD.AI Policy Observatory as of May 2023. It provides an overview of national AI strategies, including their oversight and monitoring bodies, expert advisory groups, as well as their monitoring and evaluation frameworks. It also discusses the various regulatory approaches that countries are adopting to ensure AI trustworthiness, such as ethics frameworks, AI-specific regulations, and regulatory sandboxes. Additionally, the report offers policy examples for each of the ten OECD AI Principles to facilitate cross-learning among policymakers.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.295
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Abstract: This study sets out a conceptual framework to analyse the impact of climate change and greenhouse gases mitigation efforts on the labour market, migration flows and people's health, as well as the most important policy levers that can cushion potential negative impacts and maximise opportunities from the climate transition.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264863330 , 9789264462922 , 9789264870161
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Depressive Störung ; Gesundheit ; Lebensqualität ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Good mental health is a vital part of people's well-being. This report uses the OECD Well-being Framework to systematically review how people's economic, social, relational, civic and environmental experiences shape and are, in turn, shaped by their mental health. Based on this evidence, examples of co-benefits, or policy interventions that can jointly improve both mental health and other well-being outcomes, are identified for a range of government departments. Implementing and sustaining such co-benefits requires resources, incentives and working arrangements that enable all relevant stakeholders to contribute to tackling the upstream determinants of mental health. Selected mental health initiatives across OECD countries are reviewed to illustrate how policy makers have been realigning action across government agencies; redesigning policy formulation to address the joint factors influencing mental health; refocusing efforts towards the promotion of positive mental health; and reconnecting with societal stakeholders beyond government, including those with lived experience, youth, civil society and research institutions. How to Make Societies Thrive? Coordinating Approaches to Promote Well-being and Mental Health is the second of two reports as part of a broader OECD project on mental health and well-being.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.298
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Spain
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain, which increased the minimum wage by 22% and directly concerned 7% of dependent employees. The assessment is based on an individual-level analysis that follows the outcomes of workers that were employed in the year before the reform over time. Among directly affected workers, the hike in the minimum wage increased full-time equivalent monthly earnings by on average 5.8% and reduced employment by -0.6%. The wage effects are stronger for workers on open-ended contracts, while the employment effects are stronger for workers on fixed-term contracts.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.37
    Keywords: Feuer ; Klimawandel ; Katastrophenschutz ; Portugal ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Portugal
    Abstract: The frequency and severity of extreme wildfires are on the rise in Portugal, causing unprecedented disruption and increasingly challenging the country's capacity to contain losses and damages. These challenges are set to keep growing in the context of climate change, highlighting the need to scale up wildfire prevention and climate change adaptation. This paper provides an overview of Portugal's wildfire policies and practices and assesses the extent to which wildfire management in the country is evolving to adapt to growing wildfire risk under climate change.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.45
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Employment ; Governance
    Abstract: This study provides an in-depth examination of the fiscal and governance decentralisation of long-term care (LTC) across OECD countries, offering projections of future fiscal burdens of LTC spending across levels of government. With rapid population ageing and a decrease in the supply of informal care, LTC spending has increased significantly. The paper introduces a novel methodology to estimate LTC expenditures across different government levels, including central and subnational governments. By analysing country cases, it explores the responsibilities assigned to each government level and the implications for service delivery and intergovernmental coordination. The study also discusses the overall anticipated increase of LTC expenditure to 2.3% of GDP by 2040, identifying the most impacted countries. This research contributes to our understanding of LTC systems, highlights the challenges of increasing LTC costs and provides insights for optimising governance and fiscal expenditure.
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.16
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Good policy making for child well-being calls for government ministries, agencies and other service providers to better collaborate and focus on a small number of key child well-being issues. "Integrated policy making for child well-being: Common approaches and challenges ahead" takes stock of OECD countries' recent initiatives to strengthen the integration of child well-being policies. It documents OECD countries' experiences of implementing integrated policy plans for child well-being and child-specific policy tools, specifically child indicator sets, child impact assessments and child budgeting. It lays out the challenges facing countries as they work to push the child well-being policy agenda forward and discusses what countries can do to become more effective. Pursuing efforts to strengthen the integration of child well-being policies is costly. Accordingly, it's important for countries to proactively consider the arising challenges and to look at options to overcome or avoid altogether the common pitfalls.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264930285 , 9789264875289 , 9789264520080
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (143 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Kupferbergbau ; Lithium ; Bergbau ; Regionalentwicklung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Chile ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Chile
    Abstract: Antofagasta is a world leader in copper and lithium production, with strategic importance for the global energy transition and for the economic development of Chile. Located in north Chile, Antofagasta is carved by the natural contours of the Atacama Desert and home to diverse Indigenous communities. Despite the wealth brought by mining, communities in Antofagasta lag on a number of well-being dimensions. At the same time, Antofagasta's mining industry is entering a new phase of development, driven by the expected surge in global demand for its minerals and the imperative to adapt to the green and digital transitions. Against this backdrop, a new development vision with a long-term strategy is warranted in the region to leverage mining benefits to improve well-being standards and take advantage of the opportunities brought by the digital and green transition in mining. This study presents the diagnosis, rationale and building blocks for a new mining strategy in the region of Antofagasta, Chile that prioritises well-being standards and opportunities for local communities. This medium and long-term strategy aims to create a new pact amongst different societal stakeholders to build trust and unite efforts for more inclusive and sustainable growth in the region.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.5
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD AI Principles call for AI actors to be accountable for the proper functioning of their AI systems in accordance with their role, context, and ability to act. Likewise, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises aim to minimise adverse impacts that may be associated with an enterprise’s operations, products and services. To develop ‘trustworthy’ and ‘responsible’ AI systems, there is a need to identify and manage AI risks. As calls for the development of accountability mechanisms and risk management frameworks continue to grow, interoperability would enhance efficiency and reduce enforcement and compliance costs. This report provides an analysis of the commonalities of AI risk management frameworks. It demonstrates that, while some elements may sometimes differ, all the risk management frameworks analysed follow a similar and sometimes functionally equivalent risk management process.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.300
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Long-term unemployment remains a structural challenge for most OECD countries. Despite major efforts to address this issue, the efficiency and effectiveness of many existing active labour market policies are limited for jobseekers who face major vulnerabilities and have no ties to the labour market. Therefore, there is a need for innovative approaches that specifically address the barriers faced by long-term unemployed individuals in their labour market (re)integration. This paper discusses examples of promising practices from across Europe, which can serve as a source of inspiration for policymakers seeking new approaches to assist vulnerable jobseekers in overcoming the challenge of long-term unemployment.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In response to the increase of cyberattacks in health care settings, the Health Committee of the OECD asked for a paper on Digital Security as part of the OECD ongoing work on health data governance. This working paper emphasizes that as the healthcare industry undergoes digital transformation it brings significant benefits while simultaneously escalating the vulnerability to cyber threats. This working paper summarises survey results based on the OECD framework for digital security risk management. The paper reveals varying levels of digital security alignment among countries, with Ireland and Korea exhibiting full alignment. Countries with specific strategies for digital security in health showed higher alignment to leading practices. The paper identifies key areas for improvement, including fostering a digital security culture through training, strengthening strategy and governance, and embedding risk assessment and treatment. The paper also emphasises the need for collaboration on innovative tools to detect and manage digital security threats, such as multi-factor authentication and encryption. These collaborative efforts are essential to safeguard the digital foundations of modern healthcare systems and ensure the security of health data and services.
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