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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 403: Acute Inhalation Toxicity (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070608
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test article (gas, vapour or aerosol/particulate test article) by inhalation. The revised Test Guideline describes two studies: a traditional LC50 protocol and a Concentration x Time (C x t) protocol. It can be used to estimate a median lethal concentration (LC50), non-lethal threshold concentration (LC01) and slope, and to identify possible sex susceptibility. This Test Guideline enables a test article quantitative risk assessment and classification according to the Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. In the traditional LC50 protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or to three concentrations, at least, for a predetermined duration, generally of 4 hours. Usually 10 animals should be used for each concentration. In the C x T protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or a series of concentrations over multiple time durations. Usually 2 animals per C x t interval are used. Animals (the preferred species is the rat) should be observed for at least 14 days. The study includes measurements (including weighing), daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070608-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Guidance Manual for the Control of Transboundary Movements of Recoverable Wastes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060753-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076303-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Korea 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067233
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: This report assesses the current status of Korea’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country’s innovation capabilities. It finds that Korea has one of the highest rates of spending on R&D in the world, much of which is performed by private firms. It also has a highly educated labour force – as signalled by its impressive PISA performance and exceptionally high rates of tertiary level graduation – with a strong interest in science and technology. However, a number of bottlenecks persist that hamper Korea’s economic convergence with the leading OECD economies. These include a relatively weak SME sector and weak performance in services, as well as lagging capacities to conduct leading-edge research in many areas. Furthermore, Korea faces numerous threats in the mid term, notably increased levels of competition from China and other newly-industrialising economies, the lowest fertility rate in the OECD and an ageing society, and a continuing high dependency on imports of natural resources, particularly hydrocarbons. In the shorter term, the economic crisis offers its own challenges, with the need for some policy adjustments to deal with expected falls in business investment in R&D and growing levels of unemployment among the highly skilled.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067233-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Mexico 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075993
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (218 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Over the past decade, Mexico has made significant progress towards macroeconomic stability and has undertaken important structural reforms to further open the economy to trade and investment, and improve the functioning of markets for goods and services. However, potential gross domestic product (GDP) growth remains much too low to reduce widespread poverty and bridge the wide gap in living standards with wealthier OECD countries. One important reason for this is that Mexico has been slower than those in many competing newly industrialising economies to realise the importance of investment in innovation as a driver of growth and competitiveness. This book assesses the current status of Mexico’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country’s innovation capabilities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075993-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054950
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Environment ; Development ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Kurzfassung: The negative impacts of climate change will hit poor people and poor countries disproportionately, and further compromise the achievement of their development objectives. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation provides essential information and advice on how to facilitate the integration of adaptation into development processes. The objectives of this policy guidance are to: i) promote understanding of the implications of climate change on development practice and the associated need to mainstream climate adaptation in development co-operation agencies and partner countries; ii) identify appropriate approaches for integrating climate change adaptation into development policies at national, sectoral and project levels and in urban and rural contexts; and iii) identify practical ways for donors to support developing country partners in their efforts to reduce their vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. While efforts to integrate climate change adaptation will be led by developing country partners, international donors have a critical role to play in supporting such efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054950-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076242
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 ; Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an amphibian metamorphosis assay intended to screen substances which may interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The assay was validated with the species Xenopus laevis, which is recommended for use in the Guideline. The assay uses three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. The assay starts with tadpoles at the development stage 51 on the Nieuwkoop and Faber scale and is extended for a duration of 21 days. Four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). After 7 days of exposure, a sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is sampled for the measurement of the length of the hind-limb. At termination of 21-day exposure period, developmental stage, snout-to-vent length and hind limb length are measured on all remaining tadpoles. A sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is fixed (whole-body or dissected) for histopathology of the thyroid gland.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076242-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076372
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 ; Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro assay, which provides mechanistical information, and can be used for screening and prioritization purposes. The test system utilises the hERalpha-HeLa-9903 cell line derived from a human cervical tumor and stably transfected. This cell line can measure the ability of a test chemical to induce hERalpha-mediated transactivation of luciferase gene expression. The cells are exposed to 7 non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test chemical for 20-24 hours to induce the reporter gene products. Four reference chemicals should be included in each experiment: a strong estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a weak estrogen (17alpha-estradiol), a very weak estrogen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and a negative control (corticosterone). The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076372-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats : A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076334-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071223
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 ; Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The objective of a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study is to identify carcinogenic and the majority of chronic effects, and to determine dose-response relationships following prolonged and repeated exposure. The rat is typically used for this study. For rodents, each dose group and concurrent control group intended for the carcinogenicity phase of the study should contain at least 50 animals of each sex, while for the chronic toxicity phase of the study should contain at least 10 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels should be used, in addition to the concurrent control group for both the chronic toxicity phase and the carcinogenicity phase of the study. The three main routes of administration are oral, dermal, and inhalation. The Test Guideline focuses on the oral route of administration. The period of dosing and duration of the study is normally 12 months for the chronic phase, and 24 months for the carcinogenicity phase. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology. All these observations permit the detection of neoplastic effects and a determination of carcinogenic potential as well as the general toxicity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071223-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Information Economy Product Definitions Based on the Central Product Classification (version 2) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.158
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Product classifications are used by statistical offices and others for a number of measurement purposes. These include measurement of product usage, current and capital expenditure on products, domestic production, and trade in goods and services. They are therefore an important element of a set of statistical standards, with Information Economy (IE) standards no exception. This document presents the definition of information economy (IE) products developed by the WPIIS Classifications Expert Group. The product definitions complement the IE sector definitions that were released in early 2007. The latter are based on the 2007 revision of the UNSD’s International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). The document includes two IE product definitions,3 ICT products and Content and media products. Each definition is a subset of the Central Product Classification (Version 2) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD) and both are expressed in terms of 5-digit subclasses of the CPC. The CPC was finalised in December 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/222222056845
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070806
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 ; Toxicité subchronique par inhalation ; 90 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 : Toxicité subchronique par inhalation : 90 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a period of 90 days, and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 10 male and 10 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 90 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test chemical. The results of the study include measurement and daily and detailed observations (haematology and clinical chemistry), as well as ophthalmology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. This Test Guideline allows the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, interim sacrifices, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070806-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Managing Water for All : An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Water is vital for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. The situation is becoming more urgent due to increasing pressure, competition and even conflict over the use of water resources. The OECD has been working for many years to address these challenges. The results of recent work are summarised in Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation. The report examines: strategic financial planning for water supply and sanitation that balances the key sources of revenues for the water sector – the“3Ts” of taxes, tariffs and transfers; the design and implementation of water pricing strategies that balance financial sustainability with other policy objectives; recent developments in private sector participation in the water sector; and trends and the future outlook of water use in agriculture. It considers both developing and OECD countries and offers concrete recommendations and checklists for action. The report is an invaluable resource for policy makers, academics, NGOs and all others interested in the challenges facing the water sector today. The key messages for policy makers are summarised in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060548-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071186
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 ; Études de cancérogénèse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The objective of a long-term carcinogenicity study is to observe test animals for a major portion of their life span for the development of neoplastic lesions during or after exposure to various doses of a test substance by an appropriate route of administration. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rats and mice, and for oral administration. Both sexes should be used. Each dose group and concurrent control group should contain at least 50 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used. Animals are dosed with the test substance daily (oral, dermal or inhalation administration) and the mode of exposure should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the study will normally be 24 months for rodents. For specific strains of mice, duration of 18 months may be more appropriate. Termination of the study should be considered when the number of survivors in the lower dose groups or the control group falls below 25 per cent. The results of these studies include: measurements (weighing, food consumption), and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071186-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
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    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076273
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 ; Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is designed for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproduction of collembolans in soil. The parthenogenetic Folsomia candida is the recommended species for use, but an alternative species such as sexually reproducing Folsomia fimetaria could also be used if they meet the validity criteria. This Guideline can be used for testing both water soluble and insoluble substances but it is not applicable to volatile ones. The Guideline aims to determine toxic effects of the test substance on adult mortality and reproductive output expressed as LCx and ECx respectively, or NOEC/LOEC value. The number of treatment concentrations varies depending on endpoints to be determined. For a combined approach to examine both the NOEC/LOEC and ECx, eight concentrations in a geometric series with four replicates for each concentration as well as eight control replicates should be used. In each test vessel, 10 juveniles F. candida (or 10 males and 10 females adults F. fimetaria) should be placed on 30 g of modified OECD artificial soil using a 5 % organic matter content. The duration of a definitive reproduction test is 4 weeks for F. candida or 3 weeks for F. fimetaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076273-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Network Externality Premiums and International Telecommunication Traffic Exchange (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.152
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this paper is to examine the economic impact of proposals to add a non-cost “premium” to international telecommunication charges. This work follows up on earlier OECD work which examined international traffic exchange. The paper concludes that attempts to use non-market methods, and distort prices, is likely to have negative implications for the provision of international telecommunication services and that competition is acting to more efficiently meet policy goals.
    DOI: 10.1787/222470556326
    URL: Volltext
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  • 17
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    Online-Ressource
    Assessing Environmental Management Capacity: Towards a Common Reference Framework (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 113 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.8
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness calls upon donor and partner countries to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of country systems in a way that guarantees ownership and sustainable results. Within this context, the current paper provides a synthesis of major elements and approaches of institutional assessment that may be applied to environmental management. It suggests that while a large number of diagnostic tools are in use, their level of elaboration is not sufficient for systemic sector-specific capacity assessments that would match partners’ and donors’ needs. In order to facilitate the improvement of these tools, the paper provides an inventory of core functions for environmental management. This inventory may be used by those involved in capacity assessments to consider more amply specifics of the environmental sector. Each function will need to be associated with benchmarks reflecting the multifaceted nature of institutional capacity. The evolving approaches to environmental management, as well as changes in the international and country context, impose the need to regularly update both the list of functions and complementary benchmarks.
    DOI: 10.1787/224131752784
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  • 18
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    Test No. 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076211
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 ; Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for fish reproduction where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). The short term reproduction assay was validated in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and this is the recommended species. The assay is run with three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. For the fathead minnow, four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). During the conduct of the assay, the egg production is measured quantitatively daily in each test vessel. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, two biomarker endpoints are measured in males and females separately, as indicators of endocrine activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Gonads of both sexes are also preserved and histopathology may be evaluated to assess the reproductive fitness of the test animals and to add to the weight of evidence of other endpoints.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076211-en
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  • 19
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    Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076037-en
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  • 20
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    OECD Biotechnology Statistics 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073937
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Biotechnology Statistics – 2009 edition brings together the latest available economic and activity data on biotechnology and innovation, collected by OECD member and non-member countries. The report builds on the extensive work of the OECD and national experts to improve the comparability of biotechnology statistics. The results should provide a valuable source of information on biotechnology for policy makers, academics and business managers. The 2009 edition contains government survey data for 22 OECD countries and additional data for four non-member countries. The survey data provide results on the number of biotechnology firms, business expenditures on R&D, biotechnology employment, and sales of biotechnology goods and services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073937-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 21
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    Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070783-en
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  • 22
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    Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay : A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076228
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 ; Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons ; un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for certain endocrine active substances where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). This assay covers the screening of oestrogenic and androgenic activity, and aromatase inhibition. The assay was validated on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio); however zebrafish does not allow the detection of androgenic activity. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, depending on the species used, one or two biomarker endpoint(s) are measured in males and females as indicators of oestrogenic, aromatase inhibition or androgenic activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka only.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076228-en
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  • 23
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    Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076457
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 ; Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Crop field trials are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to: (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice; (2) determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) determine residue values such as the “Supervised Trial Median Residue” and “Highest Residue” for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). This Test Guideline requires one sample from treated plots at each sampling interval for crops that have eight or more crop field trials. The test substance(s) should be stored under appropriate conditions for the study duration and applied soon after preparation or mixing. Test substance applications should not be made in strong wind, during rain or when rainfall is expected shortly after application. For all applications, the application rate should be expressed in terms of amount of product and/or active ingredient per unit area. At the end of each crop field trial, the (stored) samples are analysed for residue level (expressed for example in mg/kg).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076457-en
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  • 24
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    Test No. 302C: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070400-en
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  • 25
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    OECD Patent Statistics Manual (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056442
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD patent statistics manual
    RVK:
    QP 215
    RVK:
    QR 360
    Schlagwort(e): Patent ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Anleitung ; Patent ; Statistik
    Kurzfassung: This 2009 edition of the OECD Patent Statistics Manual takes stock of the recent developments in the field. It provides guiding principles for the use of patent data in the context of S&T measurement, and recommendations for the compilation and interpretation of patent indicators in this context. It aims to show what patent statistics can and cannot be used for, and how to count patents in order to maximise information on S&T activities while minimising statistical noise and biases. Finally, it describes how patent data can be used in the analysis of a wide array of topics related to technical change and patenting activity including industry-science linkages, patenting strategies by companies, internationalisation of research, and indicators on the value of patents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056442-en
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  • 26
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Finland 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055582
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Finlande 2009
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Finlande 2009
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive review of Finland's environmental programs and policies covers air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055582-en
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  • 27
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    The Role of Digital Identity Management in the Internet Economy : A Primer for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.160
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This primer aims to provide policy makers a broad-brush understanding of the various dimensions of digital identity management (IdM). Consistent with the Seoul Ministerial Declaration, it also aims to support efforts to address public policy issues for securely managing and protecting digital identities, with a view to strengthening confidence in the online activities crucial to the growth of the Internet Economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/222134375767
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  • 28
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    Test No. 452: Chronic Toxicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071209
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 ; Études de toxicité chronique
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The objective of these chronic toxicity studies is to characterize the profile of a substance in a mammalian species (primarily rodents) following prolonged and repeated exposure. The Test Guideline focuses on rodents and oral administration. Both sexes should be used. For rodents, at least 20 animals per sex per group should normally be used at each dose level, while for non-rodents a minimum of 4 per sex per group is recommended. At least three dose levels should be used in addition to the concurrent control group. Frequency of exposure normally is daily, but may vary according to the route chosen (oral, dermal or inhalation) and should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the exposure period should be 12 months. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071209-en
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  • 29
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    Smart Sensor Networks : Technologies and Applications for Green Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.167
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This report gives an overview of sensor technology and fields of application of sensors and sensor networks. It discusses in detail selected fields of application that have high potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reviews studies quantifying the environmental impact. The review of the studies assessing the impact of sensor technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions reveals that the technology has a high potential to contribute to a reduction of emissions across various fields of application. Whereas studies clearly estimate an overall strong positive effect in smart grids, smart buildings, smart industrial applications as well as precision agriculture and farming, results for the field of smart transportation are mixed due to rebound effects. In particular intelligent transport systems render transport more efficient, faster and cheaper. As a consequence, demand for transportation and thus the consumption of resources both increase which can lead to an overall negative effect.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6x0m5vkh-en
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  • 30
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    Test No. 314: Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability of Chemicals Discharged in Wastewater (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067493
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 ; Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 314 : Essais de simulation pour évaluer la biodégradabilité de produits chimiques rejetés dans les eaux usées
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the extent and kinetics of primary and ultimate biodegradation of organic chemicals whose route of entry into the environment begins with their discharge to wastewater. It consists of five simulation tests in a) sewer systems, b) activated sludge, c) anaerobic digester sludge, d) treated effluent in the mixing zone of surface water, and e) untreated wastewater that is directly discharged to surface water. These tests are appropriate for chemicals released continuously or episodically to wastewater. The five test methods described are open batch systems or closed gas flow-through batch systems. The principle objectives are to i) measure the rate of primary biodegradation, ii) measure the rate of mineralization and iii ) follow the formation and decay of major transformation products when appropriate. Typically, a test chemical, radiolabelled (14C) in an appropriate position, is incubated with a representative environmental sample. Abiotic and biotic treatments are prepared for each test chemical and condition. The level of parent and degradation products is determined using chromatographic separation and radio-analytical detection methods.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067493-en
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  • 31
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    Test No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 425; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale; méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 425: Toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale: méthode de l'ajustement des doses
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The method permits estimation of an LD50 with a confidence interval and the results allow a substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals. It is easiest to apply to materials that produce death within couple of days. This Test Guideline is intended for use with rodents (rat female preferably). There are a limit test and a main test. The limit test can be used efficiently to identify chemicals that are likely to have low toxicity. The test substance is administered generally in a single dose by gavage to animals fasted prior to dosing. Single animals are dosed in sequence usually at 48h intervals. The first animal is dosed a step below the best preliminary estimates of the LD50. The second animal receives a lower dose (if the first animal dies) or a higher dose (if the first animal survives). Animals are observed with a special attention given during the first 4 hours and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days generally. Weights Animals should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy. Globally the LD50 is calculated using the maximum likelihood method. Following this, it may be possible to compute interval estimates for the LD50; most narrow is the interval and better is LD50 estimation. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071049-en
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  • 32
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    Gender and Sustainable Development : Maximising the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049901
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: Sustainable development depends on maintaining long-term economic, social, and environmental capital. In failing to make the best use of their female populations, most countries are underinvesting in the human capital needed to assure sustainabilitly. This market and systems failure is discussed in this publication in terms of gender constraints, which are based on the socially-constructed and historically developed roles of men and women. It also illuminates how female contributions can be better realized at present and how strategies can be developed for meeting the needs of future generations. This report is a contribution by the OECD to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development and its cross-cutting work on gender.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049901-en
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  • 33
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Hungary 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054059
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy; Hungary 2008; (Hungarian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Hungary 2008: (Hungarian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Hungary
    Kurzfassung: This report assesses the current status of Hungary’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country's innovation capabilities. The report finds that the level of innovation activity and performance in Hungary has remained relatively low by international standards. This is attributable to both lagging innovation capabilities in the business sector and an insufficient contribution of public research organisations to the innovation system. There is a need for more stable governance of the innovation system and a more evidence-based approach to policy making in the area of science, technology and innovation policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054059-en
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  • 34
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    Space Technologies and Climate Change : Implications for Water Management, Marine Resources and Maritime Transport (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054196
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This book examines the contributions that space technologies can make in tackling some of the serious problems posed by climate change. Focusing on examples of water management, marine resources and maritime transport, it sets out the rationale for further developing satellite systems to measure and monitor climate change and help mitigate its consequences. The report underlines the need to consider satellites not just as research and development systems, but as an important component of a critical communication- and information-based infrastructure for modern societies. The tool box for decision makers that concludes the book reviews different methodological options for deciding on investments in space-based earth observation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054196-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.147
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This declaration was adopted at the conclusion of the June 2008 Ministerial meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, held in Seoul. It contains recommendations on how to further the development of the “Internet economy” through multi-stakeholder co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/230445718605
    URL: Volltext
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Shaping Policies for the Future of the Internet Economy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.148
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This report has been developed to support the objectives of the OECD Ministerial Meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy (Seoul, 17-18 June 2008).
    DOI: 10.1787/230388107607
    URL: Volltext
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Broadband and the Economy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.146
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Broadband and networked ICTs are important in meeting health, demographic and environmental challenges, and policy plays an important role in expanding their use and enhancing their impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/230450810820
    URL: Volltext
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 226: Predatory mite (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) reproduction test in soil (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067455
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 ; Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 226 : Essai de reproduction d'un acarien prédateur (Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer) dans le sol
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to assess the effects of chemical substances in soil on the reproductive output of the soil mite species Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae). It can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but not with volatile substances. Adult females of similar age are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance mixed into 20 g dry mass of artificial soil 28-35 days after the start of the egg laying period. Depending on the endpoint (ECx, NOEC or both), five to twelve concentrations should be tested. At least two to four replicates for each test concentrations and six to eight control replicates, of 10 animals each, are recommended. At 20¡ãC, the test lasts 14 days after introducing the females, which usually allows the control offspring to reach the deutonymph stage. The number of surviving females (mortality ¡Ü 20% for a valid test) and the number of juveniles per test vessel (at least 50 for a valid test) are determined. The fecundity of the mites exposed to the test substance is compared to that of controls in order to determine the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) or the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels should be recorded.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067455-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 508: Magnitude of the Pesticide Residues in Processed Commodities (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067622
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 ; Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 508 : Étude quantitative des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes how to plan and carry out processing studies, i.e. determine residue levels in primary processed commodities following pesticide application on raw agriculture commodities (RAC) under conditions likely to lead to maximum residues. It provides the distribution of residues (active ingredient, and/or metabolites, degradation products), and preferential accumulation in various processed products resulting from the processing of a commodity. Used RACs (of plant origin and animal origin) should contain field-treated quantifiable residues, at sufficient levels so that concentration/dilution factors for the various consumed products and non-consumed intermediates can be determined. Pesticides residues to be measured are determined by the residue definition based on studies on the nature of the residue in processing and/or in plant and livestock. For each field test site (at least two independent) the processing factor (Pf) is calculated as the ratio between the residue level in the processed commodity and in the RAC or the commodity to be processed. If a given commodity has two or more significantly different commercial procedures, two trials for each procedure are necessary. Spiked samples should be run concurrently with those from the processing study to ensure the method validity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067622-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Climate Change Mitigation : What Do We Do? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059610
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique ; Que faire?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'atténuation du changement climatique : Que faire?
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Climate change is a fact of life. We need to act urgently if we are to avoid an irreversible build-up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming at a potentially huge cost to the economy and society worldwide. OECD analysis suggests that if we act now, we have 10 to 15 years’ “breathing space” during which action is possible at a relatively modest cost. But every year of delay reduces this breathing space, while requiring ever more stringent measures to make a difference. Current financial turmoil is not a reason to delay. Indeed, its macroeconomic consequences will be resolved in a relatively short time, after which growth will resume, while the consequences of inaction on global warming will continue to grow more and more costly over time...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059610-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 316: Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water Direct Photolysis (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067585
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 ; Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau - Photolyse directe
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 316 : Phototransformation de produits chimiques dans l'eau Photolyse directe
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test guideline describes studies on phototransformation in water to determine the potential effects of solar irradiation on chemicals in surface water, considering direct photolysis only. It is designed as a tiered approach. The Tier 1 is based on a theoretical screen. The rate of decline of a test chemical in a direct photolysis study is generally assumed to follow pseudo first-order kinetics. If the maximum possible losses is estimated to be superior or equal to 50% of the initial concentration over a 30-day period, an experimental study is proceeded in Tier 2. The direct photolysis rate constants for test chemicals in the laboratory is determined using preferably a filtered xenon arc lamp capable of simulating natural sunlight in the 290 to 800 nm, or sunlight irradiation, and extrapolated to natural water. If estimated losses are superior or equal to 20%, the transformation pathway and the identities, concentrations, and rate of formation and decline of major transformation products are identified. An optional task is the additional determination of the quantum yield for various types of water bodies, seasons, and latitudes of interest. The test chemical should be directly dissolved in the aqueous media saturated in air at a concentration which should not exceed half its solubility. For linear and non-linear regressions on the test chemical data in definitive or upper tier tests, the minimum number of samples collected should be 5 and 7 respectively. The exact number of samples and the timing of their collection is determined by a preliminary range-finding. Replicates (at least 2) of each experimental determination of kinetic parameters are recommended to determine variability and reduce uncertainty in their determination.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067585-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Open Innovation in Global Networks (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264047693
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Open innovation in global networks
    DDC: 338.064
    RVK:
    QP 210
    Schlagwort(e): Innovationsmanagement ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Industrial management ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Globalisierung ; Innovationsmanagement ; Corporate Network ; Innovation
    Kurzfassung: To match the global demand and supply of innovation, businesses increasingly internationalise their innovation activities while opening their innovation process by collaborating with external partners (e.g., suppliers, customers, universities). This book examines what drives these global innovation networks across different industries, how they are related to companies' overall strategies, whether they are accessible for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and what the consequences are.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264047693-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Environmental Policy, Technological Innovation and Patents (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046825
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Politique environnementale, innovation technologique et dépôts de brevets
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Environmental policy, technological innovation and patents
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Schlagwort(e): Umweltpolitik ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Patent ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Papierindustrie ; Wasseraufbereitung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Environmental policy Economic aspects ; Technological innovations Environmental aspects ; Technological innovations Patents ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Umweltpolitik ; Umwelttechnik ; Technische Innovation ; Patentdokumentation
    Kurzfassung: This report presents three case studies to illustrate the relationship between environmental policy and technological innovation. The case studies cover abatement technologies for wastewater effluent from pulp production, abatement of motor vehicle emissions, and development of renewable energy technologies. On the basis of patent data, the nature, extent, and causes of innovation in each of these areas have been explored. While a particular focus has been placed on the role of environmental policy in bringing about the innovation documented, it is recognised that other factors play a key role in inducing innovation that has positive environmental implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046825-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Developments in Fibre Technologies and Investment (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.142
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Évolution des technologies de la fibre et de l'investissement en ce domaine
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of developments in optical fibre communication technology and investment. It finds that the costs of deploying these networks are significant and that the monthly prices subscribers will pay will be highly dependent on take-up rates.
    DOI: 10.1787/230526125804
    URL: Volltext
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Denmark 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039582
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Denmark
    Kurzfassung: This systematic review of environmental policies and programmes in Denmark finds progress in tackling environmental challenges over the last ten years, but insists the country must green its economy (e.g. transport, agriculture, energy sectors and fiscal policies) and must face special challenges associated with health, biodiversity, and marine protection.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039582-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Australia 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039612
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (304 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Australia
    Kurzfassung: OECD's periodic review of Australia's environmental policies and programmes. This edition reviews progress since the last review in 1998 and in relation to the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. It systematically examines environmental management (water, air, nature), sustainable development (environment-economy interface, environment-agriculture interface, environment-social interface) and international commitments. In each area, it makes a series of recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039612-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 47
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    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049161
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Turkey 2008; (Turkish version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2008: (Turkish version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: This edition of OECD's periodic review of Turkey's environmental policy finds that Turkey has achieved consolidation of environmental progress and its environmental legislation is increasingly incorporating the EU environmental aquis. But pollution, energy, and resource intensities still need to be reduced and environmentally related health problems need to be addressed. This review systematically looks at air, water, nature and biodiversity, the environmental-economic interface, the environmental-social interface, and international co-operation, making 45 specific recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049161-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Hungary 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049284
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Hongrie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary; (Hungarian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Hongrie 2008
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Hungary: (Hungarian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Hungary
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive review of Hungary's environmental programs and policies, covering air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049284-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    RFID Guidance and Reports (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 119 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.150
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This report contains policy and practical guidance principles to enhance business and consumer benefits from the use of RFID while proactively taking into account information security and privacy issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/230334062186
    URL: Volltext
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Measuring Security and Trust in the Online Environment : A View Using Official Data (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.140
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews available official statistics on trust and security in the online environment. It discusses whether security concerns are an obstacle to Internet use and examines how people and companies protect their equipment and networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/230551666100
    URL: Volltext
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  • 51
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    Online-Ressource
    Eco-Efficiency (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040304
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report evaluates strategies to improve the efficiency with which environmental resources are used to meet human needs. Many firms in OECD countries have developed strategies that involve:- developing goals to reduce resource use and pollutant release while improving customer service;- working towards the goals through innovation in technology, practices, and ways of thinking; and- designing indicators to monitor progress.Similar approaches have been used outside business, for example by governments, communities and groups of households. Such strategies have achieved improvements in material and energy efficiency in the region of 10% to 40%. The full potential for improving eco-efficiency is much greater, but it is only likely to be achieved through coherent government policies for sustainable development. The report identifies policies that can encourage innovation by firms and communities, and provide an economy-wide framework of economic and regulatory incentives for the adoption of more sustainable patterns of production and consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040304-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 52
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    Online-Ressource
    RFID Applications, Impacts and Country Initiatives (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.144
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a promising new technology with a rapidly growing range of applications, many integrating technologies such as sensors. In this report, eight major fields of application are analysed, impacts are discussed and country initiatives described.
    DOI: 10.1787/230464075484
    URL: Volltext
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  • 53
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    Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) : A Focus on Information Security and Privacy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.138
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'idenfication par radiofréquence (RFID) : Sécurité de l'information et protection de la vie privée
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The deployment of RFID brings significant economic promise. But is RFID sufficiently secure and privacy-friendly ? This paper clarifies the capabilities and limitations of RFID, identifies the associated security and privacy challenges, and suggests measures that can be implemented to address them.
    DOI: 10.1787/230618820755
    URL: Volltext
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Polluter Pays Principle (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044845
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (118 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: As the Polluter-Pays Principle is a fundamental principle of cost allocation, its analysis covers a substantial part of the vast field of environmental resource allocation. This report, originally published in 1975, presents a selection of relevant theoretical and practical analyses now that the Polluter-Pays Principle must be regarded as a mainstay of Member countries’ environmental policies. First, in the matter of definitions of the Polluter-Pays Principle, the definition officially adopted by the OECD is outlined, together with an answer to the questions which consequently arise. With regard to analysis of the Polluter-Pays Principle, one study deals in detail with the economic foundations of the Principle and possible effects of its application, such as on behaviour of the polluting firm. Lastly, the important problem of implementing the PolluterPays Principle is discussed at some length.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044845-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 55
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    Making Life Easy for Citizens and Businesses in Portugal : Administrative Simplification and e-Government (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048263
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tornar a Vida Mais Fácil para Cidadãos e Empresas em Portugal; Administração electrónica e simplificação
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tornar a Vida Mais Fácil para Cidadãos e Empresas em Portugal: Administração electrónica e simplificação
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Making life easy for citizens and businesses in Portugal
    DDC: 351.09469
    RVK:
    MG 66704
    Schlagwort(e): E-Government ; Portugal ; Administrative procedure Portugal ; Public administration Information resources management ; Portugal ; Public administration Portugal ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Portugal ; Portugal ; E-Government
    Kurzfassung: Reducing the time for registering a company from weeks and months to under one hour is a concrete result of a unique and ambitious initiative in Portugal to make the public sector more efficient and effective. The Simplex initiative aims at making life easier for citizens and businesses. It focuses on how e-government can be used as a lever for broader administrative simplification, making service delivery more coherent and efficient. This is the first integrated study undertaken by the OECD to analyse administrative simplification and e-government in a national context. By bringing those two areas together in the context of public management reform, this review helps countries identify how these reform activities can best support overall government performance and economic growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048263-en
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  • 56
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    Encouraging Student Interest in Science and Technology Studies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040892
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Encouraging student interest in science and technology studies
    RVK:
    AL 39300
    Schlagwort(e): Education, Higher Aims and objectives ; Science Study and teaching (Higher) ; Technology Study and teaching (Higher) ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Hochschulbildung ; Wissenschaft ; Technologie ; Studium
    Kurzfassung: Encouraging Student Interest in Science and Technology Studies examines overall trends in higher education enrolments and the evolution of S&T compared with other disciplines. The results suggest that although absolute numbers of S&T students have been rising as access to higher levels of education expands in OECD economies, the relative share of S&T students among the overall student population has been falling, The report shows that encouraging interest in S&T studies requires action to tackle a host of issues inside and outside the education system, ranging from teacher training and curriculum design to improving the image of S&T careers. Numerous examples of national initiatives are used to complement the analyses to derive a set of practical recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040892-en
    URL: Volltext
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: China 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039827
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (648 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD-Prüfungen im Bereich Innovationspolitik ; China 2008; Synthesebericht
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD-Prüfungen im Bereich Innovationspolitik : China 2008: Synthesebericht
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy offer a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of individual OECD member and non-member countries, focusing on the role of policy and government. The Chinese government has launched a national strategy to build an innovation-driven economy and society by 2020. Will China be able to succeed in making this challenging transition? This report assesses the current status of China’s national innovation system and policies, and recommends improvements required in both the policy and institutional environments for China to succeed in promoting innovation through a market-based approach.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039827-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 58
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    OECD Policy Guidance for Addressing Emerging Consumer Protection and Empowerment Issues in Mobile Commerce (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.149
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The policy guidance lays out the policy responses that need to be in place to ensure that consumers engaging in mobile commerce transactions are adequately informed, and are protected against security or privacy risks.
    DOI: 10.1787/230363687074
    URL: Volltext
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  • 59
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    Measuring the Impacts of ICT Using Official Statistics (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.136
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Policy makers everywhere want to know about the social and economic impacts of ICT. The aim of this paper is to examine statistical issues associated with their measurement and to suggest areas for future work.
    DOI: 10.1787/230662252525
    URL: Volltext
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  • 60
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    Measuring User-Created Content: Implications for the ICT Access and Use by Households and Individuals Surveys (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.139
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews recent measurement work on User-Created Content (UCC) undertaken in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/230554851603
    URL: Volltext
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  • 61
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    Public Rights of Way for Fibre Deployment to the Home (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.143
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Droits de passage sur le domaine public pour le déploiement de la fibre jusqu'au domicile
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the policies to obtain public rights-of-way permits in a number of OECD countries and access to ducts, which may act to slow down the pace of fibre roll-out in local access market, and suggests the policy options available.
    DOI: 10.1787/230502835656
    URL: Volltext
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  • 62
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    Test No. 228: Determination of Developmental Toxicity of a Test Chemical to Dipteran Dung Flies(Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Scathophagidae), Musca autumnalis De Geer (Muscidae)) (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067479
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 ; Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 228 : Détermination de la toxicité d'une substance d'essai pour le développement des mouches du fumier(Scathophaga stercoraria L. [Scathophagidae] et Musca autumnalis De Geer [Muscidae])
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to estimate the developmental toxicity of a test chemical to the dung dwelling life stages of dung-dependent dipteran species. Two test species can be used. The test chemical is mixed with bovine faeces, to which either 10 eggs of Scathophaga stercoraria or 10 larvae of Musca autumnalis are added. The test will be terminated 5 days after emergence of the last adult in the control (〉 18 days for S. stercoraria, 〉13 days for M. autumnalis). Then the possible impacts of the test chemical on the following measurement endpoints are assessed under controlled conditions: sex and total number of emerged adult flies, retardation of emergence indicated by the developmental rate and morphological change. Depending on the experimental design, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) or the Effect concentration for x percent effect (ECx) can be determined. This Guideline can be used for water soluble or insoluble substances, but is not applicable to volatile substances. If the toxicity of the chemical is unknown, five nominal test concentrations should be conducted. A positive control should be tested periodically. The test is considered valid if in the controls hatching of larvae is superior or equal to 70% of the number of introduced eggs, emergence of adults is superior or equal to 70% and superior or equal to 50% of the respectively hatched and introduced larvae and if the emergence of adult flies starts after 18 +- 2 days (S. stercoraria) or after 13 +- 2 days(M. autumnalis).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067479-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 63
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    Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070127
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 211; Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 211: Daphnia magna, essai de reproduction
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test method described in this Test Guideline assesses the effect of chemicals on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna Straus. To this end, young female Daphnia are exposed to the test substance added to water at a range of concentrations (at least five). For semi-static tests, at least 10 animals at each test concentration and for flow-through tests, 40 animals divided into four groups of 10 animals at each test concentration, are used. The test duration is 21 days. Reproductive output of the parent animals and the total number of living offspring produced per parent alive at the end of the test should be reported. The study report should also include: the daily counting of the offspring, the daily recording of the parent mortality, the weekly measurement of oxygen concentration, temperature, hardness and pH values and the determination of the concentrations of test substance. Optionally, the sex ratio of the offspring may be recorded. The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and hence the no observed effect concentration (NOEC). In addition, and as far as possible, the data are analyzed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause an x % reduction in reproductive output.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070127-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 64
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    Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070684
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 407; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 407: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest during one limited period (one dose level daily during 28 days). This Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 10 animals (5 female and 5 male) should be used for each dose level. Three tests groups, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The report of this study will include results from clinical and functional observations, body weight and food/water consumption measurements, hematology and clinical biochemistry; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070684-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 65
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Norway 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043749
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Norway
    Kurzfassung: The key strategic task ahead for the Norwegian government is to maintain high, sustainable growth even after the depletion of oil and gas reserves. Any foreseeable restructuring of the Norwegian economy compatible with this goal will entail a shift towards knowledge-based activities for which innovation is the key determinant of competitiveness. This report assesses the current status of Norway’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country's innovation capabilities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043749-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 66
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    Internet Address Space : Economic Considerations in the Management of IPv4 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 72 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.145
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This new report focuses on possible scenarios and on the need to deploy the newer version of the Internet Protocol, IP version 6 (IPv6).
    DOI: 10.1787/230461618475
    URL: Volltext
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  • 67
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    Global Opportunities for Internet Access Developments (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.141
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The Internet has been remarkably successful in developing greater communication access for the first billion users. This report seeks to address the question of where new Internet users will come from and to examine the large shifts in communications policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/230536236463
    URL: Volltext
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  • 68
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    Instrument Mixes Addressing Mercury Emissions to Air (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 57 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-57
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study deals with "instruments used to address mercury emissions to air", by which is meant all legislation, regulation and other measures intended to control or reduce anthropogenic, atmospheric mercury emissions. As the links are complex between actual inputs of mercury to society (consumption for intended use and mobilisation of mercury-impurities via industrial processes) and the final release sources, all types of measures addressing any phase in the life-cycle of mercury which may ultimately lead to atmospheric mercury emissions are included here. Due to its volatility, most forms of mercury released or discarded as waste - as vapour, as liquid elemental mercury, as compounds, as integrated in products, consumer waste or flue-gas cleaning residues - may lead to emissions to air.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art25-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 69
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    Progress in Modernising Environmental Regulation and Compliance Assurance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-71
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: In 2003, by endorsing the Guiding Principles for Reform of Environmental Enforcement Authorities in Transition Economies, the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) agreed on a reference model to guide the modernisation of their systems for environmental regulation and compliance assurance. This report reviews their progress in implementing the Guiding Principles. The main conclusion is that countries took action to comply with the Guiding Principles, mostly to elevate the status of environmental enforcement authorities, clarify responsibilities, and provide training and a better infrastructure. While such improvements are an important basis for further reform, continued lack of progress in modernising strategies and instruments of work will inhibit institutional and environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art10-en
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    Instrument Mixes Addressing Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 100 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1-100
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The present report presents the case studies made of instrument mixes addressing non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark and in the Chesapeake Bay area of the United States. While all these case studies discuss instruments addressing nutrient run-off, the UK and the Danish case studies also discuss instruments addressing the use of pesticides in the agriculture sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art24-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 71
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    Mobilising Finance for Environmental Priorities : Recommendations for the Future (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-16
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper argues that the sustained provision of adequate financial resources for the environment is a prerequisite for addressing environmental challenges in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) and South-Eastern Europe (SEE). It sets out options for how optimal use could be made of the various available sources of environmental finance, including domestic public expenditure, private sector participation and official development assistance. Recommendations are provided for Ministers on priority actions for ensuring that financial resources are made available for the environment. EECCA and SEE governments need to continue to prioritise the environment in policy and public expenditure frameworks, and make better use of incentive-based instruments. They also need to create a suitable climate for the private sector to participate in environmental financing. The international community must ensure that IFI loans for environmental investments are more accessible, especially for low-income countries, including by providing adequate grant co-financing. Finally, EECCA and SEE countries should strengthen their capacity to prepare environmental investment projects, with effective support from IFIs and donors.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art11-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 72
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    Financing Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in EECCA Countries, including Progress in Achieving Water-Related Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-40
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 3, p. 1-40
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: At their meeting in Almaty in October 2000, EECCA Ministers of Environment, Finance, and Economy, Ministers and senior representatives from several OECD countries, as well as senior officials from International Financial Institutions (IFI), International Organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, recognised the critical condition of the urban water supply and sanitation sector in EECCA and endorsed "Guiding Principles for the Reform of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the NIS". Participants requested the EAP Task Force to assess progress in implementing these Guiding Principles for review at a major conference of stakeholders that took place in 2005 in Yerevan, Armenia. This paper is an update of a report that was prepared for the Ministerial meeting in Yerevan, drawing on more recent data, and responds to the Ministers' request to prepare such a paper for the Environment for Europe Conference in 2007.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art8-en
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    Test No. 313: Estimation of Emissions from Preservative - Treated Wood to the Environment : Laboratory Method for Wooden Commodities that are not Covered and are in Contact with Fresh Water or Seawater (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067370
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 313; Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement ; Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 313: Estimation des émissions issues de bois traité par un produit de préservation dans l'environnement : Méthode de laboratoire applicable aux articles en bois sans revêtement qui sont en contact avec de l'eau douce ou de l'eau de mer
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is intended for testing the emissions from wood and wooden commodities that are not covered and are in contact with fresh water or seawater. Preservative treated wood test specimens are immersed in water. The recommended wood species are Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Pinus resinosa Ait. (red pine), or Pinus spp (Southern pine). Wood test specimens are recommended to be sets of five according to EN 113 size blocks. Control with untreated wood specimens allows for the determination of background levels for emissates from wood other than the preservative used. The number of sets of wood test specimens used for analysing is at least five: three sets of specimens are treated with preservative, one set of specimens is untreated and one set of specimens for the estimation of the oven dry moisture content of the test specimens before treatment. The water (emissate) is collected and chemically analyzed multiple times over the exposure period sufficient to perform statistical calculations (6 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days, 15 days, 22 days, 29 days). Tests with untreated samples can be discontinued if there is no background detected in the first three data points.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067370-en
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    Test No. 507: Nature of the Pesticide Residues in Processed Commodities - High Temperature Hydrolysis (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067431
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 507; Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 507: Nature des résidus de pesticides dans les produits transformés Hydrolyse à haute température
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method conducted as model studies to predict the degradation pathway of the active ingredient under hydrolytic conditions, to identify the degradation products, and to determine the relative amount of degradation products. Three representative hydrolysis conditions should be investigated. Radiolabelled active test substance are used to elucidate the possible degradation pathway and for quantitation of the extent of degradation. The use of tritium (3H) as a label is not permitted due to the possibility of hydrogen exchange with the water. The proposed value for the concentration of a water soluble active ingredient in the studies required here is 1.0 mg/L. Samples may be analysed directly by chromatography or may be extracted with a series of solvents or solvent mixtures with various polarities and other characteristics depending on the nature of the expected residues. The characterisation and identification of extractable residues is made. Ideally samples should be stored at/or below -18°C. The report should include the routes of degradation observed, the degradation pathway, the composition of total radioactive residues, the limit of quantification for radioactivity determination and chromatographic separation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067431-en
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    Test No. 225: Sediment-Water Lumbriculus Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067356
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 225; Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 225: Essai de toxicité sur Lumbriculus dans un système eau-sédiment chargé
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure to sediment-associated chemicals on the reproduction and the biomass of the endobenthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller). The method is described for static test conditions. Worms of similar physiological state are exposed to a series of toxicant concentrations applied to the sediment phase of a sediment-water system (artificial sediment amended with a food source and reconstituted water). Test vessels without the test substance serve as controls. The test animals are exposed to the sediment-water systems for a period of 28 days. The endpoints of this type of study are the ECx for reproduction and biomass. In addition the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) may be calculated. The purpose of the study, ECx or NOEC derivation, will determine the test design. At least five concentrations and a minimum of three replicates for ECx, or four replicates for NOEC/LOEC, for each concentration should be tested. The test is conducted with at least 10 worms for each replicate. The report should include the total number and the dry weight of the worms, the observations of abnormal behaviour, of mortalities, the water characteristics within the test vessels and the total organic content.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067356-en
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  • 76
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Chile 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037526
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estudios de la OECD sobre políticas de innovación; Chile 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estudios de la OECD sobre políticas de innovación: Chile 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Chile
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy offer a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of individual OECD member and non-member countries, focusing on the role of government. A growing political awareness of the importance of innovation for the Chile’s future has recently translated into two bold decisions: the creation of an Innovation Council for Competitiveness entrusted with the mission of proposing guidelines for a long-term national innovation strategy; and the introduction of a specific mining tax to increase resources available to implement this strategy. This report assesses the current status of Chile’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where improvements are most needed in order to make the most efficient use of this additional public investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037526-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 77
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: South Africa 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264038240
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (254 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; South Africa
    Kurzfassung: A comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of South Africa, focusing on the role of government, and providing concrete recommendations on how to improve policies which impact on innovation performance, including R&D policies. Post-apartheid South Africa has succeeded in swiftly opening its economy to international trade and capital flows, and in stabilising the economy while achieving reasonably good growth performance, mainly driven by productivity gains. However, important socio-economic problems persist, especially unemployment, poverty and the exclusion of a large fraction of the population from the formal economy. The country is now in the middle of two more specifically economic transitions: i) responding to globalisation and ii) transforming the structure of the economy away from its former heavy dependence on primary resource production and associated commodity-based industries. In this context, enhancing innovation capabilities is key to a sustained improvement of living standards based on productivity-driven growth. This review assesses the national innovation system of South Africa from this perspective, identifying areas and means for improvement with an emphasis on the role of public research organisations and policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264038240-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 78
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: New Zealand 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037618
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; New Zealand
    Kurzfassung: This comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of New Zealand examines how innovation has affected economic performance in New Zealand. It looks at who the actors are and how they are related to each other. And it examines in detail the role of the government and the effectiveness of the system. Finally, it makes a series of recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037618-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 79
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    Online-Ressource
    Fixed-Mobile Convergence : Market Developments and Policy Issues (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.127
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of the evolution towards fixed-mobile convergence (FMC) and of some related regulatory and policy issues such as numbering and interconnection.
    DOI: 10.1787/231037284472
    URL: Volltext
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  • 80
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    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: New Zealand 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030589
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (245 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; New Zealand
    Kurzfassung: This comprehensive review of New Zealand's environmental policies and programmes covers environmental management including waste and water management; nature and biodiversity conservation; economy and the environment; agriculture, forestry and the environment; the environmental-social interface; and international co-operation. It includes a series of recommendations as well as a rich statistical annex.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030589-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 81
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    Test No 506: Stability of Pesticide Residues in Stored Commodities (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061927
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 506; Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test n 506: Stabilité des résidus de pesticides dans les produits entreposés
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The aim of these studies is to demonstrate the time period for which stability has been shown in representative commodities from crops. Freezer storage stability studies should include sufficient starting material and should have a sufficiently high concentration of residue to allow for any observed decline during storage to be quantified. Samples could either be from crops (or animals) that have been treated with pesticides in the field, or from the spiking of control commodities with known amounts of each component of the residue definitions. Freshly spiked control samples of the stored commodities should be analysed at each of the time points when aged/stored commodities are removed from frozen storage for analysis. The control samples used for procedural recovery determinations will be the same commodity. At least two sampling intervals (time zero and other) should be used; the sampling interval depends on the stability of the residues. Duplicate samples of every commodity at each time point for all components of the residue definitions need to be analysed. The report should include the residue results and the statistical treatments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061927-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 82
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    Participative Web and User-Created Content : Web 2.0, Wikis and Social Networking (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264037472
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Participative web and user-created content
    DDC: 006.7
    RVK:
    AP 15965
    Schlagwort(e): Web 2.0-Technologien ; Social Web ; Science and Technology ; Soziale Software ; World Wide Web 2.0
    Kurzfassung: Drawing on an expanding array of intelligent web services and applications, a growing number of people are creating, distributing and exploiting user-created content (UCC) and being part of the wider participative web. This study describes the rapid growth of UCC and its increasing role in worldwide communication, and draws out implications for policy. Questions addressed include: What is user-created content? What are its key drivers, its scope and different forms? What are the new value chains and business models? What are the extent and form of social, cultural and economic opportunities and impacts? What are the associated challenges? Is there a government role, and what form could it take?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264037472-en
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  • 83
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    The Space Economy at a Glance 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040847
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (105 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Panorama économique du secteur spatial 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Space applications are becoming an increasingly important part of everyday life. Weather forecasting, air traffic control, global communications and broadcasting, disaster management -- these and many other key activities would be almost unthinkable today without satellite technology. The space industry itself is relatively small compared to other manufacturing sectors, but its technological dynamism and strategic significance mean that it plays an ever more critical role in modern society. Paradoxically, it also figures among the sectors which are the least developed in terms of robust, internationally comparable statistics and data. This book attempts to rectify that situation by assembling information from a wide range of official and non-official sources. Together these paint a richly detailed picture of the space industry, its downstream services activities, and its wider economic and social impacts. Who are the main space-faring nations? How large are revenues and how much employment is there in the sector? How much R&D goes on, and where? What is the value of spin-offs from space spending? Answers to these and other questions are provided in this first-ever OECD statistical overview of the emerging space economy. A dynamic link (StatLink) is provided for graphs, which directs the user to a web page where the corresponding data are available in Excel® format.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040847-en
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  • 84
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    OECD e-Government Studies: Hungary 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030527
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD e-Government Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Wang, Yih-Jeou Hungary
    RVK:
    MG 98704
    RVK:
    QQ 000
    Schlagwort(e): E-Government ; Ungarn ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Hungary ; Ungarn ; E-Government
    Kurzfassung: E-Government in Hungary has been driven by the overarching national goal to integrate Hungary in the European Union. Strong political leadership has lead to results in a short space of time, including the online availability of 20 core e-government services benchmarked by the EU, as well as other transactional services. The review draws several important lessons from the Hungarian experience: Hungary has moved forward by adopting international good practices, rather than re-inventing the wheel. In order to continue progress, however, Hungary needs to focus on the bigger picture which means using e-government to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the public sector, i.e. better government, not more government. This review also identifies the challenges that Hungary will face in order to meet these new objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030527-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 85
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    Online-Ressource
    Development of Policies for Protection of Critical Information Infrastructures (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.130
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'élaboration de politiques de protection des infrastructures d'information critiques
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: The 2006 OECD study offers an analysis of the CII security policies in four countries: Canada, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States - with a focus on the drivers for and challenges to their development.
    DOI: 10.1787/231008575813
    URL: Volltext
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  • 86
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    Online-Ressource
    Catching up in Broadband - What Will it Take? (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.133
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Can governments elevate their broadband performance rankings? This paper aims to identify the factors that are significant in driving broadband penetration.
    DOI: 10.1787/230706633823
    URL: Volltext
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  • 87
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    Report on Second Roundtable on Economics for Consumer Policy (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.132
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Report on the 2nd Roundtable on Economics for Consumer Policy, held in October 2006, to consider the economic theories of information disclosure with a focus on two major industry sectors – telecommunications and financial services.
    DOI: 10.1787/230744208356
    URL: Volltext
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  • 88
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    Policy Considerations for Audio-visual Content Distribution in a Multiplatform Environment (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 144 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.123
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Convergence is at present a key factor in developments underlying the electronic communications sector.1 The public can see, speak and listen using various media operating over all kinds of networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/231238356546
    URL: Volltext
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  • 89
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    Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Implementation in Germany : Challenges and Benefits (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.134
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: RFID technology is increasingly used in a wide range of tracking and tracing applications. This study compares the implementation of RFID across a broad range of sectors, drawing on interviews with early adopters of RFID technology in Germany.
    DOI: 10.1787/230687544816
    URL: Volltext
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  • 90
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    Online-Ressource
    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy China : Synthesis Report (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039643
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: China has maintained very rapid economic growth and development over several decades, but it now faces the challenge of ensuring that further progress – economic, social and environmental – will be both sustainable and comprehensive. This will require fostering innovation, which can play a major role in achieving that goal. Economic reforms, including the launch of the “open door” policy, prepared the ground for the Chinese economy’s nearly three decades of extraordinary performance. China’s re-emergence as a major power in the world economy is one of the most significant developments in modern history...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039643-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 91
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    Test No. 503: Metabolism in Livestock (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061873
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 ; Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 503 : Métabolisme dans les animaux d'élevage
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Metabolism in Livestock studies are used to determine the qualitative and quantitative metabolism and/or degradation of the active ingredient resulting from pesticide use in feedstuffs, direct application to livestock, or premise treatment. The studies provide an estimate of total residues in the edible livestock commodities, as well as the excreta; identify the major components of the terminal residue in the edible tissues; elucidate a metabolic pathway for the pesticide in ruminants and poultry; provide evidence whether or not a residue should be classified as fat soluble. The studies should be conducted using radiolabelled test compound. A stable position of labelling is chosen and the preferred radioisotope is 14C, although 32P, 35S can be used. A ruminant (lactating goats) study can be carried out on a single animal per experiments. For poultry (laying hens), the use of ten birds per experiments (or dose) is recommended. The minimum dosage used in livestock oral metabolism studies should approximate the level of exposure expected from the feeding of treated crops with the highest observed residues. Treatment should be administered orally (via a balling gun, capsule or gavage) or by dermal application. The study includes: the excreta, milk and eggs collect (twice daily), and tissues collect (muscle, liver…).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061873-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 92
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    Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents : A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067417
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 ; Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs ; Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 440; Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents; A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 440 : Bio-essai utérotrophique chez les rongeurs : Essai de dépistage à court terme des propriétés oestrogéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 440: Uterotrophic Bioassay in Rodents: A short-term screening test for oestrogenic properties (Korean version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Uterotrophic Bioassay is an in vivo short-term screening test. It is based on the increase in uterine weight or uterotrophic response. The Uterotrophic Bioassay relies for its sensitivity on an animal test system in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is not functional. Two oestrogen sensitive states in the female rodent meet this requirement: i) immature females after weaning and prior to puberty and ii) young adult females after ovariectomy with adequate time for uterine tissues to regress. The test substance is administered daily by oral gavage or subcutaneous injection. Each treated and control group should include at least 6 animals. Graduated test substance doses are administered to a minimum of two treatment groups of experimental animals using one dose level per group and an administration period of three consecutive days for immature method and a minimum administration period of three consecutive days for ovx-adult method. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last dose. For oestrogen agonists, the mean uterine weight of the treated animal groups relative to the vehicle group is assessed for a statistically significant increase. A statistically significant increase in the mean uterine weight of a test group indicates a positive response in this bioassay. The report should include: the daily body weights, the daily record of status of animal, the wet and blotted uterine weight, the daily food consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067417-en
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  • 93
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    Test No. 426: Developmental Neurotoxicity Study (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067394
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 ; Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 426 : Étude de neurotoxicité pour le développement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: A developmental neurotoxicity study will provide information on the effects of repeated exposure to a substance during in utero and early postnatal development. The test substance is administered daily, generally orally, to mated females (rats are preferred) from the time of implantation (GD 6) throughout lactation (PND 21). At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used and a total of 20 litters are recommended at each dose level. Dams are tested to assess effects in pregnant and lactating females and may also provide comparative information. Offspring are randomly selected from within litters for neurotoxicity evaluation. All dams and all offspring should be carefully observed at least once daily with respect to their health condition, including morbidity and mortality. The evaluation consists of observations to detect gross neurologic and behavioural abnormalities, and the evaluation of brain weights and neuropathology during postnatal development and adulthood. The report should include the body weight, the food/water consumption; the detailed clinical observations, the necropsy findings, a detailed description of all behavioural, the number of animals at the start and at the end of the study and the toxic response data by sex and dose level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067394-en
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  • 94
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    Mechanisms for Managing Public Environmental Expenditure in Selected OECD Countries (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018440
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This report analyses selected public expenditure programmes supporting environmental investments in water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure in four OECD countries: Austria, Belgium (the Region of Flanders), France and Germany. These programmes have been selected as they involve different approaches to managing public expenditure for water investments. The study focuses on mechanisms for managing government assistance at both national (Austria) and sub-national (Belgium, France, Germany) levels. In selecting the case studies, special attention has been given to the relevance of the expenditure programmes in their national environment and economic policy regimes as well as the potential for replication of good practices in transition economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018440-en
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  • 95
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    Guidance Manual on Environmentally Sound Management of Waste (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264042049
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel d'application pour la gestion écologique des déchets
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Following the adoption of Council Recommendation C(2004)100 in 2004 on Environmentally Sound Management of Waste, member countries wished to reinforce the implementation of this legal Act by issuing a practical Guidance Manual. This publication aims at facilitating the implementation of an environmentally sound waste management policy by governments on one hand, and by waste treatment facilities on the other hand. Every element of the Recommendation C(2004)100 is explained in detail, as well as the different core performance criteria which characterise environmentally sound management of waste, through various types of information (such as technical, financial, regulatory). Waste management practices applied in certain member countries are presented as examples...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264042049-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 96
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    Environment and Regional Trade Agreements (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264006805
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'environnement et les accords commerciaux régionaux
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Environment and regional trade agreements
    DDC: 382/.91
    RVK:
    AR 28100
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Schlagwort(e): Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Commercial treaties ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Trade blocs ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Bilateraler Handel ; Handelsabkommen ; Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation
    Kurzfassung: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increased significantly in number over the past few years. The number of RTAs which include environmental provisions is also increasing. However, these provisions, and the experience related to their negotiation and implementation, have not been examined in depth yet. This study contributes to filling this gap. It provides an overview of approaches to environmental issues in RTAs and summarises country experiences in their negotiation and practical application. Regional and bilateral trade arrangements are surveyed, including customs unions and free trade agreements. The study is based on the analysis of RTA texts, and on literature examining their actual implementation, as well as on first-hand comments and input from experts from both OECD and non-OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264006805-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030541
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (247 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Schweiz 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali; Svizzera 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Suisse 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Schweiz 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rapporto sulle performance ambientali: Svizzera 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Switzerland's performance in fighting pollution is among the best of any OECD country. But it is faced with numerous environmental challenges from agriculture and from unsustainable consumption patterns in transport, recreational activities, and land use. This comprehensive report makes a series of recommendations for further strengthening Switzerland's environmental policy in such areas as environmental management, air, noise, water, nature/landscapes/biodiversity, agriculture and international co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030541-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Belgium 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031128
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (270 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Belgique 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Belgique 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Belgium
    Kurzfassung: This comprehensive review of Belgium's environmental policies and programmes examines the full range of issues including air and water management, nature and biodiversity management, climate change, sustainable development, environmental taxation, environmental policy, and international co-operation. It includes a statistical annex containing key environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031128-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD e-Government Studies: Netherlands 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030299
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD e-Government Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Carpenter, Gwendolyn Netherlands
    Schlagwort(e): E-Government ; Niederlande ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Netherlands ; Niederlande ; E-Government
    Kurzfassung: Rather than pursuing e-government as an end in itself, the Netherlands is seeking to use ICT tools to reduce administrative burdens and improve service delivery. Internationally, the Netherlands is at the forefront of administrative burden reduction, which is a major political priority and an important justification for e-government development. This volume examines questions such as whether the goal of reducing administrative burdens is sufficient in itself for e-government to transform public administrations. Further, how can the public sector build partnerships across levels of government to deliver ICT-enabled end-to-end services that simplify the relationship with citizens and businesses? This report is in English only. However, a French translation of the Assessment and Proposals for Action has been included in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030299-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Luxembourg 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264010284
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (162 p.)
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques d'innovation ; Luxembourg 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques d'innovation : Luxembourg 2007
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Luxembourg
    Kurzfassung: This OECD Review of Innovation Policy offers a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Luxembourg, focusing on the role of government. It provides concrete recommendations on reforms needed to ensure that additional public investment in R&D will yield the expected economic and social benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264010284-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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