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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (4,767)
  • 2015-2019  (4,758)
  • 1985-1989  (12)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (4,572)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 18 [?]-
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 18 [?]-
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 1-
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1-
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; Volume 2 [?]-
    Language: English
    Pages: Bände
    Dates of Publication: Volume 2 [?]-
    DDC: 930
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
    ISBN: 9780415640169
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Critical concepts in law
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Rechtswissenschaft ; Recht ; Postkolonialismus
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 1.1966 -
    ISSN: 1945-5534 , 0067-270X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1966 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Azania
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 15.07.11 , Ersch. ab 2009 3x jährl.
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  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | Leuven : Peeters ; 1.1997 -
    Language: English , German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1997 -
    Additional Information: 2=17 von International Association for the History of Religions Proceedings of the ... international congress of the International Association for the History of Religions [Wechselnde Verlagsorte] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1968
    DDC: 290
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 6 [?]-
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 6 [?]-
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | London : Variorum Reprints | Farnham : Ashgate ; 1.1970 -
    ISSN: 0961-7582
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1970 -
    Former Title: Collected studies series
    Former Title: Collected studies
    Former Title: Variorum collected studies
    Former Title: Variorum reprints CS
    DDC: 230
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | London : Variorum Reprints | Farnham : Ashgate ; 1.1970 -
    ISSN: 0961-7582
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1970 -
    Former Title: Collected studies series
    Former Title: Collected studies
    Former Title: Variorum collected studies
    Former Title: Variorum reprints CS
    DDC: 230
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 10
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Aldershot [u.a.] : Ashgate | London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | Leiden : Verlag Brill ; 1.2002 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2002 -
    DDC: 900
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 2 [?]-
    Language: English
    Pages: Bände
    Dates of Publication: 2 [?]-
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Routledge series on Asian migration
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Binnenwanderung ; Internationale Migration ; Zuwanderer ; Asien ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | London : Cass ; 1.1995 -
    ISSN: 1557-2986 , 1353-7113 , 1353-7113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1995 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nationalism and ethnic politics
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Nationalismus ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Minderheitenfrage ; Minderheitenpolitik ; Zeitschrift ; Nationalismus ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 26.09.11
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  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Manchester [u.a.] : St. Jerome Publ. | London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group ; 1.2001 -
    ISSN: 1471-0277
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2001 -
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
    ISBN: 9780429491078 , 9780429956805
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in House-Niamke, Stephanie M. [Rezension von: Barker, Kim, Online misogyny as a hate crime] 2023
    Series Statement: Routledge focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barker, Kim Online misogyny as a hate crime
    DDC: 345.41/0256
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Libel and slander ; Hate crimes ; Misogyny ; Internet Law and legislation
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
    ISBN: 9781351214087 , 9781351214100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Kingston, Lindsey N. Cultural Genocide: Law, Politics, and Global ManifestationsJeffrey S. Bachman 2021
    Series Statement: Routledge studies in genocide and crimes against humanity
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cultural genocide
    DDC: 304.6/63
    Keywords: Genocide Sociological aspects ; Persecution Social aspects ; Ethnic conflict ; Culture conflict ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Electronic books ; Electronic books ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Völkermord ; Minderheitenfrage ; Kulturkonflikt ; Kriminologie
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction : bringing cultural genocide into the mainstream / Jeffrey Bachman -- Raphaël Lemkin : culture and cultural genocide / Douglas Irvin-Erickson -- An historical perspective : the exclusion of cultural genocide from the Genocide Convention / Jeffrey Bachman -- A modern perspective : the current status of cultural genocide under international law / David Nersessian -- Destroying indigenous cultures in the United States / Lauren Carasik and Jeffrey Bachman -- Genocide and settler colonialism : how a Lemkinian concept of genocide informs our understanding of the ongoing situation of the Guarani Kaiowá in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Genna Naccache -- A political economy of genocide in Australia : the architecture of dispossession then and now / Damien Short and Martin Crook -- Colonialism and cold genocide : the case of West Papua / Kjell Anderson -- Heritage wars : a cultural genocide in Iraq / Helen Malko -- A century of cultural genocide in Palestine / Daud Abdullah -- The Baha'i community of Iran : cultural genocide and resilience / Moojan Momen -- Ontological redress : the natural and the material in transformative justice for "cultural" genocide / Andrew Woolford.
    Note: Literaturangaben
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Image
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9780815357551
    Language: English
    Pages: xvi, 299 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten , 24 cm
    Series Statement: Central Asian studies series 33
    Series Statement: Central Asian studies series
    DDC: 958.6
    Keywords: Ethnicity Pamir ; National characteristics, Pamiri ; Group identity Pamir ; Pamir History ; Pamir Civilization ; Pamir Civilization ; Pamir Social life and customs ; Pamir History ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Pamir ; Hindukusch ; Minderheit ; Geschichte
    Abstract: Locating Pamiri communities in Central Asia / Carole Faucher and Dagikhudo Dagiev -- Identity formation, borders and political transformations -- Geography, ethnicity and cultural heritage in interplay in the context of the Tajik Pamiri identity / Sunatullo Jonboboev -- Pamiri ethnic identity and its re-emergence in post-Soviet Tajikistan / Dagikhudo Dagiev -- Transformations and lost in the Wakhi language / Sherali Gulomaliev -- The Tajiks of China: identity in the age of transition / Amier Saidula -- Archaeology, myths, intellectual and cultural heritage -- A Badakhshani origin for Zoroaster / Yusufsho Yaqubov and Dagikhudo Dagiev -- The Silk Road castles and temples: ancient Wakhan in legends and history / Abdulmamad Iloliev -- Nasir-i Khusraw's intellectual contribution: the meaning of pleasure and pain in his philosophy / Ghulam Abbas Hunzai -- Religious identity in the Pamirs: the institutionalisation of the Ismaili dawa in Shughnan / Daniel Beben -- Forgotten figures of Badakhshan: Sayyid Munir al-Din Badakhshani and Sayyid Haydar Shah Mubarakshahzada / Muzaffar Zoolshoev -- Social cohesion, interactions and globalization -- Blessed people in a barren land: the Bartangi and their success catalyser Barakat / Stefanie Kicherer -- Promoting peace and pluralism in the rural, mountainous region of Chitral, Pakistan, Mir Afzal Tajik / Ali Nawab, Abdul Wali Khan -- A "shift" in values: mother's educational role in the Gorno-Badakhshan Region / Nazira Sodatsayrova -- Project identity: the discursive formation of Pamiri identity in the age of the internet / Aslisho Qurboniev -- Religious education and self-identification among Tajik Pamiri youth / Carole Faucher
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9781138718364 , 9780367732684
    Language: English
    Pages: xxiii, 704 Seiten , Diagramme, Karten , 26 cm
    Series Statement: The Routledge history handbooks
    Series Statement: Routledge handbooks
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Routledge handbook of transregional studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Routledge handbook of transregional studies
    DDC: 327
    RVK:
    Keywords: Interregionalism ; Interregionalism ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Politik ; Wirtschaft ; Religion ; Interregionaler Vergleich
    Note: Literaturangaben , Mit Register
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9781138555785
    Language: English
    Pages: xiv, 229 Seiten , Diagramme
    Series Statement: ICLARS series on law and religion
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als International Consortium for Law and Religion Studies (4. : 2016 : Oxford) Religious freedom and the law
    DDC: 342.08/52
    Keywords: Freedom of religion ; Freedom of religion (International law) ; Religion and law ; Konferenzschrift 2016 ; Oxford ; Religionsfreiheit ; Gesetz
    Abstract: Thomas Farr / The ministerial exception : an inquiry into the status of religious freedom in the United States and abroad -- Pamela Slotte / The ministerial exception : theological and legal perspectives from Finland and Europe -- Frances Raday / Freedom from religion in international human rights law -- David Pollock / Is there a right to freedom from religion? -- Pierre Noël / Immigration as an experience of fundamental rights and religious freedom -- Sister Renée Mirkes / Healthcare conscience & competing sexual liberty claims -- Clemens Steinhilber / Preventing religious fundamentalism through higher education of faith leaders -- Maria Luisa Lo Giacco / Religious freedom and places of worship : religious buildings in Europe and in the United States -- Sarah Hayes / The religious precinct : the inequalities of equality law in religious property -- Jeroen Temperman / Freedom of/for/from religion in prison : a taxonomy of the Strasbourg jurisprudence -- Ahmed Salisu Garba / Islamic preaching board laws of Kano, Borno, and Niger States : a constitutional and human rights assessment -- Piotr Szymaniec / Freedom of religious beliefs or religious freedom? the recent case law of the polish constitutional tribunal -- Armin Langer / Christonormativity as religious neutrality : a critique of the concept of state religious neutrality in Germany -- Li-Ann Thio / Freedom of religion, conscience, and persuasion : international laws and perspectives from Asia -- Oscar Díaz Muñoz / Religious equality in the Peruvian constitution
    Note: "On 8-11 September 2016, a conference was held at St. Hugh's College of Oxford University with the theme 'Freedom of/for/from/within Religion: Differing Dimensions of a Common Right?' It was the fourth biennal conference of the International Consortium for Law and Religion Studies (ICLARS) ... From this conference have emerged two volumes ... This is the first of those volumes, focusing broadly on freedom for and from religion." - Einleitung
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  • 19
    Book
    Book
    London : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
    ISBN: 9781138359833
    Language: English
    Pages: xxi, 248 Seiten
    Series Statement: Cultural diversity and law
    Uniform Title: Il giudice antropologo
    Parallel Title: Übersetzung von Il giudice antropologo
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ruggiu, Ilenia Culture and the Judiciary
    DDC: 340/.115
    RVK:
    Keywords: Multiculturalism Cases Law and legislation ; Law and anthropology ; Minorities Legal status, laws, etc ; Multiculturalism Law and legislation ; Law and anthropology ; Minorities Legal status, laws, etc ; Justiz ; Multikulturelle Gesellschaft ; Minderheitenrecht ; Rechtsanwendung
    Abstract: In medias res: the cases -- The resolution of multicultural conflicts in western comparative jurisprudence : in search of a common tradition and reliable legal techniques -- Concepts of culture in anthropology and judicial reasoning -- A test as contribution to the resolution of multicultural conflicts -- Conclusions
    Note: Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke , Im Vorwort: Übersetzung des italienischen Werkes "Il giudice antropologo. Costituzione e tecniche di composizione dei conflitti multiculturali"
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9780367587215 , 9781138496866
    Language: English
    Pages: xi, 309 Seiten , Diagramme , 24 cm
    Series Statement: Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series 85
    Series Statement: Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern Europe's new conservatives: varieties and explanations from Poland to Russia (2017 : Berlin) New conservatives in Russia and East Central Europe
    DDC: 320.520947
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Conservatism ; Conservatism ; Conservatism ; Russia (Federation) Politics and government 1991- ; Poland Politics and government 1989- ; Hungary Politics and government 1989- ; Konferenzschrift Freie Universität Berlin 09.02.2017-10.02.2017 ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Russland ; Ostmitteleuropa ; Konservativismus ; Geschichte 1991-2018
    Abstract: "This book explores the emergence, and in Poland, Hungary, and Russia the coming to power, of politicians and political parties rejecting the consensus around market reforms, democratisation, and rule of law that has characterised moves towards an 'open society' from the 1990s. It discusses how over the last decade these political actors, together with various think tanks, intellectual circles and religious actors, have increasingly presented themselves as "conservatives", and outlines how these actors are developing a new local brand of conservatism as a full-fledged ideology which counters the perceived liberal overemphasis on individual rights and freedom, and differs from the ideology of the established, present-day conservative parties of Western Europe. Overall, the book argues that the 'renaissance of conservatism' in these countries represents variations on a new, illiberal conservatism that aims to re-establish a strong state sovereignly defining and pursuing national interests"--
    Abstract: Introduction: towards a new illiberal conservatism in Russia and Central Eastern Europe / Katharina Bluhm and Mihai Varga -- Russia's conservative counter-movement: genesis, actors and core concepts / Katharina Bluhm -- The universal and the particular in Russian conservatism / Paul Robinson -- Against "post-communism": the conservative dawn in Hungary / Aron Buzogány and Mihai Varga -- New conservatism in Poland: the discourse coalition around law and justice / Ewa Dabrowska -- The national conservative parties in Poland and Hungary and their core supporters compared: values and socio-structural background / Jochen Roose and Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski -- "Conservative modernization" and the rise of law and justice in Poland / Krzysztof Jasiecki -- The limits of conservative influence on economic policy in Russia / Irina Busygina and Mikhail Filippov -- The Budapest-Warsaw express: conservatism and the diffusion of economic policies in Poland and Hungary / Ewa Dabrowska, Aron Buzogány, and Mihai Varga -- Gender in the resurgent Polish conservatism / Agnieszka Wierzcholska -- "Traditional values" unleashed: the ultraconservative influence on Russian family policy / Katharina Bluhm and Martin Brand -- Religious conservatism in post-Soviet Russia and its relation to politics: empirical findings from ethnographic fieldwork / Tobias Köllner -- Ready for diffusion: Russia's "cultural turn" and the post-Soviet space / Sebastian Schieck and Azam Isabaev -- The emergence and propagation of new conservatism in post-communist countries: systematization and outlook / Katharina Bluhm and Mihai Varga
    Note: "This book has grown out of a conference on "Eastern Europe's New Conservatives: Varieties and Explanations from Poland to Russia" held at the Institute for East European Studies of the Frei Universität in Berlin." (Seite [xii], Acknowledgements) , Literaturangaben
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9781138689350
    Language: English
    Pages: xxiii, 542 Seiten , Diagramme, Karten
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Behrens, Julia Theorie und Praxis der Klimagerechtigkeit Heidelberg : CrossAsia-eJournals, 2021
    Series Statement: Routledge international handbooks
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Routledge handbook of climate justice
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Routledge handbook of climate justice
    DDC: 363.7/0526
    RVK:
    Keywords: Environmental justice ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Environmental justice ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Politischer Prozess ; Internationale Politik ; Weltordnung ; Soziale Gerechtigkeit ; Umweltgefährdung ; Weltproblematik ; Klimaänderung ; Klimaschutz ; Aufgabengliederung ; Erde ; Klimaschutz
    Abstract: "The term 'climate justice' began to gain traction in the late 1990s following a wide range of activities by social and environmental justice movements that emerged in response to the operations of the fossil fuel industry and, later, to what their members saw as the failed global climate governance model that became so transparent at COP15 in Copenhagen. The term continues to gain momentum in discussions around sustainable development, climate change, mitigation and adaptation, and has been slowly making its way into the world of international and national policy. However, the connections between these remain unestablished. Addressing the need for a comprehensive and integrated reference compendium, The Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice provides students, academics, and professionals with a valuable insight into this fast-growing field. Drawing together a multidisciplinary range of authors from the Global North and South, this Handbook addresses some of the most salient topics in current climate justice research, including just transition, urban climate justice, and public engagement, in addition to the field's more traditional focus on gender, international governance and climate ethics. With an emphasis on facilitating learning based on cutting-edge specialised climate justice research and application, each chapter draws from the most recent sources, real-world best practices and tutored reflections on the strategic dimensions of climate justice and its related disciplines. The Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice will be essential reading for students and scholars, as well as being a vital reference tool for those practically engaged in the field"--
    Abstract: Introduction : justice in the era of climate change / Tahseen Jafry, Michael Mikulewicz and Karin Helwig -- On the evolution and continuing development of the climate justice movement / Brian Tokar -- On inquiry into climate justice / Idil Boran -- Fact-insensitive thought experiments in climate ethics : exemplified by Parfit's non-identity problem / Jörg Tremmel -- A narrative account of temporality in climate justice / Nejma Tamoudi and Michael Reder -- Global political processes and the Paris agreement : a case of advancement or retreat of climate justice? / Susan P. Murphy -- Statehood in an era of sinking islands / Tom Sparks -- Reimagining development practice : mainstreaming justice into planning frameworks / Ritwika Basu and Amir Bezaz -- Climate justice in the UK : reconciling climate change and equity issues in policy and practice in a developed country context / Katharine Knox -- Equity and justice in climate change law and policy : a role for benefit-sharing / Annalisa Savaresi and Kim Bouwer -- Leading from the bench : the role of judges in advancing climate justice, and lessons from South Asia / Emeline Pluchon -- Climate finance : moral theory and political practice / Alexandre Gajevic Sayegh -- The inter-relationship between climate finance and climate justice in the UNFCCC / Tessa Sheridan and Tahseen Jafry -- Carbon pricing and climate justice : design elements for effective, efficient and equitable greenhouse gas emissions reductions / Edward Cameron -- Sharing the burden of climate change via climate finance and business models / Emilie Prattico -- From the dirty past to the clean future : addressing historic energy injustices with a just transition to a low-carbon future / J. Mijin Cha -- Just energy? Structures of energy (in)justice and the Indonesian coal sector / Anna Fünfgeld -- Climate technology and climate justice : energy transitions in Germany, India and Australia / James Goodman, Devleena Ghosh and Tom Morton -- Big oil's duty of disgorging funds in the context of climate change / Marco Grasso -- Climate justice and REDD+ : a multiscalar examination of the Norwegian-Ethiopian partnership / David Brown -- The climate-just city / Wendy Steele, Jean Hillier, Donna Houston, Jason Byrne and Diana MacCallum -- Configuring climate responsibility in the city : carbon footprints and climate justice in Hong Kong / Sara Fuller -- The shifting geographies of climate change justice : mobile vulnerabilities in and across Indian cities / Eric Chu and Kavya Michael -- Fair for whom? How residents and municipalities evaluate sea-level rise policies in Botany Bay, Australia / Anne Maree Kreller and Sonia Graham -- Thermal inequity : the relationship between urban structure and social disparities in an era of climate change / Bruce C. Mitchell and Jayajit Chakraborty -- Climate justice, gender and intersectionality / Patricia E. Perkins -- "No climate justice without gender justice" : explorations of the intersections between gender and climate injustices in climate adaptation actions in the Philippines / Roa Petra Crease, Meg Parsons and Karen Toni Fisher -- Achieving climate justice through gender mainstreaming climate change adaptation? A multiscale analysis from the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi / Jane Maher -- Inclusive climate governance in Southeast Asia : lessons learned from gender-responsive climate mitigation / So-Young Lee and Eric Zusman -- "Climate change is about us" : the NAACP, fence-line communities, and the grounding of climate justice / Brandon Derman -- Mother Earth and climate justice : indigenous peoples' perspectives of an alternative development paradigm / Alan Jarandilla Nuñez -- Negotiating climate justice at the subnational scale : challenges and collaborations between indigenous peoples and governments / Colleen Scanlan Lyons, Maria DiGiano, Jason Gray, Javier Kinney, Magaly Medeiros, Francisca Oliveira de Lima Costa and Francisca Arará -- Understanding the crises, uncovering the root causes, and envisioning the world(s) we want : conversations with the anti-pipeline movements in Canada / Jen Gobby and Kristian Gareau -- Beyond the academy : reflecting on public engagement about climate justice / Sonja Klinsky -- Climate migration : the emerging need for a human centred approach / Sennan Mattar and Enyinnaya Mbakwem -- Climate justice education : from social movement learning to schooling / Callum McGregor, Eurig Scandrett, Beth Christie and Jim Crowther -- Transformative approaches to address climate change and achieve climate justice / Dunja Krause -- Conclusion / Tahseen Jafry
    Note: Literaturangaben , Earthscan
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9781138855700
    Language: English
    Pages: xx, 362 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Routledge handbooks
    Series Statement: Human rights/law/Asia
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Routledge handbook of human rights in Asia
    DDC: 341.48095
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Human rights Asia ; Human rights ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Asien ; Menschenrecht
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9781138956469
    Language: English
    Pages: xvii, 535 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm
    Series Statement: Routledge handbooks
    Series Statement: Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Routledge handbook of law and theory
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Routledge handbook of law and theory
    DDC: 340/.1
    Keywords: Law Philosophy ; Law Philosophy ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Rechtstheorie ; Rechtsphilosophie ; Interdisziplinarität
    Abstract: Luis Eslava / Dense struggle : on ghosts, law, and the global order -- Chris Butler / Spatial abstraction, legal violence, and the promise of appropriation -- Sarah Keenan / A prison around your ankle and a border in every street : theorising law, space and the subject -- Emily Grabham / Praxiographies' of time : law, temporalities, and material worlds -- Lucy Finchett-Maddock / Continua of (in)justice -- Olivia Barr / Movement an homage to legal drips, wobbles & perpetual motion -- Andrea Pavoni / Disenchanting senses : law and the taste of the real -- Nicola Masciandario / Synaesthesia : the mystical sense of law -- Dragan Milovanovich / Touching you, touching me in law and justice : toward a quantum holographic process-informational understanding -- Illan Rua Wall / Turbulent legality : sovereignty, security, and the police -- Elena loizidou / Sequences on law and the body -- Laurent de Sutter / On resisting bodies -- Renisa Mawani / Insect wars : bees, bedbugs, and biopolitics -- Anna Grear / Anthropocene "time"? a reflection on temporalities in the "new age of the human" -- Yoriko Otomo / Making lawful animals -- Honni van Rijswijk / Law's aggressive realism and feminist genres of violence and harm -- Maria Aristodemou / From decaffeinated democracy to democracy in the real in ten (lacanian) sessions -- Christopher Tomlins / Why law's objects do not disappear : on history as remainder -- James Martel / Must the law be a liar? walter benjamin on the possibility of an anarchist form of law -- Alain Pottage / Literary materiality -- Emilie Cloatre and David Cowan / Legalities and materialities -- Hyo Yoon Kang law's materiality : between concrete matters and abstract forms, or how matter becomes material -- Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos / To have to do with the law : an essay -- Anne Bottomley and Nathan Moore / On new model jurisprudence : the scholar/critic as (cosmic) artisan
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Economic performance in 2018 has been mixed. The data that are available suggest some areas of softening in the economy.1 Foreign direct investment declined to 2 percent of GDP in 2017, down from about 5 percent in 2014. The current account deficit has increased to 3.8 percent of GDP in the year ending September 2018, from 2.2 in the preceding 12 months. Recent Bank of Tanzania data confirm lower cashew exports and 2017 decline in non-traditional exports has continued into 2018, which raises concerns on prospects for longer term growth. The Tanzania Revenue Authority is reporting that many large tax payers are unable to meet their tax obligations on time. Nonperforming loans have declined recently to 9.7 percent in September 2018 from 12.5 percent in September 2017, but remain almost double the 5 percent statutory threshold. Banks have limited lending to businesses and interest rates are high (18 percent for one-year loans in August 2018), though some banks have lowered benchmark lending rates. On a positive note, credit to the private sector has been edging up, reaching 4.9 percent in the 12 months ending September 2018. The fiscal deficit is still low, not counting payment arrears and delayed refunds of value-added tax. The 2017/18 budget deficit after grants of 1.3 percent of GDP suggests effective spending management but does not factor in payment arrears, with an estimated stock of over 3 percent of GDP. Government is paying down roughly TZS 1 trillion of verified arrears per fiscal year. The low deficit is the result of controlled recurrent expenditures and under execution of the development budget by more than 40 percent. Contributing factors include shortfalls in domestic revenue and external financing for large projects. Public debt is currently sustainable, but there is need for the Government to consider cost-effective financing options and manage associated risks to support public investments. The 2018/19 budget targets public investment to consume 45 percent of total spending, equivalent to 9.1 percent of GDP compared to 5.5 a year prior
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: South Africa's much anticipated economic rebound in 2018 did not occur. While substantial efforts by the authorities to strengthen governance of public resources and stabilize the fiscal situation helped the economy to not contract further, economic growth remained tepid with a technical recession (two successive quarters of negative economic growth) in the first half of 2018. GDP growth is expected at below 1 percent in 2018, down from an already low 1.3 percent in 2017. A number of exogenous factors contributed to this poor growth performance. Domestically, climate variations such as a prolonged drought in the Western Cape where harvests were delayed exerted a huge toll on agricultural production. Externally, mounting trade tensions between the United States and China, and tightening global financial conditions contributed to slowing the pace of foreign financial inflows to South Africa while lessening the demand for its exports. Rising world oil prices also exerted strong pressure on the balance of payments and domestic prices, depressing private consumption. These negative developments, however, do not conceal the fact that South Africa's growth challenge is deep-seated and largely structural. To grow faster and sustainably, the economy will need to be more inclusive, requiring the participation of a greater share of the population mainly through job creation. Furthermore, persistent inequality of income and of opportunity will continue to raise pressures for redistribution of limited resources that are drawn from a small tax base. Radical policy demands are more likely in a stagnant economy, fuel policy uncertainty and deter private investment. At the Presidential Jobs Summit and the South African Investment Conference held in October 2018 agreements were made on actions that are expected to enable job creation and to attract higher levels of investment, including interalia, education and skills interventions, and initiatives to reduce policy uncertainty on land reform, mining and black economic empowerment
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This paper uses an extended cost-benefit analysis to estimate the distributional effect of tobacco tax increases in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis considers the effect on household income of an increase in tobacco prices, changes in medical expenses, and the prolongation of working years under various scenarios, based on data in three waves of the national Household Budget Survey. One critical contribution is a quantification of the impacts by allowing price elasticities to vary across consumption deciles. The results indicate that a rise in tobacco prices generates positive income variations across the lowest income groups in the population (the bottom 20 percent). At the same time, tobacco price increases have negative income effects among middle-income and upper-income groups. These effects are larger, the higher the income level. If benefits through lower medical expenses and an expansion in working years are considered, the positive effect is acerbated among the lowest income groups. The middle of the distribution sees the income effect turn from negative to positive, and the top 40 percent, although continuing to experience a negative effect, see the magnitude of this effect diminish. Altogether, these effects mean that increases in tobacco prices have a pro-poor, progressive effect in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These results also hold within entities and across urban and rural areas
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bhutan has a strong track record of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity, primarilysupported by the state, which has played a large role in the country's development accomplishments.Growth has been driven mainly by the public sector through hydropower development. Statedominance is also reflected in the existence of a large number of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).However, the dependence on hydropower has resulted in a weak private sector and also createdmacroeconomic vulnerabilities. The high import content of hydropower construction widened theexternal imbalance and increased indebtedness. In addition, tax collection at 14 percent of grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2017/18 is low by international standards. The government has taken important steps to develop the nascent private sector through investments in infrastructure and improvements in the investment climate. It has also invested heavily in education and health. Despite these laudable investments, available jobs remain vacant, while educated youthremain unemployed. While hydropower will remain dominant in the foreseeable future, Bhutan'sdemographic transition requires more concerted efforts to develop the private sector
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The PNG economy has become increasingly concentrated in petroleum-and-gas-related activities since 2014, raising its vulnerability to external shocks, including commodity-price shocks and natural disasters. In recent months, however, the authorities have taken decisive action to promote greater diversification of the economy. Ongoing reforms to strengthen the monetary and exchange rate policy and framework are expected to improve business confidence and increase private investment and growth in the non-resource economy. Measures include addressing the FX shortage, managing the liquidity effects of the use of FX to clear the FX orders backlog, working on greater exchange rate flexibility, considering options for strengthening the interest-rate transmission mechanism, and enhancing modeling capacity in the Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG). In this context, the government and the BPNG will need to ensure regular, transparent, and consistent communication with all stakeholders to minimize the risk of confusion and market disruption. Papua New Guinea's medium-term economic outlook is relatively sanguine, underpinned by further large-scale resource projects. Real GDP growth is forecast to rebound to about 5 percent in 2019, primarily driven by a return to full annual production in the extractive sector. In the years after, growth is estimated to ease to its current potential of 3-4 percent a year, until planned investments in LNG and mining projects kick inches Future large-scale investment in the resource sector appears likely, with plans to double LNG production and develop new gold, copper, and silver reserves. With increased FX inflows into the economy, the current pressure on the exchange rate may reverse, adversely affecting the competitiveness of the non-resource economy. To facilitate broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable development, the government will need to focus more on investing in human capital and strengthening the business environment to spur private sector development, as elaborated in the World Bank's Systematic Country Diagnostic and summarized in the special focus section of this report
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic (PD) in Niger is part of a global initiative to improve evidence on the linkages between WASH and poverty. The Diagnostic provides a detailed analysis of sector status, strengths, and weaknesses to inform the attainment of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim for universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report identifies key challenges facing the Ethiopian civil service today and suggests avenuesfor further reforms. Ethiopia's civil service has so far developed at a rapid pace and faces anumber of constraints, challenges, and new or expanding demands. Continuing reform efforts and building on past achievements is critical for the successful implementation of Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Program (GTP II). While the past two decades have seen important achievements made, the government seeks to further strengthen its economic governance and service delivery.The analytic effort that this report reflects was triggered by a request from the Ministry ofPublic Service and Human Resource Development (MPSHRD). The Ministry sought to identify challenges and options to target and pursue further reforms and efforts to strengthen the civil service and its contributions to service delivery. The report is based on several sources: (i) the Ethiopian Civil Servants Survey (ECSS), which was undertaken in June through September 2016 and targeted professional level staff and directors or heads of federal ministries or agencies, regional bureaus, and woreda offices; (ii) a series of key informant interviews with officials and stakeholders, as well as focus group discussions with members of 'Public Wings'; and (iii) administrative data and information, e.g. concerning the number of civil servants, as wellas salaries and benefits. The focus is on five key service delivery sectors: agriculture, education, health, revenue collection, and trade-all critical areas for state activity. The analysis encompasses an assessment of previous and ongoing reforms, and takes a look at the constraints and overall quality of current management practices. Where possible, the report also compares the civil service in Ethiopia to that of other countries, based on information gathered from similar surveys and other comparative information
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Guinea-Bissau is a small state in West Africa with a population of around 1.8 million. It is rich in natural resources (fisheries, forestry and agriculture) and biodiversity. Economic activity is, however, dominated by the production and sale of unprocessed cashew, which is also the main source of income for more than two thirds of households. Guinea-Bissau is host to a large variety of ethnic groups, languages and religions, with communal and ethnic-based violence remaining low. The country has a history of political and institutional fragility dating back to its independence from Portugal in 1973. Since independence, four successful coups have been recorded, with another 16 coups attempted, plotted, or alleged. Political fragility has been manifesting itself in frequent government turnover. Political instability has been responsible for large drops in output and government expenditure. After almost three years of political gridlock, a new consensus government came to power in April 2018. In sum, Guinea-Bissau has been caught in a vicious cycle of poor governance, fragmented elites, weak public sector capacity, and a poorly diversified economy. The objective of the Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to analyze government expenditure, fiscal revenue, and public financial management in selected sectors (education, health, and security). The PER is a follow-up to the World Bank's (2017) Public Expenditure Analysis that provided an overall review of public finances in Guinea-Bissau (see Annex I). It contains a wide range of analyses, with some chapters examining public spending trends and outcomes, while others are more process oriented and place a strong emphasis on PFM systems, at macro- and micro-levels. The education and health chapters go beyond the confines of traditional World Bank PERs-namely the efficiency, effectiveness, and equity of spending. Both of these chapters also review the PFM systems in the respective line ministries with a view to identifying options for reform. Further, the PER analyzes the fiscal implications of continuing to spend over 15 percent of the budget on the security sector and nearly 9 percent of GDP on wage and nonwage compensation
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: In 2016, the Government of Bulgaria (GoB) decided to initiate spending reviews (RS) to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its spending in the context of a moderate fiscal consolidation process. Although Bulgaria has one of the lowest overall spending in the European Union (EU), spending outcomes lag those of other EU member states. In the case of waste management, Bulgaria spends the most among comparable EU countries, but outcomes could be significantly improved. Still a large part (48 percent in 2016 ) of municipal solid waste generated is landfilled even though waste management infrastructure is under development. To help address these challenges the Ministry of Finance (MoF) requested analytical and advisory support from the World Bank. Such support was intended to identify spending pressures and potential efficiency and effectiveness gains in waste management. In contrast to most spending reviews, where saving targets are identified upfront and the primary objective is to find ways of reducing the budget, the primary objective of this review is to increase performance and use any savings derived from efficiency gains for additional priority spending on waste management. A secondary objective is for this SR to help increase the transparency of spending on waste management, as information on spending categories by activity and municipality has not been analyzed until now
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Although decelerating from 6.9 percent the previous year, economic growth in 2018 is estimated to remain robust at 6.5 percent. The slowdown in growth in 2018 has been partly due to a combination of the following domestic factors : (i) the severe floods that hit the country during July - September 2018, which adversely affected agricultural production and damaged infrastructure in several provinces; (ii) the weak performance of the mining sector despite higher commodity prices; and (iii) continued fiscal consolidation, which contributed to slower credit growth. These downside factors offset the gains from the industry sector driven by the expansion of construction activities and electricity exports, coupled with robust growth in wholesale and retail trade. There is evidence of increasing job creation between 2010 and 2017. According to the 2017 Labor Force Survey, wage jobs are estimated to have gradually increased since 2010. This has resulted in 28 percent of households situated mostly in urban areas reporting an increase in income. As a result, ownership of consumption goods among the more affluent households increased faster than in poorer, mainly rural, households. Therefore, while poverty is still expected to decline modestly, inequality is likely to have increased. The government intends to remain on the path of fiscal consolidation, with the deficit estimated to decrease to 4.7 percent of GDP in 2018 from 5.3 percent in 2017, owing to some improvement in revenue collection and expenditure restraint. Improved revenue performance has been primarily driven by higher excise revenues due to increasing oil imports coupled with a higher price of oil. Other drivers include an increase in income taxes, dividend earnings, and other non-tax revenues. Strengthened revenue administration, such as the use of electronic tax payment platforms, has also supported revenue mobilization for certain tax types. Public outlays have been rationalized through tighter control of the public wage bill and downward adjustment of non-wage current spending. These measures offset higher interest payments and the increase in capital spending financed by external loans. Fiscal consolidation is estimated to have slowed the accumulation of public debt in 2018, though not enough to reverse the rising debt-GDP ratio, which is estimated to increase from 60.1 to 60.6 percent of GDP between 2017 and 2018
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: In cold-climate regions of developing countries, access to a reliable and affordable heat supply is critical to the well-being of the rural and peri-urban poor, who enjoy only limited access to district heating, natural gas, and electricity networks. Most of them have long relied on solid fuel-fired, traditional heating stoves or simple low-pressure boilers (LPBs), which are fuel-inefficient, leaky, and highly polluting both indoors and outside. Having access to high-efficiency, low-emissions (HELE) heating stoves offers under-served households a cost-effective, intermediate solution until fuel-switching to gas or electricity is possible. Recent World Bank- supported winter heating pilot programs in the Central Asian countries of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan brought to market a small number of advanced, solid fuel-fired space heating and cooking stoves. This technical report aims to document the Central Asia pilot experience with HELE heating technologies and their potential use as a cost-effective, intermediate solution for millions of underserved households for improving health and reducing household air pollution, energy poverty, and climate impacts
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Cote d'Ivoire has a moderate risk of external debt distress, with limited space to absorb shocks. All liquidity and solvency external debt indicators lie below their thresholds under the baseline scenario. However, the ratios of external debt service to revenue and exports are projected to rise, diminishing room to maneuver, and an export shock would cause breaches of their relevant thresholds under the worst-case stress scenarios. This underscores the substantial downside risks originating from external shocks and the need to boost domestic revenue mobilization. The overall risk of public debt distress is also moderate, with public debt to GDP ratio expected to decrease gradually. A sustained compliance with the WAEMU fiscal deficit convergence criterion and a prudent external borrowing strategy balancing the costs and economic return of new loans will be crucial to preserve debt sustainability
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Kenya is an emerging middle income country with a growing share of its population living in urban areas. The country is at a relatively early stage of urbanisation, with around 27 percent of Kenyans living in urban areas, yet projections suggest that by 2050, about half the population will be living in cities. The Nairobi Metropolitan Region in particular will see rapid growth. Nairobi is expected to become a city of more than 6 million people by 2030, up from its currently estimated 4 million. This urbanisation has the potential to improve economic opportunities and living conditions for all Kenyans. However, there are also several challenges associated with this shift and concentration of population. With urbanisation comes a substantial amount of new construction, much of which has occurred in cities with limited capacity to ensure the structures in which people live, work and gather are safely sited and built to withstand both chronic stresses (i.e. fire and spontaneous collapse) and disaster shocks (i.e. earthquakes and floods). Informality, low density development and urban sprawl are common characteristics across Kenya's urban areas. Approximately 61 percent of Kenya's urban population are living in informal settlements. Kenya is exposed to a wide range of hazards, particularly droughts and floods, but also landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and wildfires. Kenya is also highly vulnerable to recurrent and chronic risks. Its major cities witnessed 26 reported cases of major building collapse since 1996. Furthermore, Kenya is ranked as the 27th most prone country to fire-related deaths in the world. The city of Nairobi recorded 244 fires in 2017 in its informal settlements, claiming the lives of 32 people. In many ways, Kenya is at a crossroads in its efforts of urbanising and developing towards middle income status. Regulatory decisions made now will have a significant impact on the long-term safety, productivity and resilience of the urban built environment
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: With the Paris Agreement and most of its detailed rulebook now finalized, countries and subnational actors face the challenge of translating climate targets and strategies into action and determining how to finance these actions. Through the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate Change Mitigation (PAF), the World Bank developed an innovative financial mechanism - climate auctions - which stimulates private investment in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate auctions offer price guarantees to companies that can deliver eligible climate results in the future. These price guarantees are allocated through a transparent, efficient auctioning process, which maximizes the climate impact of scarce public funds. In the near-term, countries can utilize climate auctions to spur significant investments in low-carbon activities and mobilize finance at the scale and pace necessary to achieve their national climate targets, laying the groundwork for longer-term carbon pricing and greater climate ambition. This policy brief is intended to inform policymakers and public funders about why climate auctions are an effective tool for achieving climate outcomes, focusing on how policymakers can utilize auctions to accelerate NDC implementation and raise climate ambition. It also outlines how climate auctions work and where they are most effective. The policy brief was produced by staff of the World Bank with external contributions from the Rocky Mountain Institute
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The research is based on the PEFA framework and methodology for assessing public financial management performance and the data set that is generated from the PEFA assessments. The research quantified PEFA scores and aggregated them into overall scores which required developing assumptions on weighting scores, measures, and assessments. The research acknowledges methodological limitations of using the PEFA data set, including the assumptions. In general, the research follows the approach taken by previous researchers who have used PEFA data for quantitative analysis, but this does not eliminate the challenges that persist in transforming grades to numerical values and aggregating them. The time inconsistency issues and the limited number of observations also influenced the regression analysis using the PEFA data set. The team acknowledges that the PEFA data set was not designed for statistical analysis and that using it in quantitative regressions presents a series of econometric issues that cannot be fully resolved in this book, or in other papers which apply a similar approach. The research report builds on general recognition that PFM is important for development and recognizes that there is limited evidence based on the nontechnical determinants of PFM performance, as well as the outcomes of a good PFM system. The report therefore aims to bridge some of this gap between theory and practice using data on PFM performance from PEFA assessments. The report undertakes a closer examination of the key debates on what constitutes a good PFM system by providing an overview of the PEFA framework, and the data set that is generated through PEFA assessments, including its strengths and weaknesses. This was done to enable the research team to undertake quantitative analysis of the relationship between PFM performance and other governance indicators and outcomes
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: As in many countries, tax collection is a development challenge in Kosovo. Kosovo is one of the poorest and youngest countries in Europe in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and both demographics and statehood. The lack of an independent monetary policy - given that Kosovo has adopted the euro as the national currency - means that ensuring the sustainability of fiscal policy is critical. However, limited tax revenues hamper the government's ability to address economic cycles. Between 2011 and 2017, total government revenue amounted to about 14 percent of GDP, below the average of 19 percent among countries in Europe and Central Asia. Unlike other countries, Kosovar government relies on taxes for more than 85 percent of its revenues. Mobilizing tax revenues is therefore critical. The Tax Administration of Kosovo (TAK) requested assistance from the World Bank and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) to address this challenge using an evidence-based approach. To this end, the World Bank and GIZ applied behavioral insights to promote tax compliance among specific groups of taxpayers. Three experiments were designed, implemented, and evaluated in 2018 that involved sending behaviorally informed reminders using letters, e-mails, and short messaging service (SMS) messages to various groups of taxpayers to induce timely and honest declarations and payments. The short-term objective of these trials was to increase the number and timeliness of tax declarations. Simple, behaviorally designed messages were effective in inducing tax declaration. Messages helped raise the tax declaration rate by an average of around 3 percentage points during a period of between four and six weeks. Among personal income tax (PIT) declarations, this represents a 59 percent increase in compliance, equivalent to over 200 more annual tax declarations among participants. The likelihood of payment rose in many instances, and no significant difference was found in the amounts of taxes paid. Lessons from the tax experiments in Kosovo highlight the benefits of rigorous impact evaluation and the need to establish processes that help integrate tax collection functions and data systems
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe, as well as one of the most deprived and socially excluded groups. Because of the lack of high-quality data, research on Roma inclusion to inform evidence-based policies is scarce, and accurate data on programs implemented in the Western Balkans are needed. This report aims to fill this knowledge gap and inform policy making by relying on data from the 2011 and 2017 rounds of the Regional Roma Survey (RRS), the most comprehensive survey to date on living conditions and human development outcomes among marginalized Roma households in the Western Balkans, as well as non-Roma neighboring households. The results show that marginalized Roma in the Western Balkans do not have the endowments and assets they need nor the ability to use the assets they have efficiently and intensively to generate economic gains and climb the socioeconomic ladder. Gaps with respect to non-Roma neighbors are especially wide in education and labor markets, and, in general, there is generally little improvement between the two survey years in access to services and economic opportunities. The report provides policy directions, highlighting gender and discrimination as cross-cutting policy areas. It also suggests a pragmatic approach towards generating evidence-based policies through better monitoring and evaluation and collection of ethnically-disaggregated administrative data. Finally, a comprehensive and integrated lifecycle approach is also encouraged
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note was prepared in parallel to the report Pakistan at 100, Shaping the Future. The report Pakistan at 100 discusses options to accelerate and sustain growth in Pakistan so that the country becomes an upper middle-income country when it turns 100 years old in 2047. This policy note discusses Pakistan achieving an advantageous environment for public and private investment by strengthening its business climate and reforming the financial sector
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: West Africa's coastal areas host about one third of the region's population and generate 56 percent of its GDP. They are home for valuable wetlands, fisheries, oil and gas reserves, and high tourism potential. However, these areas are affected by severe pressures: rapid urbanization along the coast has increased the demands on land, water, and other natural resources; man-made infrastructure and sand extraction have contributed to significant coastal retreat; moreover, climate change and disaster risks are exacerbating these threats. As a result, coastal areas are undergoing alarming environmental degradation leading to deaths (due to floods, air and water pollution), losses of assets (houses, infrastructure) and damages to critical ecosystems (mangroves, marine habitat). This study estimates in monetary terms the Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) in the coastal areas of Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo. Specifically,it values the impacts of degradation that occur during one year, as a result of three major factors: flooding, erosion, and pollution (from water, air and waste). The final results are expressed in 2017 prices. They are reflected in absolute (USD) and in relative terms, as percentage of the countries' GDP. Overall, the COED of the four countries is estimated at about USD 3.8 billion, or 5.3 percent of the countries' GDP in 2017. Flooding and erosion are the main forms of degradation, accounting for more than 60 percent of the total cost. Moreover, coastal degradation causes over 13,000 deaths a year, primarily due to air and water pollution, and to floods
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Gerichtsbarkeit ; Rechtsprechung ; Experten ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Südosteuropa ; Serbien ; Montenegro ; Nordmazedonien ; Bosnien-Herzegowina
    Abstract: This Report examines if and how expert witnesses impact the integrity, impartiality and efficiency of adjudication in four countries-Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The report is part of a broader World Bank initiative to raise awareness of reform opportunities and inform policy dialogue on efficiency of justice, quality of justice and access to justice across countries in the Western Balkans, with a view to improving the performance of their justice systems. The Report provides an objective review of the performance of the justice system in the selected countries and recent achievements and opportunities for reform vis a vis the role of expert witnesses in trials. Recognizing the formative role that expert witnesses play in the trial process, the report provides recommendations on how to leverage and improve the role of expert witnesses in trials with a view to enhancing the overall quality, efficiency and performance of the justice system
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Tanzania became one of the first low-income countries to abolish fees for lower secondary education (grades 8-12) in 2015. One of the pledges of a new, reformist government, the policy built on the country's previous experience of abolishing primary fees in 2002. The new Fee-Free Basic Education Policy (FFBEP) extended the abolition of formal fees to lower secondary education, and prohibited both primary and lower secondary schools from levying informal fees, such as for inspections. The introduction of FFBEP has already enabled a large increase in the proportion of students entering primary school, and the proportion transitioning to secondary level. Over the next few years more than a million additional lower secondary places will be required to meet the increase in demand. This rapid expansion of lower secondary education is a boon for access and an important step for Tanzania to achieve its goal of attaining middle-income status by 2025. However, such a pace of expansion poses a significant fiscal challenge. Careful planning is required at this stage to develop a model of lower secondary education which can be scaled up in a sustainable way. In partnership with the government of Tanzania, the authors have developed a simulation model to estimate the fiscal impacts of various policy parameters with relevance to the implementation of FFBEP at lower secondary level. The findings presented in this note are based on the simulation tool developed for use by the government
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note is an attempt to systematically analyze and document emerging trends in the evolution of students' learning outcomes in Tanzania's primary schools. The note is based on two rounds of the Service Delivery Indicators Survey in Tanzania, 2014 and 2016, and provides guidance to the Government on: (1) regional, district and school-level variations in gains in pupil achievement scores; (2) student, teacher and school level factors associated with learning outcomes; and (3) key observable factors associated with highest gains in test scores. The good news is that the Government's concerted reform efforts are showing positive results in quality of schooling: test scores in English, Math, and Kiswahili for Standard four pupils have improved significantly over time. They have improved all across Tanzania, with largest gains registered in disadvantaged targeted districts (EQUIP-T3), followed by rural areas. Low-performing regions are catching up as the impacts of several large-scale investment programs are taking root. These improvements in test scores appear to be associated with improvements in teacher effort and subject knowledge. Rising pupil-teacher-ratios pose risks to continued learning improvements, particularly as the Government is preparing for rapid expansion in enrolments in the wake of the Fee-Free Basic Education Policy. Students tested for 2016 will be entering Form 1 secondary in 2018-19. For the improvements in learning at the primary level to have maximum impact, particularly in disadvantaged regions supported by EQUIP-T, they will require immediate attention to and investments in secondary schools to take these students through the full cycle of quality basic education promised by FFBEP. Female students, overage students, and non-native Kiswahili speakers continue to lag behind in learning, posing threats to the long-term equity of the system. Careful measurement of teacher practices at secondary level can provide ways to supportteaching behavior conducive to the well-being of these children
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Home to over 735,000 people, the Kingdom of Bhutan has achieved rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, despite the constraints of being a small, landlocked, and mountainous country. Its neighbors, China to the north and India to the south, are in contrast the two most populous countries in the world. Bhutan's land area is only 1 percent of India's and 0.5 percent of China's. Even surrounded by much larger economies, Bhutan has seen its economy expand rapidly in recent years, largely through hydropower exports to India and construction. The country halved its poverty rate to 12 percent between 2007 and 2012, and by 2017 it had achieved a further reduction, to 8.2 percent (NSB and World Bank 2017). National policy remains centered on diversifying export-led growth beyond hydropower exports to India and on making Bhutan's economic growth more inclusive of all citizens. The agriculture sector, one of the five jewels in the Bhutanese economy, can play a key role in sustaining growth, reducing poverty, creating jobs, and expanding shared prosperity. Bhutan's dense and virtually untouched forests, abundant water resources, and diversity of wild species are exceptional natural endowments, and correspondingly, environmental conservation is the cornerstone of Bhutan's development approach (World Bank 2014). This Policy Note reviews Bhutan's recent agricultural transformation from a spatial perspective and suggests measures to make further progress. The discussion focuses on crop-level drivers of productivity and spatial patterns of agricultural production in relation to markets, especially in relation to opportunities for expanding market potential to support the national development goals of the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB). The government has set targets in a number of policy areas where agriculture plays a critical role
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: This report presents the economic potential of renewable natural resources (forests, wildlife and fisheries), and identifies opportunities for enhancing the sectors' contribution to both the national and local economies in Angola (Section two). Given the strong focus of the ongoing CPF on economic diversification, the report focuses on these selected sectors whose sustainable use offers opportunities for diversifying the economy, creating jobs and improving local livelihoods. In light of the implementation of the World Bank's new Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), the report assesses the current national legislation and policy framework for assessing and mitigating potential environmental and social risks and impacts caused by investment projects and proposes opportunities which can support in strengthening the national capacity in order to facilitate project design and implementation following the World Bank's due diligence (Section three). The report then assesses the current policy and institutional framework for addressing climate change in Angola and proposes opportunities to support these (Section four). Finally, the report concludes by proposing opportunities for World Bank engagement in the sectors selected (forests, wildlife and fisheries), as well as in enhancing environmental management capacity and building resilience to climate change.A World Bank mission was organized to Angola in October 2018, and collected data relevant to the study and discussed with government officials, development partners, CSOs, and other relevant stakeholders the status, priorities, and potential opportunities for each of the sectors considered. This report uses data and information collected during the mission and shared by government institutions and other stakeholders, as well as data and literature that are publicly available
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: Gender-based violence, or GBV, is one of the most oppressive forms of gender inequality, posing a fundamental barrier to the equal participation of women and men in social, economic, and political spheres. GBV includes intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual assault, female genital mutilation, sexual exploitation and abuse, child abuse, female infanticide, and child marriage. Such violence impedes gender equality and the achievement of a range of development outcomes. In Nigeria, like in other jurisdictions, GBV remains a challenge that significantly constrains women's autonomy and opportunities. Conflict in Nigeria's North East geopolitical zone has further contributed to a steep rise in violence targeted against women and children by Boko Haram. This report uses the social ecological model as the basis to analyze prevalent GBV risks in Nigeria. It first describes the legislative and policy level frameworks associated with violence against women and girls as well as their implementation at the national and subnational levels. It then provides a detailed analysis of specific social norms that have created acceptance for or at least a lack of condemnation of GBV at the community level. Finally, based on field research, it delves deeper into some of the interpersonal and individual drivers of various forms of GBV in the selected communities
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh made a number of laudable development achievements in the early millennium but can and should do more to improve human capital and the wellbeing of its population. Coupled with impressive achievements in poverty reduction and economic growth are meeting many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-such as reaching nearly universal access to primary education, gender parity in primary and secondary education, ensuring food security, lowering infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, improving immunization coverage, and increasing access to improved water sources. Nurturing a child's early years can help nations boost human capital to become more diverse, competitive economies. Improving early childhood development requires multi-sectoral action. Advancements in early childhood development will not be possible without improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This report will discuss several analyses that demonstrate the importance of WASH in nurturing the early years. The report begins with an examination of progress in achieving human development outcomes, many of which are specifically used to measure early childhood development and human capital. The next section will present a poverty risk model used to measure differences in WASH-related disease burden among wealth groups and populations with and without access to basic water and sanitation services. The third section discusses WASH deprivations in community health centers that reduce quality of care, and the fourth section measures the unique environmental exposures from inadequate WASH faced by slum dwellers, an often neglected yet high-risk population for poor health and undernutrition. The proceeding four sections then present original econometric analyses linking various components of WASH to childhood stunting, early childhood skills, infant mortality, and school enrollment. The final section concludes and provides recommendations on how Bangladesh's WASH sector can prioritize the early years in future investments
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: gaps that a country faces, across different domains, better informs policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identify where progress has been achieved in increasing opportunities and outcomes for women and men in Mexico and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are critical for gender-equal access to opportunities: (a) endowments, such as health and education; (b) economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land, and financial markets; and (c) agency, including norms, representation, and freedom from violence. The report takes advantage of the existing literature as well as different sources of publicly available data for the country and aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps, covering a wide range of outcomes. As such, it seeks to serve as a guiding document for policy action and dialogue, further research, and public discussion
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: This report consolidates the findings and recommendations from studies on climate resilient road assets in Albania, financed through a grant provided by the Global facility for disaster reduction and recovery (GFDRR). The objective of the work is to assist the Albanian authorities in the prioritization of current and future climate, and seismic resilient investments in the road sector. The work has used climate and seismic vulnerability assessments, and proposed mitigation measures to improve climate and seismic resilience of the Albanian road network. The report finds that the investment in resilience and mitigation measures on the Albanian national road network is cost effective and is much less than the estimated annualised cost of the damage and loss that would accrue if mitigation measures are not put in place and maintained
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This review focuses on women and girls who have been forcibly displaced. Gender inequality is not left behind when women and girls are forced to flee their homes. In situations of displacement, women and girls are most exposed to adversity, and many of the risks they face, such as gender-based violence, are heightened. Women are among the most vulnerable, facing a number of challenges including extreme poverty, lack of access to basic infrastructure and services, and the impacts of climate change on livelihoods and human well-being. Internalized inequality can limit women's ability to overcome adverse experiences. With that in mind, World Bank projects must consider the different circumstances of women and girls/men and boys to deliver benefits to those that need them most. The objective of this portfolio review is twofold: (i) to assess how World Bank operations to date have addressed the different needs of forcibly displaced women and girls/men and boys in fragile, conflict, and violence (FCV) contexts; and (ii) to distill lessons and guidance for task teams, including those designing operations under the new International Development Association (IDA18) refugee window and the Global Concessional Financing Facility (GCFF). The review is limited to considering how the needs of women and girls have been addressed, as no operations were found that identified gender specific needs of forcibly displaced men and boys, or sought to close gender gaps that affected these men and boys adversely
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: Tanzania's wealth per capita has declined because its rapid population growth has outpaced investment. This decline in wealth is almost entirely accounted for by its '*renewable natural capital'* loss, consisting of the country's agricultural land, cropland, forests, forest products, and protected areas. The country's human capital per capita is stable while its physical capital per capita has risen by 13 percent. Yet its degrading natural capital base clearly illustrates the magnitude of its sustainability problem: the total renewable natural capital per capita has fallen by 35 percent over the past 20 years, whereas the non-land renewable natural capital per capita has declined by 47 percent (that is, almost halved in 20 years). Tanzania cannot afford another 10 years of the same negative trends in resource degradation. The opportunity Tanzania faces is to reconcile the use of natural resources to meet the demands of the population and economy with the need to maintain functioning ecosystems. Reaching this balance will catalyze sustained growth. However, the current trend in the use of natural resources is not sustainable, leading to persistent degradation and loss of ecosystems, which constitute the main cause of the natural capital. This CEA has identified spatially and temporally differentiated approaches and solutions toward ensuring sustainable resource management for long-term use
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The study aims to understand the constraints to women's equal participation in the roads sector inMalawi to inform the development of interventions to promote gender equality in the sector. The study adopts a career cycle approach that allows to identify and describe the barriers to career progression for women in the roads sector at each stage in the career cycle focusing on: attraction, selection, retention, and advancement. The study employs qualitative research methods consisting of focus group discussions with women and girls along the career cycle in the roads sector and key informant interviews. The study has yielded insights into the multiple and overlapping factors embedded in the socialization, learning and hiring processes that result inhigh rates of attrition of women in the engineering and roads-related technical field at different stages of the career cycle, often called the '*leaky pipeline'* in policy discussions about women in STEM. From secondary school through university and vocational schools, female students report less confidence and aspiration in engineering and vocational training in the roads sector. At the selection stage, women face gender bias in hiring and difficult work environment, representing an exodus of talent among women who could otherwise become the next generation of architects, engineers, and roads sector contractors. At the retention and advancement phase women confront a difficult work environment where women are sidelined from career advancement opportunities, face sexual harassment and have difficulty balancing work and family obligations in a sector wheremany of the opportunities are in remote locations. The roads sector in Malawi offers opportunitiesfor women: opportunities in the forms of generating substantial incomes, designing transport infrastructure to foster socio-economic development, and providing role models for the young women of the future. Increasing the gender balance in the roads sector requires a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach and one that needs to address the underlying causes that subtly results in gender stereotypes and gendered occupational cultures and career choices. The table summarizes the key study findings and core set of actions to help women overcome the obstacles at different stages of the career cycle targeting women at all age groups
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This policy brief aims to contribute to filling the knowledge gap and presenting a sex-disaggregated snapshot of the distribution of students across energy related higher education educational programs as well as the traditional Science, Technology, Education, and Math (STEM) fields, in tertiary education institutions across Lebanon's different regions. The objective is to better understand the supply side of female talent, starting with high skilled workers, available to enter the energy job market in Lebanon and propose recommendations when talking about opportunities for women to work in the sector. While the focus is on assessing the high skilled workforce, the recommendations point to the need to focus also on supporting a middle-skills talent pool where most of the jobs in the sector are likely to be created
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note analyzes household survey data and firm-level data to measure gender gaps in employmentoutcomes over the past 15 years and shed light on the degree to which economic growth has translated into more and better jobs for men and women, and the relative impact on each group. The analysis relies primarily on micro-level data from the annual Encuesta Permanente de Hogares for 2001 through 2016, the Encuesta Continua de Empleo for 2010-2014, the Censo Economico 2011, a census of firms, and the 2015-16 Encuesta de Empresas, a follow-up firm survey. Patterns in labor supply and its correlates will be examined using household-level data, and the analysis will consider how gender and other worker characteristics are related to labor market outcomes. In addition, this note explores the degree to which private sector labor demand and firm productivity differ by gender; this is done using firm-level data to examine the drivers of firm performance and employment growth. The remainder of this note is structured as follows. Section 2 examines recent socio-demographic trends that have affected the number of women entering the labor market in Paraguay. Section 3 looks at gender differentials in labor market outcomes relating to work status, sector of employment and earnings, inter alia. Section 4 considers the gender composition of labor demand by private sector firms, and section 5 concludes with a discussion of policy options for the future
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper examines the quality of management practices in Turkey and its relation to other firm-level characteristics such as firm performance, competition, and type of ownership. A key finding is that management quality is positively correlated with productivity and quality of jobs across subsectors of manufacturing. But the average score of management quality in Turkey is relatively low compared to peer countries. Factors such as firm size, level of human capital of the workforce, export intensity of the firm, openness to international markets, level of hierarchy in decision making, and degree of managerial autonomy are found to be important determinants of managerial practices in Turkey. Thus, improvements in these dimensions, through relevant policies and incentives, can have a positive effect on the quality of firm management going forward.Such improvements in management practices-particularly in the two dimensions whereTurkey scores lowest: monitoring and targeting-can have positive effects on firmperformance and lead to increases in the creation of quality jobs
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper reviews the design of private pensions alongside a notional defined contribution (NDC) - or public - component. A mix of public and private pensions is the bestway to deliver a strong combination of five core outcomes: coverage, adequacy,sustainability, efficiency, and security. Choices for market structure, benefit type,contributions, and investment strategy can be guided by their impact on these outcomes.The clarity of an NDC formula allows the joint distribution of public and private pensions tobe modeled which can be crucial for optimal investment strategies given, for example, thenegative correlation between real per capita gross domestic product growth and equity markets over long periods. NDC payout formulas have broad applications where annuity markets are weak
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Latvia introduced a nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) scheme in 1996 as it transitioned to a market economy. Despite a 20 percent decline in the working-age population from 1994-2016, the ratio of contributors to old-age pensioners rose from 1.6 to 2.1 given a steady increase in formal labor force participation and 5-6 percent real per capita wage growth. Projections show that long-term financial balance will be maintained through 2070, despite the threat of a projected 50 percent decline in the working-age population. Budgeted reserves will cushion the continued transition into a two-pillar public pension scheme. Latvia's most important long-term policy challenge is to create the domestic investments and economic growth to reward younger workers for remaining in the country
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Starting from a reconstruction of the political context in which the Italian 1995 pension reform took shape, this paper reviews the essential features of the 1995 and post-1995 legislation and assesses its fundamental shortcomings. A straightforward theoretical discussion highlights both the targets and the instruments representing the hallmark of the nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) model. The contrast of such theoretical premises with the Italian legislation points out the persistent original mistakes together with the necessary remedies
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: All UK employers now offer a pension scheme including the use of automatic enrollment. More than 9 million people have started saving into a workplace pension as a consequence. NEST is a pension scheme that any employer can use to meet its auto enrollment obligations. It was set up to serve those traditionally poorly served by commercial pension provision. NEST is built around features tested and seen as important and motivating for potential members and employers, underpinned by extensive research with future members and analysis of feedback from existing customers. The communications approach had a major focus on providing reassurance that saving is a '*good'* thing and NEST will look after one's money
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper defines a universal public pension scheme (UPPS) as a government mandated lifecycle longevity insurance scheme that transfers individual consumption from the working years to retirement. It discusses the differences in four UPPS designs designated as either defined contribution (DC) or defined benefit (DB), and financial or nonfinancial. With individual DC accounts, the ball is in the individual's court. The transparent link between contributions and retirement income is the enabler of efficiency that through marginal decisions to choose formal work over informal work or leisure and to postpone retirement marginally toward the end of the working life, supports affordability and sustainability for a chosen level of adequacy. Hence, UPPS-DC designs are found superior to UPPS-DB designs
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes old-age incomes in Sweden from a pension policy perspective, focusing on both the economic position of elderly citizens and the redistributive effects of the pension system's different parts. The empirical analyses show that each subsequent cohort that reaches retirement age faces higher relative poverty risks than previous cohorts. The relative decline in the value of the guaranteed minimum pension vis-a-vis the real income growth of wage earners brings to the forefront the issues of indexation of the guarantee and the ceiling on the means-tested housing benefits like the basic safety net for pensioners
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Defined contribution (DC) schemes whether unfunded or funded are often considered superior to defined benefit (DB) schemes in their ability to address labor market issues, particularly in encouraging formal employment and delayed retirement. Conceptually, the assessment is based on superior incentives to work and save. Yet economic and social realities are more complex. This paper explores design and labor market conditions that potentially constrain DC schemes. The paper concludes that to achieve their conceptual potential, DC schemes require design innovations, including a better integration of basic provisions and complementary labor policies that promote job creation in the formal sector and expand job opportunities during old age
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper starts from the fact that women receive lower pensions than men on average, and considers policies to address that fact. Women typically have lower wages than men, a greater likelihood of part-time work and more career breaks, and thus generally a less complete contribution record. In addition, pension age may be lower for women and annuities may be priced using separate life tables for women. The paper looks at three strategic ameliorative policy directions: policies intended to increase the size and duration of women's earnings and hence improve their contribution records; policies to redirect resources within the pension system, including for survivors and after divorce; and ways of boosting women's pensions with resources from outside the pension system
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper shows that as the educational composition in the fifty-five to sixty-four year-old age bracket improved between the mid-1990s and the mid-2010s, the effective retirement age rose rapidly in the Central and Eastern European region. This increase was fast enough to keep life expectancies at the effective retirement age practically unchanged. In effect, the labor market absorbed all improvements in life expectancies in older working ages. The paper also shows that maintaining the current life expectancies at retirement over the next thirty years requires less effort in terms of further raising the effective retirement age than what the region achieved in this respect in the last fifteen years
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: In this note, we examine how Cambodian youth's test score performance during lower secondary relates to their success several years later as they transition from schooling to work. Specifically, we explore the association between cognitive skills measured using math and vocabulary test scores during 8th grade and several measures of "success" including test scores and socio-emotional well-being three years later
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: When shocks strike they have an immediate and direct impact on life, income, and assets.Two strands of literature can be usefully brought together to generate some initial indicative estimates of the timing of a shock's impacts, and thus the likely benefit of acting early to mitigate these impacts: i) Post-disaster and vulnerability assessments that explain how the impact of different disasters unfolds, that estimate losses from assets and income, or that present data on coping mechanisms used; and ii) Micro econometric studies that assess the cost imposed by coping strategies on income and growth.An initial assessment of this literature was undertaken in Clarke and Hill (2013) for drought in Africa. This paper extends and updates this review by (i) adding new studies published in the last five years; and (ii) including studies outside of Africa and considering other types of disaster in addition to drought--specifically floods and earthquakes in Asia, and earthquakes, cyclones, or hurricanes in small island states (Pacific, Caribbean).This finding is consistent with a well-published literature showing that variability of income over time impacts child nutrition and can be linked to stunting, a condition that causes irrevocable harm by impairing brain development, leading to lower cognitive and socioemotional skills, lower levels of educational attainment, and hence lower incomes.The paper proceeds as follows. Section two sets out the framework and approach used. Section three presents evidence on rapid-onset events, section four on slow-onset events, and section five on prices. Section six offers some conclusions and recommendations for future data collection
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Over half the world's population cooks primarily with wood, charcoal, coal, crop waste, or dung. This share is currently increasing or stagnant in most regions. Dependence on solid fuels is one of the world's major public health challenges, causing more premature deaths than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. The use of solid fuels and stoves also imposes significant economic costs on societies that can least afford them and contributes to adverse environmental and climate change effects. Traditionally the area of improving access to modern energy services has fallen in the realm of energy experts. However, a new study conducted by the World Bank between 2017-2019 asks the question: Does Agriculture have a role to plan in improving access to modern cooking services? The report: "The Power of Dung: Lessons Learned from On-Farm Biodigester Programs in Africa" examines on-farm biodigester programs in selected countries in Africa and examines the success factors of the programs. One of the report's most important findings is that reframing the promotion of biodigesters from one providing clean cooking solutions (energy) to one providing improved fertilizers (agriculture) increases the attractiveness of the solutions among farmers
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: The paper focuses on the interrupted careers in four countries where pensions are based on lifetime labor income, but they have different labor market patterns. High levels of employment in Germany and Sweden are in contrast with low levels of employment, particularly for women, in Italy and Poland. Career interruptions of women in Italy mean early withdrawal from the labor market, while in Sweden women choose part-time employment. Lower employment rates and gender pay gaps are important causes of differences in expected pension levels. The pension system design and demographics are also different. Prolonging working lives and reducing gender gaps in employment and pay, particularly for those at risk of interrupted careers, is key to ensure decent old-age pensions
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the war in Korea and the repercussions around the world. He discussed how much progress was being made in Europe in hammering out new patterns of production and trade to replace and improve prewar patterns that cannot be restored. He also said that with the cooperation of the members, Bank can aid, in creating confidence and the kind of economic environment which will encourage productive investment, both local and foreign, private and public. He examined some of the steps underdeveloped nations must take in order to effectively translate aid into concrete development
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about how the Bank conducts business by describing one loan application for India and the events leading to a signed contract and then follow-up monitoring. The whole economic and financial position of India was analyzed as accurately as possible before the departure of a mission to investigate conditions on the spot. The partition of India and Pakistan affected the Indian economy. Pakistan's import tariff on raw jute from India weakened the position of India. He described various economic challenges being faced. The loans to India are not without risk, but they are a risk worthwhile taking
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, reviewed the scope of the Bank's lending. While the first loans were for reconstruction, the principal business has been development loans for such things as electric power, agricultural machinery, timber production, woodworking industry, railways, and shipping. He spoke of the technical examinations of particular projects and the high lending standards imposed. He mentioned the technical aid which Bank has provided and expects this to widen. The Bank's essential objective is to raise production levels and living standards through long-term project financing, technical advice, and stimulation to private investment
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, discussed the European Recovery Program and the role of Bank in it. He reported on provisions for using loan proceeds. He was proud of a guarantee operation to sell the notes of Dutch shipping companies to U.S. banks. He spoke about how the Bank sold to the Bank for International Settlements an issue of Swiss Franc bonds, and the proceeds were used in the loan to The Netherlands. He concluded by talking about variety of the projects presented to the Bank from all over the world and how this would keep the Bank busy
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John. J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, discussed the U.S. announcement of the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan). This ambitious plan must be economically successful. The inherent strengths of Europe give reasonable assurance of the success of the Marshall Plan reorganization that is proposed. The problems of the continent do not appear insoluble. Human and materials assets, a sensible plan, good management, and sufficient new money are each elements that are fundamental to ensure success. External assistance should be conditioned upon economic reforms. Trade with Eastern Europe should be encouraged. Financing on this scale should be afforded primarily as grants rather than loans
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John. J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about directing international investment of capital toward productive purposes. He spoke on the role of the Bank as one of the principal international financing agencies in the world. The Bank serves as a channel of private investment funds at reasonable cost for the restoration and development of capital-importing countries. The Bank forms a safe bridge for the movement of capital. The Bank must sell securities in the private market, primarily in the United States, to raise much of the money it lends. The Bank is also in a position to supervise the spending of the loan proceeds to prevent excess borrowing. He concluded by saying that Bank can't and won't grant loans in order to accomplish political objectives or where political uncertainties make lending unsound
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Mongolia has a comparative advantage in agribusiness, especially downstream industries using livestock products. Yet its share in worldwide exports of agribusiness commodities is insignificant. Enhancing the efficiency of the central economic corridor (CEC) is vital to Mongolia's effort to improve trade competitiveness and diversify exports. The role of Mongolia's economic corridors is best understood when seen as an integral part of the country's supply chain. The report analyzes the performance gap of the CEC through an examination of three sectors: (a) cashmere and wool sector, (b) meat, and (c) leather. These sectors highlight the major challenges that Mongolian producers face in a world where agribusiness depends on a demanding retail sector characterized by tight delivery schedules and high-quality standards, which are more important than tariffs. The report diagnoses the challenges that these industries face, identifies opportunities for the growth of these sectors, leveraging the potential of the CEC, and shares policy recommendations on how to seize these opportunities. The analysis shows that Mongolia's comparative advantage has been significantly diluted by weaknesses associated with its economic corridors
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Vietnam is in the process of updating its Labor Code of 2012. This advisory note is designed to inform a dialog on opportunities for how the 2012 Labor Code can be adjusted to balance the playing field between men and women so that they have equal access to and equal benefits from the labor market. It does so with to objective to support the gender assessment of new laws as stipulated by the Vietnam Promulgation of Laws of 2015. The advisory note draws on analysis carried out by the task team and under the World Bank's Vietnam Jobs Diagnostic. This advisory note is follow-up to a workshop hosted by the Social Affairs Committee of the Vietnam National Assembly and The World Bank on January 11, 2019, for members of the Social Affairs Committee and other National Assembly representatives. After the workshop the Committee and Social Affairs Department of the National Assembly asked for a write up of the recommendation made at the workshop. The recommendations and the workshop were carried out as part of the Vietnam Women's Economic Empowerment Project under the Australia-World Bank Group Strategic Partnership Program 2 (ABP2). The project is supporting the Government of Vietnam on its efforts to ensure that gender is addressed in legislation, including for example, the Labor Code
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: This study looks into the challenges and opportunities posed by urbanization in Guinea, reviewing briefly the trends at the national level but focusing on the urban area of Conakry. The main reasons for focusing on the urban area of Conakry are the following. While secondary cities in Guinea are growing economically and in population, Conakry already represents close to 50 percent of the urban population and its demographic growth outpaces that of other urban areas. This creates a sense of urgency to solving the country's capital problems. Secondly, Conakry remains the country's main interface for international trade through its port facility. Failure to address Conakry's issues, including congestion levels, would likely weaken its (and Guinea's) attractiveness in the long run. Follow-up studies could however look into Guinea's system of cities, including how they are connected to each other within the country and with their neighbors. The analysis presented in this review shows that urban areas in Guinea, and Conakryin particular are currently not acting as engines of growth and competitiveness and are failing at providing public services and quality living standards for their residents. It argues that the reasons are to be found i) in the business environment which, recent progress aside, stymies private sector job creation and economic diversification, ii) in Conakry's deficient connectivity system which acts as a bottleneck for residents to have access to economic opportunities, iii) in its obsolete and unenforced planning strategies and its rigid land markets and iv) in the lack of institutional clarity and financial resources which leads to underinvestment in public services
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This technical note reviews the cooperative bank and credit union sectors. It focuses on: (i) thesituation of the two sectors that are both in states of transition; (ii) the regulatory and supervisory arrangements; and (iii) the safety net and resolution regime within the context of the crisis management framework. In addition, key perspectives are provided as to the sustainability ofinstitutional models and the sectors within a modernizing and competitive banking sector. This note was prepared using information from the authorities and market participants that was received in the first semester of 2018 at the time of the visit of the authors. Although in some instances there is subsequent improvement in the performance of some cooperative banks and credit unions, the authors believe such changes do not modify substantially the main conclusions and recommendations made. Most cooperative banks and credit unions are stable, but each sector has its own issues. The FSAP is broadly supportive of the policy direction for cooperatives, while it questions whether the credit union sector should remain standalone. Combined, cooperative banks and credit unions represent less than 8 percent of deposit takers, though more importantly they serve about 18 percent of the population
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan shifted the administrative paradigm from centralized to decentralized structures. The added obligations require major policy and institutional reforms in an otherwise weak social protection (SP) sector at provincial levels, generally characterized by limited planning, coordination, execution, and monitoring capacities. SP has become a salient feature of social policy, nationally as well as internationally. The basic components of a SP framework include safety nets or social assistance, social care for children and the elderly, social insurance and labor market interventions for productive employment generation. SP is conferred as an entitlement in the Pakistani Constitution, and the Government of Sindh (GoS) has demonstrated political commitments to this. This note outlines the key considerations of a policy on SP as part of the GoS commitment to reduce poverty, inequality, and vulnerability in the province. Section one gives introduction. Some of the key development challenges that a SP policy may need to consider prioritizing is described in section two. Sections three and four describes critical design principles of SP policies and programs, respectively. Section five reviews the current de facto SP programming in Sindh, while section six delineates a way forward for policy development
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) is the result of a collaboration among the World Bank Group, and Lesotho's Ministries of Education and Finance, and is designed to inform Lesotho's effort in expanding access to quality education services, while operating in a highly fiscally constraint environment. Although education spending is one of the highest in the world as a percentage of GDP (13.5 percent of GDP) and universal access to primary education enshrined in law, poor educational outcomes persist across the country. Lesotho is also not on track to achieve the two education-related MDGs, with both primary enrollment (82 percent) and primary completion (65 percent) rates lagging far behind the goal of 100 percent by the end 2015. The report is organized as follows. The first chapter offers a detailed assessment of the overall sectoral budgeting and expenditure patterns in the education sector over a five-year period, from fiscal years (FY) 2011-12 to 2015-16, using multiple data sources. The second chapter estimates the cost of expanding secondary education to achieve the government's goal of universal compulsory lower basic education by 2020 and makes recommendations on how to better utilize the funding for the sector taking into account the fiscal constraints at macro level
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: In the wake of the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola) crisis, the international development community, including the World Bank Group (WBG), have taken various institutional and operational steps to improve the advice, investments, and financing instruments to support both the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency responses to infectious disease outbreaks. Several World Bank instruments have been developed or adapted to more promptly deliver financial resources. The objective of the study is to inform the design and implementation of financing for rapid response to outbreaks through an analysis of lessons learned from recent outbreaks in West and Central Africa. This report will explain the methodology used to collect and analyze study data. It will then review the background, findings, and observations on mobilizing domestic and external funds for response in light of the evolution of epidemics in West Africa, Nigeria, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report summarizes the recent changes and key remaining challenges globally and in select countries summarized by the four selected themes (governance, effective financing, efficient use of resources, and preparedness). This report then offers conclusions and recommendations from this qualitative study
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Ghana's real gross domestic product (GDP) expanded in 2018, albeit at a slower rate than in 2017; the expansion was spurred by the mineral component of the industry sector. The government sustained its fiscal consolidation efforts in 2018 despite challenges. The current account deficit narrowed further in 2018 but portfolio capital outflows put pressure on reserves. The financial sector in Ghana has grown rapidly since 2010, and with it the share of Ghanaians with access to formal financial services, which is a measure of financial inclusion. Despite all the challenges in building a more financially inclusive economy, there has been a significant growth in the number of financial access points over the past five years. The government has facilitated interoperability across payment instruments by establishing a mobile money switching solution. But more can be done to leverage innovative digital technology, as is recognized in the government's national financial inclusion and development strategy (NFIDS). In support of the government's efforts, the financial sector analysis in this economic update concludes with five specific recommendations for enhancing financial inclusion in Ghana: digitize government and utility payments; link informal channels with formal financial services; promote agent banking; improve financial capability; and leverage data to improve access to finance
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The economy of the United Republic of Tanzania is growing fast but remains vulnerable to disasters, which are likely to worsen with climate change. Its transportation system, which mainly consist of roads, often get disrupted by floods. How could the resilience of the transportation infrastructures be improved? We formulate a new type of model, called DisruptSCT, which brings together the strength of two different approaches: network criticality analyses and input-output models. Using a variety of data, we spatially disaggregate production, consumption, and input-output relationships. Plugged into a dynamic agent-based model, these downscaled data allow us to simulate the disruption of transportation infrastructures, their direct impacts on firms, and how these impacts propagate along supply chains and lead to losses to households. These indirect losses generally affect people that are not directly hit by disasters. Their intensity nonlinearly increases with the duration of the initial disruption. Supply chains generate interdependencies that amplify disruptions for nonprimary products, such as processed food and manufacturing products. We identify bottlenecks in the network. But their criticality depends on the supply chain we are looking at. For instance, some infrastructures are critical to some agents, say international buyers, but of little use to others. Investment priorities vary with policy objectives, e.g., support health services, improve food security, promote trade competitiveness. Resilience-enhancing strategies can act on the supply side of transportation, by improving the quality of targeted infrastructure, developing alternative corridors, building capacity to accelerate post-disaster recovery. On the other hand, policies could also support coping mechanisms within supply chains, such as sourcing and inventory strategies. Our results help articulate these different policies and adapt them to specific contexts
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: This Country Economic Mem ...
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. This country brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. Nicaragua became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2008 and was the first country in the world which ratified the FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. Data on smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption in Nicaragua are scarce, and it is difficult to estimate recent tobacco consumption trends among adults. However, the decline in the prevalence of current smoking among GYTS participating adolescents from 20.4 percent in 2003 to 13.8 percent in 2014 among boys and from 12.8 percent in 2003 to 10.3 percent in 2014 among girls may be considered an indicator of tobacco control policy success. In 2009, Nicaragua switched from ad valorem to specific excise system for cigarettes. The specific excise tax rates and cigarette prices increased in 2012-2016. Available data demonstrate some decline in cigarette sales in Nicaragua in 2013-2017, as cigarettes became less affordable after the price increase and the taxation policy was beneficial for public health. Specific excise rates in 2017 and 2018 were increased by only 5 percent annually, and it was insufficient both for the reduction of tobacco affordability and for the increase of the government revenue. In February 2019, Nicaragua adopted rather substantial cigarette excise hikes: by 210 percent in 2019 and further by 25 percent in 2020 and 38 percent in 2021. These tax hikes are able to reduce tobacco consumption in the country and bring additional resources to the government coffers. However, the tobacco industry will probably try to distort positive results of the taxation reform. The government should be ready to counteract these tactics using the experience of other countries and conducting careful and timely monitoring of indicators of cigarette prices, supply, and sales. Tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be developed in Nicaragua, including a regular collection of information on smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption and various economic indicators
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an ov ...
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Health indicators in the Philippines currently lag well behind what will be expected given the country's level of economic development. Immunization rates are at their lowest point in 10 years, maternal mortality remains very high, one in three Filipino children suffer from malnutrition, and the noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden is growing. The resulting epidemiologic profile is complex, and an adequate response requires a robust primary health care system. With the introduction and subsequent expansion of the social health insurer, administered by the Philippine health insurance corporation (PhilHealth), the central government has sought to ensure access to a number of high-priority health services, including at the primary level. However, much of the responsibility for implementing the publicly funded health system is at the local level, where capacity and resources differ. This paper seeks to understand the extent to which basic service delivery units (specifically rural health units (RHUs)) have the capacity to deliver the primary health care services mandated by the government
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Timor-Leste has made impr ...
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Investment in young children in Liberia is a critical aspect to Liberia's development agenda. While progress is being made, greater momentum is needed to ensure that young children develop and thrive along physical, cognitive, language and socio-emotional dimensions. The quality and quantity of early experiences in the first thousand days lay the foundation for children's brain development, which includes good nutrition, early stimulation, and safe and secure environments. Healthy brains in turn influence health and education outcomes in subsequent years which translates into economic growth. Investments in early experiences yield better health, better school readiness, and higher academic performance which in turn leads to higher economic productivity. The pathway to early childhood development (ECD) starts in utero, therefore, investments in pre-natal services and healthy pregnancies are the starting points to healthy childhoods and productive adulthood. Investment in the early years is a proven gateway to a country's economic growth and development. to reap full benefits of ECD investments, it is critical to start early and integrate programs across health, nutrition, education, and social or child protection sectors. Over the past three decades, Liberia made some improvements in the well-being of the youngest in the country. Despite progress, coverage of services remains low across the ECD continuum from conception through birth to child health and pre-school packages. to conclude, existing guidelines for center or facility-based delivery of ECD services should be reviewed and revised to ensure integration of services
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Cambodia's rapid economic growth and poverty reduction have taken place in an environment characterized by macroeconomic stability and prudent fiscal management. Having recently graduated to become a lower middle-income country, Cambodia is beginning to face complex fiscal and public service delivery challenges. The Cambodia public expenditure review (PER) discusses the numerous achievements in fiscal policy to date and presents policy options going forward, based on both analysis and consultations with stakeholders. The PER aims to help the Royal Government of Cambodia in the effort to overcome the challenges and move toward more effective public spending and service delivery, while maintaining macroeconomic stability. to make the most of fiscal policy and available fiscal space, Cambodia needs to continue improving the allocation and execution of public resources, for increased value for money. The Cambodia Public Expenditure Review (PER)discusses the numerous achievements in fiscal policy to date and proposes policy options goingforward, based on both analysis and consultations with stakeholders. The PER aims to help the RoyalGovernment of Cambodia in the effort to overcome the abovementioned challenges and move towardmore effective public spending and service delivery, while maintaining macroeconomic stability. Structured around the key challenges, the six chapters of the PER are based on background papers that incorporate feedback from two rounds of consultations with the PER Committee chaired by the Ministry of Economy and Finance
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Thailand Economic Monitor (TEM) consists of two parts. Part 1 of the TEM reviews recent economic developments, examines the country's macroeconomic outlook, and analyzes the impact of key policy changes. Part 2 focuses on a specific subject with critical implications for Thailand's long-term growth prospects. This edition of the TEM analyzes the power of financial technology (fintech) to support financial inclusion, a key element of the 20-Year National Strategy
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The start of a new administration offers a tremendous opportunity for Malawi to build upon recent progress to move beyond a history of low growth and limited poverty reduction. This package of policy notes is addressed to Malawian society and to the beginning of a new administration following the May 2019 elections. It provides the World Bank's diagnosis of Malawi's main economic and social development challenges and charts a possible course to address them. The insights offered draw upon a wealth of analysis carried out in the past few years by the World Bank country team, including a comprehensive Systematic Country Diagnostic and a recent Country Economic Memorandum
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Montenegro became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006 and ratified the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products in 2017. Tobacco excise hikes, undertaken in Montenegro in 2009-2011, were successful both in fiscal and public health terms. Revenues from tobacco excises rose from about 4 million in 2007 to 44 million euro in 2011. Annual cigarette sales declined from more than 1.5 billion cigarettes in 2008-2011 to less than 1 billion cigarettes in 2014 and further years. However, in 2013-2016, tobacco excise increases were too small to reduce tobacco affordability and tobacco sales, and tobacco revenues did not change much. In August 2017, Montenegro adopted an ambitious plan of excise tax increases; however, the tobacco industry responded with series of hidden actions (forestalling and price over-shifting) which temporarily reduced tobacco excise revenue in early 2018. As the next high increase of excise rate was scheduled for January 2018, and at the same time, VAT rate increased from 19 to 21, the industry substantially increased cigarette supply in the second half of 2017 and sharply reduced it in early 2018 as it already had in stocks large numbers of cigarettes for which excise was paid in 2017. The excise revenue substantially increased in late 2017, but declined in early 2018 despite the excise rate increase. The industry organized the media campaign to persuade the government that this revenue decline was allegedly caused by tax-driven growth in cigarette smuggling (while no rigorous evidence of such growth was presented), and the only way to fight smuggling is the reduction of cigarette excise. From September 2018, the excise rates were reduced, while they are still higher than those planned before 2017. The plan of annual tobacco excise changes until 2025 was already adopted by authorities, but the proposed changes have rather low potential to reduce the tobacco consumption and to increase government revenue. The expected total excise rate in 2025 will be below 90 euro (minimum EU level). Montenegro is able to conduct a more aggressive and successful tobacco taxation policy which can both reduce tobacco consumption and increase tobacco revenue
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The external environment has deteriorated during the first half of 2019, and downside riskspredominate in the near-term. Global GDP growth is projected to decline to 2.6 percent in 2019 from 3 percent in 2018, reflecting broad-based weakness in advanced economies and major Emerging Market and Developing Economies. Reflecting slower growth and heightened policy uncertainty associated with protected trade tensions, global trade growth is protracted to weaken further from 4.1 percent in 2018 to 2.6 percent in 2019. Downside risks include a further escalation of trade disputes between the world's two largest trading nations, while a more pronounced downturn in global activity and increased volatility in financial flows. Amidst rising global headwinds, Vietnam's economic growth momentum has been slowing since the beginning of the year. Vietnam's real GDP growth has decelerated to a still robust 6.8 percent in the first quarter of 2019 from a vibrant 7.5 percent pace in the same period of 2018. Slower growth reflects several factors. Agricultural output decelerated due to the outbreak of African swine fever and a decline in international prices. Weaker external demand moderated growth of the export-oriented manufacturing sector as well as overall export performance, even though Vietnam seems to have benefitted from some trade diversion due to the ongoing trade tensions between China and the US. Domestic investment appears to be slowed resulting from subdued credit growth and continued consolidation in public investment. Other macroeconomic indicators, such as more sluggish credit growth, subdued inflation and slower import growth are further signs of a cyclical moderation in economic activity. In contrast, service sector activity continues relatively strong, signaling sustained buoyancy in private consumption. Despite a recent uptick in headline inflation, price pressures have remained subdued as credit growth moderated. The headline CPI rose by 2.9 percent (y/y) in May 2019, up slightly from 2.6 percent in January 2019, driven by hikes in administered prices (for electricity and fuel) and moderate food price increases. The State Bank of Vietnam maintained a prudent monetary policy stance to support its twin goals of sustaining macroeconomic stability and supporting overall economic growth. Credit growth is estimated to have slowed to about 13 percent (y/y) in March 2019 reflecting tighter credit policies
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The World Bank, with support from authorities in the Western Balkans, has developed a practical guide for capital markets development in small economies. The guide supports the implementation of the Multi-Annual Action Plan for a Regional Economic Area in the Western Balkans Six by helping inform policy discussions around capital markets development, including to what extent capital markets have potential and should be given priority in the region and small economies more broadly. The practical guide aims to provide regulators and policymakers in small economies with an overview of the capital market development agenda and existing challenges. The guide aims to support policymakers and regulators of small economies identify general preconditions, key constraints, and areas of potential for development of local capital markets. A framework for analysis of preconditions and capital markets development has been developed to guide reforms in small economies. A pilot of the methodology in Serbia helped further advance the framework and adapt it to the realities that small economies face. The framework for analysis of the preconditions and capital markets is outlined in Annex two. The practical guide focuses on both necessary preconditions and on relevant specific issues in capital markets development. It includes an assessment of the macro-fundamental preconditions that need to be in place to make capital markets development possible, including macro-political stability, level of savings, the structure of corporate sector, the broader legal and regulatory framework (including insolvency law and tax law), the level of real interest rates, and the soundness of the banking sector
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Despite its small population and land area, Bhutan is among the most rapidly urbanizing countries in South Asia. While this urbanization parallels robust economic growth and the expansion of job and investment opportunities in cities, there remain challenges to fully leveraging the potential of urban areas. Bhutan has made impressive gains toward the convergence of access to basic services across the country, but there are gaps in the quality of coverage, particularly for water and sanitation. Local governments will have an increased role in basic service provision and capital investment, but it requires enhanced capacity and resources to improve efficiency and responsiveness to local needs. Urban growth has increased demand for quality housing, which has resulted in a scarcity of affordable units and has increased pressure for urban expansion. Finally, the concentration of people and property in growing cities also changes the hazard risk profile of these areas, which is not adequately understood due to a lack of adequate data systems and poor integration into planning mechanisms. An integrated approach to urbanization is essential; one that leverages the benefits of agglomeration while also managing the diseconomies and negative externalities of urban growth
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