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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,787)
  • 2010-2014  (3,673)
  • 1985-1989  (114)
  • 1945-1949
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,787)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264214064
    Language: English
    Pages: 269 S. , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Better Life Initiative
    Series Statement: Clio infra
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. How Was Life?
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    Keywords: 1820-2010 ; Lebensqualität ; Soziale Lage ; Sozialgeschichte ; Geschichte ; Welt ; Well-being Statistics History ; Quality of life Statistics History ; Quality of Life ; Life Style ; Health Behavior ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Graue Literatur ; Menschheit ; Wohlbefinden ; Soziale Situation ; Wohlbefinden ; Geschichte 1820-2014
    Abstract: "How was life in 1820, and how has it improved since then? What are the long-term trends in global well-being? Views on social progress since the Industrial Revolution are largely based on historical national accounting in the tradition of Kuznets and Maddison. But trends in real GDP per capita may not fully reflect changes in other dimensions of well-being such as life expectancy, education, personal security or gender inequality. Looking at these indicators usually reveals a more equal world than the picture given by incomes alone, but has this always been the case? The new report How Was Life? aims to fill this gap. It presents the first systematic evidence on long-term trends in global well-being since 1820 for 25 major countries and 8 regions in the world covering more than 80% of the world's population. It not only shows the data but also discusses the underlying sources and their limitations, pays attention to country averages and inequality, and pinpoints avenues for further research. The How Was Life? report is the product of collaboration between the OECD, the OECD Development Centre and the CLIO-INFRA project. It represents the culmination of work by a group of economic historians to systematically chart long-term changes in the dimensions of global well-being and inequality, making use of the most recent research carried out within the discipline. The historical evidence reviewed in the report is organised around 10 different dimensions of well-being that mirror those used by the OECD in its well-being report How's Life? (www.oecd.org/howslife), and draw on the best sources and expertise currently available for historical perspectives in this field. These dimensions are:per capita GDP, real wages, educational attainment, life expectancy, height, personal security, political institutions, environmental quality, income inequality and gender inequality."--Publisher
    Abstract: Global well-being since 1820 -- Demographic trends since 1820 -- GDP per capita since 1820 -- Real wages since 1820 -- Education since 1820 -- Life expectancy since 1820 -- Human height since 1820 -- Personal security since 1820 -- Political institutions since 1820 -- Environmental quality since 1820 -- Income inequality since 1820 -- Gender inequality since 1820 -- A composite view of well-being since 1820
    Note: OECD better life initiative. - "This report is the product of a collaboration between the OECD and CLIO-INFRA project. It represents the culmination of work by a group of economic historians to systematically chart long-term changes in the dimensions of global well-being and inequality, making use of the most recent research carried out within the discipline." -- on back cover. - Includes bibliographical references
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Bulletin de droit nucléaire Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 149-174 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:149-174
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multilateral agreements
    Titel der Quelle: Bulletin de droit nucléaire
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 149-174
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:149-174
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Fédération de Russie Loi Fédérale n° 170 du 21 novembre 1995 sur l’utilisation de l’énergie atomique Uruguay Loi n° 19 056 relative à la protection et à la sécurité radiologique des personnes, des biens et de l’environnement Japon Troisième supplément aux lignes directrices provisoires concernant l’évaluation de l’ampleur des dommages nucléaires résultant de l’accident survenu dans les centrales nucléaires de Fukushima Daiichi et Daini de Tokyo Electric Power Company, Incorporated (se rapportant à l’indemnisation des dommages induits par les rumeurs infondées dans les secteurs de l'agriculture, de la sylviculture, de la pêche et de l’agroalimentaire) France et États-Unis Déclaration conjointe sur la responsabilité civile en matière de dommages nucléaires Déclaration franco-russe dans le secteur électronucléaire
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 73-107 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:73-107
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 73-107
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:73-107
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In the last few years, the growth in the amount of economic and financial data available has prompted econometricians to develop or adapt new methods enabling them to summarise efficiently the information contained in large databases. Of these methods, dynamic factor models have seen rapid growth and become very popular among macroeconomists. In this paper, we carry out a survey of recent literature on dynamic factor models. We start by presenting the models used before looking at parameter estimation methods and statistical tests available for choosing the number of factors. We then focus on recent empirical applications dealing with the construction of economic outlook indicators, macroeconomic forecasts, and both macroeconomic and monetary policy analyses.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Bulletin de droit nucléaire Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 135-147 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:135-147
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intergovernmental organisation activities
    Titel der Quelle: Bulletin de droit nucléaire
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 135-147
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:135-147
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 123-189 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:123-189
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 123-189
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:123-189
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Albania
    Abstract: The Republic of Albania is located in south-eastern Europe and has a population of 2.8 million (2011 census). It was established as a unitary parliamentary republic in 1991 after 46 years of Communist rule. This review of the budget process of the Republic of Albania was carried out as part of the work programme of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials. In preparation for the review, a team for the OECD Secretariat led by Knut Klepsvik undertook a mission to Tirana from 29 October to 2 November 2012. The substance of this review is divided into 4 sections which details the budgeting process in Albania and includes an Annex summarising recent budget reviews that have taken place in the country. JEL classification: H50, H61, H83, O21, O52 Keywords: Annual budget, budgetary process, budget structure, fiscal policy, fiscal rules, parliamentary budget, procurement.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 81-122 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:81-122
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 81-122
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:81-122
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article focuses on the optimal design of spending review processes. It contents that sending review should be an integral part of the government budget preparation process, in order to support aggregate fiscal discipline and to increase the fiscal space available for essential new spending initiatives. The article discusses the appropriate focus and coverage of spending review, the assignment of roles and responsibilities during the process, and the information base of spending review. JEL classification: H500, H610. Keywords: Baseline expenditure, fiscal space, savings options, efficiency reviews, strategic reviews, bottom-up review, joint review, top-down review, comprehensive review, selective review.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Bulletin de droit nucléaire Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 175-238 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:175-238
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Documents and legal texts
    Titel der Quelle: Bulletin de droit nucléaire
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 175-238
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:175-238
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 7-89 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:7-89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 7-89
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-89
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite sustained efforts made in recent years to rein in budget deficits, a majority of OECD countries still face substantial public finance consolidation needs. While essential to avoid the disruption and large costs ultimately associated with unsustainable public finances, fiscal consolidation complicates the task of achieving other policy goals. In most cases, it weighs on demand in the short term. And, if too little attention is paid to the mix of instruments used to achieve consolidation, it can undermine long-term growth, exacerbate income inequality and slow the process of global rebalancing. It is therefore important for governments to adopt consolidation strategies that minimise these adverse side-effects. The analysis proposes consolidation strategies that take into account other policy goals as well as country-specific circumstances and preferences. To do so, increases in particular taxes and cuts in specific spending areas are assessed for their effects on short- and long-term growth, income distribution and external accounts. The results of detailed illustrative simulations indicate that a significant number of OECD countries may have to raise harmful taxes or cut valuable spending areas to deliver sufficient consolidation, underscoring the need for structural reforms to counteract these side-effects. The results are robust to an extensive range of sensitivity checks.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Bulletin de droit nucléaire Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 29-63 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:29-63
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Turkish nuclear legislation: Developments for a nuclear newcomer
    Titel der Quelle: Bulletin de droit nucléaire
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 29-63
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:29-63
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Turkey
    Abstract: D’après les estimations de l’OCDE, la croissance économique turque « devrait dépasser 3 % en 2013 puis, parallèlement au renforcement de la reprise mondiale, atteindre 4.5 % en 2014 ». La situation énergétique du pays, et notamment l’état du secteur de l’électricité qui fait appel à plusieurs sources d’énergie mais repose aussi en grande partie sur des importations, a conduit le gouvernement à opter pour le nucléaire.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 7-36 | volume:24 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:7-36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 7-36
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:24
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-36
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: How higher education institutions are managed is one of the most decisive factors in achieving institutional goals. The key role that university governance plays in the improvement of education quality has been the focus of attention in MENA economies since 2009. In this article, the authors present the findings of a screening tool developed as a benchmarking exercise that assesses the extent to which universities in the MENA region are following governance practices aligned with their institutional goals and international trends, and monitors their progress over time. They present the results of testing the methodology of the screening tool in a sample of universities in Egypt, Morocco, the PalestinianAuthority and Tunisia comparing them across five dimensions: 1) context, mission and goals; 2) management orientation; 3) autonomy; 4) accountability; and 5) participation. The findings highlight vivid differences, especially notable in between private and public institutions.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 127-144 | volume:24 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:127-144
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 127-144
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:24
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:127-144
    Keywords: Education ; Tanzania, United Republic of
    Abstract: This paper examines the history of the management of the higher education sector in Tanzania. It reveals that government policies and management styles throughout the period from 1961 to the early 2000s created a culture of resistance within the higher education institutions, leading to struggles and many attempts to change the management of the sector. The authors analyse the effects of management practices in higher education and propose a model of institutional change that yields positive outcomes based on institutional needs and those of the academic faculty members.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 107-125 | volume:24 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:107-125
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 107-125
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:24
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:107-125
    Keywords: Education ; Turkey
    Abstract: This study explores the extent to which European lecturers experience barriers to participation in the Erasmus programme in relation to Turkey. The evidence indicates that, although the number of Turkish lecturers who participate in the programme has constantly been increasing, mobility from the European Union (EU) to Turkey is low. A question arises as to what measures should be taken to reduce obstacles to the academic mobility and to improve attractiveness to the Turkish higher education institutions (HEIs) to European academics. In order to understand how mobility might be increased, the study investigates key drivers and barriers that might hinder mobility and draws conclusions about ways to improve participation.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 57-85 | volume:24 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:57-85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 57-85
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:24
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:57-85
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper first discusses the theoretical approaches regarding the choice of participating in post-secondary (or “higher”) education, starting with a presentation of the standard neoclassical economics approach, and then adding concepts taken from the emerging behavioural economics literature to take into account “cultural” factors that affect access. The paper then presents the results of an empirical analysis based on a very rich Canadian dataset, the Youth in Transition Survey, which follows youth from ages 15 to 25. It includes remarkably detailed information on family and other background factors, as well as schooling experiences, which provides evidence that points to the importance of cultural influences on PSE choices. Policy implications are then discussed.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 161-176 | volume:24 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:161-176
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 161-176
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:24
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:161-176
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, many colleges and universities established physical presences in foreign countries. The development of such foreign educational outposts has meant that institutions have had to learn how to manage across geopolitical borders. This study used interviews with senior officials at institutions operating one or more international branch campuses to identify the three primary areas of oversight of concern to multinational universities: faculty, curriculum and finances. In each of these areas, the authors identify differing managerial strategies used by institutions and explore how these strategies relate to whether the branch is viewed as an integrated or separated component of the institution’s governance structure.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe DAC High Level Meeting Final Communiqué 2014
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les 15 et 16 décembre 2014, le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE est parvenu à un consensus important et historique sur la manière de moderniser son cadre statistique pour mesurer le financement du développement dans les pays en voie de développement. Il ouvre la voie aux ambitieux objectifs de développement durable (ODD).
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The feasibility and costs of spent nuclear fuel management and the consequent disposal of ultimate waste continue to be the subject of public debate in many countries, with particular concern often expressed over the lack of progress in implementing final disposal. Uncertainties about back-end costs and the financial risks associated with management of the back end have also been singled out as possible deterrents to investment in new nuclear power plants. This report offers an appraisal of economic issues and methodologies for the management of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste from commercial power reactors. It includes a review of different backend options and current policies and practices, with a focus on the cost estimates for these options and the funding mechanisms in place or under consideration in OECD/NEA countries. A generic economic assessment of high-level estimates of back-end cost impacts on fuel cycle costs is undertaken for selected idealised scenarios, by means of a simple static model. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for the evaluation of uncertainties in major components and the identification of cost drivers. Since factors other than economics are an important part of the decision-making process, an analysis of the influence of key qualitative parameters in the selection of back-end strategies is also presented in this report.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264211759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This How2Guide for Wind Energy (Wind H2G) is designed to provide interested stakeholders from both government and industry with the necessary tools to plan and implement a roadmap for wind energy technology at the national or regional level.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264211872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap aims to increase understanding among a range of stakeholders of the applications that electricity and thermal energy storage technologies can be used for at different locations in the energy system. Emphasis is placed on storage technologies that are connected to a larger energy system (e.g. electricity grid), while a smaller portion of the discussion focuses on off-grid storage applications. This focus is complemented by a discussion of the existing technology, policy, and economic barriers that hinder energy storage deployment. Specific actions that can be taken to remove these obstacles are identified for key energy system stakeholder groups.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in the Euro Area and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of the Euro Area, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264218741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear Regulation
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This regulatory guidance booklet describes the characteristics of an effective nuclear safety regulator in terms of roles and responsibilities, principles and attributes. Each of the characteristics discussed in this report is a necessary feature of an effective nuclear safety regulator but no one characteristic is sufficient on its own. It is the combination of these characteristics that leads to the effectiveness of a nuclear regulatory body. The report provides a unique resource to countries with existing, mature regulators and can be used for benchmarking as well as training and developing staff. It will also be useful for new entrant countries in the process of developing and maintaining an effective nuclear safety regulator.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264218482
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Deepening Structural Reform to Support Growth and Competitiveness
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264179257
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Deuxième édition
    Series Statement: Développement de l'énergie nucléaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Energy Today (Second Edition)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Nuclear Energy Today (Second Edition)
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264217270
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Portugal; Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Portugal: Consolidação dareforma estrutural para o apoio ao crescimento e à competitividade
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Having been hit hard by the global crisis, the Portuguese government has taken action to put its economy back on track, and to correct external and budgetary imbalances. Public finances have strengthened, and the current account deficit has closed on the back of gains in competitiveness and improvements in export performance. Portugal has also been able to reduce income inequality and relative poverty, a major accomplishment during a severe crisis with record levels of unemployment. As Portugal successfully exits the EU-IMF-ECB-supported programme and emerges from recession, it is more important than ever to build on these achievements. At the request of the Portuguese authorities, the OECD has carried out an assessment of the impact of the reforms implemented to date on the economy’s longer-term growth outlook. The analysis is based on OECD indicators of the restrictiveness of Product Market Regulation (PMR) and the strictness of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). It updates the OECD report Portugal: Reforming the State to Promote Growth, published in 2013. According to the OECD’s Going for Growth exercise, Portugal is among the OECD countries with the best recent track record of responsiveness to structural reform recommendations. The reforms undertaken since 2009 to promote competition in product markets and enhance the dynamism of the labour market are expected to raise productivity and potential GDP by at least 3.5% by 2020.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.56
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document incorporates two parts, an MRL Calculator User Guide and an MRL Calculator White Paper which discusses the methodology used in the User Guide.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224445
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 487; In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai micronoyau in vitro est un essai de génotoxicité pour la détection des micronoyaux dans le cytoplasme de cellules en interphase. Les micronoyaux peuvent provenir de fragments de chromosomes acentriques (c’est-à-dire sans centromère), ou de chromosomes entiers qui ne peuvent migrer vers les pôles pendant l’étape d’anaphase de la division cellulaire. L’essai détecte l’activité de substances d’essai clastogènes et aneugènes dans les cellules qui ont subi une division cellulaire au cours ou après l’exposition à une substance d’essai. Cette Ligne directrice prévoit l’utilisation de protocoles, avec et sans cytochalasine B (inhibiteur de polymérisation de l’actine). La cytochalasine B permet l’identification et l’analyse sélective de la fréquence des micronoyaux dans les cellules qui ont complété une mitose, ces cellules étant binucléées. La Ligne directrice permet l’utilisation de protocoles sans blocage de la cytokinèse à condition qu’il soit démontré que la population cellulaire a subi une mitose.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221321
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) presents an approach to estimate the emissions of substances used in wood preservatives (EU Product Type 8) from two stages of their life cycle: 1) application (industrial applications / in situ applications by professionals and amateurs) and storage of treated wood prior to shipment, and 2) treated wood-in service.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221116
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.20
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the adhesive formulation industry. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to additives and components used in adhesive formulations. These approaches are intended to provide conservative, screening-level estimates resulting in release and exposure amounts that are likely to be higher, or at least higher than average, than amounts that might actually occur in the real world setting.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224148
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 238; Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 238: Sediment-Free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne Directrice vise à évaluer la toxicité des produits chimiques sur le développement des plantes aquatiques submergées Myriophyllum spicatum cultivées dans un milieu sans sédiment. Dans le milieu d’Andrew modifié les cultures de Myriophyllum spicatum sont exposées à au moins 5 concentrations différentes du produit chimique d’essai pendant 14 jours. On utilise minimum de 10 réplicats pour les témoins et 5 réplicats pour chaque solution d’essai. Les variables mesurées sont : la croissance de la longueur de la tige, des branches latérales et des racines, l’évolution du poids frais et sec, et l’augmentation du nombre de verticilles. On détermine le taux de croissance spécifique (r) et le rendement (y), qui sont ensuite utilisés pour obtenir la CxEr et la CxEy (x pouvant être par exemple 10, 20, 50). De plus, la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et la concentration sans effet observé (CSEO) peuvent être déterminé par calcul statistique.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.6
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used as additives in rubber industry to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.49
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Minor use is the use of chemical pesticides or non-chemical means of crop protection where the potential use is on a scale not sufficiently large to justify registration of that use from an applicant’s perspective alone. Typically minor uses involve crops grown on a small scale (minor crops) and often are high value specialty crops. Additionally minor uses can involve uses within major crops in terms of controlling minor pests and diseases. This results in a situation where specialty crop industries are either without or are lacking sufficient access to pesticides to adequately protect those crops. This Guidance for Defining Minor Uses of Pesticides is provided to encourage and enhance member countries similarities in their approaches to defining minor uses, and to ensure that those needs are appropriately regulated, managed and addressed in their respective countries.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.65
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document examines the establishment of acceptable limits of microbiological contamination in microbial pest control products.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221772
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.71
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Best Practices Guidance addresses compliance and enforcement issues as they relate to pesticides and associated health and environmental risks. The objective of this document is to provide guidance for promoting and monitoring compliance and for assessing and mitigating risks of non-compliance. It is targeted primarily at pesticide regulators, but may also interest policy makers as well as regulated parties (i.e. pesticide industry). This document addresses the following areas of the pesticide life-cycle: manufacturing and product integrity; distribution (including transportation and sale); product use; product storage; and container recycling and disposal.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221062
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.25
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report constitutes an emission scenario document (ESD) for chemicals used in the electronics industry. It provides information on the sources and release pathways of chemicals during various processing techniques relevant to this varied industry sector, to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. Therefore, it will assist in the development of exposure scenarios and risk characterisation and assessment, for example as required by the REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of chemicals.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.67
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document dealing with biological pesticides provides guidance to both industry and regulatory authorities, in the context of applications for the approval of microbial biological control agents (mBCAs), and for the registration of microbial biological control products (mBCPs).
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264085442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.69
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: To keep (Q)SAR applications on a solid scientific foundation, an international effort to articulate principles for (Q)SAR technology and to develop a guidance document for use of (Q)SAR in regulatory applications. This document presents those principles and helpful guides for validating (Q)SAR technology for a variety of applications.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.31
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in petroleum production at oil wells. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to oil production chemicals.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220973
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.29
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals to be used in water washing machines at industrial and institutional laundries. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to chemicals used in water washing machines in laundries.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.63
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document provides guidance to national regulatory authorities in providing greater incentives to encourage applicants (manufacturers/registrants) to register agricultural pesticides (including both synthetically and naturally derived products) for minor uses.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Employment Policy Papers no.5
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: More than one-third of the European Union’s adult population would rather be self-employed than an employee if given the chance to choose, according to the 2012 Flash Eurobarometer survey. At the same time, there is a large entrepreneurial potential in social groups that are either disadvantaged in the labour market (e.g. youth, migrants, and the low-skilled) or underrepresented in the entrepreneurial population (e.g. women and seniors). Inclusive entrepreneurship policies aim to give the opportunity for people from these groups to start-up in business and self-employment both for economic reasons and to support the goal of social inclusion.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to water use. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) where econometric techniques are applied. This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The analysis shows that households whose bill depends on actual water use are unambiguously more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviours in terms of water use, including undertaking water-saving behaviours, purchasing water-efficient devices, and taking water efficiency into account when purchasing such equipment. The results also confirm that the effect of social norms, attitudes, and opinions about the environment in general do matter in explaining households’ behaviour and investment decisions. The main policy recommendations that can be derived from this study are: to charge households for water based on their actual water use and to pursue individuals’ sensitisation to environmental issues by promoting water-conservation behaviours through campaigns and advertising, primarily targeting male and young adults.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Discussions of the importance of public attitudes in shaping policy often lack clear evidence on causal relations between stated attitudes and observed behaviours. The 2011 OECD Survey of over 12,000 households allows analysing households’ environmental attitudes and behaviours in five different domains (electricity, food, transport, waste and water). Using econometric analysis, we investigate the relationship between stated environmental attitudes and indicators of civic engagement, such as voting in local elections, charity membership and membership in environmental organisations...
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Que nous apprend TALIS sur les enseignants des différents niveaux d'enseignement ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Que nous apprend TALIS sur les enseignants des différents niveaux d'enseignement ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The report New insights from TALIS 2013: Teaching and learning in primary and upper secondary education (OECD, 2014a) presents an overview of teachers and teaching in primary and upper secondary education for a sample of countries that participated in the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) in 2013. Women represent the majority of the teaching workforce for most countries at all levels of education. Despite this and the fact that most principals are former teachers, significantly fewer principals are women at all education levels. Primary teachers tend to work in schools where principals report material and personnel shortages that hinder the delivery of quality education more often than upper secondary teachers. Moreover, schools with high proportion of socio-economically disadvantaged students face greater shortages in terms of key resources in many countries. This further exacerbates the already-challenging circumstances for teachers and students.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to food consumption. It presents the results of follow-up econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). It studies expenditure and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for organic food and food labelled as taking animal welfare into account...
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Does Homework Perpetuate Inequities in Education?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Does Homework Perpetuate Inequities in Education?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Si après leur journée d’école, la plupart des élèves de 15 ans consacrent une partie de leur temps à faire leurs devoirs, ce temps a néanmoins diminué entre 2003 et 2012. Les élèves issus d’un milieu socio-économique favorisé et ceux qui fréquentent un établissement favorisé sur le plan socio-économique consacrent en général davantage de temps aux devoirs. La quantité de devoirs donnés aux élèves est associée à la performance en mathématiques des élèves et des établissements, mais d’autres facteurs influent davantage sur la performance globale des systèmes d’éducation.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les devoirs entretiennent-ils les inégalités en matière d'éducation ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Les devoirs entretiennent-ils les inégalités en matière d'éducation ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: While most 15-year-old students spend part of their after-school time doing homework, the amount of time they spend on it shrank between 2003 and 2012. Socio-economically advantaged students and students who attend socio-economically advantaged schools tend to spend more time doing homework. While the amount of homework assigned is associated with mathematics performance among students and schools, other factors are more important in determining the performance of school systems as a whole.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.111
    Keywords: Education ; Poland
    Abstract: This case study explores the strategies, processes and outcomes of an education reform in Poland which was introduced in 2009 and substantively changed the school inspection system. Its analysis looks in particular at the co-operation between the central and the local level throughout the implementation of the programme. In order to address the shortcomings of the prior inspection system, the reform combined internal and external evaluation in school supervision practice and put greater emphasis on collaboration among stakeholders. The results of the analysis show that the reform has had a great impact on the organisation of inspectorates, introducing modern principles such as teamwork and self-evaluation. Also, it affected the attitudes of important actors in the education system regarding the relevance of data to support internal and external school evaluation. The overall goals and aims of the reform gained the support of the various stakeholders. However, the implementation and communication processes were seen as deficient, especially in terms of a lack of capacity to roll out the reform as well as a lack of trust/disbelief that evaluation can be used for improvement, rather than the expected punitive purposes. Nevertheless, the reform achieved first structural steps towards building a culture of self-evaluation, which had thus far not been part of the Polish education system.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.78
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on demand for renewable energy and energy efficiency. It presents the results of follow-up of econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the 2014 OECD publication “Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey”...
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264222021
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ausarbeitung eines multilateralen Instruments zur Modifikation bilateraler Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Ausarbeitung eines multilateralen Instruments zur Modifikation bilateraler Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Developing a Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties: (Korean version)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Ce rapport identifie les questions que soulève l’élaboration d’un instrument multilatéral pour modifier les conventions fiscales bilatérales. Faute d’un mécanisme de mise en application immédiate, les modifications apportées aux modèles de conventions fiscales ne font que creuser l’écart entre le contenu de ces modèles et celui des conventions fiscales en vigueur. Il est nécessaire de mettre au point un mécanisme d’application rapide, non seulement pour combattre l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices, mais également pour assurer la pérennité d’un cadre, fruit d’un consensus, permettant d’éliminer la double imposition. Une telle démarche est sans précédent dans le domaine de la fiscalité, mais il existe des exemples d’instruments multilatéraux permettant de modifier des conventions bilatérales dans d’autres secteurs du droit public international. Grâce aux connaissances de spécialistes du droit public international et de la fiscalité, le rapport conclut qu’il est souhaitable et réaliste d’élaborer un instrument multilatéral et que des négociations portant sur cet instrument devraient être engagées rapidement.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This book reviews recent work related to Slovenia and summarised key findings and recommendations in such areas as unemployment and the labour market, skills and productivity, product market competition, corporate governance, boosting innovation and moving up the value chain, public finances, the tax system, the financial system, and greening the economy.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224551
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD territorial reviews
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalpolitik ; Kolumbien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Colombia ; Kolumbien ; Regionalentwicklung
    Abstract: Regional development policy is a priority of Colombia’s government. The country has experienced sustained economic growth over the past decade; yet several territories still lack development opportunities. To promote growth in all regions the government has engaged in a series of reforms. For instance, it started allocating royalty payments generated by hydrocarbon resources to all departments and most municipalities, including those that are not endowed with natural resources. The reform also promotes better multilevel governance and represents a good policy practice for countries seeking to link natural resource development with regional development. To support the current efforts of Colombia’s government, this report illustrates policy recommendations to help national authorities adopting a territorial approach to inclusive economic development. In particular, the OECD recommends to: a) improve the quantity and quality of regional statistics and formulate urban and rural taxonomies that help tailor policies to places; b) involve territorial constituencies in the design of policy interventions and allocate to them more implementation responsibilities within the framework of the National Development Plan; c) promote coordination among subnational bodies to scale up investment in territories to avoid that public investment – and royalty payments – gets dispersed in a myriad of small-scale projects.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264226050
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: Recruiting Immigrant Workers
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Recruiting immigrant workers
    Keywords: Arbeitsmigranten ; Migrationspolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Österreich ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria ; Österreich ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Migration
    Abstract: Austria has low levels of labour migration from non-EU/EFTA countries. At the same time, intra-EU free mobility has grown significantly and since 2011, overall migration for employment is above the OECD average. It recently reformed its labour migration system, making it more ready to accept labour migrants where they are needed, especially in medium-skilled occupations in which there were limited admission possibilities previously. This publication analyses the reform and the Austrian labour migration management system in international comparison.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264218970
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter plus efficacement contre les pratiques fiscales dommageables, en prenant en compte la transparence et la substance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Wirksamere Bekämpfung schädlicher Steuerpraktiken unter Berücksichtigung von Transparenz und Substanz
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively, Taking into Account Transparency and Substance: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Lutter plus efficacement contre les pratiques fiscales dommageables, en prenant en compte la transparence et la substance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Wirksamere Bekämpfung schädlicher Steuerpraktiken unter Berücksichtigung von Transparenz und Substanz
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Countering harmful tax practices more effectively, taking into account transparency and substance
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Preferential regimes continue to be a key pressure area in international taxation. The OECD’s 2013 BEPS report recognises that these need to be dealt with more effectively and the work of the Forum on Harmful Tax Practices (FHTP) needs to be refocused with an emphasis on substance and transparency. This is an interim report that sets out the progress made to date.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264222335
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Cahiers de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An Atlas of the Sahara-Sahel; Geography, Economics and Security
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: An Atlas of the Sahara-Sahel: Geography, Economics and Security
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Le Sahara-Sahel traverse des épisodes récurrents d’instabilité, cependant les crises libyenne et malienne récentes intensifient le degré de violence. Elles restructurent les dynamiques géopolitiques et géographiques. Transfrontalières voire régionales, ces crises contemporaines nécessitent de nouvelles réponses institutionnelles. Comment les pays partageant cet espace – Algérie, Libye, Mali, Maroc, Mauritanie, Niger, Tchad et Tunisie - peuvent-ils, ensemble et en relation avec des états tels que le Nigéria, le stabiliser et le développer ? Depuis toujours, le Sahara joue un rôle d’intermédiaire entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Afrique subsaharienne. Avant l’époque romaine, des routes le traversaient déjà, à l’origine militaires. Les échanges commerciaux et humains sont intenses et fondés sur des réseaux sociaux auxquels se greffent désormais les trafics. La compréhension de leur structuration, de la mobilité géographique et organisationnelle des groupes criminels et des circulations migratoires représente un défi stratégique. Cet ouvrage espère relever ce défi et nourrir les stratégies pour le Sahel de l’Union européenne, des Nations Unies, de l’Union africaine ou encore de la CEDEAO (Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) en vue d’une paix durable. Cet Atlas s’appuie sur une analyse cartographiée et régionale des enjeux de sécurité et de développement pour ouvrir des pistes objectives au nécessaire dialogue entre organisations régionales et internationales, États, chercheurs et acteurs locaux.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.153
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Expanding airport capacity in large metropolitan areas is difficult. Community agreements on noise constrain growth at existing airports. Land prices can be prohibitive for relocating airports. Most new sites require extensive investment in surface transport links to city centres. In multi-airport regions, options for expansion at the airports are to an extent interdependent, complicating assessment of whether to build new runways. Many major airports are hubs for network carriers at the same time as serving a large local market. The complementarity between these functions may be a prerequisite for viable network operations, suggesting that distributing services over multiple airports instead of expanding the main hub would be costly. Hub airports and their network carriers often compete with hubs in neighbouring regions. The strategies of network carriers and potential new entrants to this part of the market need to be taken into account in assessing future demand for airport capacity. The requirements of low cost and other point-to-point carriers are equally important, but different. This report reviews international experience in reconciling planning and environmental constraints with demand for airport capacity and the potential benefits in terms of productivity and growth from developing international airline services. Experience is compared in London, New York, Tokyo, Osaka, Sydney and in Germany’s main airports with particular attention to the dynamics of airline markets and implications for airport planning in multi-airport cities.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264183636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Accountability and democratic governance
    DDC: 320.97301
    Keywords: Governance-Ansatz ; Governance ; Development
    Abstract: The ability of citizens to demand accountability and more open government is fundamental to good governance. There is growing recognition of the need for new approaches to the ways in which donors support accountability, but no broad agreement on what changed practice looks like. This publication aims to provide more clarity on the emerging practice. Based on four country studies Mali, Mozambique, Peru and Uganda, a survey of donor innovations and cutting-edge analysis in this field, and the findings of a series of special high-level international dialogues on how to best support accountability support to parliaments, political parties, elections and the media. The publication takes the view that a wholesale shift in behaviour is required by parts of the development assistance community - moving outside conventional comfort zones and changing reflexes towards new approaches to risk taking, analysis and programming around systems of accountability and ‘do no harm’ efforts in political engagement. This piece is aimed at a range of development practitioners, as well as a wider audience, including civil society actors and citizens around the world who interact with donors working on accountability support.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264222649
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Principes de bonne pratique de l’OCDE en matière de politique réglementaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Governance of Regulators
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: The Governance of Regulators
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Ce rapport vise à construire un cadre général pour les initiatives destinées à poursuivre l’amélioration des performances dans les systèmes réglementaires en relation avec les organismes ou autorités de réglementation nationaux.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264218789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Relever les défis fiscaux posés par l'économie numérique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Herausforderungen für die Besteuerung der digitalen Wirtschaft
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Herausforderungen für die Besteuerung der digitalen Wirtschaft
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Relever les défis fiscaux posés par l'économie numérique
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Addressing the tax challenges of the digital economy
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Electronic Commerce ; Digitale Güter ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Steuervermeidung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Taxation
    Abstract: The spread of the digital economy poses challenges for international taxation. This report sets out an analysis of these tax challenges. It notes that because the digital economy is increasingly becoming the economy itself, it would not be feasible to ring-fence the digital economy from the rest of the economy for tax purposes. The report notes, however, that certain business models and key features of the digital economy may exacerbate BEPS risks. These BEPS risks will be addressed by the work on the other Actions in the BEPS Action Plan, which will take the relevant features of the digital economy into account. The report also analyses a number of broader tax challenges raised by the digital economy, and discusses potential options to address them, noting the need for further work during 2015 to evaluate these broader challenges and potential options.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264213951
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Italy
    Keywords: KMU ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Italien ; Industry and Services ; Italy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Italien ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Mittelstandspolitik
    Abstract: This review underlines some important points of strength with respect to Italian SMEs and entrepreneurship, notably for medium-sized firms that very often excel in their market niches, have a strong propensity to business collaboration, as well as favourable access to finance. The review also looks at the challenges that lie ahead for Italy, hard hit by the global economic crisis, notably among micro and small firms. Recovery will mean, among other things, removing barriers to business growth, streamlining the complexity of the Italian tax system, and opening the business environment to competition, foreign direct investment and equity financing, as well as improving training and workforce skills.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de bonnes pratiques de l'OCDE pour la politique de la réglementation ; Contrôle et mise en œuvre de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Regulatory enforcement and inspections
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Governance
    Abstract: This report provides guidance to policy makers on improving regulatory enforcement and inspections and provides some examples of good practices in this area.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264225756
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als International regulatory co-operation and international organisations
    Keywords: OECD ; International Maritime Organization ; Kooperation ; Regulierung ; Internationale Organisation ; Governance
    Abstract: The world is witnessing the progressive emergence of an open, dynamic, globalised economy, and the intensification of global challenges such as systemic risks, environmental protection, human health or safety. Against this background, governments are increasingly seeking to ensure greater co-ordination on regulatory objectives, processes and enforcement and to eliminate unnecessary regulatory divergences and redundancies. International regulatory co-operation (IRC) represents a critical opportunity to foster sustainable and inclusive growth through lower barriers to international flows and better rules of the game for all. It is real but remains largely untapped. This publication presents findings and two case studies from an April 2014 meeting on the role of international organisations in IRC, as well as a contribution from K. W. Abbott, on International organisations and international regulatory co-operation: Exploring the links.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181243
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (205 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre fournit l’ensemble des indicateurs agro-environnementaux les plus récents et les plus complets concernant les 34 pays membres de l’OCDE sur la période 1990-2010. Il s’appuie sur les travaux conduits pendant vingt ans par l’OCDE dans ce domaine. Ces indicateurs ont pour objet de décrire l’état actuel de l’environnement dans l’agriculture et sa tendance ; de mettre en évidence les lieux où des situations critiques sont en train d’apparaître ; de comparer l’évolution des performances entre périodes et entre pays ; et de fournir un ensemble d’indicateurs et une base de données pour suivre et évaluer l’action publique, projeter les tendances futures et concevoir des indicateurs de croissance verte.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264226623
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Foreign Bribery Report; An Analysis of the Crime of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe de la OCDE sobre Cohecho Internacional ; Análisis del delito de cohecho de servidores públicos extranjeros
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Ce rapport essaie de quantifier, et de décrire la corruption transnationale sur la base des informations révélées dans les 427 affaires de corruption transnationale terminées depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention de l’OCDE sur la lutte contre la corruption en 1999.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264216037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Regional perspectives on aid for trade
    DDC: 338.91091724
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfekonditionen ; Welt ; Development ; Trade ; Bericht ; Weltwirtschaft ; Welthandel
    Abstract: Deepening economic integration via regional co-operation has emerged as a key priority in the reform strategies of most developing economies over the past decade. This is evidenced by the explosive growth in bilateral and regional trading agreements in which they now participate. Regional aid for trade can help developing countries spur regional economic integration, enhance competitiveness, and plug into regional production networks. Based on a rich set of experiences regarding regional aid for trade projects and programmes, the study finds that regional aid for trade offers great potential as a catalyst for growth, development and poverty reduction. The study recommends greater emphasis on regional aid for trade as a means of improving regional economic integration and development prospects. While regional aid for trade faces many practical implementation challenges, experience has shown that associated problems are not insurmountable but do require thorough planning, careful project formulation, and prioritization on the part of policy makers.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264213241
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapporto Peer Review dell'OCSE-DAC sulla cooperazione allo sviluppo dell'Italia
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD development co-operation peer reviews
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Italien ; Development ; Italy
    Abstract: This peer reviews assess the performance of Italy, covering not just development co-operation agency, but also policy and implementation. It takes an integrated, system-wide perspective on the development co-operation and humanitarian assistance activities Italy.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264226579
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD development co-operation peer reviews
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Großbritannien ; Development ; United Kingdom ; Großbritannien ; Entwicklungshilfe
    Abstract: This review of the development co-operation efforts of the United Kingdom examines its policies, performance and implementation. It takes an integrated, system-wide perspective on the development co-operation and humanitarian assistance activities of the member under review.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215962
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges faced by China and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of China, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264216006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: This book provides an overview of the key challenges currently faced in Germany and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of Germany, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264217799
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 2014
    DDC: 336.20091724
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Kitts und Nevis ; Taxation ; Saint Kitts and Nevis
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Colombie 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: This report is the first OECD review of Colombia’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on waste and chemicals management and policies that promote more effective and efficient protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Employment and skills strategies in Ireland
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Irland ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: Employment and Skills Strategies in Ireland focuses on the role of local employment and training agencies in contributing to job creation and productivity. This report looks at the range of institutions and bodies involved in employment and skills policies, focusing on local activities in the Dublin and South East regions. It can help national, regional and local policy makers in Ireland build effective and sustainable partnerships at the local level, which join-up efforts and achieve stronger outcomes across employment, training, and economic development policies. The report is part of a comparative OECD review of local job creation policies, which explores how countries are putting measures in place at the local level to stimulate quality employment, social inclusion and growth.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208384
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Colombia 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: Ce rapport est le premier examen environnemental de la Colombie. Il évalue les progrès accomplis par la Colombie en termes de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la gestion des produits chimiques et l’adaptation au changement climatique.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264217027
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Cette publication présente de nouvelles illustrations de l’influence des migrations internationales en Europe et dans quelques autres pays de l’OCDE sur la population active ; sur les niveaux d’éducation ; et sur l’évolution de la distribution des professions au cours de la dernière décennie. Elle analyse les compétences dont disposent les migrants et la façon dont elles sont utilisées sur la base d’une revue approfondie de la littérature ; et présente de nouvelles analyses des données européennes et américaines , canadiennes et de l’OCDE en général en se basant sur les données de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes – PIAAC. Enfin, plusieurs chapitres discutent du rôle que les migrations internationales pourraient jouer pour répondre aux besoins de main-d’oeuvre présents et futurs en Europe, aux États-Unis et dans l’Union européenne. Ces travaux montrent que si les migrations peuvent contribuer de façon importante à l’accroissement de la population active, leur capacité à contrer les effets du vieillissement de la population dépendront de la capacité des pays à mettre en adéquation les besoins en main-d’oeuvre avec les caractéristiques des migrants. Dans ce domaine, des efforts doivent être réalisés pour mieux utiliser les compétences des migrants et adapter les systèmes de gestion des migrations de travail aux besoins des employeurs.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264222892
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD rural policy reviews
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklungsplanung ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Chile ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Chile
    Abstract: This report looks at rural policy in Chile, examining the main trends in rural regions, policies and governance arrangements. It highlights the need to establish a national rural policy framework in Chile, in order to better coordinate the wide range of national policies and programmes currently targeting rural areas. It also investigates the evolving role of "rural" in development, highlighting the need to design rural policies in a strategic way so that complementarities with urban policy can be realised as the country develops.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264217454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews: Andorra 2014
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Andorra ; Taxation ; Andorra
    Abstract: This report contains the 2014 “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” Global Forum review of Andorra. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 120 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195547
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Scaling-up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ce rapport examine les six mécanismes de financement novateurs tels que définis par la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB). Il s’agit de la réforme fiscale environnementale, des paiements pour services écosystémiques, de la compensation des atteintes à la biodiversité, des marchés de produits verts, de la biodiversité dans le financement climatique, ainsi que de la biodiversité dans le financement international du développement. Cette publication, qui s’est inspirée de la littérature existante et de plus de 40 études de cas réalisées dans le monde entier, examine les questions suivantes : Quels sont ces mécanismes et comment fonctionnent-ils ? Quelles ressources financières ont-ils mobilisées et quelles sont les possibilités de les accroître ? Enfin, quelles sont les considérations clés de conception et de mise en oeuvre – y compris les mesures de sauvegarde environnementale et sociale – dont il faut tenir compte pour que les pouvoirs publics puissent garantir l’efficacité environnementale, l’efficience économique et l’équité redistributive de ces mécanismes ?
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264225329
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (121 p.)
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances; (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Les propositions de modifications du Modèle de convention fiscale sont exposées dans ce livrable afin d’empêcher l’utilisation abusive des conventions fiscales. Les pays participant au projet BEPS se sont accordés sur des standards minimum pour prévenir le chalandage fiscal et autres stratégies destinées à obtenir indûment les avantages prévus par certaines dispositions des conventions fiscales. Ce livrable veille également à s’assurer que les conventions fiscales n’entravent pas l’application de règles nationales visant légitimement à prévenir l’utilisation abusive des conventions. Il précise que les conventions fiscales n’ont pas vocation à être utilisées pour aboutir à une double non-imposition et recense également les considérations de politique fiscale que les pays doivent prendre en compte avant de décider de conclure une convention fiscale avec un autre pays. Les modèles de dispositions figurant dans le livrable constituent des orientations appelées à évoluer car d’autres travaux devront être réalisés, en particulier en ce qui concerne la règle relative à la limitation des avantages conventionnels.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264214347
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas; Second Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guide OCDE sur le devoir de diligence pour des chaînes d'approvisionnement responsables en minerais provenant de zones de conflit ou à haut risque ; Deuxième édition
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: This is an updated edition which includes new supplements on Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten and on Gold. Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources is significant and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, gross human rights violations and hinder economic and social development. The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas provides step-by-step management recommendations endorsed by governments for global responsible supply chains of minerals in order for companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict through their mineral or metal purchasing decisions and practices. The Due Diligence Guidance may be used by any company potentially sourcing minerals or metals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, and is intended to cultivate transparent, conflict-free supply chains and sustainable corporate engagement in the minerals sector.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264200579
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La publication Panorama du PISA 2009 a été conçue pour accompagner les Résultats du PISA 2009, le rapport en six volumes du cycle d’enquête 2009 mené par le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA). L’enquête PISA évalue dans quelle mesure les élèves proches de la fin de leur scolarité obligatoire ont acquis certains des savoirs et savoir-faire essentiels à leur pleine participation à nos sociétés modernes. Elle évalue tous les trois ans les compétences de jeunes de 15 ans en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences. Panorama du PISA 2009 offre des données facilement accessibles sur certains des grands thèmes analysés dans le rapport complet : savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves, surmonter le milieu social, apprendre à apprendre, et les clés de la réussite des établissements d’enseignement. Chaque thème est présenté sur une double page : celle de gauche explique les tenants et les aboutissants à la fois pour les élèves et pour les pays et économies participants, analyse les principaux résultats et propose au lecteur désireux d’approfondir ce sujet des références à d’autres publications et bases de données de l’OCDE ; celle de droite présente des graphiques et des tableaux clairs et accessibles, assortis d’hyperliens dynamiques (StatLinks) qui redirigent le lecteur vers les données correspondantes au format Excel®. Panorama du PISA 2009 constitue une introduction idéale au PISA et au riche corpus de données comparables au niveau international que collecte l’OCDE dans les domaines de l’éducation et de l’apprentissage.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264185739
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making innovation policy work
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Innovationsförderung ; Innovation ; Industriepolitik ; Unternehmenspolitik ; Umweltschutzmarkt ; Produktion ; Wirtschaft ; Ökologie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Entwicklung ; Unterentwicklung ; Ursache ; Tendenz ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This book explores emerging topics in innovation policy for more inclusive and sustainable growth, building on concrete examples. It develops the notion of experimental innovation policy – which integrates monitoring and feedback at the policy design stage, and occurs continuously to improve impact and implementation. This approach should help improve the quality and efficiency of public expenditures supporting innovation policy. Experimental policy making is particularly important for new and emerging innovation domains, where the scope for learning and improvement is the greatest. To make the discussion as concrete and relevant as possible for practitioners and policy makers, three emerging domains of innovation policy are explored in greater detail: innovative entrepreneurship, green innovation, and pro-poor or base-of-the-pyramid (BoP) innovation.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264206847
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ageing and Employment Policies; France 2014; Working Better with Age
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: L’espérance de vie n’a jamais été aussi élevée qu’aujourd’hui tandis que la fécondité est en diminution dans la majorité des pays de l’OCDE. Pour faire face à ces tendances démographiques, il faut adapter les dépenses publiques de protection sociale et assurer leur viabilité à long terme, en particulier en favorisant l’emploi des seniors. Avec le recul de l’âge légal de la retraite, les seniors vont travailler plus longtemps et les entreprises devront les garder en emploi. Mais parmi les seniors, ceux qui perdent leur emploi risquent de rester longtemps au chômage car leurs chances d’en retrouver un sont faibles. Comment les pays peuvent-ils réagir face à cette réalité ? Comment donner aux seniors de meilleurs choix et incitations au travail ? Comment promouvoir la diversité des âges dans les entreprises ? Cette série de rapports s’attache à analyser et évaluer quelles sont les meilleures politiques à mener pour favoriser l'employabilité, la mobilité professionnelle et la demande de travail à un âge plus élevé.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1142
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow-down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1177
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Cross-country analysis of the economic effects of environmental policies is limited by the lack of reliable, comparable measures of the stringency of environmental policies. This paper attempts to fill this gap, by constructing new quantitative indexes of environmental policy stringency (EPS). Selected environmental policy instruments, primarily related to climate and air pollution, are scored and aggregated into composite EPS indexes. Two EPS indexes are proposed – one for the energy sector, and an extended one to proxy for the broader economy (“economy-wide”). They cover most OECD countries over 1990s-2012. While a simplification of the multidimensional reality of environmental policies, the EPS indicators are a first tangible effort to measure environmental policy stringency internationally over a relatively long time horizon. They show relatively high and significant correlations with alternative proxies of EPS used in the literature, such as measures of perceived stringency based on surveys, measures based on environmental outcomes and a composite policy-based measure with no time series. The paper describes some additional features of the EPS indicators and sketches out possible future extensions.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What TALIS Reveals About Teachers Across Education Levels
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le rapport New Insights from TALIS 2013: Teaching and Learning in Primary and Upper Secondary Education (Nouveaux éclairages de TALIS 2013 : Enseigner et apprendre dans le primaire et le deuxième cycle du secondaire [OCDE, 2014a]) offre une vue d’ensemble des enseignants et de l’enseignement dans le primaire et le deuxième cycle du secondaire pour une sélection de pays ayant participé en 2013 à l’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) de l’OCDE. Les femmes représentent la majorité du corps enseignant dans la plupart des pays, et ce à tous les niveaux d’enseignement. Malgré ce constat et le fait que la plupart des chefs d’établissement soient d’anciens enseignants, les femmes sont nettement moins nombreuses parmi les chefs d’établissement, quel que soit le niveau d’enseignement. Les enseignants du primaire travaillent en général dans des établissements où les chefs d’établissement font plus souvent état, par comparaison avec le deuxième cycle du secondaire, d’un manque de matériel et/ou de personnel pouvant diminuer la capacité de leur établissement à offrir un enseignement de qualité. En outre, dans de nombreux pays, les établissements présentant un fort pourcentage d’élèves défavorisés sur le plan socio-économique font face à des pénuries de ressources clés plus importantes, ce qui vient s’ajouter au contexte déjà difficile dans lequel s’inscrivent les élèves et les enseignants de ces établissements.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quel avantage salarial le niveau de formation procure-t-il ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Rising levels of tertiary attainment seem not to have led to an “inflation” eroding the labour-market value of qualifications. However, tertiary graduates have the highest relative earnings advantage when they live in a country with low tertiary attainment rates. On average, compared to those with an upper secondary education, tertiary-educated adults earn about 1.6 times more than their peers, while individuals without an upper secondary education earn 24% less. Higher educational attainment and literacy skills increase earnings, but the advantages are more pronounced for men than for women and seem to increase as adults get older. The crisis has widened the wage gap between less educated and highly educated individuals: across OECD countries, the average difference in earnings from employment between these two groups increased from 75 percentage points in 2008 to 79 percentage points in 2012. Qualifications are more rewarded than skills: attaining a higher level of education has a stronger positive impact on earnings than better literacy proficiency.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.162
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Means-tested Social Assistance (SA) benefits play an important role as social protection floors sup-porting households in financial difficulties. This paper presents evidence on the patterns of SA benefit re-ceipt in a selection of OECD and EU countries. It provides an overview of the role of SA benefits in social protection systems and assesses the generosity of benefit payments. It then studies the dynamics of SA benefit receipt based on micro-level data describing trends in aggregate receipt and transition rates and presenting new evidence on spell durations and repeat spells. The final part of the paper summarizes recent empirical evidence on state dependence (or ‘scarring effects’) in benefit receipt and discusses its possible sources and policy implications.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1174
    Keywords: Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for European Union (EU) countries. These elasticities are used by the European Commission, as part of the EU fiscal surveillance process, to calculate the semi-elasticity of the budget balance as a percentage of GDP with respect to the output gap. The study updates the earlier 2005 study of OECD economies using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to the 28 EU member states, seven of which are not OECD members. The same basic two-step methodology is retained: revenue and expenditure elasticities with respect to the output gap being defined as the product of, first, the elasticities of individual revenue and expenditure items with respect to their bases and, second, the elasticities of these bases with respect to the output gap. A number of refinements and methodological improvements are made relative to the 2005 study. The revisions to individual elasticities relative to the 2005 vintage are significant in a number of cases but do not follow a clear pattern across countries, except for the elasticities of corporate income tax revenue which are revised up in most cases.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1175
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: While past labour market reforms have been successful in terms of employment, the relative poverty risk and income inequality have remained broadly unchanged in recent years. Some social groups remain particularly vulnerable, including individuals in non-regular employment, the unemployed and the low skilled. If in employment, their jobs tend to be unstable and wages and income mobility low. Continued efforts are needed to foster economic growth in a more inclusive manner, such that the most vulnerable groups benefit from and contribute to economic growth more strongly and such that the gaps between the rich and the poor in terms of income and wellbeing are reduced. These efforts should include enhancing the labour market outcomes of the most vulnerable and increase upward income mobility among disadvantaged individuals; strengthening skills at the lower end of the skills distribution; revising the tax and benefit system to improve incentives and to ensure efficient and well-targeted redistribution; and to make health and old-age pension insurance more inclusive. This working paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Germany (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-germany.htm).
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1176
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies address wellbeing and sustainability objectives, affecting firm and household behaviour. A newly developed, cross-country composite proxy of environmental policy stringency (EPS) shows that stringency has been increasing across OECD countries over the past two decades. However, the tightening environmental policies have had little effect on aggregate productivity, spurring primarily short-term adjustments. Nevertheless, they have led to various effects within the economy - the most technologically advanced industries and firms have seen a small increase in productivity, possibly being in the best position to adapt. Least productive firms have seen their productivity fall. Part of the effect is likely to have taken place through entry and exit of firms and relocation of activities. Finally, this project provides evidence on the anti-competitive bias of some aspects of environmental policies. The indicator of Burdens on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP) shows that barriers to entry and competition, and the consideration given to economic effects of environmental policies vary notably across countries, but that this variation is not related to the stringency of policies. Hence, to support both economic and environmental outcomes, stringent environmental policies can and should be implemented with minimum barriers to entry and competition.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264085275
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.54
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document describes the main statistical methods used for analysis of data from ecotoxicological studies .
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264221352
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.178
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document describes some endocrine pathways that have been shown to be susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption and whose disruption could contribute to increasing incidents of some disorders in humans and wildlife populations, such as obesity/diabetes/metabolic syndrome, reproductive dysfunction, and neuro-developmental abnormalities. Assays and endpoints are described that could be used in new or existing OECD Test Guidelines for evaluating chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activity. Endocrine pathways evaluated are the hypothalamus:pituitary:adrenocortical (HPA) axis, the hypothalamus:pituitary:gonad (HPG) axis, the somatotropic axis, the retinoid signaling pathway, the hypothalamus:pituitary:thyroid (HPT) axis, the vitamin D signaling pathway, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107706
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.156
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Valuing Convenience in Public Transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: L’expérience de l’usager, en termes de fiabilité, de confort et surtout de commodité d’usage est un aspect essentiel pour déterminer la demande de services de transports publics, tout au moins là où un choix d’alternatives existe. Le succès pour le moins des politiques pour attirer les usagers urbains de la voiture particulière vers les transports publics repose dans une large mesure sur la commodité d’usage de ces derniers. Les méthodes actuelles d’évaluation dans le domaine des transports tendent cependant à se focaliser sur la vitesse et le prix des services, sous-évaluant ou négligeant la commodité d’usage. Ceci fausse les décisions en matière d’investissements et de planification. Ce rapport vise à faciliter une prise en compte plus systématique de la commodité d’usage dans la planification et la pratique des politiques de transport. Il analyse les définitions opérationnelles de la commodité d’usage et rassemble des informations sur la disposition à payer à cet égard et sur l’utilisation d’indicateurs pour apprécier et améliorer la commodité d’usage des transports publics.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264085497
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (213 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.97
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Increasing incidents of disorders such as obesity/diabetes/metabolic syndrome, reproductive dysfunction, and neuro-developmental abnormalities in some human populations have raised concern that disruption of key endocrine-signaling pathways by exposure to environmental chemicals may be involved. This Detailed Review Paper describes some endocrine pathways that have been shown to be susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption and whose disruption could contribute to increasing incidents of some disorders in humans and wildlife populations.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221437
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.177
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document presents a review of fish toxicity testing for the regulatory purpose of chemical safety. The main focus is on fish toxicity, but fish bioaccumulation is also considered where relevant. A review of regulatory needs for fish tests under various jurisdictions in OECD countries is provided in Chapter 2, followed by a review of statistical issues and general test considerations in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. The document examines animal welfare concerns and alternatives to fish tests in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 provides a systematic review of existing and draft OECD Guidelines which use fish for toxicity or bioaccumulation studies. Finally Chapter 7 describes a generic framework for assessing the environmental hazards of chemicals using fish tests in the most efficient way. An Annex contains conclusions and recommendations made and agreed at the workshop in September 2010. The recommendations concern, among other aspects, possible improvements to existing Test Guidelines, development of guidance on specific issues, harmonisation of existing Test Guidelines for common issues, development of new Test Guidelines, and proposals for deletion of outdated Test Guidelines.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264221475
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.116
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This guidance provides additional information on the conduct of studies performed using Test Guidelines 451, 452 and Test Guideline 453. Its objective is to assist users of the TGs to select the most appropriate methodology to assess the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of a test chemical so that particular data requirements can be met while reducing animal usage if possible/appropriate.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264204362
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    DDC: 338.174309569409041
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Croatia
    Abstract: This OECD Review of Innovation Policy in Croatia offers a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Croatia, focusing on the role of government. It suggests that EU integration opens a window of opportunity for strengthening Croatia's science, technology and innovation systems, and recommends that Croatia improve governance, rebalance the innovation mix and do more to foster business innovation.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208551
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Materials performance is critical to the safe and economic operation of any nuclear system. As the international community pursues the development of Generation IV reactor concepts and accelerator driven transmutation systems, it will be increasingly necessary to develop advanced materials capable of tolerating the more challenging environments of these new systems. The international community supports numerous materials research programmes, with each country determining its individual focus on a case-by-case basis. In many instances, similar alloys of materials systems are being studied in several countries, providing the opportunity for collaborative and cross-cutting research that benefits different systems. This report is a snapshot of the current materials programmes supporting the development of advanced concepts. The descriptions of the research are grouped by concept, and national programmes are described within each concept. The report provides an overall sense of the importance of materials research worldwide and the opportunities for synergy among the countries represented in this overview.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264208537
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: A modern light water reactor (LWR) of 1 GWe capacity will typically discharge about 20-25 tonnes of irradiated fuel (spent fuel) per year of operation. Despite the low content of about 0.1-0.2% of minor actinides in spent fuel, these actinides can nonetheless contribute significantly to decay heat loading and neutron output, as well as to the overall radiotoxic hazard of spent fuel. For this reason, there has long been an interest in transmuting minor actinides to reduce their impact on the back end of the fuel cycle. Fast reactors are needed to effectively transmute transuranics (TRUs), including minor actinides. However, recent studies have demonstrated that TRU transmutation rates can also be achieved in thermal reactors, although with certain limitations due to the accumulation of transuranics through recycling and their impact on the safety of power plants. The transmutation of TRUs could potentially be implemented in a substantial number of thermal reactors operating today, while waiting for a similar programme in fast reactors to allow for commercial-scale operations in 20 to 30 years or more. This publication provides an introduction to minor actinide nuclear properties and discusses some of the arguments in favour of minor actinide recycling, as well as the potential role of thermal reactors in this regard. Various technical issues and challenges are examined from the fuel cycle, operations, fuel designs, core management and safety/dynamics responses to safety and economics. The focus of this report is on the general conclusions of recent research that could be applied to thermal reactors. Further research and development needs are also considered, with summaries of findings and recommendations for the direction of future R&D efforts.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207929
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014; Resilience to Major Floods
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; France
    Abstract: Cette étude s'intéresse à la prévention du risque d'inondation de la Seine en Ile-de-France. Elle étudie l'impact qu'une inondation majeure telle que celle produite en 1910 pourrait avoir sur le bien-être des citoyens, le fonctionnement de la métropole et l'économie. Elle propose des pistes d'amélioration relative à la gouvernance et la prévention de ce risque majeur.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208704
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Greener skills and jobs
    Keywords: Umweltschutz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Welt ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Umweltschutz ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Qualifikation ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Green skills, that is, skills needed in a low-carbon economy, will be required in all sectors and at all levels in the workforce as emerging economic activities create new (or renewed) occupations. Structural changes will realign sectors that are likely to decline as a result of the greening of the economy and workers will need to be retrained accordingly. The successful transition to a low-carbon economy will only be possible if workers can flexibly adapt and transfer from areas of decreasing employment to new industries. This report suggests that the role of skills and education and training policies should be an important component of the ecological transformation process.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264209978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes peer reviews
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Barbados ; Taxation ; Barbados
    Abstract: This book contains the 2014 Phase 2 Global Forum Peer Review report for Barbados. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by 120 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing. The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004. The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard. All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews. The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
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