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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (110)
  • 1995-1999  (110)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (110)
  • Science and Technology  (84)
  • Agriculture and Food  (26)
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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (110)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 169 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This book represents one of the first analyses of the role of e-commerce in the broader economy, and addresses such issues as the impact of e-commerce on employment and on society as a whole, as well as its contribution to economic growth and efficiency.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264273757
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Indicators for Agriculture; Vol. 1; Concepts and Framework Vol. 2; Issues and Design -- "The York Workshop"
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Indicators for Agriculture: Vol. 1: Concepts and Framework Vol. 2: Issues and Design -- "The York Workshop"
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Volume 1: Concepts et cadre d’analysePeu d'informations chiffrées permettent à l'heure actuelle d’évaluer les effets, tant nuisibles que bénéfiques, de l'agriculture sur l'environnement et de mesurer l’impact qu’ont sur l'environnement les différentes mesures prises par les pouvoirs publics. Afin de combler ces lacunes, l'OCDE a engagé un effort de grande ampleur pour élaborer un ensemble d'indicateurs agro-environnementaux pertinents pour les politiques. Ce premier volume des Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture définit un cadre analytique qui approfondit l'examen des liens entre le secteur agricole et l'environnement, ainsi que l’examen de l'agriculture durable. Il décrit les principaux concepts environnementaux rencontrés dans le secteur agricole qui présentent un intérêt pour les décideurs des pays de l'OCDE, et recense les indicateurs qu'il est nécessaire de mettre au point : utilisation d'éléments fertilisants, de pesticides et des ressources en eau ; conservation des terres ; qualité des sols et de l'eau ; gaz à effet de serre ; biodiversité ; habitats des espèces sauvages ; paysages ; incidence environnementales des pratiques de gestion des exploitations ; ressources financières des exploitations et aspects socio-culturels ruraux. Volume 2: Questions clés et conceptionLes pays de l’OCDE sont sur le point d’accepter un ensemble d’indicateurs agro-environnementaux à vocation politique. Destinés à être utilisés par les gouvernements et les autres acteurs concernés, ces indicateurs, potentiellement applicables aux pays non-membres de l’OCDE, fourniront une série de mesures clés.Cet ouvrage, fruit du Séminaire de York au Royaume-Uni auquel ont participé certains des experts les plus éminents dans le domaine, examine deux questions clés. Tout d’abord, il traite de l’identification et de la conception d’ indicateurs adéquats, de la méthodologie à utiliser pour leur mesure et des questions liées à leur interprétation. Ensuite, il étudie l’usage que les gouvernements et les autres utilisateurs pourraient faire des indicateurs dans leurs politiques. Dans ce contexte, les lecteurs apprendront à travers les différentes expériences des pays de l'OCDE comment ces indicateurs agro-environnementaux sont développés et utilisés pour évaluer les mesures prises et les performances en matière d'environnement. Cet ouvrage couvre 10 des 13 domaines dans lesquels l’OCDE développe des indicateurs agro-environnementaux : qualité des sols, qualité de l'eau, utilisation des ressources en eau, conservation des terres, biodiversité, habitats des espèces sauvages, paysages, gestion des exploitations, ressources financières des exploitations, et aspects socio-culturels ruraux. Les trois domaines restants -- utilisation d’éléments fertilisants, de pesticides, et gaz à effet de serre -- ont déjà fait l’objet de travaux plus avancés et sont étudiés dans le volume 1 des Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture.Pour en savoir plus .Le Volume 3, Méthodes et résultats, publié en 2000, présente la première série temporelle d’indicateurs environnementaux clés pour les pays de l’OCDE, pour les domaines énumérés. .Le Volume 4, à paraître en 2001, rendra compte des travaux consacrés à l’utilisation des indicateurs dans l’analyse des politiques.Les volumes 1 et 2 sont vendus ensemble.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173941
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cultiver les aménités rurales ; Une perspective de développement économique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cultiver les aménités rurales : Une perspective de développement économique
    DDC: 307.1/412
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Landschaftsschutzgebiet ; Ländliche Entwicklung
    Abstract: The future of rural areas is high on the domestic and international policy agenda. Restructuring of the agricultural sector, and accompanying reform of agricultural policies, and the challenge of meeting sustainable development objectives are key preoccupations in OECD countries. In the search for forward-looking and durable policy strategies, building on natural and cultural amenities is emerging as an important area of policy action, one which complements traditional, agriculture-oriented rural policies and places rural policy in the broader territorial development arena. In most rural areas, the potential of many natural and cultural resources remains untapped. Harnessing such amenities, however, involves striking a balance between use and conservation. In many cases, maintenance of rural amenities depends on a degree of local economic activity -- without it there is a danger of degradation. At the same time, over-exploitation risks spoiling, often irreversibly, the essential value of the amenity. Because many natural and cultural features are public goods, with limited markets and hazy property rights, public policies are needed to strike the delicate balance between supply and demand.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.45
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper reports initial results from a Secretariat survey of recent unilateral liberalisation and facilitation measures relevant to the growth of Internet-based electronic commerce that have been undertaken by Governments in both OECD and non-OECD member economies.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les systèmes nationaux d'innovation
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: With the emergence of a knowledge-based society, innovation has become an increasingly important factor in the competitiveness of firms, the prosperity of nations and dynamic world growth. Innovation uses scientific progress to meet the changing needs of society and is thus one of the keys to sustainable development. Promoting innovation is now a high priority in most OECD countries. However, the pursuit of this objective is often hampered by an inadequate understanding of the extent to which the mechanisms of innovation are being transformed by globalisation, the development of information and communications technologies and the expanding scientific knowledge base. Drawing on new empirical data, this book analyses the fundamental changes in the linkages between industry and the science system as well as in the nature of the competencies required for firms to innovate. The changes which are transforming the respective roles of competition and co-operation in stimulating innovation and which are enabling enterprise creation and SMIs to play an increasingly active role in innovation are also examined. This book shows that innovation performance depends on the way in which the different components of the "innovation system" -- businesses, universities and other research bodies - interact with one another at the local, national and international levels, and concludes that the public authorities must change their approach to the promotion of innovation. This study defines the aims and tools of this new innovation policy and identifies examples of good policy practice recently implemented in OECD countries.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174115
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Qualité et sécurité alimentaires ; Les dimensions commerciales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Qualité et sécurité alimentaires : Les dimensions commerciales
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Highly publicised outbreaks of food-borne diseases have put food safety at the heart of a topical debate. Demands for increased food safety regulation and stricter enforcement have gained momentum. In fact, consumer concerns go well beyond basic food safety. The quality of food and how it is produced, animal welfare, the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), hormones and other growth promoters, cultural preferences, resource sustainability and protection of the environment have all become major issues in the public debate over regulation of the food industry. The issues are complex and the required policy response remains unclear. With the strengthening of international rules, increased trade in consumer food products and the growing use of biotechnology, trade conflicts over food regulatory issues and their reform could become more common. The economic stakes are high and such disputes are likely to remain a priority in the future trade agenda. This report examines the trade conflicts arising from food safety and quality issues. It summarises the key international agreements, illustrates the range and nature of current disputes, reviews the potential contributions of economic analysis to conflict resolution, and identifies areas requiring further analysis.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264289413
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing National Innovation Systems
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Avec l’émergence d’une économie fondée sur le savoir, l’innovation détermine plus que jamais la capacité concurrentielle des entreprises, la prospérité des nations et le dynamisme de la croissance mondiale. Elle mobilise le progrès scientifique au service des besoins évolutifs de la société et constitue ainsi l’une des clés d’un développement durable. La promotion de l’innovation s’affiche aujourd’hui comme une haute priorité dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cet objectif se heurte toutefois souvent à une compréhension insuffisante de la portée des transformations du processus d’innovation, que celles-ci soient produites par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et des communications, ou l’élargissement de la base de connaissances scientifiques. A partir de données empiriques nouvelles, cet ouvrage montre combien les liens qui existent entre l’industrie et le système scientifique se trouvent transformés et analyse la nature des compétences nécessaires pour innover. Il rend également compte des mutations qui modifient les rôles respectifs de la concurrence et de la coopération en matière d'innovation et prend toute la mesure de l'impulsion croissante que la création d’entreprises et les PME donnent à la dynamique d’innovation. A la lumière de cette publication, il apparaît que la performance en matière d’innovation dépend de manière cruciale de la façon dont interagissent, aux niveaux local, national et mondial, les différents éléments constitutifs du « système d’innovation » que sont les entreprises, les universités et les autres organismes de recherche. D'où la nécessité pour les pouvoirs publics de modifier leur approche de la promotion de l’innovation. Cette étude énonce les objectifs et définit les instruments de cette nouvelle politique de l’innovation tout en identifiant certaines mesures exemplaires prises récemment dans les pays de l'OCDE.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264173293
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.1/851
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: The pace of growth in China's agricultural sector is remarkable. Over the past 20 years, food production has outpaced population growth, and enhanced the nutritional status of a billion people. But this success has given rise to a number of questions. Most importantly, will China be able to provide food for its population in a sustainable way, while absorbing the 15 million people added to its population each year? What policies should accompany China’s transition to a market-based economy in the agricultural sector which employs the vast majority of China’s working population? What are the implications of economic and agricultural growth for the environment, the rural communities and the social fabric? What are the implications for international agricultural markets and what could be at stake for other food importing countries? Determining how this demand for food will be met requires a complex analytical framework whose parameters are the subject of an intense discussion and debate. The proceedings of this workshop provide a rich repository of material that helps answer many of these questions.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173590
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les services stratégiques aux entreprises
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Unternehmensberatung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; OECD ; Dienstleistung ; Industriebetrieb
    Abstract: Strategic business services, examined in twenty-one OECD country case studies in this book, comprise services in computer software and information processing, research and development and technical testing, marketing, business organisation (management consultancy and labour recruitment) and human resource development. This sector has been growing at around 10% per year, and overall turnover for 1999 is likely to be close to USD 1.5 trillion. These services create jobs in OECD countries, directly employing at least 11 million persons. Business organisation services were the major employer, with 3.6 million people in personnel recruitment services and 1.5 million in management consultancy in the mid-1990s. This sector’s strong performance is driven by the general shift towards services, the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the need for greater flexibility within firms, specialisation and increased division of labour in many areas, outsourcing by established firms, and the trend towards smaller production units and firms.Governments influence the demand for business services by promoting private sector investment in intangibles such as R&D, training and education and business organisation, and by supporting the supply of these services through a range of intermediary agencies. The provision of strategic business services is seen as key to improving the performance and competitiveness of small and medium-sized firms.Countries covered Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway New Zealand Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.42
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital television, whether delivered via terrestrial transmissions, via satellite transmissions, via cable, or via some other medium, will be an important component in the audio-visual market.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273597
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strategic Business Services
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les services stratégiques aux entreprises, que cet ouvrage étudie dans 21 pays de l'OCDE, englobent les services de logiciels et de traitement de l'information, les services de recherche-développement (R-D) et techniques, les services de marketing, d'organisation de l'entreprise (services de conseil en gestion et de recrutement du personnel), et de mise en valeur des ressources humaines. Ces services se sont développés à un rythme d’environ 10 % par an, leur chiffre d’affaires cumulé devant avoisiner 1 500 milliards de dollars des États-Unis en 1999. Ces services, qui sont créateurs d’emplois, représentent au moins 11 millions d’emplois directs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Au milieu des années 90, les services d’organisation de l’entreprise étaient le principal employeur avec 3,6 millions d’emplois dans les services de recrutement de personnel et 1,5 million dans le conseil en gestion. L’excellente performance de ce secteur tient à de nombreux facteurs : l'évolution générale de l’économie vers les services, la montée des économies fondées sur le savoir, le besoin d'une plus grande flexibilité au sein des entreprises, la spécialisation et la division accrue du travail dans de nombreux secteurs, le recours des entreprises bien établies à la sous-traitance et la tendance à privilégier les petites unités de production et entreprises. Les pouvoirs publics peuvent influencer la demande de services aux entreprises en favorisant les investissements incorporels du secteur privé dans la R-D, dans la formation et l'éducation et dans l'organisation de l'entreprise, et en soutenant l’offre de ces services à travers toute une série d’organismes intermédiaires. La fourniture de services stratégiques aux entreprises est considérée comme essentielle pour améliorer la performance et la compétitivité des PME. Pays couverts Allemagne Australie Autriche Canada Danemark Espagne États-Unis Finlande France Irlande Italie Japon Mexique Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274112
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Food Safety and Quality; Trade Considerations
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Food Safety and Quality: Trade Considerations
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Des problèmes sanitaires très médiatisés ont récemment mis le débat sur la sécurité alimentaire au cœur de l'actualité. Des pressions croissantes s'exercent en faveur de normes plus restrictives et d'une application plus stricte des réglementations existantes. Les consommateurs ne se préoccupent pas seulement de l'innocuité des produits : la qualité des aliments et la façon dont ils sont produits, le bien-être animal, l'utilisation d'organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM), d'hormones ou d'autres promoteurs de croissance, les préférences culturelles, la préservation des ressources et la protection de l'environnement sont également devenus des enjeux importants du débat public sur la réglementation de l'industrie alimentaire. Face à la complexité de ces problèmes, il n'est pas facile de voir clairement les réponses politiques qui doivent être apportées. Différents facteurs renforcent les risques de conflits commerciaux : le durcissement des règles du commerce international, le développement des échanges agroalimentaires et l'utilisation croissante de nouvelles techniques biologiques. Les enjeux économiques sont importants et ces différends risquent d'occuper, à l’avenir encore, une place essentielle dans l’ordre du jour du commerce international. Ce rapport examine les désaccords commerciaux soulevés par les problèmes de qualité et de sécurité des produits alimentaires. Il résume les accords internationaux clés, illustre l’étendue et la nature des différends en cours, et étudie les contributions éventuelles de l’analyse économique pour la résolution du conflit. Il identifie également les domaines où une analyse complémentaire est nécessaire.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture ; Concepts et cadre d'analyse Volume 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture : Concepts et cadre d'analyse Volume 1
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltindikator ; Grundlage
    Abstract: Little quantitative information is available to assess the impacts, both harmful and beneficial, of agriculture on the environment and to measure how different policy measures affect the environment. To help fill these gaps, a major effort is underway in the OECD to develop a set of policy-relevant agri-environmental indicators. This first volume, of the series Environmental Indicators for Agriculture, outlines an analytical framework to further the analysis of agri-environmental linkages and sustainable agriculture. It describes the main environmental concepts in agriculture of relevance to OECD policy-makers and the indicators that need to be calculated: the use of nutrients, pesticides, and water; land conservation; water and soil quality; greenhouse gases; biodiversity; wildlife habitats; landscape; and environmental impacts related to farm management practices, the availability of farm financial resources, and rural socio-cultural issues.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273948
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cultivating Rural Amenities; An Economic Development Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cultivating Rural Amenities: An Economic Development Perspective
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: L'avenir des zones rurales occupe un rang élevé dans l'agenda politique tant au plan national qu'au plan international. La restructuration du secteur agricole, la réforme des politiques agricoles qui l'accompagne, et les défis à relever pour remplir les objectifs du développement durable sont du reste au coeur des préoccupations des pays de l'OCDE. La recherche de stratégies politiques durables tournées vers l'avenir a révélé que les aménités naturelles et culturelles constituaient un domaine d'action d'autant plus important qu'il complète les politiques rurales traditionnelles orientées vers l'agriculture, tout en s'inscrivant dans la dimension plus large du développement territorial. De nombreux potentiels naturels et culturels demeurent inexploités dans la plupart des zones rurales. Tirer parti de ces aménités suppose l'instauration d'un équilibre entre leur usage et leur conservation. Un certain degré d'activité économique locale est en effet nécessaire pour préserver les aménités rurales -- une absence d'activité pouvant au contraire entraîner leur dégradation -- mais dans le même temps une surexploitation risque de porter atteinte, souvent de façon irréversible, à leur valeur essentielle. Dans la mesure où de nombreuses aménités sont des biens publics, caractérisés par des marchés limités et des droits de propriétés flous, les politiques publiques sont indispensables pour trouver l'équilibre délicat entre l'offre et la demande.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273870
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Indicators for Agriculture; Concepts and Framework Volume 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environmental Indicators for Agriculture: Concepts and Framework Volume 1
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Peu d'informations chiffrées permettent à l'heure actuelle d’évaluer les effets, tant nuisibles que bénéfiques, de l'agriculture sur l'environnement et de mesurer l’impact qu’ont sur l'environnement les différentes mesures prises par les pouvoirs publics. Afin de combler ces lacunes, l'OCDE a engagé un effort de grande ampleur pour élaborer un ensemble d'indicateurs agro-environnementaux pertinents pour les politiques. Ce premier volume des Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture définit un cadre analytique qui approfondit l'examen des liens entre le secteur agricole et l'environnement, ainsi que l’examen de l'agriculture durable. Il décrit les principaux concepts environnementaux rencontrés dans le secteur agricole qui présentent un intérêt pour les décideurs des pays de l'OCDE, et recense les indicateurs qu'il est nécessaire de mettre au point : utilisation d'éléments fertilisants, de pesticides et des ressources en eau ; conservation des terres ; qualité des sols et de l'eau ; gaz à effet de serre ; biodiversité ; habitats des espèces sauvages ; paysages ; incidence environnementales des pratiques de gestion des exploitations ; ressources financières des exploitations et aspects socio-culturels ruraux. Pour en savoir plus Cet ouvrage initialement publié en 1997 était épuisé. Il fait ici l’objet d’une réimpression dans le cadre de la série d’ouvrages intitulés Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture : . le Volume 2, Questions clés et conception, rend compte des avancées réalisées lors du « Séminaire de York ». . le Volume 3, Méthodes et résultats, à paraître en 2000, présentera la première série temporelle d’indicateurs environnementaux clés pour les pays de l’OCDE, pour les domaines énumérés. . le Volume 4, à paraître en 2001, rendra compte des travaux consacrés à l’utilisation des indicateurs dans l’analyse des politiques.
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  • 16
    Language: French
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Online Advertising and Marketing Directed Toward Children
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Le Comité de la politique à l’égard des consommateurs de l’OCDE a tenu une Session Forum sur “Le marketing et la publicité en ligne destinés aux enfants”. Cette session se composait de brèves présentations par les Délégués du Royaume-Uni, des Etats-Unis, de la Suède et de la Belgique, destinées à fournir des informations sur la façon dont différents pays Membres de l’OCDE abordent les questions concernant les enfants et l’Internet.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mondialisation des industries dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The most highly internationalised industries are thought to be more competitive than the rest, since their high exposure to international competition forces them to strive constantly to become more efficient and they are in a position to take advantage of all the opportunities that arise in world markets. But to determine whether this is in fact the case, each country’s industries must first be classified in terms of their degree of globalisation. This report proposes a method for classifying each country’s manufacturing industries by their extent of globalisation, using a set of indicators. The results obtained show that the degree of globalisation is more closely linked to the characteristics of industrial sectors than to the country’s specialisation. These results could be improved significantly if some of the proposed indicators were available ...
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement étranger direct et le commerce international : Sont-ils complémentaires ou substituables ?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and foreign investment (FDI) are at the core of globalisation. Analytical work has recently been developed by OECD in order to explore the nature of these links in quantitative terms. This report combines the previous more technical work developed over the last three years. This empirical work revealed the complexity of these links but, at the same time, showed the main and positive influence of foreign direct investment on international trade particularly after the mid– 1980s. Empirical results show that foreign direct investment abroad stimulates the growth of exports from countries of origin and consequently this investment is complementary to trade ...
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Globalisation of Industry in the OECD Countries
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The most highly internationalised industries are thought to be more competitive than the rest, since their high exposure to international competition forces them to strive constantly to become more efficient and they are in a position to take advantage of all the opportunities that arise in world markets. But to determine whether this is in fact the case, each country’s industries must first be classified in terms of their degree of globalisation. This report proposes a method for classifying each country’s manufacturing industries by their extent of globalisation, using a set of indicators. The results obtained show that the degree of globalisation is more closely linked to the characteristics of industrial sectors than to the country’s specialisation. These results could be improved significantly if some of the proposed indicators were available ...
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  • 20
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade: Complements or Substitutes?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and foreign investment (FDI) are at the core of globalisation. Analytical work has recently been developed by OECD in order to explore the nature of these links in quantitative terms. This report combines the previous more technical work developed over the last three years. This empirical work revealed the complexity of these links but, at the same time, showed the main and positive influence of foreign direct investment on international trade particularly after the mid–1980s. Empirical results show that foreign direct investment abroad stimulates the growth of exports from countries of origin and consequently this investment is complementary to trade ...
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264166929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Hochschule ; Forschung
    Abstract: Universities are key elements in the science systems in all OECD countries. However, university research in OECD countries is currently the object of considerable tensions in a context of globalisation, reduced budgets and a changing interface with industry. How can universities adapt to this new order? How can the potential of university research best be enhanced? This study surveys these issues, consolidating the most up-to-date data on resources and structures of research activities in higher education systems and providing illustrative examples of institutional adaptations. It discusses related government measures and formulates policy orientations to enable countries to rise to the challenges of the coming years.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: Both firms, keen to improve their competitiveness, and governments, keen to exploit new sources of economic and social progress, need to understand how innovation works in order to better stimulate it. The paradox of innovation is that it uses co-operation to enhance competition and to link many different actors in innovative clusters. In a knowledge-based economy, these clusters of innovative firms form around sources of knowledge. They are based on a sophisticated infrastructure in which knowledge is developed, shared and exchanged, and are characterised by highly concentrated and effective links between entrepreneurs, investors and researchers. Clusters can take a variety of forms, depending on their main technological and commercial areas of specialisation. In most cases they operate within localised geographical areas and interact within larger innovation systems at the regional, national and international level. With globalisation, dynamic clusters are becoming key factors in a country’s capacity to attract the international investment that generates new technological expertise, to interest investors in innovation (venture capital, etc.) and to benefit from the international mobility of skilled personnel. This book reviews the latest economic research on these issues, shows how technology policy makers in OECD countries are making practical use of the concept of clusters and suggests how government policies to foster innovation might best be refocused.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264172081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique ; Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique : Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Though only three years old, electronic commerce over the Internet has the potential to transform the marketplace. E-commerce will change the way business is conducted. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will alter the way work is organised and open new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace. Workers will need to be more flexible as their functions and skills are redefined. The changes e-commerce will bring are far-reaching. They require new frameworks for doing business and a re-examination of government policies relating to commerce and skills. What is electronic commerce? What is the current state and likely future direction of e-commerce? What are the drivers and what are the inhibitors? What is its impact on costs, prices, and ultimately on economic efficiency? How is it affecting intermediaries? How do firms compete in the electronic environment? What market structure is likely to emerge? What is the impact on jobs? What types of skills will be needed? What major societal transformations will it entail? The full impact of e-commerce remains to be seen. This book begins to address these questions and provides a ground-breaking assessment of the economic and social impacts of electronic commerce and its effects on jobs by drawing on existing qualitative and quantitative evidence. This early analysis of an extremely dynamic activity identifies a number of areas where research is urgently needed and serves as the basis for an informed policy debate.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La publicité et le marketing en ligne visant les enfants
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: OECD Committee on Consumer Policy Forum Session on Online Advertising and Marketing Directed toward Children, intended to provide information on how OECD Member countries are dealing with issues related to children and the Internet.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.41
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the capacity requirements and price development for telecommunication infrastructure for business-to-business electronic commerce.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.44
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This second edition of the Global Action Plan for Electronic Commerce published by the Alliance for Global Business (AGB) reflects a number of developments in the global discussions about electronic commerce since the first Global Action Plan was submitted on behalf of business to the OECD Ministerial in Ottawa, Canada, in October 1998.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Following the revision of the Oslo Manual (1997) and the preparation of the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS-2), a number of OECD and NESTI observer countries have carried out (or are preparing) new innovation surveys. According to national policy needs, these new national innovation surveys may or may not fully follow the Oslo Manual methodology and/or the proposed CIS-2 questionnaire prepared by EUROSTAT in co-operation with national experts and the OECD. The following document is intended to provide the main characteristics of national innovation surveys carried out (or intended to be carried out) in 1997-99 in OECD non-CIS-2 participants and NESTI observer countries. After a summary description of all national innovation surveys (including CIS-2 participants), more detailed information is presented by country for non-CIS-2 participants. This basic information will be helpful in evaluating the extent to which internationally comparable information could be expected from ...
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264272088
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce; Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le commerce électronique sur Internet est apparu il y a seulement trois ans, mais il est porteur de transformations radicales de l'espace marchand. Il va modifier la façon dont l'activité économique est conduite. Les fonctions traditionnelles des intermédiaires vont être remplacées, des produits et marchés nouveaux vont se développer, et des relations nouvelles vont se nouer entre les entreprises et les consommateurs. L'organisation du travail s'en trouvera modifiée et de nouveaux canaux de diffusion du savoir et des échanges interpersonnels sur le lieu de travail vont se créer. Les fonctions et les qualifications des travailleurs se redéfinissant, ces derniers devront faire preuve de plus de flexibilité et d'adaptabilité. Les changements induits par le commerce électronique ont une portée considérable. Ils exigent de nouveaux cadres pour la conduite des transactions commerciales ainsi qu'un réexamen des politiques gouvernementales à l'égard du commerce et des qualifications. Qu'est-ce que le commerce électronique ? Quelle est la situation actuelle du commerce électronique et comment devrait-elle évoluer à l'avenir ? Quels sont les facteurs qui stimulent son développement et quels sont ceux qui le freinent ? Quelle est son incidence sur les coûts, les prix et, au bout du compte, l'efficience économique ? Dans quelle mesure affecte-t-il les intermédiaires ? A quelle concurrence les entreprises se livrent-elles dans l'environnement électronique ? Quelle structure de marché devrait voir le jour ? Quelles sont les répercussions sur l'emploi ? Quels types de qualifications seront nécessaires ? Quelles transformations sociales de fond le commerce électronique va-t-il entraîner ? L'impact réel du commerce électronique reste à élucider. Ce livre fait oeuvre de pionnier en s'appuyant sur les données qualitatives et quantitatives existantes pour offrir la première évaluation des répercussions du commerce électronique et de ses effets sur l'emploi. Cette analyse précoce d'une activité extrêmement dynamique révèle les domaines auxquels il est urgent de consacrer des travaux de recherche et permet d'éclairer le débat sur les mesures à prendre.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.43
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to begin a policy and regulatory evaluation of developments in telecommunication market openness following the liberalisation in 1998 in the context of the WTO agreement and the liberalisation in the European Union. Second, it is aimed at stimulating reflection on the issues that may need to be examined to enhance market liberalisation and market openness. Although a full assessment of recent market opening may be too premature, there are nevertheless indications of areas where further consideration and action may be required. In addition market developments are raising a number of issues which are likely to become relevant in the event that there are further discussions on market opening in the context of any future WTO service negotiations. As a paper aimed at beginning discussion and reflection, a number of questions are raised which could be used by delegations to provide their own assessment of issues and future problem areas which need consideration.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over one million people world-wide have benefited from successful tissue and organ transplants and survival rates have dramatically improved. But transplantation has become a victim of its own success. The demand for human organs can no longer be met and deaths of persons on waiting lists have more than doubled since 1988. A number of alternatives have been proposed to fill the gap between the supply and demand of organs and the past few years have seen the development of various approaches derived from recent advances in biotechnology. Among these technologies is xenotransplantation - the transplantation of viable cells, tissues and organs from one animal species to another. Xenotransplantation of cells and tissues has been approved for clinical trials in a number of OECD countries. However, opinions about the risks from these early procedures and whether to proceed any further vary. At the New York 1998 Workshop on "International issues in transplantation biotechnology including the use of non-human cells, tissues and organs", world leaders in the field reported on the state of the art and unmet needs in transplantation, addressing in particular the potential, the risks, the ethics and socio-economic impacts of xenotransplantation. Based on presentations, transcripts of round-table discussions and comments raised at the workshop, this book provides an overview of the field and of current regulatory frameworks and addresses the most pressing international policy considerations on xenotransplantation.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: How can the social and behavioural sciences contribute more effectively to solving the problems of society? Authoritative experts and policy makers examine the current state and status of the social sciences and present their views on what needs to be done. The authors, who represent OECD countries with diverse traditions and experience, discuss in particular the need to restructure social sciences, to better link them to policy making, to strengthen related basic research, to take advantage of progress made in information technologies for large-scale surveys and data storage, etc. Illustrative developments concern youth and urban problems, education reforms, immigration and environmental policies.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264173811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: How to develop an effective and sustainable agricultural and rural finance system in a climate of accumulated debts, insolvency of the majority of agricultural enterprises, low profitability of agricultural production, and an unstable macro-economic situation - How to create a banking system that services agriculture and is adapted to diverse farm structures - How to introduce alternative financial and credit institutions and mechanisms - How to establish contractual arrangements between primary agriculture and the up- and downstream sectors - What should be the role of governments in establishing such systems? These are some of the issues addressed in the proceedings of the OECD expert meeting: "Agricultural Finance and Credit Infrastructure in Transition Economies", held in Moscow in February 1999. The meeting brought together over 200 policy-makers, government officials, independent
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264173750
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture ; Vol. 1; Concepts et cadre d'analyse Vol.2; Questions clés et conception -- "Le séminaire de York"
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: This book, the result of the OECD York Workshop in the United Kingdom attended by some of the leading experts in the field, examines two key aspects of developing environmental indicators for agriculture. One discusses the identification and design of suitable indicators, the methodology to be used in their measurement and issues relating to interpretation. The other looks at how governments and other users would use indicators for policy purposes.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264272620
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies; Korea 1999; National Policies and Agricultural Trade
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: L'agriculture revêt une importance particulière en Corée pour des raisons politiques, stratégiques et culturelles. Comment les politiques agricoles coréennes ont-elles évolué au cours des deux dernières décennies ? Quels sont les effets de la crise de 1997 sur le secteur agricole et sur la mise en oeuvre des politiques agricoles ? En s'appuyant sur la méthode bien connue de l'OCDE de calcul du soutien accordé à l'agriculture au moyen des Équivalents subvention à la production et à la consommation, cette étude constitue l'une des analyses et des évaluations les plus exhaustives de l'évolution rapide de l'agriculture coréenne.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264172623
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE ; Corée 1999 ; Politiques nationales et échanges agricoles
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE : Corée 1999 : Politiques nationales et échanges agricoles
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: For political, strategic and cultural reasons, agriculture has a particular significance in Korea. How have agricultural policies evolved in Korea in the last two decades? What are the effects of the 1997 crisis on the agricultural sector and on agricultural policy implementation? Drawing on the well-established OECD method of calculating support from agricultural policies using Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents, this study is one of the most comprehensive analyses and assessments of rapidly evolving developments in Korean agriculture.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273245
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (600 p)
    Series Statement: Glossaires de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Etabli par la Section française de la Division de la traduction de l'OCDE, ce glossaire anglais-français est le fruit du travail quotidien des traducteurs et se veut essentiellement pragmatique. Pour chaque entrée, il propose une ou plusieurs traductions, en précisant, lorsqu'il y a lieu, le champ d'application de chacune d'elles. Le lecteur trouvera ainsi la traduction de quelque 17 000 termes et expressions couvrant un large éventail de domaines comme les plantes cultivées, la sylviculture, l'élevage, l'industrie agroalimentaire, les techniques et le machinisme agricoles, l'accent étant mis en particulier sur les marchés et l'économie agricoles ainsi que sur les biotechnologies appliquées à l'agriculture. Le nombre d'entrées de cette seconde édition a triplé. On y trouve également une longue liste de noms scientifiques latins avec leurs équivalences en anglais et en français. Cet ouvrage intéresse un public très divers : tous ceux qui souhaitent disposer d'un instrument de travail anglais-français fiable et à jour.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163539
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als 21st century technologies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d'un futur dynamique
    DDC: 303.48/3
    RVK:
    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Direktinvestition ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The next few decades hold the prospect of remarkable progress in a wide range of pervasive technologies that are likely to have a profound effect on how we live, work, and spend our leisure time. These technologies are set to revolutionise the worlds of medicine, agriculture, travel, retailing...so much that is familiar in our daily lives. Used wisely, they could be of huge benefit to mankind. Used wrongly, they could mean lost opportunities and unnecessary risks. The challenge for society is immense. What would be the cost of failure to embrace dynamic change? What kind of ethical dilemmas will arise from further breakthroughs in genetic engineering? Will the spread of new technologies create new social divisions? What sort of societies will prove most adept at harnessing the vast technological potential? How can countries best co-operate to maximise the benefits of spillovers? This book reviews the extraordinary promise of technological advances over the next twenty years or so, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, environmental, ethical -- that decision-makers in government, business and society will face in the decades ahead.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264262423
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cryptography Policy; The Guidelines and the Issues; The OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines and the Report on Background and Issues of Cryptography Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cryptography Policy: The Guidelines and the Issues: The OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines and the Report on Background and Issues of Cryptography Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Cryptography policy
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262447
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Environmental Effects of Reforming Agricultural Policies
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Les pays de l'OCDE ont commencé à réformer leurs politiques agricoles au cours de la dernière décennie. De nombreux pays ont également mis en oeuvre des mesures agri-environnementales dont l'objectif direct est d'améliorer l'environnement. Quelles modifications ces réformes ont-elles apportées en matière d'utilisation des terres, de pratiques agricoles et d'emploi d'intrants ? Quels effets ont-elles eus sur l'environnement et notamment sur les sols, l'eau, l'air, la biodiversité, les habitats sauvages et le paysage ? Dans quelle mesure les conditions régionales et locales ont-elles influencé les résultats en matière d'environnement ? Quelle a été la contribution des mesures agri-environnementales à la réalisation de l'agriculture durable ? Et comment pourrait-on rendre ces mesures plus efficaces et moins coûteuses ? En s'appuyant sur les expériences de terrain conduites par plusieurs pays de l'OCDE, cette étude aboutit à la conclusion que les réformes en matière de politique agricole peuvent améliorer l'environnement à condition qu'elles s'accompagnent de mesures environnementales appropriées.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The environmental effects of reforming agricultural policies
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162532
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la politique agricole et l'économie rurale dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Agricultural policy reform and the rural economy in OECD countries
    DDC: 338.1809177
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Agroindustrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Fallstudiensammlung ; OECD ; Agrarreform
    Abstract: The socio-economic development of rural areas has become an important issue for agricultural policy design in many OECD countries. Yet there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the inter-linkages between the agro-food sector and the rural economy. What consequences have on-going structural changes in agriculture for rural areas? What is the role of agricultural policies? The report, comprising a main report and case studies on Canada, France, Greece, Japan, New Zealand, Norway and Switzerland, addresses these important questions. A key conclusion of the report is that traditional agricultural support policies are increasingly ineffective in accomplishing rural development objectives. Agricultural policy reform can enhance agro-food's contribution to the viable development of rural economies, although the benefits are not immediate. A coherent, well co-ordinated and targeted policy approach aimed at diversification, promotion of high-quality regional products, provision of information, direct payments and public goods would improve the competitiveness of rural areas. How to strike the right balance between the need for greater economic efficiency, and social and environmental concerns in rural areas is a key challenge facing policy makers.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme des politiques agricoles ; Quels effets sur l'environnement ?
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Maier, Leo, 1958 - The environmental effects of reforming agricultural policies
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltschutz ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik ; Reformpolitik ; Umwelt
    Abstract: OECD countries have started to reform their agricultural policies in the last decade. Many countries have also implemented agri-environmental measures that are directly aimed at improving the environment. What are the changes in land use, farming practices and input use resulting from these reforms? What have been the effects on the environment: soils, water, air, biodiversity, wildlife habitat and landscape? How have regional and local conditions influenced the environmental outcomes? To what extent have agri-environmental measures contributed to achieving sustainable agriculture? And how could such measures be made more effective and cost-efficient? Through examining concrete policy experiences from OECD countries, this study concludes that agricultural policy reforms can improve the environment, provided they are accompanied by appropriate environmental measures.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La réforme des politiques agricoles
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.34
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Discussion of Internet traffic exchange is important because some parts of the communication industry are asking governments to address an increasing number of regulatory issues.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document, based on country surveys carried out by the OECD, compares the experiences of OECD countries in dealing with confidentiality constraints in an effort to meet the demand for policy-relevant analysis using micro-data. It shows that countries have made significant efforts to implement confidentiality rules and practices which balance increasing demands for microdata for policy analysis with the protection of confidential information on individual firms or establishments. Country-specific descriptions of data sources for micro datasets, the legal framework, and conditions for access to and use of data are provided for Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States ...
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.36
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Electronic commerce is creating a new mode of delivering new types of products in a global market in which geographical boundaries and location lose their meaning.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264163126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE ; Fédération de Russie 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE : Fédération de Russie 1998
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the beginning of a long and laborious transition to a market-oriented economy in Russia. While significant progress has been made in liberalising the economy, difficulties remain in the agro-food sector. Russia has enormous economic potential and the agricultural economy will continue to form a significant part of Russia's economic and social structure well into the 21st century. But to fulfill this potential, Russia needs to facilitate the development and implementation of effective market mechanisms and to eliminate the structural barriers that are impeding the emergence of a strong and competitive agro-food sector. This study is one of the most comprehensive analyses and assessments of developments in Russia's agricultural policies since the onset of reform, drawing on the OECD's well-established method of calculating support from agricultural policies using Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.32
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Rapid technological advances in information and communication technologies and their widespread diffusion have led some to speculate about "frictionless" economies where transaction costs are nearly zero, barriers to entry and contestability disappear and markets clear instantly.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264162341
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide. In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to make recommendations regarding the most important S&T statistical information required by the DSTI to enable it to include Belgian indicators more frequently in its official reports and publications. The suggested priority areas are defined with respect to OECD’s most important S&T statistics and indicators, recent progress in Belgian institutions and OECD future prospects in terms of new indicators. The main recommendations are: i) the methodological framework implemented to compute the ANBERD database provides strong foundations that would allow for the construction of other basic S&T statistics and analytical indicators; ii) Belgium should join the group of core countries for which a feasibility study on the mobility of human resources is to be launched; iii) the R&D survey sampling procedure could be improved by implementing it in the light of the CIS questionnaires and extended to comprehend complementary information related to new ...
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.35
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Internet telephony is a voice service over the Internet. It is different from the present telephony service which is transported over the circuit switched public telephone network because Internet telephony is transported using Internet protocols over packet switched networks. Internet telephony calls can be set up between personal computers and also from a computer to a normal telephone.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262744
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Co-operative Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Dans les pays de l'OCDE, certains agriculteurs se regroupent spontanément en associations pour favoriser une agriculture plus durable. Comment expliquer ce phénomène ? Comment l'encourager ? Dans quelle mesure de telles initiatives peuvent-elles remplacer ou compléter les mesures agri-environnementales mises en place par les pouvoirs publics ? Cette étude essaie de répondre à ces questions en analysant les expériences menées récemment par des groupements de protection des terres en Australie, au Canada, aux Pays-Bas et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle met aussi en lumière les conditions qui permettent à ces associations de travailler le plus efficacement ainsi que le type de projets qui leur convient le mieux. L'analyse des différentes expériences nationales permet de dégager un certain nombre d'observations générales et de formuler des recommandations précises. L'étude ouvre ainsi des perspectives nouvelles sur le rôle que peuvent jouer les associations spontanées dans la recherche de solutions locales concertées aux problèmes de l'environnement local.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789264163409
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La biotechnologie au service de produits et de procédés industriels propres ; Vers un développement industriel durable
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Biotechnology for clean industrial products and processes
    DDC: 600
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Biotechnologie ; Umweltmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Biotechnologische Industrie ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Industrial biotechnology has come of age: after decades spent in the shadow of two better-known fields, health and agro-food biotechnology, it has emerged into a world where environmental sustainability has become a global concern. However, sustainability and "clean" industrial processes will not be achieved without a stream of innovations based on science and technology, among which biotechnology will play an important role.This report illustrates how modern process biotechnology is penetrating industrial operations, and highlights its environmental and economic advantages over other technologies. It identifies technical and other bottlenecks, but also emphasizes that industry and governments must act together to address the challenges of industrial sustainability.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document presents three alternative methods for the construction of indicators of relative tradeweighted unit labour costs by industry as well as the empirical results based on these methods for 18 OECD Member countries. With some exceptions, the results show that the indicators derived from the alternative methods are highly correlated. It also turns out that there are significant variations in time profiles of relative unit labour costs by industry, an observation that underlines the usefulness of industryspecific information for an in-depth analysis of price competitiveness ...
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263123
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies; Russian Federation 1998
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: L'éclatement de l'Union soviétique en 1991 a été pour la Russie le point de départ d'une transition longue et laborieuse vers une économie de marché. Bien que des progrès considérables aient été réalisés en termes de libéralisation de l'économie, certaines difficultés subsistent dans le secteur agroalimentaire. La Russie possède un potentiel économique énorme et l'économie rurale continuera d'être un maillon essentiel de sa structure économique et sociale pendant une bonne partie du XXI ème siècle. Mais pour concrétiser ce potentiel, la Russie doit favoriser le développement et la mise en place de mécanismes de régulation du marché efficaces et éliminer les obstacles structurels qui empêchent l'émergence d'un secteur agroalimentaire puissant et compétitif. Cette étude constitue l'une des analyses et des évaluations les plus approfondies de l'évolution des politiques agricoles en Russie depuis le début de la réforme. Elle s'appuie sur la méthode bien établie des équivalents subvention à la production et à la consommation utilisée par l'OCDE dans le calcul du soutien accordé à l'agriculture.
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264263406
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes; Towards Industrial Sustainability
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes: Towards Industrial Sustainability
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Si les applications de la biotechnologie ont plusieurs décennies durant surtout concerné la santé et l'agro-alimentaire, la biotechnologie industrielle prend aujourd'hui de l'importance à l'heure où le développement industriel durable est devenu une préoccupation à l'échelle mondiale. En effet, pour assurer un développement durable et la mise en oeuvre de procédés industriels « propres », il faudra toute une série d'innovations scientifiques et technologiques, parmi lesquelles la biotechnologie aura un rôle important à jouer. Ce rapport montre le rôle croissant des procédés biotechnologiques modernes dans les processus industriels. Il met en relief leurs avantages économiques et environnementaux par rapport à d'autres technologies, attire l'attention sur des goulets d'étranglement techniques ou autres, et souligne la nécessité d'une action concertée de l'industrie et des gouvernements pour relever le défi du développement industriel durable.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Biotechnology for clean industrial products and processes
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264162426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La politique de cryptographie ; les lignes directrices et les questions actuelles ; Les lignes directrices régissant la politique de cryptographie de l'OCDE et le rapport sur la politique de cryptographie ; contexte et questions actuelles
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Cryptography policy
    RVK:
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Cryptography is one of the technological means to provide security for data on information and communications systems. It can be used to protect the confidentiality of data, such as financial or personal data, whether that data is in storage or in transit. Cryptography can also be used to verify the integrity of data by revealing whether data has been altered and identifying the person or device that sent it. These techniques are critical to the development and use of national and global information and communications networks and technologies, as well as the development of electronic commerce. This book includes the Recommendation of the OECD Council concerning Guidelines for Cryptography Policy, the text of the Guidelines itself, and a report which explains the context for the guidelines and the basic issues involved in the cryptography policy debate.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La politique de cryptographie
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over the past decades, the majority of information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone rapid technical change. To the extent that such technical progress benefits consumers and users, quality improvements should be reflected in official price and quantity indices. When this is not the case, there is a tendency to overestimate price movements and underestimate volume changes of ICT products. All statistical offices deal with this issue, but the degree and nature of quality adjustment of price indices of ICT products varies considerably across OECD countries. The present work does not venture to determine “best practice” for quality adjustment in statistical offices. However, it simulates measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports), and productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on ...
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Electronic Commerce
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Le présent rapport a pour objet d’entreprendre de cerner les questions que pose la mesure du commerce électronique, de proposer un cadre initial et d’amorcer la comparaison de certaines des données disparates existant à ce sujet, de manière à former une mosaïque susceptible d’apporter une image quantitative plus claire de l’état actuel et de l’orientation future du commerce électronique. Ce faisant, il est possible de se faire une meilleure idée de l’importance relative des divers domaines d’action des pouvoirs publics.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.37
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides an initial analysis of the main issues in network-based production and delivery of music and audio-visual services content. It is intended to provide a basis for a more comprehensive comparative analysis of the international development of new network-based services by the main content-producing information and entertainment industries (printed, music and motion picture, radio and TV broadcasting).
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document is aimed at disseminating to a wider public the data on employment by industry and occupations for ten OECD countries, that have been collected over the last few years in the context of analytical work aimed at exploring empirically the changing patterns of skills in OECD countries. The industrial coverage of the data allows them to be used in conjunction with similar disaggregated OECD databases, while the occupational detail and time coverage track the evolution of skills profiles over the last one or two decades. The data in this document have been declassified by the Statistical Working Party of the OECD Industry Committee with the understanding that they represent OECD Secretariat estimates and not official country submissions. The country-specific data are not included in the paper version of this document, but are available on the OECD Web site at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/prod/sti_wp.htm ...
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264262003
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Food; Long-term Prospects for the Agro-food Sector
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Food: Long-term Prospects for the Agro-food Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: Le secteur agro-alimentaire des pays de l'OCDE se dirige vers une période de turbulence et de transition. D'ici vingt ans, la physionomie des marchés alimentaires dans l'OCDE aura radicalement changé sous l'effet de la demande croissante dans les pays en développement, de la réduction des barrières au commerce et à l'investissemnt, et de la diversification rapide des goûts et des préférences des consommateurs. Doit-on craindre des pénuries alimentaires ? Comment réagiront les prix ? Quels changements attendre en matière de transformation alimentaire et de commerce de détail ? Y aura-t-il davantage de coopération entre les différents acteurs de l'industrie agro-alimentaire, davantage de concentration, davantage de concurrence ? Pour mieux saisir ces défis, ce rapport explore les perspectives du secteur agro-alimentaire à l'horizon 2010-2020 et examine l'ensemble de nouvelles questions de fond qui attendent gouvernements, industriels, exploitants agricoles et consommateurs.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.38
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Conference addressed broad areas through a format that permitted business representatives to identify problems, governments to discuss how they hope to deal with the problem and international organisations to suggest how they can help to implement the solution internationally.
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  • 62
    Language: French
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Ce document construit un profil statistique d’un des secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) à la croissance la plus rapide, celui des logiciels, et examine quelques aspects importants inhérents à l’économie de l’information. On peut penser que c’est ce secteur des TIC qui est le plus important économiquement, et qu’il est à l’économie fondée sur le savoir ce que les secteurs de l’acier et de l’automobile étaient à l’économie industrielle. D’un point de vue statistique, ce document soulève également des questions qui sont au coeur des changements qui apparaissent alors que se développe l’économie de l’information. De par sa nature intangible, le logiciel est difficile à mesurer et plus facilement sujet à duplication ou piratage.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264263536
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 21st Century Technologies; Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 21st Century Technologies: Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Les décennies à venir sont porteuses de progrès remarquables dans de nombreuses technologies à vocation universelle. Notre façon de vivre, de travailler, ainsi que nos loisirs devraient en être profondément remodelés. Les technologies vont révolutionner la médecine, l'agriculture, les voyages, le commerce de détail... des bouleversements qui toucheront le coeur même de notre vie quotidienne. Si elle utilise ces technologies à bon escient, l'humanité pourra retirer des bienfaits immenses. Dans le cas contraire, ce seront autant d'opportunités manquées et de risques inutiles. L'enjeu est donc de taille pour la société. Quel coût cela entraînerait-il, si nous rations le coche du changement dynamique ? Quels problèmes éthiques les nouvelles avancées du génie génétique vont-elles poser ? La diffusion des nouvelles technologies créera-t-elle de nouvelles divisions sociales ? Quels types de sociétés seront les mieux armés pour exploiter ce vaste potentiel ? Quelle voie la coopération internationale doit-elle suivre pour tirer le plus grand profit des retombées de la technologie ? Cette étude passe en revue les promesses extraordinaires qu'annoncent les vingt prochaines années. Elle prend la mesure de questions essentielles -- économiques, sociales, environnementales ou éthiques -- auxquelles les décideurs du secteur public, du secteur des entreprises et de la société devront faire face pour écarter les incertitudes de la technologie et transformer ses promesses en réalités.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264162006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Se nourrir demain ; Perspectives à long terme du secteur agro-alimentaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Se nourrir demain : Perspectives à long terme du secteur agro-alimentaire
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: The agro-food sector in OECD countries is heading towards an era of turbulance and transition. With food demand in developing countries growing, barriers to trade and investment falling, and consumer tastes and preferences rapidly diversifying, the landscape of OECD food markets will be radically different 20 years from now. Are food shortages likely and what will happen to food prices? What changes will we see in food retailing and food processing? Will there be more co-operation between the various players in the agro-food industry, more concentration or more competition? To grasp these challenges, this report looks into the prospects for the agro-food sector to 2010-20 and examines the new generation of key issues that lie ahead for governments, business, farmers and consumers.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Pressure on the quantity and quality of water from agriculture is a concern in many OECD countries. But the use of water in agriculture is essential to meet growing demands for food, and also provides environmental and social benefits. Key questions for policy makers are how to ensure the sustainable management of water resources in agriculture through coherent policies in the areas of agriculture, water and the environment.The Athens Workshop helped to illustrate what needs to be done to manage water sustainably in agriculture, in particular through reviewing the experiences in OECD countries. The main conclusions are: continuing the reform of agricultural policies; improving the transparency of water management policies; enhancing water pricing mechanisms; ensuring that all stakeholders are involved in policy formulation; and undertaking cost-benefit analysis in the design of water projects, taking into account environmental considerations.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264262614
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adjustment in OECD Agriculture; Reforming Farmland Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Reforming Farmland Policies
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Cette publication rassemble deux études traitant de la question très importante des terres agricoles : elle examine la façon dont les politiques agricoles et autres influencent les transactions foncières, la valeur et l'utilisation des terres. La première étude examine les politiques qui affectent la mobilité des terres agricoles et appelle à un allégement des réglementations qui permette au secteur agricole de mieux répondre aux forces du marché. La seconde étude montre que le soutien agricole est souvent capitalisé dans la valeur des terres et des autres actifs. Par conséquent, il existe une forte résistance à la réforme de la politique, il est difficile d'entrer dans le secteur agricole et les bénéficiaires des politiques ne sont pas toujours ceux à qui ces dernières étaient destinées à l'origine.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Transgenic mice have become of central importance for basic biological research, and for understanding diseases involving malfunction of the genetic machinery. The value of these animals as research tools may extend far beyond the purposes of the research project for which they were generated. Their documentation and conservation -- as live animals, embryos or gametes (eggs or sperm) -- therefore becomes of high importance. This proceedings brings together scientific papers covering the breadth and significance of model animals used in scientific research, and scientific and policy summaries based on workshop discussions.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le commerce électronique
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Electronic commerce is creating a new mode of delivering new types of products in a global market in which geographical boundaries and location lose their meaning. This paper outlines some of the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262799
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Agricultural Policy Reform and the Rural Economy in OECD Countries
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Le développement socio-économique des zones rurales occupe désormais une place significative dans l'élaboration des politiques agricoles des pays de l'OCDE. Pourtant, il n'existe toujours pas d'analyse approfondie des relations réciproques existant entre le secteur agricole et l'économie rurale. Quelles conséquences les changements structurels à l'oeuvre dans l'agriculture ont-ils pour le monde rural ? Quel rôle doivent jouer les politiques agricoles ? Autant de questions fondamentales auxquelles entend répondre cette étude composée d'un rapport principal et d'études de cas consacrées au Canada, à la France, à la Grèce, au Japon, à la Norvège, à la Nouvelle-Zélande et à la Suisse. Les politiques classiques de soutien à l'agriculture sont de moins en moins performantes pour faire face aux objectifs de développement rural, c'est l'une des conclusions essentielles de ce rapport. La réforme des politiques agricoles peut cependant améliorer la contribution du secteur agro-alimentaire au développement viable des économies rurales, même si les effets positifs ne sont pas immédiats. La compétitivité des zones rurales aurait tout à gagner d'une approche cohérente, bien coordonnée et bien ciblée visant à diversifier les activités, promouvoir des produits régionaux de qualité, donner des informations aux producteurs, accorder des paiements directs et assurer la fourniture de biens d'intérêt collectif. Un défi majeur pour les décideurs sera de trouver un équilibre entre les préoccupations sociales et environnementales dans les zones rurales et la nécessité de renforcer l'efficience économique de ces dernières.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162617
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ajustement du secteur agricole des pays de l'OCDE ; Réformer les politiques foncières agricoles
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Adjustment in OECD agriculture
    DDC: 338.18
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaftliche Immobilien ; Bodenmarkt ; Agrarsubvention ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; OECD ; Transferzahlung ; Landwirtschaftliches Einkommen
    Abstract: This book brings together two studies both related to the very important issue of land: it examines the way in which agricultural and other policies affect how it changes hands, its value and use patterns. The first study looks at policies affecting farmland mobility and calls for an easing of regulations to allow the agricultural sector to be more responsive to market forces. The second study shows that agricultural support is often capitalised into land and other asset values. As a result there is strong resistance to policy reform, entry into the agricultural sector is difficult and the recipients of benefits are not always those intended when the policies were put in place.
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  • 71
    Language: French
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity. The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Convergence between different telecommunication and broadcasting infrastructures and services is increasingly raising challenges for regulatory frameworks and may require adjustment in view of emerging services.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Industrial economies are at the threshold of potentially radical structural changes in their economic structures. Communication networks and interactive multimedia applications are providing the foundation for the transformation of existing social and economic relationships into an "information society".
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1997/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Révision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity. The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1997/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs bibliométriques et analyse des systèmes de recherche : Méthodes et exemples
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati Family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other, more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists, as well as the scientific specialisations and performance of countries. The report, having set the background for the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibliometrics is built, as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five examples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometric methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output, by counting the number of papers; the impact of ...
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  • 76
    Language: French
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems: Methods and Examples
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists as well as the scientific specialisations and performances of countries. The report, having set the background to the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibiometrics are elaborated as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five exemples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometrics methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output by counting the number of publications, the impacts ...
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: A group of high-level private-sector experts on electronic commerce, (senior executives of major enterprises that use electronic commerce), chaired by John Sacher, Executive Director of UK retailer Marks and Spencer, prepared a report on the framework conditions necessary for the favourable development of global electronic commerce and the action required by governments at national and international level.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.27
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to begin to outline the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce, propose an initial framework and begin to compare some of the disparate data on the subject so as to form a mosaic which gives a clearer quantitative picture of the current status and future direction of electronic commerce. From this position a better sense of the relative importance of the various policy issues can be obtained.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.30
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) maps Internet addresses and is a necessary element enabling communication routing to function.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine and highlight policy implications of developments taking place in new technologies which are impacting on international telecommunication prices and the accounting rate and settlements system, used by telecommunication operators to compensate each other for terminating international telecommunications traffic.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264292260
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data; Oslo Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data: Oslo Manual
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Évaluer l'ampleur des activités d'innovation, les caractéristiques des firmes menant ces activités et les facteurs internes et systémiques qui les influencent est essentiel à la conduite et à l'analyse des politiques de promotion de l'innovation technologique. Le Manuel d'Oslo est la source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette seconde édition reflète les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l'innovation, l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente vague d'enquêtes sur l'innovation, l'extension du champ d'enquête à d'autres secteurs d'activité industrielle ainsi que les révisions des classifications internationales types.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264192263
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique ; Manuel d'Oslo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique : Manuel d'Oslo
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Chapter 5 of the 1997 Information Technology Outlook.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The economy’s entry into its globalisation phase has radically altered the nature of competition. Now, numerous new actors from every market in the world (see section 1 and summary table) are simultaneously in competition on every market. This new competition has accentuated the interdependence of the different levels of globalisation (trade in goods and services, direct investment, technology transfers, capital movements), with direct investment becoming a central factor in the process of industrial restructuring and the development of genuine world industries. To contend with the challenges of globalisation, firms have altered their strategies, strengthening the activities in which they were in a dominant position (refocusing), seeking to achieve critical size and attaching priority to external growth (mergers and acquisitions). At the same time, they have multiplied the number of co-operation agreements and alliances and changed their internal organisation. Globalisation has ...
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Competition is driving growth of mobile telecommunication into new markets, particularly personal communication markets.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Short-term economic indicators play an important role in the assessment of current cyclical situations and in the establishment of forecasts. Broadly, two types of short-term indicators can be distinguished: qualitative indicators, reflecting businessmen’s subjective assessment of the cyclical situation (e.g., production prospects or judgements on orderbooks), and quantitative indicators, reflecting past developments of production or employment. The usefulness of qualitative indicators rests on their reliability to approximate the possible evolution of the quantitative ones. The present document shows the results of a pilot study for six industrial sectors in seven Member countries whereby short-term qualitative indicators are used to “nowcast” a quantitative indicator, the production index. The objective is to enhance the timeliness of short-term industrial statistics through estimation of data points for the most recent periods for which they are not yet available. From the current ...
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.24
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the economic and policy implications of various technologies available to provide local telecommunication access. This part of the network is referred to as the "local loop". For the purposes of this document the switching functions in local access networks are assumed to be part of the local loop.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The primary findings of this report are: markets with infrastructure competition, and in particular where there is competition in both fixed and mobile networks, are delivering best practice performance in terms of market expansion; while there is evidence that monopoly markets are improved by the introduction of a second operator, developments in duopoly markets have been far from optimal, and substantial gains are being lost by delaying further liberalisation; competitive mobile markets are delivering the most employment gains; universal service applications and social gains are being enhanced by the application of competition in mobile telecommunication.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The steel industry in OECD countries has undergone profound change during the past several decades. Capacity has been reduced significantly, while substantial investment has been made to improve processing efficiency and product quality. Two key technological developments have driven this process. The first is rapid expansion of the use of continuous casting, a technology that has improved product quality, reduced energy consumption and greatly increased efficiency. The second is significant growth in electric furnace steelmaking, particularly at highly efficient small-scale mini-mills, that produce an expanding range of steel products using ferrous scrap as the principal raw material. These and other technological changes, combined with plant closures and other restructuring, have greatly reduced industry employment. Despite growth in finished steel production, employment has fallen by close to 40 per cent in the OECD area since 1980. This document examines how the employment ...
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the process of embodied technology diffusion in 10 OECD countries with the help of a methodology whereby the purchases of intermediate and capital goods act as carriers of technology across industries and countries. In terms of supply and demand of technology, it establishes that while innovations are developed mainly in a cluster of high technology manufacturing industries, a different cluster of industries in the services sector are the main acquirers of technologically sophisticated machinery and equipment. R&D performance is more concentrated (the top 5 industries account for between 60-80% of total) than technology use (the top 5 user industries account in most countries for 40-50% of total). In terms of the channels of technology diffusion, the share of technology obtained through capital investment is less than 50% of total acquired technology for every country, with the US leading in the diffusion of technology through capital investment. Imports are also an ...
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the empirical evidence on the impact of performed R&D and of embodied R&D on productivity performance in 10 major OECD countries (the G7 countries, Australia, Denmark and the Netherlands) over the last two decades. Industry-level performed R&D and embodied R&D variables were constructed from an input-output model developed in a previous paper on technology diffusion. The productivity variables used in this paper are Divisia growth indexes of TFP which were consistently estimated by an input-output based growth accounting procedure. The aggregate TFP estimates showed some recovery in the 1980s in most countries and notably in the United States, where most of this recovery was in manufacturing. The results from pooled regressions across countries and across industries during the 1970s and 1980s indicate that the rates of return of both R&D variables are positively significant and increasing in the 1980s. The estimated rate of return of direct R&D for manufacturing ...
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information is power. Nowhere is this truer than in regulation; and in telecommunications regulation particularly. For the complexity of the telecommunications systems to be regulated and the rapidly developing technology involved means that, in telecommunications even more than elsewhere, detailed information is the indispensable basis for the knowledge that the regulator needs to perform his role effectively.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/07
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems of comparison between countries and over time of the data on R&D performed in the services industries collected by Member countries and reported to OECD, given the recent rapid growth in their share of total R&D expenditures in the business enterprise sector. The degree to which national R&D surveys cover the service industries varies considerably. Some have made substantial efforts to extend this coverage recently in response both to national policy needs and to the implementation the revised OECD R&D questionnaire, notably concerning the computer services industry/software R&D. The coverage and classification of special R&D institutes continues to vary between countries. The coverage and quality of the data is clearly improving but considerable further progress will be needed before the R&D statistics for service industries can be used for integrated economic studies. Despite these variations in coverage, the data already ...
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/08
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold: to highlight stylised facts about recent trends in the skill distribution of employment and to analyse the role that technological change might have in explaining these dynamics. Data on industrial employment broken down by occupation recently assembled by the OECD Secretariat are used to examine the changing skill composition of OECD economies, the occupational structure of industry and services, and the dynamics of upskilling. They show that in most OECD countries during the 1980s, employment grew fastest in high-skilled jobs and slowest – or declined – in low-skilled jobs. The upskilling trend is more apparent in manufacturing than in services, while overall the shift to higher skilled jobs has occurred primarily within industries, rather than between them. Econometric work that explores the role of technology in the changing skill mix in five of the G7 countries in the 1980s shows that upskilling has occurred faster in industries that have ...
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: High and rising unemployment rates in the early 1990s have moved the employment question centrestage in the policy debate. Among the structural aspects, the relation between firm size and employment creation has attracted policy makers’ attention, triggered by empirical work on the United States which showed that the small business sector had been a major source of net job creation. This work and the rising interest by policymakers led to further studies of the subject, the identification of important methodological and data questions and a broader body of empirical research about the relation between firm size and job creation. This document aims at identifying common results and trends from national studies, as well as identifying “best practices” of analysis and data gathering, and thereby promoting international harmonisation of such analytical work. Principal results from a survey of national studies include: (a) both the rates of gross job creations and gross job losses are ...
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Modern society relies heavily on information and communications. New advanced information technologies are being developed and exploited on an increasing scale by both the private and public sectors, providing new business opportunities for supplying industries as well as user industries. Governments realise that adequate action is needed to facilitate and accelerate this transition in order to benefit fully from the economic and social opportunities. Their conviction is that information infrastructures are expected to stimulate economic growth, increase productivity, create jobs, and improve the quality of life. Therefore, governments view that the developments in information infrastructures must be encouraged and supported, and existing or foreseen obstacles need to be removed. Governments themselves have an important role in adjusting the legal and regulatory frameworks. These frameworks cover a range of policy areas (employment, culture, legal, etc.), usually addressed by separate ministries and agencies. In addition, as information infrastructures are not limited by national boundaries, governments have begun to co-operate to discuss a set of common rules in order to build a global information society. Such co-operation began at the G-7 Information Society Conference, in Brussels (February 1995), and continued at the Information Society and Development Conference in South Africa (May 1996). This paper aims to provide an outline of positions adopted by, or proposed for adoption by governments on the issues of information infrastructures, as of May 1996. Reports from the following OECD countries have been examined: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The EU initiatives are expected to provide an integrated vision for the European Union countries.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This statement is an initial response to the OECD Council, meeting at Ministerial level, in May 1995 to provide a policy report on the Global Information Infrastructure - Global Information Society (GII-GIS), at its meeting in May 1996.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document was prepared by Mr Peter Davies, consultant, in collaboration with the Secretariat. The main conclusions are that: Copyright is the right regime for software protection on the information superhighway. Exclusive reproduction rights should remain with the copyright holder. Content owners will place their goods on the superhighway and decide for themselves about price, payment and the risk of piracy. Schemes for electronic payment for the use of services on the superhighway are being tried. For many people, the traditional means of payment will suffice for some time.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Governments often regulate prices for public utilities. As telecommunication services markets have been opened to competition, new ways had to be found to regulate prices of the former monopoly carriers.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 146 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.9
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report deals with the role and specific problems of SMEs in implementing information technologies (IT), and the possibilities for public policy to support SMEs in their efforts to modernise and adapt to technical change.
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