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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policy Highlights : In-Depth Energy Policy Reviews (IDRs) of 21st Century (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264200630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Energieforschung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Energy Policy Highlights showcases what the 28 IEA member countries identified as key recent developments in their energy policies. Each country contribution covers a range of energy-related topics, with best practices and policy examples from their respective governments, including objectives, characteristics, challenges and successes, and shared lessons. Each contribution underscores the changing nature of both global and domestic energy challenges, as well as the commonality of energy concerns among member countries. For example, many of the policies highlighted identify an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a clear objective. Electricity, enhancing energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix in a cost effective manner are likewise areas of common focus. Overall, the energy concerns reflect key areas of focus for the IEA – energy security, environmental protection and economic development. On the end-user side, increasing public awareness of domestic energy policies through improved transparency and engagement is an important facet of policy support among IEA member countries. The successful implementation of policies and other initiatives benefitted from efforts to inform the public. The IEA hopes that Energy Policy Highlights will provide a useful point of reference and dialogue for the 2013 IEA Ministerial, and will help advance the Agency’s well-established practice of co-operation and worldwide engagement through the sharing of experiences, best practices and lessons learned, among IEA member countries and partner countries alike.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264200630-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Morocco 2014 (2014)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques énergétiques hors des pays de l'AIE ; Maroc 2014
    Keywords: Energy ; Morocco
    Abstract: The Kingdom of Morocco is over 90 % dependent on energy imports, so a major challenge is to develop indigenous resources. Topography and climate are favourable to wind, solar and additional hydropower. By 2020 Morocco aims to derive more than 40 % of its electrical capacity from these sources, strengthening both energy security and sustainability. At the same time, Rabat aims to retain its attractive investment conditions for oil and gas exploration. To reduce the burden of energy subsidies, transport fuels have progressively been brought up towards full market prices, and electricity tariffs are also being adjusted upward. Energy efficiency has been elevated to a national priority, with a range of measures on lighting, building standards, appliances and vehicles. Morocco’s electricity grid now covers more than 98 % of households. The sector is being progressively liberalised, with foreign investment in both renewables and coal-fired power stations. The energy mix is diversified further by imports of gas from Algeria and electricity from Spain. Morocco has established new national agencies to promote energy efficiency, renewable energy, and research and development. Co‑operation on climate change within the United Nations framework is widely perceived as exemplary. Persevering in this direction could help Morocco emerge as a regional leader in energy sector reform, as well as in the renewable energy technologies in which it has a natural advantage. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Morocco and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211483-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Power of Transformation : Wind, Sun and the Economics of Flexible Power Systems (2014)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The power of transformation
    DDC: 621.31
    RVK:
    ZP 3700
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiemarkt ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV) are crucial to meeting future energy needs while decarbonising the power sector. Deployment of both technologies has expanded rapidly in recent years, one of the few bright spots in an otherwise bleak picture of clean energy progress. However, the inherent variability of wind power and solar PV raises unique and pressing questions. Can power systems remain reliable and cost-effective while supporting high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE)? And if so, how? Based on a thorough review of the integration challenge, this publication gauges the economic significance of VRE integration impacts, highlights the need for a system-wide approach to integrating high shares of VRE and recommends how to achieve a cost-effective transformation of the power system. This book summarises the results of the third phase of the Grid Integration of VRE (GIVAR) project, undertaken by the IEA over the past two years. It is rooted in a set of seven case studies, comprising 15 countries on four continents. It deepens the technical analysis of previous IEA work and lays out an analytical framework for understanding the economics of VRE integration impacts. Based on detailed modelling, the impact of high shares of VRE on total system costs is analysed. In addition, the four flexible resources which are available to facilitate VRE integration – generation, grid infrastructure, storage and demand side integration – are assessed in terms of their technical performance and cost-effectiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208032-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How2Guide for Wind Energy : Roadmap Development and Implementation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This How2Guide for Wind Energy (Wind H2G) is designed to provide interested stakeholders from both government and industry with the necessary tools to plan and implement a roadmap for wind energy technology at the national or regional level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211759-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Storage (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap aims to increase understanding among a range of stakeholders of the applications that electricity and thermal energy storage technologies can be used for at different locations in the energy system. Emphasis is placed on storage technologies that are connected to a larger energy system (e.g. electricity grid), while a smaller portion of the discussion focuses on off-grid storage applications. This focus is complemented by a discussion of the existing technology, policy, and economic barriers that hinder energy storage deployment. Specific actions that can be taken to remove these obstacles are identified for key energy system stakeholder groups.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211872-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Austria 2014 (2014)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264209602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Austria
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2014 review of Austria’s energy policy analyses the energy policy challenges facing Austria and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It finds that Austria's energy policy rests on three pillars – security of supply, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The country’s decarbonisation drive has strengthened as the economy and renewable energy use have continued to grow, while fossil fuel use has decreased. Notably, Austria has more than tripled the public funding for energy research, development and demonstration since 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions from energy use, which peaked in 2005, still need to be reduced further, and the transport sector offers prime opportunities for this. In the context of EU negotiations on an energy and climate policy framework to 2030, Austria should develop a strategy that also integrates security of supply and internal market dimensions. Closer cross-border integration of both electricity and natural gas markets and systems is required to build a single European market. This calls for increased co-ordination and co-operation with neighbouring countries. Austria should also encourage investment in networks, optimise demand response and integrate variable renewable energy supply in a cost-effective and market-based manner. A well-functioning internal market can help reduce the growing concerns over energy prices and costs, both for industry and for citizens. Austria could address these concerns also by implementing more energy efficiency measures and facilitating greater retail market competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264209602-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Medium-Term Oil Market Report 2014 (2014)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211728-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Luxembourg 2014 (2014)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Luxembourg and provides recommendations for each sector. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future and the development of its 2030 energy strategy. It finds that since 2008, Luxembourg’s energy policy has focused on mitigating CO2 emissions in transport and industry and on supporting renewable energies and energy efficiency towards 2020. Luxembourg’s greenhouse gas emissions have stabilised as energy-intensive industries have scaled back their activities and the government put strong energy efficiency policies in place, notably for buildings. Since 2009, the country’s research and development (R&D) policies have promoted eco-innovation and clean energy technologies. In 2012, government spending on energy R&D as a ratio of gross domestic product was the highest among IEA members. Luxembourg is creating a national platform for smart meters and electric vehicles, the first of its kind country-wide roll out. Nonetheless, Luxembourg faces several energy challenges. Oil consumption in transport is rising because of growing road fuel sales, largely the result of tax differences to neighbouring countries. This increases Luxembourg’s emissions and its oil stockholding needs. Because the country imports all of its energy needs, energy security is a priority. Luxembourg has sought to address this through greater regional integration such as merging its gas market with Belgium and increasing its electricity interconnection with France and Belgium. Yet the benefits of regional integration of wholesale energy markets have not yet translated to retail markets. Moreover, as regional electricity trade grows and neighbouring countries introduce ambitious decarbonisation policies and capacity markets, Luxembourg will need to define its priorities for an energy strategy through 2030.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211391-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Technology Initiatives 2013 : Implementation through Multilateral Co-operation (2014)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Ensuring energy security and addressing climate change cost-effectively are key global challenges. Tackling these issues will require efforts from stakeholders worldwide. To find solutions, the public and private sectors must work together, sharing burdens and resources, while at the same time multiplying results and outcomes. Through its broad range of multilateral technology initiatives (Implementing Agreements), the IEA enables member and non-member countries, businesses, industries, international organisations and non-governmental organisations to share research on breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to build pilot plants and to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes across the energy sector. In short, their work can comprise any technology-related activity that supports energy security, economic growth, environmental protection and engagement worldwide. Some 40 Implementing Agreements carry out programmes in the areas of energy efficiency (buildings, electricity, industry, and transport), fossil fuels (clean coal, enhanced oil recovery, carbon capture and storage), fusion power (tokamaks, materials, technologies, safety, alternate concepts) and renewable energy technologies, and cross-cutting topics (technology transfer, research databases, and modeling). This publication highlights the most significant recent achievements of the IEA Implementing Agreements. The core of the IEA Energy Technology Network, these initiatives are a fundamental building block for facilitating the entry of new and improved energy technologies into the marketplace.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207646-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Resources to Reserves 2013 : Oil, Gas and Coal Technologies for the Energy Markets of the Future (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264090705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Resources to reserves 2013
    Keywords: Energiereserven ; Fossile Energie ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle ; Energietechnik ; Welt ; Energy ; Welt ; Energievorrat ; Fossiler Brennstoff ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle
    Abstract: The availability of oil and gas for future generations continues to provoke international debate. In 2005, the first edition of Resources to Reserves found that the known hydrocarbon resources were sufficient to sustain likely growth for the foreseeable future. Yet the book also predicted that developing oil and gas resources – and bringing them to market – would become more technically demanding. Resources to Reserves 2013 – a comprehensive update to the 2005 edition – confirms these earlier findings and investigates whether oil and gas resources can be produced at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, while also protecting environmentally sensitive areas. Released amid a boom in shale gas and oil development in North America that is transforming the global energy landscape, the book surveys the cutting-edge technologies needed to find, produce and bring these reserves to the market, and it reviews the challenges on greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuel production. With renewed interest in coal as a potential source of liquid and gaseous fuels, it also looks at technology advances for this fossil fuel.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264090705-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Efficiency : Market Trends and Medium-Term Prospects (2013)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264206052
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Energy efficiency has been referred to as a “hidden fuel”, one that extends energy supplies, increases energy security, lowers carbon emissions and generally supports sustainable economic growth. Yet it is hiding in plain sight: in 2011, investments in the energy efficiency market globally were at a similar scale to those in renewable energy or fossil-fuel power generation. The Energy Efficiency Market Report provides a practical basis for understanding energy efficiency market activities, a review of the methodological and practical challenges associated with measuring the market and its components, and statistical analysis of energy efficiency and its impact on energy demand. It also highlights a specific technology sector in which there is significant energy efficiency market activity, in this instance appliances and ICT. The report presents a selection of country case studies that illustrate current energy efficiency markets in specific sectors, and how they may evolve in the medium term. The energy efficiency market is diffuse, varied and involves all energy-consuming sectors of the economy. A comprehensive overview of market activity is complicated by the challenges associated with quantifying the components of the market and the paucity of comparable reported data. This report underscores how vital high-quality and timely energy efficiency data is to understanding this market. This first Energy Efficiency Market Report sits alongside IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting its place as a major energy resource. It summarises in one place the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020. This Report joins the IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting energy efficiency’s place as a major energy resource. It summarises the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264206052-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013 : Market Trends and Projections to 2018 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264191198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (217 p.)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264191198-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Germany 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190764
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: Since the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a new suite of policy measures, determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecast growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. Renewable energy capacity must expand alongside the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190764-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Estonia 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Estonia
    Abstract: This review of Estonia’s energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive. The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions. The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia’s solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190801-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2012 : Market Trends and Projections to 2017 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264178007
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264178007-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Switzerland 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264179684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This 2012 IEA review of Swiss energy policies finds that Switzerland has taken bold decisions to gradually phase out nuclear power and to reduce by a fifth its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 with domestic measures only. These are challenging objectives, and the country now needs to identify the most viable ways to meet them at least cost and minimum risk to energy security. In the absence of nuclear power, maintaining sufficient electricity capacity will require strong policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. Such measures have already been outlined, but they will likely not be enough. For baseload generation, gas-fired power plants would be the simplest option. Treating their CO2 emissions the same way as in the neighbouring countries would be a strong positive incentive for investors. Because Switzerland’s energy-related CO2 emissions come mostly from oil use in transport and space heating, action is most needed in these areas. Commendably, the country is making polluters pay by using a CO2 tax for financing decarbonisation efforts in space heating. Stronger efforts will be needed to reduce emissions from private car use, however. Since the 2007 IEA energy policy review, Switzerland has made clear progress in electricity market reform. Moving to a fully open market by 2015 would be a further positive step. The system of regulated end-user prices, however, is subsidising electricity consumption at a time when low-carbon power supply is becoming more constrained and expensive. It should be reconsidered. Switzerland should also continue to take an increasingly European approach to developing its electricity infrastructure, to its own benefit and to that of its neighbours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264179684-en
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  • 17
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    Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264185029
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap explores the potential improvement of existing technologies to enhance the average fuel economy of motorised vehicles; the roadmap’s vision is to achieve a 30% to 50% reduction in fuel use per kilometre from new road vehicles including 2-wheelers, LDV s and HDV s) around the world in 2030, and from the stock of all vehicles on the road by 2050. This achievement would contribute to significant reductions in GHG emissions and oil use, compared to a baseline projection. Different motorised modes are treated separately, with a focus on LDV s, HDV s and powered two-wheelers. A section on in-use fuel economy also addresses technical and nontechnical parameters that could allow fuel economy to drastically improve over the next decades. Technology cost analysis and payback time show that significant progress can be made with low or negative cost for fuel-efficient vehicles over their lifetime use. Even though the latest data analysed by the IEA for fuel economy between 2005 and 2008 showed that a gap exists in achieving the roadmap’s vision, cutting the average fuel economy of road motorised vehicles by 30% to 50% by 2030 is achievable, and the policies and technologies that could help meet this challenge are already deployed in many places around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264185029-en
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  • 18
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    Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Ukraine Energy Policy Review 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Ukraine’s energy sector faces unprecedented challenges, from a heavy reliance on expensive fossil-fuel imports to inefficient infrastructure and markets. Yet there is also potential for Ukraine to experience an energy revolution, one that could boost employment, lift economic growth and enhance energy security. Modernisation of Ukraine’s energy-supply sectors has only begun and will require investment on a huge scale, complemented by a fundamental reform of the business environment. A strong dependency on oil and gas imports and often-inefficient energy production, transportation and supply sectors means that reducing energy demand must be a greater priority. The potential for energy efficiency gains in the residential, district heating and industrial sectors is large. Endowed with large conventional energy reserves, alongside sizeable renewable potential, Ukraine can build the capacity to significantly increase its resource production. Releasing this potential will require deep regulatory reform and full implementation of international treaty provisions. Effective competition, alongside a progressive move towards market prices, will also help Ukraine attract investment to develop the sector. A draft energy strategy, which sets out a series of supply-side measures, was published in 2012. Broadening and implementing a comprehensive energy strategy, one that takes greater account of demand-side policies, could significantly improve progress in the medium term. This review analyses the large energy-policy challenges facing Ukraine and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187450-en
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  • 19
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    Medium-Term Gas Market Report 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264177987
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264177987-en
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  • 20
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    Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264177963
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264177963-en
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  • 21
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    Medium-Term Oil Market Report 2012 : Market Trends and Projections to 2017 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188471-en
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  • 22
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    Technology Roadmap: China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The report shows how China, already the world’s largest wind market, could reach 1,000 GW of wind power by the middle of the century, an achievement that would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.5 gigatonnes per year, or roughly equivalent to the combined CO2 emissions of Germany, France and Italy in 2009. The China Wind Energy Roadmap is the first national roadmap that has been developed by a country with IEA support, drawing from its global roadmap series.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264166752-en
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  • 23
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Denmark 2011 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: Denmark is a leader among OECD member countries in terms of its well-designed policies for renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change. The country is a forthright voice in international fora for climate policy and a strong advocate of tougher climate-change mitigation measures. A long history of consensus-based policy making and political stability has been leveraged to develop Denmark's far-reaching and comprehensive energy policies, and also allowed a clear long-term vision to emerge. Denmark's long-term energy goal is to become completely independent of fossil fuels use by 2050. In 2011, the government published the Energy Strategy 2050, a detailed and ambitious policy document that sets out a series of new energy-policy initiatives. The strategy aims to transform Denmark into a low-carbon society with a stable and affordable energy supply. The first phase of the strategy focuses on a series of short-term initiatives that significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels by strengthening and expanding existing policies in energy efficiency and renewable energy. The second and third phases will involve development and implementation of long-term energy solutions including building a green transport sector and promotion of smart grids. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Denmark as it develops and implements the ambitious policies outlined in the Energy Strategy 2050, and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements in particular sectors. The intent of the review is to assist Danish policy makers as they move towards a sustainable, low-carbon energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098213-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Slovak Republic 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173507
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: The Slovak Republic imports virtually all of its natural gas and crude oil from a single supplier, the Russian Federation. Energy security is therefore an overarching concern and priority in the Slovak Republic'fs energy policy agenda. The government is taking steps to diversify supplies and build on lessons learned from the gas supply disruption in 2009. Enhancing regional co-operation, particularly in the development of gas and electricity interconnections, is an essential step towards meeting the dual policy objectives of enhancing energy security and market competition. The Slovak Republic has moved forward with coupling its electricity market with the Czech Republic's, and supports the construction of a North-South pipeline connection that would link planned LNG terminals in Croatia and Poland, including an interconnector to Hungary. Despite a sharp decline in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since 1990, the Slovak Republic remains a GHG-intensive economy by OECD standards, with energy-related CO2 emissions accounting for over 70% of total GHG emissions. The country must continue to implement policies that ease the transition to a low-carbon economy. Nuclear power and renewable energy can play crucial roles in the Slovak Republic'fs efforts to decarbonise its electricity production. Significant efforts can also be made to improve energy efficiency, especially in the transport and building sectors. District heating is a notable area with huge potential for reducing national GHG emissions. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing the Slovak Republic, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173507-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Ireland 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264171473
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ireland
    Abstract: The IEA's 2012 review of Ireland's energy policies and programmes finds that Ireland has suffered a significant economic downturn, but remains committed to its ambitious energy targets to bring the country towards a low-carbon economy. Ireland’s location at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean ensures one of the best wind and ocean resources in Europe, and Ireland has set the ambitious target of producing 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Ireland is highly dependent on imported oil and gas. While the push to develop renewable energies is commendable, this will result in an increased reliance on natural gas, as gas-fired power plants will be required to provide flexibility in electricity supply when wind power is unavailable. With two-thirds of Ireland’s electricity already coming from gas-fired generation, this poses concerns with regard to gas security, particularly as 93% of its gas supplies come from a single transit point in Scotland. In order to meet Ireland’s ambitious renewable targets and improve the island’s level of energy security, the country must successfully develop a range of gas and electricity infrastructure projects and market solutions while continuing to integrate its energy markets with regional neighbours. Ireland also has a pro-active energy efficiency policy, including a detailed National Energy Efficiency Action Plan outlining 90 measures and actions to be implemented in order to achieve the target of 20% energy savings in 2020.This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing Ireland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for the further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264171473-en
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    Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264130661
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications shows that carbon capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from industrial applications by 4 gigatonnes in 2050. Such an amount is equal to roughly one-tenth of the total emission cuts needed to reduce emissions by 50% by the middle of the century. The roadmap focuses on five main industrial applications: high-purity CO2 sources, biomass conversion, cement, iron and steel and refineries. It sets out a vision of CCS in industrial applications up to 2050, including milestones that need to be achieved for technology, financing, policy and international collaboration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264130661-en
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    Technology roadmap : geothermal heat and power (2011)
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Details
    Language: English
    Keywords: Geothermische Energie ; Geothermisches Kraftwerk ; Erdwärmesonde ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Entwicklung ; Potenzial
    Abstract: The technology roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power offers a strategic plan to maximise deployment of these energy resources by 2050. It projects that 1 400 TWh of electricity per year could come from geothermal power by 2050, up from 67 TWh at present. Additionally, geothermal heat (not including ground-source heat pump technology) could contribute 5.8 EJ (1600 TWh) annually by 2050. In order to reach these targets, policy makers, local authorities and utilities need to be more aware of the variety of geothermal resources available and of their possible applications. This roadmap describes the technological, economic and non-economic barriers facing geothermal deployment, and the steps stakeholders must take to overcome them
    Note: Title from content provider
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264118485-en
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    OECD guide to measuring the information society 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264113541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (209 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2011
    DDC: 303.48/33
    Keywords: Information society Statistical methods ; Digital divide ; Information technology
    Abstract: This OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Societyis a compilation of concepts, definitions, classifications and methods for information society measurement and analysis.
    Abstract: This OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society is a compilation of concepts, definitions, classifications and methods for information society measurement and analysis
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. ICT Products; Chapter 3. ICT Infrastructure; Chapter 4. ICT Supply; Chapter 5. ICT Demand by Businesses; Chapter 6. ICT Demand by Households and Individuals; Chapter 7. Content and Media; Chapter 8. The International Scene and the Road Ahead;
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011 , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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    OECD due diligence guidance for responsible supply chains of minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas
    DDC: 338.97
    Keywords: Mines and mineral resources Political aspects ; Mineral industries ; Business ethics
    Abstract: Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources is significant and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, gross human rights violations and hinder economic and social development. The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areasprovides step-by-step management recommendations endorsed by governments for global responsible supply chains of minerals in order for companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict through their mineral or metal purchasing decisions and practices. The Due Diligence Guidance may be used by any company potentially sourcing minerals or metals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, and is intended to cultivate transparent, conflict-free supply chains and sustainable corporate engagement in the minerals sector.
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Recommendation of the Council on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict­Affected and High­Risk Areas; OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict­Affected and High-Risk Areas; Supplement on Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten;
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011 , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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    Energy statistics of Non-OECD countries 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (730 S.)
    Parallel Title: Print version Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries 2011
    DDC: 333.79/09172/4021
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: This volume contains data for 2008 and 2009 on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade, final consumption and oil demand by product. These tables also include preliminary estimates of 2010 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil. The book also includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data and sources.In the 2011 edition of Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent.
    Description / Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS; INTRODUCTION; PART I - METHODOLOGY; PART II - STATISTICAL DATA; SUMMARY TABLES; COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OIL PRODUCTS; OIL DEMAND BY MAIN PRODUCT GROUP;
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    Deploying Renewables : Best and Future Policy Practice (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deploying renewables 2011
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Welt ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Energy ; Erde ; Erneuerbare Energien
    Abstract: The global energy system faces urgent challenges. Concerns about energy security are growing, as highlighted by the recent political turmoil in Northern Africa and the nuclear incident in Fukushima. At the same time, the need to respond to climate change is more critical than ever. Against this background, many governments have increased efforts to promote deployment of renewable energy – low-carbon sources that can strengthen energy security. This has stimulated unprecedented rise in deployment, and renewables are now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix. This “coming of age” of renewable energy also brings challenges. Growth is focused on a few of the available technologies, and rapid deployment is confined to a relatively small number of countries. In more advanced markets, managing support costs and system integration of large shares of renewable energy in a time of economic weakness and budget austerity has sparked vigorous political debate. The IEA’s new report, Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice: · Provides a comprehensive review and analysis of renewable energy policy and market trends; · Analyses in detail the dynamics of deployment and provides best-practice policy principles for different stages of market maturity; · Assesses the impact and cost-effectiveness of support policies using new methodological tools and indicators; · Investigates the strategic reasons underpinning the pursuit of RE deployment by different countries and the prospects for globalisation of RE. This new book builds on and extends a 2008 IEA publication, drawing on recent policy and deployment experience world-wide. It provides guidance for policy makers and other stakeholders to avoid past mistakes, overcome new challenges and reap the benefits of deploying renewables – today and tomorrow.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124912-en
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    Solar Energy Perspectives (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Philibert, Cédric, 1954 - Solar energy perspectives
    Keywords: Sonnenenergie ; Welt ; Energy ; Welt ; Sonnenenergie
    Abstract: In 90 minutes, enough sunlight strikes the earth to provide the entire planet's energy needs for one year. While solar energy is abundant, it represents a tiny fraction of the world’s current energy mix. But this is changing rapidly and is being driven by global action to improve energy access and supply security, and to mitigate climate change. Around the world, countries and companies are investing in solar generation capacity on an unprecedented scale, and, as a consequence, costs continue to fall and technologies improve. This publication gives an authoritative view of these technologies and market trends, in both advanced and developing economies, while providing examples of the best and most advanced practices. It also provides a unique guide for policy makers, industry representatives and concerned stakeholders on how best to use, combine and successfully promote the major categories of solar energy: solar heating and cooling, photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity, as well as solar fuels. Finally, in analysing the likely evolution of electricity and energy-consuming sectors – buildings, industry and transport – it explores the leading role solar energy could play in the long-term future of our energy system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124585-en
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    Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2011 : Market Trends and Projections to 2016 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264167681
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p.)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167681-en
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    Harnessing Variable Renewables : A Guide to the Balancing Challenge (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously. Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
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    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111394-en
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    Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 : Data and Analyses (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. The IEA Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.
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    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111646-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: New Zealand 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of New Zealand's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that New Zealand’s strong commitment to liberalised energy markets has delivered a relatively high level of energy security and economic prosperity for consumers. Since the previous IEA review in 2006, the government has built on the success of existing policy mechanisms and implemented a number of far-reaching changes in the electricity sector and environmental policy. But progress in some sectors, such as energy efficiency, has not been as strong as anticipated. In mid-2010, the government commenced a review of the New Zealand Energy Strategy. The result is the publication of a new energy strategy, which establishes clear long-term policy priorities and energy-savings goals. Implementing these strategies will bring many new challenges, including attainment of the government’s medium-term energy-savings targets. New Zealand enjoys the advantage of a diverse and balanced portfolio of renewable-energy resources, which contribute over 70% of electricity output – the third highest portion in IEA member countries. This resource base has the potential to deliver greater volumes of energy and the government aspires to increase this proportion to 90% of electricity generation by 2025. Meeting this target will bring many benefits but also tough challenges, such as maintaining a robust National Grid. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing New Zealand and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide New Zealand towards a more sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094734-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Poland 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098190
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Poland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive 2011 review Poland's energy policies and programmes. The review finds that Poland has made commendable efforts to develop a solid energy policy framework over the last years. As energy security is a high policy priority, the country is enhancing gas supply security by building an LNG terminal, expanding underground storage capacity and increasing domestic gas production. Polish plans for developing electricity and gas cross-border links will also contribute to regional security of supply. In addition, the government has announced an ambitious nuclear programme by 2030, envisaging the first unit to enter operation by 2022. Other achievements include energy intensity improvements, an increased share of renewables and a stronger focus on energy research and development (R&D). Despite these positive developments, there is room for improving Poland's energy strategy. First, a more integrated energy and climate policy is needed to put Poland firmly on a low-carbon path while enhancing energy security. Second, energy policy could put more emphasis on promoting competition to make the energy markets more efficient. Decarbonising Poland's power sector will be a particularly significant challenge requiring huge investments. Coal accounts for 55% of Polish primary energy supply and 92% of electricity generation, raising significant climate change and environmental challenges. To this end, Poland's efforts to improve energy efficiency and to diversify the country's energy mix are praiseworthy and should be pursued. The government's attention to R&D on clean coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) is also encouraging. The government could put more focus on the positive role that gas can play in decarbonising the electricity mix, especially if Poland's potential resources of unconventional gas are confirmed. To tap these resources, it will be vital to put the necessary legal and regulatory framework in place. This in-depth review analyses the energy challenges facing Poland and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098190-en
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    Technology Roadmap: Geothermal Heat and Power (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264118485
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The technology roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power offers a strategic plan to maximise deployment of these energy resources by 2050. It projects that 1 400 TWh of electricity per year could come from geothermal power by 2050, up from 67 TWh at present. Additionally, geothermal heat (not including ground-source heat pump technology) could contribute 5.8 EJ (1600 TWh) annually by 2050. In order to reach these targets, policy makers, local authorities and utilities need to be more aware of the variety of geothermal resources available and of their possible applications. This roadmap describes the technological, economic and non-economic barriers facing geothermal deployment, and the steps stakeholders must take to overcome them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264118485-en
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    Technology Roadmap: Energy-efficient Buildings : Heating and Cooling Equipment (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264118492
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Buildings account for almost a third of final energy consumption globally and are an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Currently, both space heating and cooling as well as hot water are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. Energy-efficient and low/zero-carbon heating and cooling technologies for buildings have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 2 gigatonnes (Gt) and save 710 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy by 2050. Most of these technologies – which include solar thermal, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps and thermal energy storage – are commercially available today. The Energy-Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment Roadmap sets out a detailed pathway for the evolution and deployment of the key underlying technologies. It finds that urgent action is required if the building stock of the future is to consume less energy and result in lower CO2 emissions. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264118492-en
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    IEA Scoreboard 2011 : Implementing Energy Efficiency Policy: Progress and challenges in IEA member countries (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124653
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Implementing energy efficiency policy
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: On the occasion of its 35th Anniversary in 2009, the International Energy Agency published the first edition of the Scoreboard focusing on 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years. In parallel, the IEA published Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies: Are IEA Member Countries on Track?. Both publications found that although IEA member countries were making progress in implementing energy efficiency, more work was needed. In the 2011 edition of the Scoreboard, the IEA has decided to focus on energy efficiency. The publication combines analysis of energy efficiency policy implementation and recent indicator development. The resulting Scoreboard 2011 provides a fuller picture of the progress as well as the challenges with implementing energy efficiency policy in IEA member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124653-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Norway 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098176
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2011 comprehensive review of Norways energy policies and programmes. The review finds that Norway has a unique twin role as a major oil and gas producer and a strong global advocate of climate change mitigation. As the third-largest exporter of energy in the world, it contributes to global energy security by providing reliable supplies to consuming countries. At the same time, the Norwegians highly value environmental sustainability and the country is taking climate policy very seriously. Norway also manages its petroleum resources and revenue in a commendable way, setting a model for other countries. The challenge now for the government is to stimulate further increases in natural gas and petroleum production from safe and environmentally sustainable operations. Norway’s large potential for hydropower generation is an asset, as European electricity markets are integrating and variable renewable energy generation is set to increase. More cross-border interconnections are needed to realise the full potential of hydropower for balancing variations in demand and supply in the regional market. Increased interconnections would also improve electricity security in Norway in times of low hydropower availability. Gas-fired power plants should also be considered for use for the same purpose. In order to meet its ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Norway needs to step up efforts at home. Although the dominance of low-carbon electricity in the energy mix limits the scope for domestic measures, large potential for emission reductions remains in oil and gas production, manufacturing and transport. However, measures to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy should be carefully designed, because they often focus on electricity and would thus not reduce emissions. Recent large increases in spending on energy RD&D and ongoing efforts to develop carbon capture and storage are very welcome.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098176-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Hungary 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2011 review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. The review finds that regional co-operation is a vital element of Hungary's energy market and energy security policy. Hungary, which shares borders with seven countries, is well placed to improve regional energy security by catalysing the development of closely integrated regional markets for electricity and natural gas. A country strongly dependent on natural gas imports, Hungary has taken several commendable steps to manage risks to its supply. It has enhanced storage capacity and diversified cross-border capacity, and is developing new supply routes. Hungary is also working hard to strengthen the regional electricity market through new interconnectors and market coupling. Electricity demand within Hungary is expected to grow, while generating capacity is rapidly ageing. Investments are needed for grid improvements and generating capacity, both for increasing capacity (especially for low-carbon electricity) and replacing ageing plants. Ensuring predictable and attractive framework conditions for investing in energy infrastructure is crucial. The government is considering additional nuclear power units. The extent to which nuclear power capacity will be expanded should be clarified without unnecessary delay, as it will have broad implications for the viability of other current and future base-load technologies. Although per-capita energy consumption in Hungary is well below the OECD average, considerable potential remains for improving energy efficiency across all sectors. Measures to reduce consumption in the large existing building stock should be the government's top priority for energy policy. Gradually, Hungary should also replace broad subsidies for energy use with direct support to those in need.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098237-en
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  • 43
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    Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264115071
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The development of smart grids – which the IEA defines as an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users – is essential if the global community is to achieve shared goals for energy security, economic development and climate change mitigation. Unfortunately, existing misunderstandings of exactly what smart grids are and the physical and institutional complexity of electricity systems make it difficult to implement smart grids on the scale that is needed. This roadmap sets out specific steps needed over the coming years to achieve milestones that will allow smart grids to deliver a clean energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264115071-en
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  • 44
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    Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transport (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264118461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Biofuels could provide up to 27% of total transport fuel worldwide by 2050. The use of transport fuels from biomass, when produced sustainably, can help cut petroleum use and reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, especially in heavy transport. Sustainable biofuel technologies, in particular advanced biofuels, will play an important role in achieving this roadmap vision. The roadmap describes the steps necessary to realise this ambitious biofuels target; identifies key actions by different stakeholders, and the role for government policy to adopt measures needed to ensure the sustainable expansion of both conventional and advanced biofuel production.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264118461-en
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  • 45
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Greece 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece
    Abstract: This 2011 review of energy policy in Greece finds that increasing competition and reducing the role of the state in the energy sector should add efficiency and dynamism to the economy. This, in turn, should help generate self-sustained employment and prosperity for the country. Reforming the electricity and gas markets is an economic and political imperative. In particular, regulatory authorities must be given the necessary power and independence to reduce the market power of dominant firms. Commendably, Greece adopted a law to this end in August 2011. The envisaged reforms are fundamentally sound and can help the economy grow. The government's key focus should now be on implementing this law in full without delay. Greece has a large potential for wind and solar energy and is rightly determined to fulfill this potential. The renewable energy sector also provides opportunities for new industrial development, in particular if linked with R&D activities. To facilitate renewable energy projects, the government recently improved investment conditions significantly by increasing feed-in tariffs, shortening and simplifying the licensing procedures and introducing stronger incentives for local acceptance. Greece's oil and gas sources are already well diversified. Gas use is projected to increase, as the country moves to decarbonise its coal-dominated power sector. Experience from IEA member countries has shown that enhancing energy efficiency can help improve energy security in a cost-effective way. This, in turn, can help mitigate climate change and deliver economic benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096431-en
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  • 46
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    Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap envisions that by 2050, photovoltaic could provide 11% of global electricity production (4 500 TWh per year), corresponding to 3 000 gigawatts of cumulative installed photovoltaic capacity. In addition to contributing to significant greenhouse gas emission reductions, photovoltaic will deliver substantial benefits in terms of the security of energy supply and socio-economic development. This roadmap also identifies technology goals and milestones that must be undertaken by different stakeholders to enable the most cost-efficient expansion of photovoltaic.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088047-en
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  • 47
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    Technology Roadmap: Concentrating Solar Power (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088139
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The emerging technology known as concentrating solar power, or CSP, holds much promise for countries with plenty of sunshine and clear skies. For CSP to claim its share of the coming energy revolution, concerted action is required over the next ten years by scientists, industry, governments, financing institutions and the public. This roadmap is intended to help chart the course to broad development and deployment of CSP.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088139-en
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  • 48
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Canada 2009 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060449
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Canada
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Canada's energy policies and programmes. This 2010 edition finds that Canada, with its diverse and balanced portfolio of energy resources, is one of the largest producers and exporters of energy among IEA member countries. The energy sector plays an increasingly important role for the Canadian economy and for global energy security, as its abundant resource base has the potential to deliver even greater volumes of energy. The federal, provincial and territorial governments of Canada are all strongly committed to the sustainable development of the country’s natural resources and have a long-standing and informed awareness of the need for each to contribute to the development of the energy sector. Furthermore, the government of Canada seeks to achieve a balance between the environmentally responsible production and use of energy, the growth and competitiveness of the economy, and secure and competitively priced energy and infrastructure. Nonetheless, the long-term sustainability of the sector remains a challenge. Due to climatic, geographic and other factors, Canada is one of the highest per-capita CO2 emitters in the OECD and has higher energy intensity than any IEA member country. A comprehensive national energy efficiency strategy, coupled with a coordinated climate change policy targeted at the key emitting sectors, is needed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a priority for the federal government and presents Canada with an opportunity to develop a new technology that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a large scale. The IEA recommends that Canada provide international leadership in the development of CCS technology. This review analyses the energy challenges facing Canada and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060449-en
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  • 49
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Italy 2009 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Italy
    Abstract: This 2009 IEA review of Italy's energy policies and programmes finds that the Italian government has made substantial progress in a number of sectors since the last IEA in-depth energy policy review in 2003. The success of the green certificate and white certificate schemes and continued reform of the electricity and natural gas supply markets are just a few examples and build on the recommendations contained in the previous review. Nonetheless, many challenges remain. Italy recognises the need to diversify its energy supply portfolio to reduce its heavy dependence on fossil fuels and electricity imports, and to decrease its growing greenhouse gas emissions. In 2008, the government announced its intention to recommence the country's nuclear power program and start building a new nuclear power plant by 2013. To do so, Italy must first develop an efficient process for identifying critical energy infrastructure, including nuclear power, and subjecting it to an effective, streamlined siting and permitting process. Italy will face another major challenge in complying with Europe’s new climate and energy package, particularly in relation to renewable energy and emissions targets. The government must step up efforts to comply with its new responsibilities, specifically by developing and putting in place a comprehensive climate change strategy for the years until 2020. In mid-2009, the legislature enacted a wide-ranging new law that will facilitate the emergence of a robust long-term energy policy. The government must respond to this opportunity and elaborate, with industry, a long-term strategy for the development of the energy sector. This review analyses the energy challenges facing Italy and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide Italy towards a more sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043442-en
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  • 50
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Czech Republic 2010 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2010 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. It analyses the energy challenges facing the Czech Republic and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. It finds that the Czech Republic, rich in coal resources, is the third-largest electricity exporter in the European Union. The energy sector plays an important role for the country’s economy and for the regional energy security. Since the last IEA in-depth review in 2005, the Czech Republic has strengthened its energy policy, further liberalised its electricity and gas markets and made laudable efforts to enhance oil and gas security. The Czech government has a unique opportunity to develop coherent and balanced energy and climate strategies as it currently updates its policy documents. The draft State Energy Concept concentrates on energy security and on maintaining the Czech Republic as a net electricity exporter, through a diversified energy mix and a maximised use of indigenous resources, comprising coal, uranium and renewable energy. While the focus on energy security is praiseworthy, energy policy could be further improved. Energy policy should be better integrated with climate change considerations. At the same time, economic efficiency should be another key pillar of energy policy. To improve its energy security while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing economic development, the Czech Republic could take measures to: improve energy efficiency and broaden demand-side measures; focus on low-carbon technologies; integrate electricity and natural gas markets regionally; and optimise needed new infrastructure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094710-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2009 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; France
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of France's energy policies and programmes. This 2009 edition finds that the energy policy of France seeks to achieve a balance between the environmentally responsible production and use of energy, the growth and competitiveness of the economy, and secure and competitively priced energy and infrastructure. To meet these objectives, the French government in 2007 launched an impressive environmental programme, Grenelle de l’Environnement, which sets ambitious targets, particularly in the buildings and transport sectors. The government has also made commendable efforts in enhancing gas supply security and forwarding initiatives to expand infrastructure and interconnections with neighbouring countries. These efforts should make regional electricity and gas markets more stable and secure. In the nuclear power sector, France has created an independent Nuclear Safety Authority and established a comprehensive framework for managing all kinds of radioactive waste and materials. Notwithstanding its policy successes, France faces a number of challenges. Its targets aimed at combating climate change are very ambitious. While greenhouse gas emissions in France are lower than the average among IEA countries due to the important role in electricity generation of nuclear power, emissions in the transport and buildings sectors increased from 1990 to 2008. Effective implementation of the announced policies and measures will be imperative for meeting France’s international and national commitments. In the electricity sector, the co-existence of regulated tariffs and market prices may impede mobilising the investment needed for maintenance and life extensions of nuclear power plants. The country also needs to boost the flexibility of electricity networks in order to achieve a structural balance between base load generation and increasing demand for peak-load. This review analyses the energy challenges facing France and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060463-en
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    Technology Roadmap: Nuclear Energy (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088191
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Almost one quarter of global electricity could be generated from nuclear power by 2050, making a major contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions. This is the central finding of the Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap, published today by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). Such an expansion will require nuclear generating capacity to more than triple over the next 40 years, a target the roadmap describes as ambitious but achievable.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088191-en
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  • 53
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey 2009 (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060425
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Turkey
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Turkey's energy policies and programmes. This 2009 edition finds that Turkey will likely see the fastest medium to long-term growth in energy demand among the IEA member countries. It has a young and urbanising population and energy use is still comparatively low. Therefore, ensuring sufficient energy supply to a growing economy remains the government’s main energy policy concern. Turkey has also progressed significantly in all other areas of energy policy over the past few years. Large investments in energy infrastructure, especially in electricity and natural gas, are needed to avoid bottlenecks in supply and to sustain rapid economic growth. To attract that investment, the country needs to continue reforming its energy market. Power sector reform is well under way, but in the natural gas sector reform has been slower and needs to be accelerated. Improving energy efficiency is essential for responding to Turkey’s energy policy challenges, and considerable potential remains in all sectors. In a country where private cars are rapidly becoming more common and where significant new construction is foreseen, transport and buildings merit particular long-term attention from the decision makers. Energy-related CO2 emissions have more than doubled since 1990 and are likely to continue to increase rapidly over the medium and long term, in parallel with energy demand. The IEA urges Turkey to intensify efforts to further develop its approach concerning its post-2012 regime to combat climate change, and to consider setting a quantitative overall target for limiting emissions. This review analyses the broad range of energy challenges facing Turkey and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060425-en
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  • 54
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    Energy technology initiatives : implementation through multilateral co-operation (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264090323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 S.)
    Note: Gesehen am 05.09.2011
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  • 55
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    Implementing energy efficiency policies 2009 : are IEA member countries on track? (2009)
    Paris : OECD IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075696
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 130 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Parallel Title: Druck-Ausg. Implementing energy efficiency policies 2009
    DDC: 339.4/86214
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Bericht ; Internationale Energieagentur ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Energiepolitik ; Effizienz
    Abstract: This book presents 25 energy efficiency recommendations from the IEA which could, if implemented globally without delay, reduce global CO2 emissions by 8.2 gigatonnes per year by 2030 - equivalent to roughly two-times the amount of current EU CO2 emissions. This innovative book provides the first assessment of IEA member countries' progress on implementing energy efficiency policy.  Using a rigorous evaluation process, it finds that while these countries are implementing a full range of energy efficiency measures, their efforts fall short. Pressing energy, climate and financial challenges
    Description / Table of Contents: Table of contents; Executive summary; Introduction; Energy efficiency policy context; Strengths and innovations in energy efficiency policy; Challenges and areas for improvement in energy efficiency policy; Summarising progress with IEA member country implementation of the 25 energy efficiency policy recommendations; Country reports; Call to action; Abbreviations and acronyms; References; Annex 1 - Consolidated list of 25 IEA energy efficiency recommendations;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075696-en
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    Sectoral approaches in electricity : building bridges to a safe climate (2009)
    Paris : OECD [u.a.]
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068735
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 186 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Sectoral approaches in electricity
    DDC: 301.31
    Keywords: Climatic changes Environmental aspects ; Electricity Health aspects ; Electric power production Environmental aspects ; Atmospheric carbon dioxide Environmental aspects ; Entwicklungsländer ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Klimaschutz ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Electricity accounts for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO 2 -intensive capacity, the so-called "carbon lock-in". Sectoral Approaches in Electricity - Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO 2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, wit
    Description / Table of Contents: Table of contents; Executive summary; Introduction; 1. Tackling climate change in the electricity sector; 2. Presenting options for international sectoral approaches; 3. Policy options to transform power generation; 4. Targeting carbon lock-in: case studies on electricity; 5. Next steps; 6. References;
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-176) , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068735-en
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    Cities, towns & renewable energy : yes in my front yard (2009)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 S.)
    DDC: 333.794
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Stadt ; Energieversorgung ; Energieeinsparung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; Renewable energy sources ; Energy policy ; Power resources Forecasting ; Energy development Forecasting ; Graue Literatur ; Fallstudie
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076884-en
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  • 58
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    Sectoral Approaches in Electricity : Building Bridges to a Safe Climate (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068735
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity accounts for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068735-en
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  • 59
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    Clean Coal Technologies - Accelerating Commercial and Policy Drivers for Deployment (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Clean coal technologies (CCTs) have been developed and deployed to reduce the environmental impact of coal utilisation over the past 30 to 40 years. Initially, the focus was upon reducing emissions of particulates, SO2, NOX and mercury. The coal sector – producers, consumers and equipment suppliers – as well as governments and agencies in countries where coal is essential, have a long experience of stimulating clean coal technology deployment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077164-en
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  • 60
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    Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies: are IEA Member Countries on Track? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075696
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Implementing energy efficiency policies 2009
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; Energiepolitik ; Welt ; Energy ; Bericht ; Internationale Energieagentur ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Energiepolitik ; Effizienz
    Abstract: This book presents 25 energy efficiency recommendations from the IEA which could, if implemented globally without delay, reduce global CO2 emissions by 8.2 gigatonnes per year by 2030 – equivalent to roughly two-times the amount of current EU CO2 emissions. This innovative book provides the first assessment of IEA member countries’ progress on implementing energy efficiency policy. Using a rigorous evaluation process, it finds that while these countries are implementing a full range of energy efficiency measures, their efforts fall short. Pressing energy, climate and financial challenges require even more energy efficiency policy action – particularly in the transport sector. To address this action gap, IEA member countries must urgently ramp up their energy efficiency policy efforts. The IEA and its member countries can play a critical role in promoting the Agency’s call for “Worldwide Implementation Now” (W.I.N.) of energy efficiency. What will it be? W.I.N or lose the opportunity?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075696-en
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    Chile Energy Policy Review 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Chile
    Abstract: Drawing on the experience of IEA member countries, this IEA review assesses Chile’s major energy challenges and provides recommendations. Six main themes emerge: the successful liberalisation of the power sector in the 1980s; the essential role played by the state in ensuring energy security; the re-formulation of Chile’s long-term energy policy; the proposed reorganisation of the institutional framework; greater independence for the system operators; and the need for a clear framework of regulation so that long-term investment decisions integrate social and environmental costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073159-en
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  • 62
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    Transport Energy and CO2 : Moving towards Sustainability (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073173
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Transport, energy and CO 2
    DDC: 628.5/32
    RVK:
    AR 27700
    Keywords: Verkehr ; Kraftstoff ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Energy ; OECD ; Verkehrspolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Car ownership is set to triple by 2050, trucking activity will double and air travel could increase fourfold. This book examines how to enable mobility without accelerating climate change. It finds that if we change the way we travel, adopt technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and shift to low-CO2 fuels, we can move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. The report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073173-en
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    IEA Scoreboard 2009 : 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Measuring and assessing how much has been done by member countries over the years to follow their underlying principles is not an easy task. Each country is unique in terms of economy, geography, climate, energy resources, etc. Taking into account some of these specificities, the IEA Scoreboard 2009 compares what has been achieved by member countries in diversifying their energy mix, in promoting non-fossil fuels and energy efficiency, in encouraging research and development, and, more generally, in creating a policy framework consistent with their shared policy goals. Since the IEA Scoreboard 2009 is published in conjunction with the 35th anniversary of the IEA, 35 themes, ranging from diversification to prices, show how IEA countries have performed in their efforts to attain energy security, environmental protection and economic growth. This book, which combines statistical rigour with easy access and readability, is an ideal resource for anyone who would like to have a quick overview of energy development in IEA member countries over the last 35 years. The publication also includes selected energy-related statistics for over 140 countries, economies and regions in the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063785-en
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    Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy : Yes In My Front Yard (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cities, towns & renewable energy
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Stadt ; Energieversorgung ; Energieeinsparung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtökologie ; Energieversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energieeinsparung
    Abstract: Local governments have the power to influence the energy choices of their citizens. Many cities and towns have already encouraged energy efficiency measures. Even so, as demand for energy services continues to grow, the energy infrastructure that every city and town depends on will need to be expanded, upgraded or replaced. This provides the opportunity to increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies and decentralised energy systems, and hence gain the multi-benefits of increased energy security, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, but also the social benefits of reduced air pollution, such as improved health and employment. Many combinations of policies have been employed to stimulate local renewable energy development. These policies include: local governance by authority; providing resources; enabling private actors; leading by example; allowing self-governance. Mega-city mayors, down to small-town officials, have successfully introduced such policies, although these vary with location, local resources and population. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – “ Yes In My Front Yard “ includes several case studies chosen to illustrate how enhanced deployment of renewable energy projects can result, regardless of a community’s size or location. The goals of this report are to inspire city stakeholders by showing how renewable energy systems can benefit citizens and businesses, assist national governments to better appreciate the role that local municipalities might play in meeting national and international objectives, and help accelerate the necessary transition to a sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076884-en
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  • 65
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    Gadgets and Gigawatts : Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059542
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: By 2010 there will be over 3.5 billion mobile phones subscribers, 2 billion TVs in use around the world and 1 billion personal computers.This book examines how "smart" this equipment is from an energy efficiency perspective and what the potential is for energy savings. It includes a global assessment of the changing pattern in residential electricity consumption over the past decade and an in-depth analysis of the role played by electronic equipment. It reviews the influence that government policies have had on creating markets for more energy efficient appliances and identifies new opportunities for creating smarter, more energy efficient homes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059542-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Netherlands 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This comprehensive review analyses the energy challenges facing the Netherlands in 2008 and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It urges the government to provide policy continuity – such as in promotion regimes for renewable energy – to underpin a sustainable investment climate. It also highlights the need for closer co-ordination among national, regional and local authorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043404-en
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    Empowering Variable Renewables Options for Flexible Electricity Systems (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077201
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: A number of renewable electricity technologies, such as wind, wave, tidal, solar, and run-of-river hydro share a characteristic that distinguishes them from conventional power plants: their output varies according to the availability of the resource. This is commonly perceived to be challenging at high shares, but there is no intrinsic, technical ceiling to variable renewables’ potential. Variability has to be looked at in the context of power system flexibility: if a power system is sufficiently flexible, in terms of power production, load management, interconnection and storage, the importance of the variability aspect is reduced.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077201-en
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  • 68
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    Development of Competitive Gas Trading in Continental Europe (2009)
    Paris : International Energy Agency
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264042179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In its latest publication, Development of Competitive Gas Trading in Continental Europe, the IEA examines the history of major gas markets’ development in OECD Europe, and explores the possible expansion of trading through the mechanism of different hubs across the region. Lessons learned from North American markets on the benefits of regulatory convergence and investor-friendly legal framework are an important part of the analysis. Competitive trading based on transparent, non-discriminatory rules in a flexible and integrated European gas market will lead to more efficiency, timely investment, and greater market resilience, therefore ensuring more security for both customers and suppliers in the long term.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264042179-en
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  • 69
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    Cogeneration and District Energy : Sustainable energy technologies for today... and tomorrow (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Combined heat and power and district heating and cooling (DHC) represent a series of proven, reliable and cost-effective technologies that are already making an important contribution to meeting global heat and electricity demand.This report follows the March 2008 report that hightlighted the energy, economic and environmental benefits of CHP and DHC (IEA, 2008). That report also provides a technical introduction to CHP/DHC and describes its global status and potential.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077171-en
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    Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide capture and storage ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Gesetz ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale Kooperation ; Umweltpolitik ; Global Kohlendioxid-Abscheidung und -Lagerung ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Rechtliche Regelung ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale umweltpolitische Zusammenarbeit ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap on carbon capture and storage (CCS) identifies, for the first time, a detailed scenario for the technology’s growth from a handful of large-scale projects today to over three thousand projects by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for CCS; governments, industry and public stakeholders must act rapidly to demonstrate CCS at scale around the world in a variety of settings. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088122-en
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  • 71
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    Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity production is responsible for 32% of total global fossil fuel use, accounting for 132 EJ, and 41%, or 10.9 Gt of energy-related CO2 emissions. Improving the efficiency of electricity production therefore offers economic benefits and a significant opportunity for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which helps to combat climate change and improve energy security.A set of indicators has been developed to analyse the energy efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels on a global level and for a number of key countries and regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061996-en
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    Assessing Measures of Energy Efficiency Performance and their Application in Industry (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039544
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This paper explores different measures of energy efficiency performance (“MEEP”) and considers the importance of so-called boundary definitions when measuring energy performance, and how these affect the appropriateness of country comparisons to guide policy decisions. The paper also addresses the limitations of both energy intensity and technology diffusion indicators as measures of energy efficiency performance. A case study on Japan’s iron and steel industry illustrates the critical role of proper boundary definitions for a meaningful assessment of energy efficiency in industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039544-en
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    Cement Technology Roadmap: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088061
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The cement energy technology roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the industry to make continued contributions towards a halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050. As part of this contribution, this roadmap estimates that the cement industry could reduce its direct emissions 18% from current levels by 2050. This roadmap is a first step. It is only attainable with a supportive policy framework, and appropriate financial resources invested over the long term.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088061-en
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    Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088184
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Windenergie ; Energietechnik ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkulation ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Einstellung ; Akteur ; Energiewirtschaft ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Global Windkraft ; Energietechnik ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Relation ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Haltung von Akteuren zu Einzelfragen ; Energiewirtschaft ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: Wind energy is perhaps the most advanced of the “new” renewable energy technologies, but there is still much work to be done. This energy technology roadmap identifies the key tasks that must be undertaken in order to achieve a vision of over 2 000 GW of wind energy capacity by 2050. Governments, industry, research institutions and the wider energy sector will need to work together to achieve this goal.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088184-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Luxembourg 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043428
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: The Inernational Energy Agency's periodic review of Luxembourg's energy policies and programmes. It analyses the energy challenges facing Luxembourg and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. Since the last review in 2004, Luxembourg has reformed its energy policies across all sectors, has fully liberalised its electricity and natural gas markets, and is actively participating in the development of the evolving Central West European regional electricity system. Luxembourg has also prepared a broad action plan on energy efficiency, improved the support system for renewable energy sources and revised taxes to mitigate climate change. The country’s energy policy in the coming decade will be shaped by the EU 2020 targets that call for substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and strong increases in renewable energy and energy efficiency. These targets will be hard to meet, given that roughly half of energy-related CO2 emissions come from transport fuel use by foreign truckers and motorists, and that Luxembourg’s potential for producing much more renewable energy is limited. Luxembourg is heavily dependent on oil. Although oil sources are well diversified by country of origin, more than 85% of oil stocks are held in neighbouring countries and often based on short-term leasing contracts. This leaves the country vulnerable to potential oil supply disruptions. Luxembourg should swiftly implement a plan to improve the security of oil supply.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043428-en
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    Technology Roadmap: Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088177
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap focuses on electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles (EV/PHEV), presenting for the first time a detailed scenario for their evolution from annual production of a few thousand to over 100 million vehicles by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for EVs and PHEVs: governments, the automobile industry, electric utilities and other stakeholders must work together to roll out vehicles and infrastructure in a coordinated fashion, and ensure that the rapidly growing consumer market is ready to purchase them. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088177-en
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    Cleaner Coal in China (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048164-en
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    Energy technology transitions for industry : strategies for the next industrial revolution (2009)
    Paris : IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 326 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Energy technology transitions for industry
    DDC: 333.79
    RVK:
    ZP 4500
    Keywords: Power resources Technological innovations ; Energy development Environmental aspects ; Manufacturing industries Energy consumption ; Energy policy Environmental aspects ; Energy policy ; Manufacturing industries Energy conservation ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energieverbrauch ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO 2 emissions.  Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry.  What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO 2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends?  Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? . Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detail
    Description / Table of Contents: FOREWORD; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; TABLE OF CONTENTS; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY; Chapter 1 - INDUSTRY OVERVIEW; Chapter 2 - IRON AND STEEL; Chapter 3 - CEMENT; Chapter 4 - CHEMICALS AND PETROCHEMICALS; Chapter 5 - PULP AND PAPER; Chapter 6 - ALUMINIUM; Chapter 7 - CROSS-CUTTING OPTIONS; Chapter 8 - IMPACTS ON MATERIALS DEMAND; Chapter 9 - POLICY IMPLICATIONS; Annex A - REGIONAL DETAIL OF INDUSTRY ANALYSIS; Annex B - ENERGY AND CO2 INDICATORS; Annex C - FRAMEWORK ASSUMPTIONS; Annex D - DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND UNITS
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068612-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Portugal 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Portugal
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2009 review of Portugal's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Portugal has made considerable efforts to strengthen its energy policy since the last IEA in-depth review in 2004. A large number of IEA recommendations have been successfully implemented, including greater diversification of the energy mix and increased energy policy co-ordination. A new National Energy Strategy, published in October 2005, identified three principal means for meeting Portugal’s policy goals: the promotion of renewable energy, increased energy efficiency and competition in energy markets. Over a short period of time, Portugal has become a leader in terms of renewable energy development. Well-designed incentive mechanisms and the adoption of ambitious targets ensure hydro, wind and other technologies will continue to grow. The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency was enacted in 2008, and Portugal aims to implement energy efficiency measures equivalent to 9.8% of total final energy consumption by 2015. This plan complements a well developed and co-ordinated climate change policy. Further steps have been taken towards the liberalisation of energy markets, including the innovative creation of a single operator for the transport of natural gas and electricity, natural gas storage and operation of the Sines LNG terminal. Still, a number of challenges remain. Energy markets are not as competitive as policy makers may have wished, and energy research and development policy coordination needs to be strengthened. This review provides sectoral critiques of existing policy and recommendations for further improvements. It is intended to serve as an indispensable guide for Portuguese policy makers as they travel along the path to a more sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060388-en
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Spain 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060364
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Spain
    Abstract: This review analyses the energy challenges facing Spain and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It finds that since the last IEA in-depth review in 2005, Spain has made significant progress in improving its energy policy. In Europe, the country is now leading in gas diversification and LNG development. Together with Portugal, it has set up the common Iberian electricity market, MIBEL, and has strong ambitions in developing it further. It has also become prominent in developing wind and solar energy technology, and succeeded in integrating large amounts of intermittent power in the electricity grid. Along with other IEA member countries, Spain has set ambitious climate and energy security targets. Achieving these will require a transition to a low-carbon economy. Spain will need to increase its efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, particularly in the transport but also the critical power sector. As fossil fuels still provide more than half of electricity,Spain will need to keep open all the options - including nuclear, renewables, and the technology of carbon capture and storage - for making its power sector less carbon-intensive. The country should also increase its efforts to limit peak electricity demand through energy efficiency. Spain has substantially de-regulated its electricity and gas tariffs, and developed a financial plan to end the large deficit that had built up under the previous tariff regime. Prices for many small electricity users, however, are still regulated and low enough to potentially distort the market. In addition, the still remaining subsidies for domestic coal production should be eliminated and replaced by direct social policy measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060364-en
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    Energy in the Western Balkans : the path to reform and reconstruction (2008)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264042186
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (412 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2009 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Energy in the Western Balkans
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Power resources Statistics ; Power resources ; Energy policy ; Balkan Peninsula Economic conditions ; Balkan Peninsula Economic policy
    Abstract: The Western Balkans - composed of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo - is a complex region facing significant energy challenges. This is the first comprehensive review of energy policies and strategies in the Western Balkan region, and also covers important cross-cutting topics such as co-operation and energy trade, oil and gas transportation, and the links between energy and poverty. It identifies and assesses the reforms that are still needed to deliver efficient, modernised energy systems that can assist economic development, address energy poverty and reduce the environmental impacts of energy use.
    Abstract: The Western Balkans - composed of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo - is a complex region facing significant energy challenges. This is the first comprehensive review of energy policies and strategies in the Western Balkan region, and also covers important cross-cutting topics such as co-operation and energy trade, oil and gas transportation, and the links between energy and poverty. It identifies and assesses the reforms that are still needed to deliver efficient, modernised energy systems that can assist economi
    Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; TABLE OF CONTENTS -; KEY MESSAGES; OVERVIEW; PART I. REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES; I. Energy Co-operation and Trade; II. Oil and Gas Transportation in Southeast Europe; III. Energy and Poverty; PART II. ENERGY POLICY SURVEYS; IV. Albania; V. Bosnia and Herzegovina; VI. Croatia; VII. FYR Macedonia; VIII. Montenegro; IX. Serbia; X. Kosovo 296; ANNEXES; I. Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data; II. International Energy Agency ""Shared Goals""; III. List of Acronyms and Unit Abbreviations; IV. References
    Note: Literaturverz. S. 407 - 412 , Auch als Buch-Ausg. erschienen , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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    IEA Energy Policies Review: The European Union 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043381
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. IEA energy policies review. The European Union ; 2008
    Keywords: Energy ; European Union ; Europäische Union ; Energiepolitik ; Geschichte 2008
    Abstract: For the first time, the IEA has reviewed the energy policies of the European Union which shape the energy use of almost 500 million citizens in 27 EU member countries. A unique entity governed under complex and almost constantly evolving structures, the EU constitutes a challenge for energy policy makers. Its energy policy has a global impact, not only because of its 16% share of world energy demand, but also because of the EU leadership in addressing climate change. Strong policy drives are underway in the EU to achieve the completion of the internal energy market, increase renewable energy supply, reduce CO2 emissions and make the EU more energy-efficient. Concerns about security of supply have also led to a greater focus on improved energy relations with supplier countries, and new institutional structures are being put in place. How much progress has been made in the field of security, internal market and external energy policies? And in which of these areas has the EU already implemented a fully integrated policy? IEA Energy Policies Review: The European Union - 2008 addresses these questions and also analyses the impact of the most recent major EU policy measures, in particular the Energy & Climate Package of January 2008 and the 3rd Liberalisation Package of September 2007. This book finds that both of these proposals are highly ambitious. But implementing them and reviewing both volume and allocation of energy R&D will be necessary to achieve a sustainable energy future in a fully competitive integrated EU energy market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043381-en
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    Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264042216
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deploying renewables
    RVK:
    QR 536
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; OECD-Staaten ; G7-Staaten ; Energy ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energiepolitik ; Effizienz
    Abstract: Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies examines the key factors that will determine the success of renewable energy policies and how current policies can be improved to encourage greater deployment of renewables. Responding to the Gleneagles G8 call for a clean and secure energy future, it highlights key policy tools to fast-track renewables into the mainstream. This analysis illustrates good practices by applying the combined metrics of effectiveness and efficiency to renewable energy policies in the electricity, heating and transport sectors. It highlights significant barriers to accelerating renewables penetration, and argues that the great potential of renewables can be exploited much more rapidly and to a much larger extent if good practices are adopted.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264042216-en
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  • 84
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    Promoting Energy Efficiency Investments : Case Studies in the Residential Sector (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264042155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Promoting energy efficiency investments
    RVK:
    QR 530
    RVK:
    QY 500
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; Energiesparendes Bauen ; Welt ; Energiepolitik ; Gebäude ; Effektivität ; Förderung ; Unterstützung ; Energy ; Erde ; OECD ; Wohnungsbauförderung ; Energieeinsparung
    Abstract: Existing buildings are responsible for over 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption. An impressive amount of energy could be saved simply by applying energy-efficient technologies. Yet, various market barriers inhibit energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings and result in energy savings that are significantly lower than potentials. This publication provides illustrations of policies and measures implemented in five IEA member countries and the European Union. Each case includes relevant background and contextual information, as well as a detailed evaluation of each policy according to five pre-defined criteria: relevance, effectiveness, flexibility, clarity and sustainability.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264042155-en
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  • 85
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Japan 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043367
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: This review takes an in-depth look at the energy challenges facing Japan today and provides critiques and recommendations for policy improvements to help guide the country towards a more sustainable energy future. Declaring climate change and environment as a top priority of the 2008 G8 Summit in Hokkaido, host country Japan has demonstrated its commitment to pressing ahead in these domains. Already a world leader in advancing energy technology transfer and environmental policy, the country is determined to further improve its domestic policies, moving it towards a more sustainable and secure energy pathway for the long term. Along with other accomplishments, government support for energy R&D is very strong and policies to enhance the efficiency of appliances – both for domestic consumption and export – are models for other countries. Yet there is still room for progress. Most importantly, a greater reliance on market forces throughout the system could lead customers to choices that enhance security, raise economic efficiency and promote environmental protection. Particularly with respect to climate change goals – Japan is the world’s fifth-largest greenhouse gas emitter – strengthening the value on greenhouse gas emissions would help give consumers the appropriate signals they need to make the right choices. Enhancing energy savings through efforts aimed at particular sectors (sectoral approaches) could be a part of the overall policy mix, along with ongoing leadership in promoting energy efficiency. The government should continue to work to complement existing voluntary instruments with stronger ones, including ones that rely more on market incentives, and standards and requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043367-en
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  • 86
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Austria 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030770
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Austria
    Abstract: This review thoroughly analyses Austrian energy policy and identifies the key challenges that need to be addressed. With recommendations for improvements, it is an important guide for Austrian policy makers toward a safer and cleaner energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030770-en
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  • 87
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    Promoting energy efficiency investments (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264042148 , 9264042156
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Promoting energy efficiency investments
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Promoting energy efficiency investments
    RVK:
    QR 530
    RVK:
    QY 500
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; Energiesparendes Bauen ; Welt ; Energiepolitik ; Gebäude ; Effektivität ; Förderung ; Unterstützung ; Erde ; OECD ; Wohnungsbauförderung ; Energieeinsparung
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264042155-en
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  • 88
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Finland 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030725
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Finland
    Abstract: This book takes an in-depth look at Finland’s energy policy today and, through comparisons with good examples in other IEA countries, provides critiques and recommendations for improvements to guide the country towards a sustainable energy future. While the review provides comprehensive coverage of all topics, this thematic report highlights energy efficiency and energy R&D.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030725-en
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  • 89
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United States 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030749
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United States
    Abstract: The United States is the largest economy and energy user in the world. Significant developments have taken place in its energy policy since the last IEA review in 2002. Most important is the Energy Policy Act 2005 – a comprehensive energy legislation which has set new directions, including opening the way for a nuclear renaissance. Two closely connected challenges shape all debates on the nation’s energy policy path: how to increase security by reducing the dependence on imported supplies; and how to address growing emissions of greenhouse gases. This review takes an in-depth look at these issues and provides recommendations on how the United States can do more to answer the challenges of both improving its security of energy supply and lowering its emissions intensity, demonstrating the significant improvements that can already be realised through existing technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030749-en
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  • 90
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    Energy in the Western Balkans : The Path to Reform and Reconstruction (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264042193
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Energy in the Western Balkans
    RVK:
    QG 490
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Südosteuropa ; Albanien ; Bosnien-Herzegowina ; Kroatien ; Nordmazedonien ; Montenegro ; Serbien ; Kosovo ; Economic development Albania ; Economic development Former Yugoslav republics ; Energy policy Balkan Peninsula ; Power resources Balkan Peninsula ; Power resources Balkan Peninsula ; Statistics ; Energy ; Balkan Peninsula Economic conditions ; Südosteuropa ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energiebilanz ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: The Western Balkans – composed of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo – is a complex region facing significant energy challenges. This is the first comprehensive review of energy policies and strategies in the Western Balkan region, and also covers important cross-cutting topics such as co-operation and energy trade, oil and gas transportation, and the links between energy and poverty. It identifies and assesses the reforms that are still needed to deliver efficient, modernised energy systems that can assist economic development, address energy poverty and reduce the environmental impacts of energy use.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264042193-en
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  • 91
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Sweden 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043343
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is one of the leading IEA countries in the use of renewable energy. As Sweden plans to further increase the use of renewable energy, it is crucial that these supplies are produced and used in the most sustainable manner for the environment and the economy as a whole. With regard to CO2 emissions, more can be done in all sectors, but as transport is the largest polluter and its emissions are increasing, it is the logical focus for Sweden’s efforts to reduce emissions further. This is a significant challenge. Nuclear provides almost half of the electricity in Sweden, at a low cost and without CO2 emissions. But the future of nuclear power in the national power mix is still uncertain, and Sweden will need to resolve the ambiguity about the future of nuclear power in the country. This review analyses the energy challenges facing Sweden and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to provide input to Swedish energy policy makers to help them identify a path towards a more sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043343-en
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  • 92
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    Climate policy uncertainty and investment risk : in support of the G8 plan of action (2007)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030152
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 144 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Blyth, William Climate policy uncertainty and investment risk
    RVK:
    AR 23100
    RVK:
    QR 536
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Energiewirtschaft ; Investition ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Energy policy ; Power resources Government policy ; Energy industries Environmental aspects ; Investments Environmental aspects ; Klimaatveranderingen ; Overheidsbeleid ; Investeringen ; Risico's ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Klimaschutz ; Energiewirtschaft ; Investitionsverhalten ; Risikokosten
    Abstract: Our climate is changing. This is certain. Less certain, however, is the timing and magnitude of climate change, and the cost of transition to a low-carbon world. Therefore, many policies and programmes are still at a formative stage, and policy uncertainty is very high. This book identifies how climate change policy uncertainty may affect investment behaviour in the power sector. For power companies, where capital stock is intensive and long-lived, those risks rank among the biggest and can create an incentive to delay investment. Our analysis results show that the risk premiums of climate change uncertainty can add 40% of construction costs of the plant for power investors, and 10% of price surcharges for the electricity end-users.
    URL: Volltext
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  • 93
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    Security in a globalising market to 2015 (2007)
    Paris : OECD IEA
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033283
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 289 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Natural gas market review 2.2007
    Series Statement: Natural gas market review
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Security in a globalising market to 2015
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  • 94
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    Fossil fuel-fired power generation : case studies of recently constructed coal- and gas-fired power plants ; in support of the G 8 plan of action (2007)
    Paris : IEA, Head of Communication and Information Office
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039094
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 176 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2009 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Cleaner fossil fuels
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Fossil fuel-fired power generation
    DDC: 621.31/2132
    Keywords: Fossil fuel power plants Environmental aspects ; Fossil fuel power plants ; Fossiler Brennstoff ; Kraftwerkstechnik ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Emissionsverringerung
    Abstract: To meet future energy demand growth and replace older or inefficient units, a large number of fossil fuel-fired plants will need to bebuilt worldwide in the next decade. Yet CO2 emissions from fossil-fired power generation are a major contributor to climate change. As a result, new plants must be designed and operated at highest efficiency. The case studies in this report respond to a request to the IEA from the G8 Summit in July 2005  to illustrate the degree of efficiency now achieved in modern plants in different parts of the world using various grades of fossil fuels. The plants were
    Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY; Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION; Chapter 2 DESIGNING FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY; Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES AND IGCC TECHNOLOGY REVIEW; Coal-Fired Plant 1 - Northern Europe ; Sea water cooled ultra-supercritical plantNordjyllandsværket 3, Denmark; Coal-Fired Plant 2 - Northern Europe ; Lignite-fired, inland ultra-supercritical PCC plantNiederaussem K, Germany; Coal-Fired Plant 3 - North America ; Sub-bituminous coal-fired, inland supercritical plantGenesee 3, Canada; Coal-Fired Plant 4 - Asia ; Bituminous coal-fired, coastal ultra-supercritical plantIsogo New Unit 1, Japan
    Description / Table of Contents: Coal-Fired Plant 5 - Asia Bituminous coal-fired, coastal supercritical PCC plantYounghung Thermal Power Plant, Republic of Korea; Coal-Fired Plant 6 - Asia ; Lean coal-fired, inland supercritical PCC plant Wangqu 1 and 2, China; Coal-Fired Plant 7 - Asia ; High ash bituminous coal-fired, inland PCC plantSuratgarh, India; Coal-Fired Plant 8 - Africa ; High ash bituminous coal-fired PCC plant with dry and wet coolingMajuba, South Africa; Natural Gas-Fired Plant: Europe ; Enfield, United Kingdom; IGCC TECHNOLOGY REVIEW; Chapter 4 REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS; Introduction
    Description / Table of Contents: Comparison of Performance and CostsFuture Developments; General Conclusions; Appendix A DATA ENQUIRY QUESTIONNAIRE; Appendix B ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
    Note: Literaturangaben , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039094-en
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  • 95
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    Mind the Gap : Quantifying Principal-Agent Problems in Energy Efficiency (2007)
    Paris : Intern. Energy Agency. Head of Communication and Information Off.
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264038950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Mind the gap
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Energieversorgung ; Klimawandel ; Entwicklung ; Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie ; Japan ; USA ; Niederlande ; Norwegen ; Australien ; G7-Staaten ; Energy conservation ; Energy consumption ; Energy policy ; Energy ; Energieeinsparung ; Energie ; Effizienz ; Hindernis ; Agency-Theorie
    Abstract: Mind the Gap is an unprecedented attempt to quantify the size of one of the most pervasive barriers to energy efficiency – principal-agent problems, or in common parlance, variations on the ‘landlord-tenant’ problem. In doing so, the book provides energy analysts and economists with unique insights into the amount of energy affected by principal-agent problems. Using an innovative methodology applied to eight case studies (covering commercial and residential sectors, and end-use appliances) from five different IEA countries, the analysis identifies over 3 800 PJ/year of affected energy use – that is, around 85% of the annual energy use of a country the size of Spain. The book builds on these findings to suggest a range of possible policy solutions that can reduce the impact of principal-agent problems and help policy makers mind the energy efficiency gap.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264038950-en
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  • 96
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    Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Generation : Case studies of recently constructed coal- and gas-fired power plants (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039094
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Kraftwerk ; Fossiler Brennstoff ; Kohlendioxidemission
    Abstract: To meet future energy demand growth and replace older or inefficient units, a large number of fossil fuel-fired plants will need to bebuilt worldwide in the next decade. Yet CO2 emissions from fossil-fired power generation are a major contributor to climate change. As a result, new plants must be designed and operated at highest efficiency. The case studies in this report respond to a request to the IEA from the G8 Summit in July 2005 to illustrate the degree of efficiency now achieved in modern plants in different parts of the world using various grades of fossil fuels. The plants were selected from different geographical areas, because local factors influence attainable efficiency. The results of these analyses show that the technologies for high efficiency (low CO2 emissions) and very low conventional pollutant emissions (particulates, SO2, NOx) from fossil fuel-fired power generation are available now through PCC, IGCC or NGCC at a commercially acceptable cost.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039094-en
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  • 97
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    Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions (2007)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy indicators
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions
    DDC: 333.79/65
    RVK:
    AR 26640
    Keywords: Energieversorgung ; Energiemanagement ; Energiekonsum ; Energieökonomik ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Umweltbelastung ; Welt ; Energy ; Industrie ; Energieeinsparung ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Reduktion ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions responds to a G8 request. This major new analysis shows how industrial energy efficiency has improved dramatically over the last 25 years. Yet important opportunities for additional gains remain, which is evident when the efficiencies of different countries are compared. This analysis identifies the leaders and the laggards. It explains clearly a complex issue for non-experts. With new statistics, groundbreaking methodologies, thorough analysis and advice, and substantial industry consultation, this publication equips decision makers in the public and private sectors with the essential information that is needed to reshape energy use in manufacturing in a more sustainable manner.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030404-en
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  • 98
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    Energy Use in the New Millennium : Trends in IEA Countries (2007)
    Paris : Intern. Energy Agency. Head of Communication and Information Off.
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy indicators
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Energy use in the new millennium
    DDC: 333.79
    RVK:
    QR 530
    Keywords: Energiekonsum ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Luftverschmutzung ; Welt ; Energy ; Energieverbrauch ; Industrie ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Verkehr ; Haushalt ; Internationale Energieagentur ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Energieverbrauch ; Energiepolitik ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Klimaänderung ; Geschichte 1990-2004
    Abstract: Responding to a Gleneagles G8 Summit request, this book shows how changes in energy efficiency, economic structure, income, prices and fuel mix have affected recent trends in energy use and CO2 emissions in IEA countries. The results are a “wake-up call” for us all. Since 1990, the rate of energy efficiency improvement in IEA countries has been less than 1% per year – much lower than in previous decades and not nearly enough to stem the growth of CO2 emissions. If we are to tackle climate change and move towards a sustainable energy future then this rate will need to double. We must – and we can – do better!
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264034303-en
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  • 99
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Hungary 2006 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264109964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. This edition focuses on liberalisation of the electricity and gas markets, subsidies, security of gas supplies, and energy efficiency.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264109964-en
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  • 100
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Switzerland 2007 (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030701
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This 2007 edition of the International Energy Agency's periodic review of Switzerland's energy policies and programmes takes an in-depth look at the energy challenges facing Switzerland and provides critiques and recommendations for policy improvements. It finds that Switzerland is entering decisive times in its energy policy. In 2008, the country should see remarkable advance in electricity market reform. Support for renewable electricity is set to increase massively. Decisions on post-Kyoto targets are getting closer, and a CO2 tax will be introduced for heating and process fuels. Plus, new measures to increase energy efficiency and the broader use of renewable energy are high on the political agenda. Since the last in-depth review in 2003, Switzerland has made progress in most areas of energy policy. Still, more work remains to be done. Maintaining sufficient electricity capacity implies even stronger policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Switzerland’s climate policy should focus more on reducing emissions from private car use, the largest and fastest-growing emitter. Switzerland’s world-class energy R&D is expected to more than halve energy needs per capita by the second half of this century. This ambitious goal needs to be supported by consistent policies on energy efficiency and climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030701-en
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