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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (242)
  • 2010-2014  (242)
  • 2005-2009  (5)
  • 2010  (242)
  • Economics  (242)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Language: English
    Uniform Title: Das Kapital
    Keywords: Capital ; Economics
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  • 2
    ISBN: 0415222400 , 0415222419 , 0415222427 , 0415222435 , 0415222443
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Keywords: Spieltheorie ; Verhandlungstheorie ; Nash-Gleichgewicht ; Auktionstheorie ; Makroökonomik ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Theorie ; Wiederholte Spiele ; Evolutionäre Spieltheorie ; Social sciences ; Mathematical models ; Economics ; Mathematical models ; Social sciences ; Methodology ; Economics ; Methodology ; Game theory ; Bibliografie
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 3
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 25 cm
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dietl, Clara-Erika, - 1996 Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik
    Keywords: Recht / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Wirtschaft / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Politik / Lexikon, Wörterbuch ; Englisch / O.b. Wörterbücher, Fachausdrücke0 ; Law ; Dictionaries ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; Political ; Dictionaries ; English ; Dictionaries ; German ; Law ; Dictionaries ; German ; Economics ; Dictionaries ; German ; Political ; Dictionaries ; German ; German ; Dictionaries ; English ; Mehrsprachiges Wörterbuch ; Wörterbuch ; Deutsch ; Recht ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Politik ; Englisch ; Deutsch ; Wirtschaft ; Englisch ; Recht ; Wirtschaft ; Politik
    Note: Teil 1, 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Erdsiek, Gerhard: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teil 2, 5. Aufl. mit dem Zusatz: Mit Kommentaren in deutscher und englischer Sprache , 1. - 7. Aufl , Ab 2002 parallele CD-ROM-Ausg. u.d.T.: Wörterbuch für Recht, Wirtschaft und Politik , Teilw. außerdem im Bender-Verl., New York, erschienen
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  • 4
    ISBN: 0415153808
    Language: English
    DDC: 330.01
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 5
    ISBN: 3320007491
    Language: German
    Edition: Separatausgabe
    Keywords: Capital ; Economics ; Quelle ; Marx, Karl 1818-1883 Das Kapital
    Note: Ausgabe ist identisch mit Bd. 23 - 25 der Werke von Marx und Engels
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Factbook Statistics
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Panorama des statistiques de l'OCDE 2010 : Crise financière (Édition 2010)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset is the OECD Factbook 2010 special focus and it brings together a range of statistics relevant for the analysis of the crisis, of its build-up and, where data are available, of its aftermath.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264064119
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of International Migration to OECD Countries
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage examine les dynamiques sociales, économiques et environnementales qui, dans les pays de l’OCDE, peuvent se conjuguer et attirer des migrants appartenant à des catégories et horizons divers, ainsi que les forces qui peuvent convaincre de quitter son pays d’origine ou d’y rester. En analysant ces différents facteurs d’attraction et de rejet, et en construisant cinq scénarios relatifs aux migrations futures, cet ouvrage s’efforce d’apporter des éclaircissements sur une série de questions essentielles. Quels facteurs seront les principaux déterminants des flux migratoires mondiaux ? Quels pays de l’OCDE seront particulièrement attrayants aux yeux des migrants ? Où, en dehors de la zone OCDE, les pressions migratoires seront-elles particulièrement fortes ? À quel type de problématique liée aux migrations les responsables de l’action publique risquent-ils d’être confrontés à l’approche de l’année 2030 ?
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264107182 , 9789264079939
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fisheries; While Stocks Last?
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: Ce poisson dans votre assiette, d’où vient-il ? A-t-il été pêché par un chalutier high-tech, attrapé par un pêcheur solitaire, élevé dans une ferme avec des milliers d’autres, ou encore volé par des pirates ? Savez-vous qu’il a peut-être été capturé dans l’Atlantique Sud, débarqué en Europe puis transformé en Chine ? La mondialisation, les relations Nord-Sud mais également l’évolution des comportements et des styles de vie, ainsi que notre manière de gérer les ressources naturelles, sont autant de facteurs qui influent sur les pêcheries. Les essentiels de l’OCDE : Les pêcheries s’appuie sur l’expertise de l’OCDE pour appréhender l’ensemble de ces questions, et présenter les défis auxquels font face les acteurs du monde de la pêche. Au-delà des pêcheurs et de leurs familles, cet ouvrage s’intéresse également au point de vue des ONG, des spécialistes gouvernementaux, des scientifiques et des experts indépendants.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Panorama des statistiques de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Factbook 2010: Financial crisis (Edition 2010)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette base de données est le théme spécial du Panorama de l'OCDE 2010 et Il rassemble une série de statistiques pertinentes pour l'analyse de la crise et de sa constitution. Les données sont fournies pour tous les pays membres de l’OCDE (avec le total pour l’ensemble de la zone), ainsi que pour un certain nombre de pays non membres.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD National Accounts Statistics
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset presents OECD quarterly national accounts (QNA) statistics collected from all the OECD member countries and some major economies. It contains a wide selection of mainly seasonally adjusted quarterly series such as gross domestic product (GDP) expenditure and output approaches, GDP income approach, gross fixed capital formation, disposable income and real disposable income components, saving and net lending, population and employment, employment by industry, compensation of employees, household final consumption expenditure by durability. Data are expressed in millions of national currency, millions of US dollars and other measures and starting from 1946 when available.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD National Accounts Statistics
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Panorama des comptes nationaux (Édition 2010)
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Statistiques de l'OCDE sur les comptes nationaux
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe National Accounts at a Glance (Edition 2010)
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.799
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper the recently updated product market regulation (PMR) indicators are extended to a larger set of countries including several non-OECD members. It investigates regulatory patterns in this extended set of countries as compared to the OECD countries and analyses the link between regulation and growth. On average, regulation is more restrictive of competition in non-member countries than in the OECD area. However, there exists considerable heterogeneity within this country grouping as concerns the level of the regulatory stance and its composition as well as the potential past evolution of regulatory processes. Furthermore, growth regressions provide evidence that less restrictive product market regulation is conducive to growth. An improvement of ½ index points of barriers to entrepreneurship would translate into approximately a 0.4% higher average annual rate of GDP per capita growth. However, the results also suggest that for countries that are less advanced, the potential growth benefits of enhancing product market competition may be impaired by other structural weaknesses. In particular, some restrictions of foreign trade and investment might be beneficial for growth in early stages of development.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.775
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Global external imbalances widened persistently over the last several years and have narrowed abruptly over the course of the financial crisis. Understanding the extent to which structural or cyclical factors may have driven these patterns is important to assess the likely evolution of global imbalances going forward, as well as the potential adjustment that can be achieved through changes in policy. This paper assesses the link between structural and cyclical factors and current-account balances using a panel of 94 countries from 1973 to 2008. We find that the medium-term evolution of global external imbalances can be related in large part to structural factors including cross-country differences in demographics, fiscal deficits, oil dependency and intensity, stage of economic development, financial market development, and institutional quality. Part of the narrowing in current-account balances since the financial crisis appears to be related to various cyclical factors including changes in output growth, oil prices, and exchange rates, and may be expected to reverse alongside the economic recovery.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.802
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: Hungary has faced a considerable challenge to regain credibility following persistent and high fiscal deficits. Efforts during recent years have produced substantial results. The fiscal deficit has been brought down significantly and, despite the recession, fiscal consolidation has continued to help restore foreign investor confidence. Short-term fiscal adjustment needed to be accompanied by measures that can durably improve Hungary’s fiscal position, however, and it has; the adoption in 2009 of a pension reform and a Fiscal Responsibility Act, creating a Fiscal Council and fiscal rules hold that potential. These results should not lead to complacency. Some expenditure cuts, such as lower public salaries, may prove difficult to sustain. Fiscal consolidation in the past owed both to expenditure cuts and revenue increases. As a result, and despite an important tax reform starting in the second half of 2009 and extended from the beginning of 2010, marginal tax rates remain high, with adverse effects on the labour market and growth. Going forward, the government needs to contain public expenditure growth and improve public administration efficiency to reduce the public “footprint” on the economy and allow lower taxes. Key areas that warrant intensified efforts are public administration and health. The government should help secure a prominent role for the Fiscal Council and sufficient experience needs to accumulate before considering any substantial changes in the fiscal rules. Finally, improvements to make taxation less distortive should continue by further reducing tax wedges, and increasing the role of wealth taxes, notably for local governments. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/hungary).
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    s.l. : WRR
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 electronic resource (55 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economics
    Abstract: We live in turbulent times. This begs the question of how the world might look once the crisis (or crises) is over. For the WRR Lecture 2010 we addressed this question by inviting two internationally renowned experts in the field of future research: Angela Wilkinson, Director of the Futures Programme at Oxford University (uk) and John Robinson, Professor of Sustainable Development at the University of British Columbia (ubc) in Vancouver (Canada)
    Note: English
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  • 29
    ISBN: xxxxxxxxxx
    Language: Dutch
    Pages: 1 electronic resource (44 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economics
    Abstract: Mondiale crises – zoals rond voedselzekerheid, de Mexicaanse grieppandemie of de recente financiële instabiliteit – zijn het gevolg van toenemende interdependenties tussen landen. Rijke en ontwikkelingslanden raken steeds meer met elkaar verbonden, wat in het ene land gebeurt kan gevolgen hebben aan de andere kant van de planeet, en veel problemen zijn niet langer binnen de grenzen van één land aan te pakken.Op de vraag hoe we in deze nieuwe context internationale problemen en vragen verder kunnen brengen, is nog nergens het definitieve antwoord gevonden, maar daar zijn de afgelopen jaren wel goede aanzetten voor gegeven met coherentiebeleid en internationale publieke goederen. Nederland deed tot voor kort niet veel met het concept internationale publieke goederen.Dit paper schetst daarom op basis van relevante internationale literatuur een aantal karakteristieken van internationale publieke goederen.De serie WRR-webpublicaties omvat studies die in het kader van de werkzaamheden van de WRR tot stand zijn gekomen. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud en de ingenomen standpunten berust bij de auteurs
    Note: Dutch
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 88 (Édition 2010/2)
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Brazil ; Canada ; Chile ; China, People’s Republic ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Euro Area ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; India ; Indonesia ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Luxembourg ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The OECD Economic Outlook analyses the major economic trends over the coming 2 to 3 years as well as market forecasts and projections. It provides in-depth coverage of the main economic issues and the policy measures required to foster growth in each member country. Forthcoming developments in major non-OECD economies are also evaluated in detail. This database is a comprehensive and consistent macroeconomic database of the OECD economies, covering expenditures, foreign trade, output, labour markets, interest and exchange rates, balance of payments, and government debt. For the non-OECD regions, foreign trade and current account series are available. It also comprises statistics on demand and gross domestic product (GDP), deflators and prices, general government accounts, households and business sectors, labour market, financial data, foreign exchange market, balance of payments, supply block, oil market and other raw materials. The No 88 version of the Economic Outlook covers data from 1960 with projections until 2012.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE : statistiques et projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Outlook No. 87 (Edition 2010/1)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La base de données des Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE contient des données rétrospectives et des projections pour un éventail de statistiques économiques, telles que : demande et produit intérieur brut (PIB), déflateurs et prix, comptes des administrations publiques, secteur des ménages et des entreprises, marché du travail, données financières, commerce extérieur, balance des paiements, bloc d'offre et marché du pétrole et autres matières premières.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE : statistiques et projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Outlook No. 88 (Edition 2010/2)
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Brazil ; Canada ; Chile ; China, People’s Republic ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Euro Area ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; India ; Indonesia ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Luxembourg ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Russian Federation ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: La base de données des Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE contient des données rétrospectives et des projections pour un éventail de statistiques économiques, telles que : demande et produit intérieur brut (PIB), déflateurs et prix, comptes des administrations publiques, secteur des ménages et des entreprises, marché du travail, données financières, commerce extérieur, balance des paiements, bloc d'offre et marché du pétrole et autres matières premières.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 87 (Édition 2010/1)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Economic Outlook online database provides historical trends and future projections for a range of economic statistics. These include demand and gross domestic product (GDP), deflators and prices, general government accounts, households and business sectors, labour market, financial data, foreign exchange market, balance of payments, supply block, oil market and other raw materials.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Factbook Statistics
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Panorama des statistiques de l'OCDE 2010 : Indicateurs par pays (Édition 2010)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The indicators dataset includes more than 100 indicators on population, economic production, foreign trade and investment, energy, labour force, information and communications, public finances, innovation, the environment, foreign aid, agriculture, taxation, education, health and quality of life. Data are provided for all OECD member countries with area totals, and in some cases, for selected non-member economies.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Panorama des statistiques de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Factbook 2010: Country Indicators (Edition 2010)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette base de données comprend plus de 100 indicateurs sur l'économie, agriculture, éducation, énergie, environnement, aide extérieure, santé et qualité de la vie, industrie, information et communications, population/main-d’oeuvre, échanges et investissement, fiscalité, dépenses publiques et R-D. Les données sont fournies pour tous les pays membres de l’OCDE (avec le total pour l’ensemble de la zone), ainsi que pour un certain nombre de pays non membres. Pays membres de l'OCDE : Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Canada, Chili, Corée, Danemark, Espagne, Estonie, États-Unis, Finlande, France, Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Islande, Israël, Italie, Japon, Luxembourg, Mexique, Norvège, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, République slovaque, République tchèque, Royaume-Uni, Slovénie, Suède, Suisse, Turquie. Économies non membres : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnie-Herzégovine, Brésil, Cameroun, Chine, Côte d''Ivoire, Égypte, Éthiopie, Inde, Indonésie, Iraq, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibie, Nigéria, Territoire palestinien occupé, Pakistan, Pérou, Philippines, Fédération de Russie, Afrique du Sud, Soudan, Taipei chinois, République Unie de Tanzanie, Thaïlande, Viet Nam
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.788
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: The German banking system came under pressure during the financial crisis, not least due to its significant exposure to toxic assets which originated in the US. In the short run, the stability of the system has been achieved, in large part through substantial government support measures. However, ensuring adequate capitalization of the banking system remains a major challenge going forward and may require more active government involvement. The underlying causes of the banking sector problems are related to: i) the activities of the Landesbanken which benefitted from government guarantees without a proper business model; ii) weak capitalization and high fragmentation of the whole banking system, possibly related to the particularly rigid three-pillar structure; and iii) deficiencies in banking regulation and supervision. The challenge is to address these three causes in order to raise the long-run stability of the banking system. This paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Review of Germany (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/germany).
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.826
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: This paper considers the increase in current account imbalances in euro area countries since the early 1990s. While the euro area as a whole has remained relatively close to external balance, the current account balances of individual countries have diverged: Spain, Greece and Portugal ran large current account deficits by historical norms for industrial economies, while Germany and the Netherlands ran large surpluses. These imbalances are larger and more sustained than those observed in recent decades. While there has been extensive discussion of the US and Chinese external positions in the context of the debate on global imbalances, more attention has been given to the developments in the euro area only in the wake of the recent sovereign debt crisis. This paper uses a period-average model estimated on data for OECD countries since the late 1960s to investigate the determinants of current account imbalances. Fundamental economic factors are found to play an important role, in line with earlier studies, but do not fully explain the extent of imbalances over the past decade. The strength of housing investment appears to capture important effects over this period. This working paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of the Euro Area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea).
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.782
    Keywords: Economics ; Israel
    Abstract: Welfare-to-work measures are a central theme of Israel’s labour and social policies to tackle relative poverty, which is concentrated among the Arab-Israeli and Ultra-orthodox (Haredi) communities. Policies include pilot programmes involving private-sector job placement (the “Wisconsin” programme) and an earned-income tax credit. Also, there is increased policy attention to help parents to combine work and family through improvements to daycare and early education. Microeconomic simulations of taxes and benefits suggest room for augmenting these policies with adjustments to benefits and tax expenditures. In the labour market, hiring and firing regulations are light, while the minimum-wage is relatively high in comparison with OECD countries, but it is not strongly enforced. Poverty among pensioners is set to fall in the future with the recent introduction of mandatory second-pillar pension saving. But this reform has also raised questions about the structure of tax breaks on pensions. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/israel)
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.827
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: Some euro area countries accumulated large and persistent external imbalances during the upswing, revealing important weaknesses in the macroeconomic management of the monetary union. Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain ran large current account deficits by historical standards, while Finland, Germany and the Netherlands had substantial surpluses. Some of these deficits and surpluses were larger than appear justified by economic fundamentals. The massive debt accumulation made deficit economies vulnerable to shocks, complicated their recovery from the world financial crisis, and has challenged the stability of the euro area. In some countries, fiscal policy in the past decade failed to counter and sometimes aggravated these pressures. External imbalances were driven by underlying domestic economic, financial and sometimes fiscal imbalances. These were the result of a combination of a wide range of country-specific shocks and insufficient macroeconomic and financial stabilisation. Movements in real interest rates in some countries contributed to diverging borrowing and saving patterns, which fuelled credit booms and a weakening of competitiveness in some deficit countries. Weaknesses in financial regulation and over-optimistic growth expectations encouraged excessive risk-taking in both deficit and surplus countries. Harmful imbalances can be characterised by a misallocation of resources and increased vulnerability. When the financial crisis hit, some deficit countries faced the combined problems of a sharp contraction in private demand, an impaired financial system and weak public finances. Unwinding large imbalances, in both deficit and surplus countries, will be a prolonged and difficult process. A new and cross-cutting approach to economic and financial management in the euro area is required to ensure balanced development in the future. While the shocks that led to this build-up of imbalances may not recur, similar pressures are likely to arise within the monetary union in the future. Macroeconomic, financial and fiscal management should be strengthened in an integrated way, alongside structural reforms. This should aim to achieve the differentiation necessary to improve stabilisation of national economies, while ensuring that the euro area as a whole is protected from unsustainable developments in individual countries. Important legislative changes are underway at EU level to improve the surveillance of imbalances and to help ensure that the necessary corrective action is undertaken where risks emerge. This working paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of the Euro Area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea).
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.766
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: Past consolidation has allowed the automatic stabilisers to operate fully during the crisis. Further fiscal easing in late 2008 and early 2009 contributed to a markedly widening fiscal deficit in 2010. A newly enacted fiscal rule, which limits the structural budget deficit of the federal government to a maximum of 0.35% of GDP and requires balanced structural budgets for the Länder, will help bring public finances back to a sustainable path. However, some elements of the new rule may need to be fine tuned in order for it to be more effective. To comply with the transition requirements of the new rule, consolidation beyond a mere phasing-out of the stimulus packages will be needed between 2011 and 2016. Priority should be given to reducing public expenditure, notably by improving public sector efficiency and by cutting back on grants and government consumption, and to phasing out distorting tax concessions. To improve the structure of the tax system, the government should consider raising the share of taxes on property and consumption in total tax revenues. This paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of Germany. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/germany).
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.789
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The 2007-2009 period has been characterised by an oil shock followed by a financial crisis. Higher oil prices and the prospect of higher borrowing costs are likely to reduce the productive potential of OECD economies. The present study provides illustrative numerical estimates of the impact under different scenarios using a stylised model based on a production function. In a scenario where real borrowing costs for firms return to their 1991-2001 average as opposed to staying at the level at which the capital stock in place at the end of 2007 had been invested, the impact on equilibrium GDP could be in the order of 2%. If the real oil price stays at $80 per barrel, up from the $50 average at which the capital stock in place in 2007 had been invested, the impact on equilibrium GDP could be in the order of 1%.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.785
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Productivity growth has declined since the late 1990s, slowing the catching-up process. Structural reforms to strengthen competition, entrepreneurship and innovation would go a long way toward enhancing it. Recent competition policy reforms that strengthen enforcement of cartel law must now be implemented effectively. The National Economic Prosecutor should receive sufficient resources and the ceiling on fines against cartels, which has recently been raised, may need to be reviewed again. Entrepreneurship should be strengthened by reducing regulatory “red tape” for start-ups and simplifying bankruptcy procedures. Recent reforms to the innovation policy framework are welcome but the focus on sectoral priority clusters will need to be accompanied by appropriate monitoring procedures and sunset clauses for public support. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Chile).
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.793
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The global crisis has left many G20 countries with an unenviable legacy of lower potential output and high government indebtedness. Global imbalances, which had narrowed during the recession, are now beginning to widen again, as the recovery takes hold. Structural reform will be needed not only to recover the crisis-driven output loss and to maintain it in the longer term, but also to put the public finances back on a sustainable path and to rebalance global growth. To contribute to the policy debate, this paper summarises the analysis carried out by the OECD on the effects of a host of structural reforms on GDP growth, public finances and external current account balances.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.792
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study analyses the impact of economic catching-up on annual inflation rates in the European Union with a special focus on the new member countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using an array of estimation methods, we show that the Balassa-Samuelson effect is not an important driver of inflation rates. By contrast, we find that the initial price level and regulated prices strongly affect inflation outcomes in a nonlinear manner and that the extension of Engel’s Law may hold during periods of very fast growth. We interpret these results as a sign that price level convergence comes from goods, market and non-market service prices. Furthermore, we find that the Phillips curve flattens with a decline in the inflation rate, that inflation persistence increases and that commodity prices have a stronger effect on inflation in a higher inflation environment.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.809
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Indonesia.s infrastructure is in poor shape, having suffered from protracted under-investment since the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, and constraints growth potential. This paper focuses on the current state of the regulatory framework and discusses different options for improvement in order to attract needed private investment. It recognises the ambitious reforms undertaken by the government thus far, but suggests that further efforts are needed. The authorities should establish a simple regulatory environment based on effective regulatory agencies resulting in lower regulatory uncertainty and realign prices to cost-recovery levels. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Review of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Indonesia).
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.758
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: In 2008, the Czech government implemented a major overhaul of the personal income tax (PIT), replacing the previous progressive rate schedule with a single 15% rate levied on an enlarged base. This was accompanied by significant changes to the corporate income tax (CIT) and an increase in the concessionary rate of value added tax (VAT) applied to many goods and services. The reform made the tax system more transparent and was broadly consistent with OECD recommendations concerning pro-growth tax reform. These tax changes followed the adoption of significant changes to the benefit system, particularly housing and social assistance benefits, in 2006-07. This paper describes the main elements of these tax and benefit reforms and provides an initial assessment of their impact, with particular emphasis on changes in the effective tax rates of workers and firms. It begins with an overview of the systems and a summary of recent changes. This is followed by an evaluation of those reforms. A final section explores the scope for further reforms in future. This paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of the Czech Republic. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/czech).
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.763
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the reaction of fiscal policy to the cycle in OECD countries. The results suggest that while overall government balances were counter-cyclical in the past and more so in economic downturns than in upswings, discretionary fiscal policy was neutral on average. However, discretionary fiscal policy appears to react to the cycle in a non-linear fashion: fiscal policy in countries with high public debt and high government deficits tends to be pro-cyclical, while countries that have low public debt and that have surpluses are more likely to conduct a counter-cyclical fiscal policy. The paper also finds that asset prices have a significant impact on government balances.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.805
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Sustainable development is a key theme in policy making in Norway. Although it owes a considerable part of its wealth to the carbon-based economy, Norway gives priority to the objectives embodied in the OECD Green Growth Strategy and sees itself as a pioneer in some areas. The sustainable development strategy, an integral part of the documentation for the 2008 budget, spelt out the key principles that were intended to guide policymaking and a set of quantitative indicators that are intended to give an indication of progress. Its focus on preserving natural capital and the precautionary principle can indeed be seen to be reflected in Norway’s policy aims on climate change and on fisheries, two otherwise rather different problems. Another principle is the use of costefficient means to achieve these policy objectives. In many ways Norway has pioneered the use of such measures, introducing a CO2 tax early on and adopting individual quotas in fisheries. But in other ways policy prevents them from playing their full role, exempting significant sectors from the CO2 tax and now from the emission trading system, and restricting the tradability of quotas in fishing. This document explores these issues, noting that some potential conflicts between sustainable development objectives could be given fuller recognition, and that Norway can and should follow through more strongly the logic of its pioneering use of economic incentives to further sustainability goals. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 Economic Survey of Norway. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Norway)
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.781
    Keywords: Economics ; Israel
    Abstract: Israel’s education system is complicated by multiple streams at the primary and secondary levels and by military conscription. Population growth and economic expansion have brought a massive increase in demand for all levels of education. Educational attainment statistics are impressive, but results show high-school students have poor basic skills. Reform efforts to tackle this are underway, including increased teachers’ pay in combination with more contact hours and increasing the length of compulsory education. As in other socio-economic spheres, there are significant gaps between Arab-Israelis and the rest of the population. Also, the Ultra-orthodox community’s independent education system presents specific concerns and challenges. In tertiary education, progress has been hindered by the collapse of a reform package that envisaged increased state funding combined with increased student tuition fees, expansion of government-backed student loans and a range of other structural reforms. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/israel)
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.772
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Bayesian Model Averaging techniques are used to analyse how robustly it is possible to identify factors that may lead to the bursting of asset price bubbles in OECD economies. A large set of variables put forward in the literature is assessed, as well as interactions of these variables with estimates of asset price misalignments to evaluate the importance of the different channels postulated by theory. The results indicate that asset price misalignments are not robust determinants of house price reversals unless their interaction with other characteristics of the economy (credit growth, population growth and interest rate developments) is taken into account. On the other hand, stock price reversals are affected by misalignments, as well as other real and monetary variables. Out-of-sample prediction exercises provide evidence that dealing explicitly with model uncertainty using Bayesian model averaging techniques leads to better forecasts of reversals in asset prices than relying on model selection. Conclusions regarding the importance of dealing quantitatively with model uncertainty are drawn to improve the anticipation of asset price reversals.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.783
    Keywords: Economics ; Israel
    Abstract: Israel’s monetary policy framework is broadly sound. Inflation targeting was introduced in the early 1990s, and low single-digit inflation was established by the end of the decade. However, fast transmission from the exchange rate to inflation means the operational challenges differ somewhat from those in many OECD countries. Also, the Bank of Israel has been intervening heavily in the foreign-exchange market, marking a departure from standard practice in inflation targeting. Past progress in fiscal consolidation has been affected by several economic shocks, including the recent downturn. The government’s strategy of lowering tax rates on corporate profits and on personal income is assessed. Also, various avenues for raising revenues on other fronts are suggested. Primary civilian spending is now relatively low in international comparison, the room for savings has narrowed, and many of the necessary future structural reforms probably require initial fiscal outlays. In budgeting, which is strongly controlled by the Ministry of Finance, there is room for various process improvements. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/israel).
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.778
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Rapid economic growth over the past two decades has substantially increased employment in Luxembourg, which has largely been met by in–flows of cross–border workers and, to a lesser extent, immigration. Unemployment has remained low compared to other European countries. These significant social changes have been absorbed without substantially widening income disparities, facilitated by the generous welfare system made affordable by the strong economy. However, this favourable overall picture masks weaknesses in the design of labour market institutions and social transfers that reduce incentives to work for resident workers. Despite the strong economy, this has resulted in lower employment rates for certain groups of residents, notably those who are second–earners, younger or older, or from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds. Furthermore, the incentives provided by existing labour market institutions could make adjustment to changed economic prospects more difficult. The functioning and adaptability of the labour market could be improved without undermining social cohesion through a range of related measures. This could include aligning minimum wage adjustments more closely with economic conditions, which could be achieved through a Minimum Wage Council, and softening employment protection legislation. To raise incentives of residents, social benefits should be decoupled from average wages, and social transfers could be reoriented towards in–work social benefits. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 Economic Survey of Luxembourg. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Luxembourg)
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264073135
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (560 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Political Economy of Reform; Lessons from Pensions, Product Markets and Labour Markets in Ten OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Political Economy of Reform: Lessons from Pensions, Product Markets and Labour Markets in Ten OECD Countries
    Keywords: Economics ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Sozialreform ; Strukturreform ; Ökonomische Theorie der Politik ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Rentenreform ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Gütermarkt ; Strukturreform
    Abstract: En analysant vingt tentatives de réforme structurelle menées dans 10 pays de l’OCDE, ce rapport examine pourquoi certaines de ces réformes politiques sont appliquées et d'autres non. Les études de cas présentées dans l’ouvrage illustrent un large éventail de démarches visant à la réforme de trois secteurs cruciaux : ceux se rapportant aux systèmes de retraite et à la réglementation des marchés du travail et des produits. Les facteurs clés qui dans le domaine de la politique, de l’économie et dans le cadre spécifique du processus de réforme soutiennent celle-ci ou, au contraire, l’entravent sont identifiés tandis que ces résultats font l’objet d’un recoupement effectué en utilisant un ensemble relativement simple de corrélations des rangs de Spearman. La double approche analytique – à la fois quantitative et qualitative – se révèle particulièrement édifiante pour les responsables politiques qui conçoivent, adoptent et mettent en application des réformes politiques structurelles.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The political economy of reform : lessons from pensions, product markets and labour markets in ten OECD countries
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264086296
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Making reform happen
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Economics ; Strukturreform ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Strukturwandel
    Abstract: OECD countries have made significant reform progress in recent decades, in fields as diverse as competition policy, health care and the environment. How have they done it? And why have reforms advanced in some places and stalled in others? This collection of essays analyses the reform experiences of the 30 OECD countries in nine major policy domains in order to identify lessons, pitfalls and strategies that may help foster policy reform in the future. While taking full account of the tremendous differences in the political and institutional settings in which these reforms were undertaken, the authors highlight a number of common challenges and potential solutions that hold good across both countries and issue areas. They show that the scope for cross-national policy learning is enormous. The importance of such reform lessons is all the greater in the wake of the global financial and economic crisis. As OECD governments confront the challenge of trying to restore public finances to health without undermining the recovery, they will need to pursue a careful mix of fiscal policies and growth-enhancing structural reforms. Designing, adopting and implementing such a policy mix will require the crafting of effective reforms and effective strategies for implementing them.
    Note: Enth. 10 Beitr. - Literaturangaben
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Madrid : Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas, Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Spain
    ISBN: 9788496113176
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (179 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: La edición del Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE recoge los avances más recientes en este campo. Proporciona directrices para la utilización de los datos de patentes como indicadores de la ciencia y la tecnología, así como recomendaciones para la recopilación e interpretación de los indicadores de patente. Su objetivo es mostrar para qué pueden y para qué no pueden ser utilizadas las estadísticas de patentes, y cómo deben contabilizarse para obtener la mayor información acerca de las actividades de ciencia y tecnología (CyT) al tiempo que se reduzca el ruido estadístico y el sesgo. Finalmente, describe cómo los datos de patentes pueden emplearse en el análisis de una amplia colección de temas relacionados con el cambio técnico y la actividad de patentes, incluidos los vínculos entre industria-ciencia, estrategias de las empresas a la hora de patentar, internacionalización de la investigación e indicadores del valor de las patentes.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9787502365684
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (251 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 ; Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for compiling statistics. This updated edition contains improved guidelines adjusted for chnges in OECD economies, including measurement of service-sector R&D, R&D globalisation, and R&D human resources.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.828
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: The euro area financial system took excessive risks during the global credit boom, which in some countries led to an unsustainable increase in credit, higher asset prices and housing booms. This process helped to fuel large imbalances within the euro area. Banks played a key role in channelling funds from economies with large surpluses to deficit countries, leading in some cases to the accumulation of considerable risks for borrowers and lenders. Weaknesses in the regulatory and supervisory architecture contributed to these problems in the euro area, as in other OECD economies. Gaps in microprudential regulation created an environment prone to excessive risk-taking: capital buffers were too small; the quality of capital was inadequate; banks’ models underestimated risks; and risks were shifted off-balance sheet and beyond supervisory oversight. Liquidity risks were not adequately monitored. Systemic risks were allowed to build up as the authorities largely failed to counter the credit cycle. Some large systemic banks contributed to growing imbalances and vulnerability. The decentralised European supervisory architecture was not sufficiently effective in supervising large cross-border institutions. When the financial crisis hit, the co-ordination of cross-border rescues proved problematic and complicated efficient resolution. Stronger regulations are needed to improve financial stability. Effective microprudential regulation is the first line of defence. This should be upgraded by implementing the Basel III capital accord, as has been announced by the EU authorities, and a range of related measures. Some consideration should be given to an accelerated phasing-in. Macroprudential regulation should be significantly developed to mitigate pro-cyclicality and reduce systemic risks posed by large cross-border banks. The creation of the European Systemic Risk Board is welcome. To improve cross-border supervision, the European Banking Authority should have sufficient powers and resources to ensure that a system based on national supervision leads to coherent regulation and effective supervision. In addition, a cross-border crisis-management framework for Europe is needed. Overall, significant steps have already been taken by the EU authorities to address these issues and further reforms are under way. This working paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of the Euro area. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/EuroArea).
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.764
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A survey of the literature on asset price impacts on the real economy shows a much wider range of work on consumption and related wealth effects than on investment. The existence of wealth effects on consumption is little contested, but there remains an issue of whether different effects should hold between countries and across assets. There is less empirical work available on investment, partly reflecting poor results for Tobin?s Q, the user cost of capital and the financial accelerator. Panel investment functions for up to 23 OECD countries are estimated. Significant asset price effects from the financial accelerator and Tobin?s Q are found especially for the G7 countries as well as uncertainty effects as proxied by asset price volatility, but they only matter for the smaller OECD countries.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.753
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Central banks have responded with exceptional vigour to the crisis by using their traditional interest-rate tools to their limits and deploying a wide range of unconventional measures. This paper documents these responses in a systematic way, reviews the evidence about their impact, and discusses the need to exit from these measures. Unconventional monetary policy measures appear to have been broadly successful in terms of improving conditions in financial markets and stabilising the real economy. In line with the improvement in functioning of financial markets, however, these unconventional measures should be gradually removed. Given the considerable changes in the size and composition of central banks' balance sheets, the exit will likely involve the combination of various tools. More challenging questions surround the decisions of when and how fast the current exceptional amount of stimulus should be reduced and then eliminated. A particularly important goal will be to preserve the hard-won anchoring of inflation expectations and dissipate any hypothetical fears that central banks? greater risk exposure and purchases of bonds issued or backed by governments might have reduced their independence regarding monetary policy decisions.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.822
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: As a result of reforms and financial sector development, the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) now exerts significant control over money market interest rates. With money market conditions increasingly influencing effective commercial lending rates, the PBoC is also able to affect the cost of credit without recourse to its benchmark commercial bank rates. Furthermore, interest rates are an important determinant of investment spending in China, via the user cost of capital, and aggregate economic activity influences inflation. Hence, greater use of interest rates in implementing monetary policy would enhance macroeconomic stabilisation while avoiding a number of drawbacks of the current quantity-based approach. In addition, increased flexibility in the exchange rate would enhance its role in offsetting macroeconomic shocks and allow the PBoC more scope to tailor monetary policy to domestic macroeconomic conditions. Concurrently, changes in the PBoC’s policy stance should be predicated on informed judgments based on the monitoring of a set of indicators in conjunction with a flexible inflation objective as the nominal anchor. This paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Review of China (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/china).
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.829
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: There is growing interest in the role of independent fiscal institutions, or fiscal councils, in helping to improve fiscal performance. This paper provides some guidance on the scope for improving fiscal performance through fiscal councils based on the available literature and the range of fiscal institutions in the OECD countries. The effectiveness of fiscal councils hinges on several factors, including having full autonomy within the scope of their mandates, active and unfettered dissemination of their analysis and their credibility. Experience and empirical evidence suggest that delegating macroeconomic forecasting to an independent fiscal council can indeed reduce forecasting bias. There is some empirical evidence that independent fiscal institutions can buttress a government’s capacity to comply with a numerical rule. Good fiscal institutions are a necessary condition for achieving disciplined fiscal performance. Experience demonstrates, however, that their existence is not sufficient. Without strong and sustained political commitment to a medium-term fiscal goal and, where relevant, to the mandate of a fiscal council, durable improvements in fiscal performance will remain elusive. This working paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Survey of the Euro Area (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/euroarea).
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.762
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The ability of discretionary fiscal policy to affect economic activity following shocks depends on how private agents react. This paper re-investigates the extent of possible offsetting private saving behaviour to fiscal policy changes. The results suggest that the private saving offset is around 40% on average across countries in both the short and the long term, which is somewhat lower than found in prior research. However, the estimates vary considerably across countries. Disaggregate analyses of the budget components shows that changes in current revenues are almost fully offset, whereas offsets to current spending are on average around one third to one half depending on the sample. There is no offset for public investment, making it the most potent policy tool. Saving offsets are stronger the higher the level of government debt consistent with the expectation that snowballing debt may ultimately lead to higher taxation. They are also stronger the better developed financial markets are, pointing to the importance of liquidity constraints for the effectiveness of policy.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.825
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper tests the hypothesis that, by giving people more voice in the government decision-making process, fiscal decentralisation fosters social capital, measured in terms of interpersonal trust. Empirical evidence based on World Values Survey data and seemingly unrelated probit estimations for a cross-section of countries suggests that people living in federal/decentralised countries find it more important to have voice in government decisions than their counterparts living in unitary/centralised countries. Pro-voice attitudes are, in turn, associated with greater social capital. The cross-country estimations are complemented by country-specific regressions for Brazil and Indonesia on account of these countries. experiences with fiscal decentralisation. The results show that the cohorts of individuals that have been exposed to decentralisation are in general more pro-voice (and trustful of strangers in the case of Brazil) than their counterparts that have not been exposed to decentralisation. These findings are not driven by the effects of political liberalisation on people.s attitudes towards the importance of having voice in government decisions and interpersonal trust.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 133 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.769
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a set of indicators to assess health care system performance. It also presents new comparative data on health care policies and institutions for OECD countries. This set of indicators allows the empirical characterisation of health care systems and the identification of groups of countries sharing similar health institutions. It also helps to uncover strengths and weaknesses of each country’s health care system and assessing the scope for improving value-for-money. The empirical analysis suggests that there is room in all countries surveyed to improve the effectiveness of health care spending; there is no health care system that performs systematically better in delivering cost-effective health care – big-bang reforms are therefore not warranted; increasing the coherence of policy settings, by adopting best policy practices within a similar system and borrowing the most appropriate elements from other systems will likely be more practical and effective to raise health care spending efficiency.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.768
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a summary of the OECD’s new global macroeconometric model, including an overview of model structure and a selection of simulations illustrating its main properties. Compared with its predecessors, the new model is more compact and regionally aggregated, but gives more weight to the focus of policy interests in global trade and financial linkages. The country model structures typically combine short-term Keynesian-type dynamics with a consistent long-run neo-classical supply-side. While retaining a conventional treatment of international trade and payments linkages, the model has a greater degree of stock-flow consistency, with explicit modelling of domestic and international assets, liabilities and associated income streams. Account is also taken of the influence of financial and housing market developments on asset valuation and domestic expenditures via house and equity prices, interest rates and exchange rates. As a result, the model gives more prominence to wealth and wealth effects in determining longer-term outcomes and the role of asset prices in the transmission of international shocks both to goods and financial markets.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.803
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: How can governments reap the potential benefits of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the provision of infrastructure? Private sector involvement in the provision of public goods is long-standing, often relying on franchises or concessions. More recently, PPPs have risen in prominence, promising innovative solutions and a better allocation of inputs than traditional procurement with separate concessions. However PPPs are not without risks with the outcome depending on the identification of the most efficient bidder, the risk sharing between the public and private sector and the design of the contractual relationship. Furthermore, PPPs, particularly when they are used to circumvent budgetary constraints, present risks to government budgets by creating large contingent liabilities. Drawing on a discussion of the economics of PPPs in relation to infrastructure and questionnaire responses, synthetic indicators are used to assess how well-suited policy frameworks in the OECD are to benefit from PPPs. The results show marked heterogeneity across countries, suggesting there is scope to improve performance and gain expertise by considering other countries? experiences.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.751
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Overall, health outcomes in China have improved tremendously over the past three decades, especially thanks to the reduction in some traditional infectious diseases. However, death rates from chronic diseases have been on the rise, not least owing to changes in life styles and deteriorating environmental conditions. Supply of health care is overwhelmingly provided publicly and hospitals have been absorbing a growing share of the resources. The number of doctors has increased fast but the level of qualification of incumbent doctors is often modest. Demand for care has risen rapidly, in line with incomes, and the relative price of care soared through the early 2000s. Hospital budgets and their doctors’ pay are partly based on the pharmaceuticals they prescribe and sell, whose prices are regulated and involve considerable cross-subsidisation. Faced with these problems, the government has launched a number of reforms. New insurance schemes have been rolled out both in rural and urban areas. As a result, coverage and use of medical facilities has increased a lot, except for migrants. In practice, however, catastrophic but also chronic illnesses continue to push people into poverty, especially in the poorer regions, given limited risk pooling at the national level. A new set of reforms was announced in 2009, aiming at universal, safe, affordable and effective basic health care by 2020. They involve investment in medical infrastructure, generalising coverage, more focus on prevention, a new essential drugs system and far-reaching reorganisation, including hospital reform. It will be important to make sure that primary care plays a greater role and that hospitals are managed more efficiently with less of a hierarchical structure. Progress will also require changes in the relative prices of treatments and higher doctors’ wages and tobacco prices.
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.749
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the share of jobs not controlled by the state has increased considerably, whilst employment in agriculture has declined, against the backdrop of ongoing urbanisation. Over 200 million people have been drawn into urban areas through official or unofficial migration, despite various obstacles to labour mobility, including the registration system and the associated restrictions to social service access. New labour laws were introduced in 2008 to better protect employees in a market now dominated by private-sector employers, notably via more systematic use of and adherence to written labour contracts, in particular of indefinite duration ones. To what extent the new legislation and implementing regulations will be enforced remains to be seen. For the time being, de facto employment protection is far less than de jure, with an enduring preponderance of fixed-term contracts, involving few restrictions. Minimum wages are set locally and have not kept up with average wages, nor are they effectively enforced. During the recent slowdown, average wages adjusted rapidly and employment was soon on the rise again. However, this episode also highlighted the need to integrate migrants better, not least by relaxing registration rules.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.748
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In recent years, policymaking in China has put increasing emphasis on stemming the growth in inequality, which had been fairly steep since the 1980s. Policy action has taken the form of regional development measures and of reforms of various aspects of the social safety net broadly defined. The Western Development Plan has aimed at narrowing the income gap between the sparsely populated and under-developed West and the more prosperous and faster-growing East. The bulk of the expenditure, however, has been on large capital-intensive projects rather than on education and other social spending. More emphasis on education would help reduce the income gap, since human capital is a key determinant of income. Government policies to improve conditions in rural areas nationwide have involved a substantial reduction in the burden of regressive taxes and fees. Welfare assistance has also evolved: a minimum living allowance has been introduced in urban and more recently in rural areas, but it has not reduced poverty that much, not least because of how it is administered. Moreover, the financing of this allowance ought to rely more on national solidarity and its delivery needs to be better co-ordinated with that of other social benefits. A set of new indicators of nationwide inequality, based on household survey data, suggests that overall inequality has ceased to increase in recent years, and may even have inched down. Alternative measures of income inequality across provinces show that, if migration is taken into account, disparities are markedly less, and have tended to decline somewhat in recent years. Even so, geographical inequality remains very high by international standards. It reflects intra- more than inter-provincial differences, pointing to persistent, if diminishing, labour market segmentation.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.757
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents in summary form the findings that emerge from a study of 20 structural reform episodes in 10 OECD countries. The study’s principal messages may be summarised as follows. First, it pays to have an electoral mandate for reform. Secondly, major reforms should be accompanied by consistent co-ordinated efforts to persuade voters and stakeholders of the need for reform and, in particular, to communicate the costs of non-reform. This communications challenge points to the need for policy design to be underpinned by solid research and analysis, which serves both to improve the quality of policy and to enhance prospects for reform adoption. Partly for these reasons, many of the least successful reform attempts were undertaken in haste, often in response to immediate pressures. The cohesion of the government is also critical: if the government is not united around the policy, it will send out mixed messages, and opponents will exploit its divisions. Finally, while much of the political economy literature focuses on agency and the interplay of interests, the condition of the policy regime to be reformed also matters. This paper relates to The Political Economy of Reform: Lessons from Pensions, Product Markets and Labour Markets in Ten OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2009, www.oecd.org/document/18/0,3343,en_2649_33733_43756114_1_1_1_1,00.html
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.791
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Based on an endogenous growth model, we show that intermediate goods markets imperfections can curb incentives to improve productivity downstream. We confirm such prediction by estimating a model of multifactor productivity growth in which the effects of upstream competition vary with distance to frontier on a panel of 15 OECD countries and 20 sectors over 1985-2007. Competitive pressures are proxied with sectoral product market regulation data. We find evidence that anticompetitive upstream regulations have curbed MFP growth over the past 15 years, more strongly so for observations that are close to the productivity frontier.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.807
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: The consensus view of scientists is that the build-up of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere is causing global warming. To reduce the probability of severe climate-change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades. The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost-effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place. Its core elements are comprehensive pricing of GHG emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of GHG-emissions-reducing technologies. The alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264107151 , 9789264077072
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De la crise à la reprise ; Causes, déroulement et conséquences de la Grande Récession
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De la crise à la reprise : Causes, déroulement et conséquences de la Grande Récession
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keeley, Brian From crisis to recovery
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: 2008 ; Konjunktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Weltwirtschaft ; Politische Steuerung ; Ursache ; Konsequenz ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Erde ; OECD ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Rezession ; Konjunkturaufschwung
    Abstract: How did the sharpest global slowdown in more than six decades happen, and how can recovery be made sustainable? OECD Insights: From Crisis to Recovery traces the causes, course and consequences of the “Great Recession”. It explains how a global build up of liquidity, coupled with poor regulation, created a financial crisis that quickly began to make itself felt in the real economy, destroying businesses and raising unemployment to its highest levels in decades. The worst of the crisis now looks to be over, but a swift return to strong growth appears unlikely and employment will take several years to get back to pre-crisis levels. High levels of public and private debt mean cutbacks and saving are likely to become the main priority, meaning the impact of the recession will continue to be felt for years to come.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264067752
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Edition: Deuxième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009; Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 ; Segunda edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 : Segunda edición
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette version révisée de La Mesure du Capital est le premier guide complet décrivant les différentes manières de mesurer les fonds propres. Il s'adresse aux statisticiens, chercheurs et analystes, donne des conseils pratiques tout en offrant des connaissances théoriques. Il propose aussi une vue d'ensemble de la documentation pertinente. Le manuel est composé de trois parties - une première partie avec une description non technique des principaux concepts et étapes de la mesure du capital; une deuxième partie visant leur mise en œuvre et une troisième partie décrivant la théorie ainsi qu’une formulation mathématique plus complète des processus de mesure.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264090200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Growth and sustainability in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Indonesien ; Südafrika ; Economics ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; South Africa ; OECD
    Abstract: Growth and Sustainability in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa is based on the proceedings of a conference, organised by the OECD, on the growth performance of these large emerging-market economies. The book brings together contributions from distinguished policy makers and scholars. It discusses the growth experiences of these countries, including how they have fared in the wake of the recent global financial crisis. It also examines these countries’ prospects for sustaining strong growth over the long term. The chapters in this book offer new analyses of the growth process in individual countries. They explore, for example, the reduction of external vulnerability in Brazil, the contribution of human and physical capital accumulation in China and Indonesia, initiatives to promote infrastructure and social development in India, and financial deepening in South Africa. These chapters identify the specific drivers of growth in each country, and thus strengthen our understanding of the policy levers that can be used to sustain growth in the years to come.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264094413
    Language: Czech
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Statistics; An OECD Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Statistics: An OECD Perspective
    Keywords: Economics
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264085411
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (675 p)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A joint production by six international organizations, this manual explores the conceptual and theoretical issues that national statistical offices should consider in the daily compilation of export and import price indices. Intended for use by both developed and developing countries, it replaces guidance from the United Nations that is now more than a quarter-century old and thus badly outdated. The chapters cover many topics; they elaborate on the different practices currently in use, propose alternatives whenever possible, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative. Given its comprehensive nature, the manual is expected to satisfy the needs of many users in addition to national statistical offices and international organizations, particularly businesses, policymakers, and researchers.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264045767
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Quatrième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 2008; Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa ; Cuarta edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 2008: Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa : Cuarta edición
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: L’investissement direct international (IDI) est l’un des principaux moteurs de la mondialisation. À l’heure où les modalités d’investissement des entreprises multinationales deviennent de plus en plus complexes, il convient de disposer de statistiques d’IDI fiables et comparables sur le plan international pour pouvoir prendre des décisions judicieuses. La Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux représente la norme mondiale en matière de statistiques d’IDI. Elle constitue une référence unique pour les statisticiens et les utilisateurs pour tous les aspects des statistiques d’IDI, tout en restant compatible avec d’autres normes statistiques acceptées au niveau international. Cette édition introduit de nouvelles ventilations analytiques des données et de nouveaux traitements statistiques qui rendent mieux compte des réalités actuelles de l’économie mondiale. Cette Définition de référence révisée propose des méthodes de classement des différents types d’IDI (par exemple, les fusions-acquisitions, les investissements de création) et d’identification de l’investisseur ultime. Cette nouvelle édition traite désormais des utilisations des statistiques d’IDI, notamment les indicateurs de mondialisation, et comporte un chapitre consacré aux statistiques relatives aux activités des entreprises multinationales.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.752
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The world is recovering from the worst crisis since the Great Depression, leaving a strong and lasting impact on Member countries’ public finances. This paper analyses how sub-central governments (SCG) are affected and how fiscal policy has reacted in the first months after the outbreak of the crisis. In general and in line with earlier downturns, SCG’s public finance appear to be less affected than central governments. However, SCGs suffer from a scissors effect of higher spending and lower tax revenue, specially those with a volatile tax base and large social welfare responsibilities. While some SCGs were conducting their own stimulus plans, others cut expenditures and raised taxes, potentially undermining national government’s recovery programmes. Most national governments are helping SCGs to cope with the crisis, by disbursing additional grants and supporting investment programmes, by easing centrally-imposed fiscal rules, lifting borrowing constraints or by temporarily raising the sub-central tax share. The crisis also showed the need for better coordination in intergovernmental fiscal relations, both for more macroeconomic coherence and for efficiency in public service delivery. Several countries are creating or reinvigorating their institutions for managing relations across levels of government.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.750
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China’s population is set to age fast, owing to low fertility and rising life expectancy. With ongoing migration of the younger cohorts to urban areas the increase in the old-age dependency ratio will be even more pronounced in rural than in urban areas. Very different pension arrangements exist across the country, with diverse and segmented systems in urban areas, belated retirement and low replacement ratios in rural areas, and special rules governing public sector pensions. Labour mobility is impeded by some of features of the current pension system, not least limited benefit portability. Various reforms have been initiated or proposed over the past decade. Some add to the existing fragmentation, while others, notably those providing for greater geographical pooling, have only partly been implemented. Also, under current rules, effective replacement rates are fairly low and projected to decline further, both for rural and urban residents, which may be difficult to sustain with the elderly living less and less with their descendants. Furthermore, as the countryside ages, much of the additional burden will be shouldered by local governments with insufficient resources. These challenges can be addressed by gradually consolidating the various regimes, raising retirement ages and shifting more of the cost of rural pensions to the central government. Even if different schemes for different categories of workers were to persist, each should be unified over time, first provincially and then nationally, phasing out the urban-rural distinction.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.760
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: What changes are needed to make counter-cyclical economic policy more effective in the aftermath of the recent crisis? An important lesson from the severity of the recent recession is that policy in various areas will have to be more prudent during upswings and to build in greater safety margins to be able to react to large adverse shocks. In the period leading up to the crisis, cycles became more synchronised, while asset prices became more volatile. Recent events also underline the difficulties encountered in detecting and reacting to asset price misalignments. The confluence of the turn in asset prices, financial market crisis and slump in trade challenged the ability of counter-cyclical policies to cope with the severe downturn, although experience reveals that countries where the fiscal position was sound and inflation under control were better able to cushion the shocks. Furthermore, robust micro-prudential regulation can help the financial sector withstand shocks. In this light, existing policies should be strengthened to ensure that there is room for manoeuvre going into a downturn. In order to deal with similar shocks in the future, macroeconomic and financial sector policies should consider precautionary policy settings and macro-prudential regulation to address systemic threats to stability.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.810
    Keywords: Economics ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Indonesia has made considerable progress over the years in improving the social conditions of its population, especially among disadvantaged groups, not least by raising government spending and strengthening social protection programmes. Nevertheless, in some respects social outcomes remain sub-par in relation to regional peers.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.784
    Keywords: Economics ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile has made impressive progress in educational attainment. Yet, despite recent improvements, outcomes, as measured by PISA results, still need to catch up with OECD standards and equity problems should be addressed. One decisive ingredient will be better teachers. Chile should aim to attract qualified individuals to the profession and bolster initiatives to improve initial teacher education and training. A second ingredient will be stronger quality assurance mechanisms. For a long time, Chile has relied to a considerable extent on competition to ensure school quality. But there has been limited success, in part due to very unequal conditions for public and private schools to compete in terms of their ability to select children, their flexibility to employ teachers and in terms of financing. Chile has started to address this by prohibiting the selection of students until 6th grade. The ongoing introduction of a nation-wide quality assurance system based on independent evaluation of results is a welcome complement. Finally, Chile will have to improve outcomes for students with poor results even more than for the rest which would lift the average and improve equity at the same time. The government has recently made important changes to invest more in students from weak socio-economic backgrounds. These extra resources can help to make considerable progress. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Chile).
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.831
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the factors influencing the level and volatility of real house prices in a panel of OECD countries over the period 1980-2005. Results suggest that real house prices tend to rise proportionally with real household incomes, while declines in structural unemployment and real interest rates are associated with higher real house prices. The process of mortgage market deregulation has coincided with a noticeable increase in real house prices in OECD countries, while high rates of leverage are found to amplify house price volatility. Estimates suggest that tax reliefs on mortgage debt financing costs tend to be capitalised into real house prices and may also amplify price volatility, reflecting the tendency for such policies to encourage leverage. While higher transaction costs are associated with lower house price volatility, this effect is modest compared to the impact of banking supervision. Indeed, prudential banking supervision and policies designed to contain the excessive build-up of leverage are shown to significantly reduce the extent of house price volatility, underscoring the importance of ongoing efforts to reform prudential frameworks in OECD countries.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.776
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper explores the political economy of fiscal adjustment. It begins with an examination of the evidence for, and sources of, ‘deficit bias’, including political and governance factors, public attitudes, the role of financial markets and imprecision about which debt targets should be pursued. It then examines the evidence regarding the exogenous and policy-related factors which affect the success of fiscal consolidation efforts. This is followed by a discussion of the role of fiscal institutions, including fiscal rules and autonomous agencies. The final section considers how the political economy of fiscal policy has changed with the financial crisis, giving some indications as to what may be needed to re-establish a consolidation path and make it less prone to setbacks.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.795
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the sustainability of global imbalances by testing for the presence of unit roots in the current account positions (measured in relation to GDP) of the United States, China, Japan, Germany and the oil-exporting countries using a methodology that allows for structural breaks in levels and trends. We find that the external positions of these major countries/regions are stationary around structural breaks, which define episodes of current account reversals. On the basis of an event analysis of past reversals, it appears that structural breaks are associated with shifts in the fiscal stance, exchange rate parities and potential output growth, a finding that underscores the scope for macroeconomic and structural policies to ensure the sustainability of external positions while avoiding potentially disruptive reversals. These findings have implications for long-term capital flows after the crisis.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.770
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of fiscal policy on output in the euro area. For this purpose we develop a DSGE Fiscal Model with endogenous government bond yields to assess the impact of different fiscal policy shocks on output, its components and on government debt. The simulations suggest that fiscal policy is effective in supporting activity, especially in the short term. In particular, the largest fiscal multipliers are found for an increase in public investment, public consumption and a cut in the wage tax. The results are robust to different parameter calibrations and are economically significant. Amongst the different structural parameters, the share of liquidity constrained households and price persistence are found to be the ones which affect the most fiscal multipliers.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9781785362255
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 553 p) , ill , cm
    Series Statement: The pioneering papers of the Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics 8
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Paul A. Samuelson, John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrows, Gerard Debreu and Maurice F. C. Allais
    Keywords: Samuelson, Paul Anthony ; Hicks, John ; Arrow, Kenneth Joseph ; Debreu, Gérard ; Arrow, Kenneth J ; Samuelson, Paul A ; Debreu, Gerard ; Hicks, John ; Allais, Maurice ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Ökonomen ; Nobelpreis ; Economics ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Gerard Debreu and Herbert Scarf (1963), 'A Limit Theorem on the Core of an Economy', International Economic Review, 4 (3), September, 235-46 -- Gerard Debreu (1970), 'Economies with a Finite Set of Equilibria', Econometrica, 38 (3), May, 387-92 -- Gerard Debreu (1972), 'Smooth Preferences', Econometrica, 40 (4), July, 603-15 -- Gerard Debreu (1974), 'Excess Demand Functions', Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1 (1), March, 15-21 -- Gerard Debreu (1975), 'The Rate of Convergence of the Core of an Economy', Journal of Mathematical Economics, 2 (1), March, 1-7 -- Gerard Debreu (1984), 'Economic Theory in the Mathematical Mode', American Economic Review, 74 (3), June, 267-78 -- M. Allais (1953a), 'L'Extension des Théories de l'Equilibre Economique Général et du Rendement Social au Cas du Risque' (Extension of the Theories of General Economic Equilibrium and Economic Efficiency to the Case of Risk), Econometrica, 21 (2), April, 269-90 -- Maurice Allais (1953b), 'Le Comportement de l'Homme Rationnel devant le Risque: Critique des Postulats et Axiomes de l'Ecole Américaine' (Rational Behavior under Risk: Critique of the Postulates and Axioms of the American School), Econometrica, 21 (4), October, 503-46 -- Maurice Allais (1962), 'The Influence of the Capital-Output Ratio on Real National Income', Econometrica, 30 (4), October, 700-728 -- Maurice Allais (1997), 'An Outline of My Main Contributions to Economic Science', American Economic Review, 87 (6), December, 3-12
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): P.A. Samuelson (1938), 'A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumer's Behaviour', Economica, 5 (17), February, 61-71 -- Paul A. Samuelson (1939a), 'Interactions Between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration', Review of Economic Statistics, XXI (2), May, 75-8 -- Paul A. Samuelson (1939b), 'The Gains from International Trade', Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, V (2), May, 195-205 -- Wolfgang F. Stolper and Paul A. Samuelson (1941), 'Protection and Real Wages', Review of Economic Studies, 9 (1), November, 58-73 -- Paul A. Samuelson (1948), 'International Trade and the Equalisation of Factor Prices', Economic Journal, LVIII (230), June, 163-84 -- Paul A. Samuelson (1954), 'The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure', Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXVI (4), November, 387-9 -- Paul A. Samuelson (1958), 'An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest With or Without the Social Contrivance of Money', Journal of Political Economy, LXVI (6), December, 467-82 -- Paul A. Samuelson (2004), 'Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization', '2008 Appendix 1: 3-Good US-China Trade Where Technology Rise in China Probably Hurts US Net' and 'Appendix 2: Inelastic Demand Can Cause Inventions to Reduce Welfare', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18 (3), Summer, 135-46, A1-A4 [reset], A4-A8 -- J.R. Hicks and R.G.D. Allen (1934), 'A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value, Part I', Economica, 1 (1), February, 52-76 -- J.R. Hicks and R.G.D. Allen (1934), 'A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value, Part II: A Mathematical Theory of Individual Demand Functions', Economica, 1 (2), May, 196-219 -- J.R. Hicks (1935), 'A Suggestion for Simplifying the Theory of Money', Economica, 2 (5), February, 1-19 -- J.R. Hicks (1937), 'Mr. Keynes and the "Classics"; A Suggested Interpretation', Econometrica, 5 (2), April, 147-59 -- J.R. Hicks (1939), 'The Foundations of Welfare Economics', Economic Journal, XLIX (196), December, 696-712 -- Kenneth J. Arrow (1951), 'An Extension of the Basic Theorems of Classical Welfare Economics', in Jerzy Neyman (ed) (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 507-32 -- Kenneth J. Arrow and Gerard Debreu (1954), 'Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy', Econometrica, 22 (3), July, 265-90 -- Kenneth J. Arrow and Leonid Hurwicz (1958), 'On the Stability of the Competitive Equilibrium, I', Econometrica, 26 (4), October, 522-52 -- Kenneth J. Arrow, H.D. Block and Leonid Hurwicz (1959), 'On the Stability of the Competitive Equilibrium, II', Econometrica, 27 (1), January, 82-109 -- K.J. Arrow, H.B. Chenery, B.S. Minhas and R.M. Solow (1961), 'Capital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency', Review of Economics and Statistics, XLIII (3), August, 225-50 -- Kenneth J. Arrow (1962), 'The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing', Review of Economic Studies, 29 (3), June, 155-73
    Note: "An Elgar research collection , Includes bibliographical references , The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar
    ISBN: 9781785362262
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 554 p) , cm
    Series Statement: The pioneering papers of the Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics 7
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott
    Keywords: Tobin, James ; Modigliani, Franco ; Kydland, Finn E. ; Prescott, Edward C. ; Tobin, James ; Kydland, Finn E ; Prescott, Edward C ; Modigliani, Franco ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Ökonomen ; Nobelpreis ; Economics ; Electronic books ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Tobin, James 1918-2002 ; Modigliani, Franco 1918-2003 ; Kydland, Finn E. 1943- ; Prescott, Edward C. 1940-2022 ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Nobelpreisträger
    Abstract: Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (1991), 'Hours and Employment Variation in Business Cycle Theory', Economic Theory, 1 (1), January, 63-81 -- David K. Backus, Patrick J. Kehoe and Finn E. Kydland (1992), 'International Real Business Cycles', Journal of Political Economy, 100 (4), August, 745-75 -- Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (1996), 'The Computational Experiment: An Econometric Tool', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (1), Winter, 69-85
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): James Tobin (1955), 'A Dynamic Aggregative Model', Journal of Political Economy, 63 (2), April, 103-15 -- James Tobin (1956), 'The Interest-Elasticity of Transactions Demand for Cash', Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXVIII (3), August, 241-7 -- J. Tobin (1958), 'Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk', Review of Economic Studies, 25 (2) February, 65-86 -- James Tobin (1965), 'Money and Economic Growth', Econometrica, 33 (4), October, 671-84 -- James Tobin (1969), 'A General Equilibrium Approach to Monetary Theory', Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1 (1), February, 15-29 -- James Tobin (1972), 'Inflation and Unemployment', American Economic Review, 62 (1), March, 1-18 -- Franco Modigliani (1944), 'Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money', Econometrica, 12 (1), January, 45-88 -- Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg (1955), 'Utility Analysis and the Consumption Function: An Interpretation of Cross-Section Data', in Kenneth K. Kurihara (ed) (ed.), Post-Keynesian Economics, Chapter 15, London: George Allen and Unwin, 388-436 -- Franco Modigliani (1961), 'Long-Run Implications of Alternative Fiscal Policies and the Burden of the National Debt', Economic Journal, 71 (284), December, 730-55 -- Albert Ando and Franco Modigliani (1963), 'The "Life Cycle" Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implications and Tests', American Economic Review, 53 (1, part 1), March, 55-84 -- Franco Modigliani (1977), 'The Monetarist Controversy or, Should We Forsake Stabilization Policies?', American Economic Review, 67 (2), March, 1-19 -- Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg (1980), 'Utility Analysis and Aggregate Consumption Functions: An Attempt at Integration', in Andrew Abel (ed) (ed.), The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani, Volume 2: The Life Cycle Hypothesis of Saving, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 128-97 -- Robert E. Lucas, Jr. and Edward C. Prescott (1971), 'Investment Under Uncertainty', Econometrica, 39 (5), September, 659-81 -- Robert E. Lucas, Jr. and Edward C. Prescott (1974), 'Equilibrium Search and Unemployment', Journal of Economic Theory, 7 (2), February, 188-209 -- Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (1977), 'Rules Rather Than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans', Journal of Political Economy, 85 (3), June, 473-91 -- Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (1982), 'Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations', Econometrica, 50 (6), November, 1345-70 -- Rajnish Mehra and Edward C. Prescott (1985), 'The Equity Premium: A Puzzle', Journal of Monetary Economics, 15 (2), March, 145-61 -- Edward C. Prescott (1986), 'Theory Ahead of Business Cycle Measurement', Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 10 (4), Fall, 9-22 -- Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott (1990), 'Business Cycles: Real Facts and a Monetary Myth', Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 14 (2), Spring, 3-18
    Note: "An Elgar research collection , Includes bibliographical references , The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar
    ISBN: 9781785362248
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 451 p) , cm
    Series Statement: The pioneering papers of the Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics 9
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Simon S. Kuznets, Theodore W. Schultz, W. Arthur Lewis and Robert M. Solow
    Keywords: Kuznets, Simon Smith ; Schultz, Theodore William ; Lewis, William Arthur ; Solow, Robert M. ; Kuznets, Simon ; Lewis, W. Arthur ; Solow, Robert M ; Schultz, Theodore W ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Ökonomen ; Nobelpreis ; Economics ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): Simon Kuznets (1933), 'National Income', in Edwin R.A. Seligman (ed) and Alvin Johnson (ed) (eds), Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Volume Eleven: Morbidity-Parties, Political, New York, NY: Macmillan, 205-24 -- Simon Kuznets (1955), 'Economic Growth and Income Inequality', American Economic Review, XLV (1), March, 1-28 -- Simon Kuznets (1971), 'Level and Variability of Rates of Growth', in Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure, Chapter I, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1-50 -- Simon Kuznets (1973), 'Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections', American Economic Review, 63 (3), June, 247-58 -- Theodore W. Schultz (1950), 'Reflections on Poverty Within Agriculture', Journal of Political Economy, LVIII (1), February, 1-15 -- T.W. Schultz (1951), 'The Declining Economic Importance of Agricultural Land', Economic Journal, LXI (244), December, 725-40 -- Theodore W. Schultz (1961), 'Investment in Human Capital', American Economic Review, LI (1), March, 1-17 -- Theodore W. Schultz (1964), 'The Problem and Its Setting', in Transforming Traditional Agriculture, Chapter 1, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 3-23 -- Theodore W. Schultz (1975), 'The Value of the Ability to Deal with Disequilibria', Journal of Economic Literature, 13 (3), September, 827-46 -- Theodore W. Schultz (1980), 'Nobel Lecture: The Economics of Being Poor', Journal of Political Economy, 88 (4), August, 639-51 -- W. Arthur Lewis (1954), 'Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour', Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, XXII (2), May, 139-91 -- W. Arthur Lewis (1958), 'Unlimited Labour: Further Notes', Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, XXVI (1), January, 1-32 -- W. Arthur Lewis (1965), 'Richard T. Ely Lecture: A Review of Economic Development', American Economic Review, 55 (1-2), March, 1-16 -- W. Arthur Lewis (1980), 'The Slowing Down of the Engine of Growth', American Economic Review, 70 (4), September, 555-64 -- Robert M. Solow (1956), 'A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXX (1), February, 65-94 -- Robert M. Solow (1960), 'Investment and Technical Progress', in Kenneth J. Arrow (ed), Samuel Karlin (ed) and Patrick Suppes (ed) (eds), Mathematical Methods in Social Sciences, Chapter 7, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 89-104 -- Paul A. Samuelson and Robert M. Solow (1960), 'Problem of Achieving and Maintaining a Stable Price Level: Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy', American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 50 (2), May, 177-9 -- Alan S. Blinder and Robert M. Solow (1973), 'Does Fiscal Policy Matter?' Journal of Public Economics, 2 (4), November, 319-37 -- Robert M. Solow (1980), 'On Theories of Unemployment', American Economic Review, 70 (1), March, 1-11
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar
    ISBN: 9781785362279
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 393 p) , cm
    Series Statement: Pioneering papers of the Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics v. 10
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bertil G. Ohlin, James E. Meade and Robert A. Mundell
    Keywords: Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard ; Meade, James E. ; Mundell, Robert A. ; Meade, J. E ; Ohlin, Bertil ; Mundell, Robert A ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Ökonomen ; Nobelpreis ; Economics ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): Bertil Ohlin (1937a), 'Some Notes on the Stockholm Theory of Savings and Investment I', Economic Journal, XLVII (185), March, 53-69 -- Bertil Ohlin (1937b), 'Some Notes on the Stockholm Theory of Savings and Investment II', Economic Journal, XLVII (186), June, 221-40 -- Bertil Ohlin (1991), 'The Theory of Trade', in Eli F. Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory, translated, edited and introduced by Harry Flam (ed) and M. June Flanders (ed), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 71, 73, 75-214 -- J.E. Meade (1948), 'National Income, National Expenditure and the Balance of Payments. Part I', Economic Journal, LVIII (232), December, 483-505 -- J.E. Meade (1949a), 'National Income, National Expenditure and the Balance of Payments - continued', Economic Journal, LIX (233), March, 17-39 -- J.E. Meade (1949b), 'A Geometrical Representation of Balance of Payments Policy', Economica, 16 (64), November, 305-20 -- J.E. Meade (1958), 'Is the National Debt a Burden?', Oxford Economic Papers, 10 (2), June, 163-83 -- James E. Meade (1978), 'The Meaning of "Internal Balance"', Economic Journal, 88 (351), September, 423-35 -- James E. Meade (1993), 'The Relation of Mr. Meade's Relations to Kahn's Multiplier', Economic Journal, 103 (418), May, 664-5 -- Robert A. Mundell (1957), 'International Trade and Factor Mobility', American Economic Review, 47 (3), June, 321-35 -- Robert A. Mundell (1961), 'A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas', American Economic Review, 51 (4), September, 657-65 -- Robert A. Mundell (1962), 'The Appropriate Use of Monetary and Fiscal Policy for Internal and External Stability', IMF Staff Papers, 9 (1), March, 70-77 -- R.A. Mundell (1963), 'Capital Mobility and Stabilization Policy Under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates', Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, XXIX (4), November, 475-85 -- Robert A. Mundell (1971), 'The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1971', in Essays in International Finance, No. 85, Princeton, NJ: International Finance Section, Princeton University, May, 3-28 -- Robert A. Mundell (1973), 'A Plan for a European Currency', in Harry G. Johnson (ed) and Alexander K. Swoboda (ed) (eds), The Economics of Common Currencies, Chapter 9, London: George Allen & Unwin, 143-72
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9781785362231
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 684 p) , cm
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Series Statement: The pioneering papers of the Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als James A. Mirrlees, William S. Vickrey, George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Mirrlees, James A. ; Vickrey, William S. ; Akerlof, George A. ; Spence, Andrew Michael ; Stiglitz, Joseph E. ; Vickrey, William S ; Akerlof, George A ; Spence, Michael ; Stiglitz, Joseph E ; Mirrlees, James A ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Ökonomen ; Nobelpreis ; Economics ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): J.A. Mirrlees (1971), 'An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation', Review of Economic Studies, 38 (2), April, 175-208 -- Peter A. Diamond and James A. Mirrlees (1971a), 'Optimal Taxation and Public Production I: Production Efficiency', American Economic Review, 61 (1), March, 8-27 -- Peter A. Diamond and James A. Mirrlees (1971b), 'Optimal Taxation and Public Production II: Tax Rules', American Economic Review, 61 (3, part 1), June, 261-78 -- J.A. Mirrlees (1974), 'Notes on Welfare Economics, Information and Uncertainty', in M. Balch (ed), D. McFadden (ed) and S. Wu (ed) (eds), Essays on Economic Behaviour Under Uncertainty, Chapter 9, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 243-58 -- James A. Mirrlees (1976), 'The Optimal Structure of Incentives and Authority within an Organization', Bell Journal of Economics, 7 (1), Spring, 105-31 -- James A. Mirrlees (1997), 'Information and Incentives: The Economics of Carrots and Sticks', Economic Journal, 107 (444), September, 1311-29 -- William Vickrey (1939), 'Averaging of Income for Income-Tax Purposes', Journal of Political Economy, 47 (3), June, 379-97 -- William Vickrey (1945), 'Measuring Marginal Utility by Reactions to Risk', Econometrica, 13 (4), October, 319-33 -- William S. Vickrey (1955), 'A Proposal for Revising New York's Subway Fare Structure', Journal of the Operations Research Society of America, 3 (1), February, 38-68 -- William Vickrey (1961), 'Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders', Journal of Finance, 16 (1), March, 8-37 -- William Vickrey (1962), 'Auction and Bidding Games', in Recent Advances in Game Theory (Papers delivered at a meeting of the Princeton University Conference, October 4-6 1961), Philadelphia, PA: Ivy Curtis Press, 15-27 -- William Vickrey (1992), 'Federal Tax Policy for the 1990's: An Updated Agenda for Progressive Taxation', American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 82 (2), May, 257-62 -- George A. Akerlof (1970), 'The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism', Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXXXIV (3), August, 488-500 -- George Akerlof (1976), 'The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and Other Woeful Tales', Quarterly Journal of Economics, XC (4), November, 599-617 -- George A. Akerlof (1980), 'A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May Be One Consequence', Quarterly Journal of Economics, XCIV (4), June, 749-7 -- George A. Akerlof (1982), 'Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange', Quarterly Journal of Economics, XCVII (4), November, 543-69 -- George A. Akerlof and Janet L. Yellen (1985), 'A Near-Rational Model of the Business Cycle, with Wage and Price Inertia', Quarterly Journal of Economics, C, Supplement, 823-38 -- George A. Akerlof and Janet L. Yellen (1990), 'The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment', Quarterly Journal of Economics, CV (2), May, 255-83 -- Michael Spence (1973), 'Job Market Signaling', Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXXXVII (3), August, 355-74
    Abstract: Michael Spence (1974), 'Competitive and Optimal Responses to Signals: An Analysis of Efficiency and Distribution', Journal of Economic Theory, 7 (3), March, 296-332 -- Michael Spence (1976), 'Product Selection, Fixed Costs, and Monopolistic Competition', Review of Economic Studies, 43 (2), June, 217-35 -- A. Michael Spence (1977), 'Entry, Capacity, Investment and Oligopolistic Pricing', Bell Journal of Economics, 8 (2), Autumn, 534-44 -- Michael Spence (1984), 'Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance', Econometrica, 52 (1), January, 101-21 -- Michael Spence (2002), 'Signaling in Retrospect and the Informational Structure of Markets', American Economic Review, 92 (3), June, 434-59 -- Joseph E. Stiglitz (1974), 'Incentives and Risk Sharing in Sharecropping', Review of Economic Studies, 41 (2), April, 219-55 -- Michael Rothschild and Joseph Stiglitz (1976), 'Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information', Quarterly Journal of Economics, XC (4), November, 629-49 -- Sanford J. Grossman and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1980), 'On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets', American Economic Review, 70 (3), June, 393-408 -- Joseph E. Stiglitz and Andrew Weiss (1981), 'Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information', American Economic Review, 71 (3), June, 393-410 -- Carl Shapiro and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1984), 'Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device', American Economic Review, 74 (3), June, 433-44 -- Bruce C. Greenwald and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1986), 'Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets', Quarterly Journal of Economics, CI (2), May, 229-64
    Note: "An Elgar research collection" , The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264086913
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation pour les études d'impact sur la durabilité
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication offers a general introduction to sustainability impact assessment, which is an approach for exploring the combined economic, environmental and social impacts of a range of proposed policies, programmes, strategies and action plans. Such assessments can also assist decision-making and strategic planning throughout the entire policy cycles. It is not an in-depth or detailed user manual, but rather outlines basic principles and process steps of sustainability impact assessments, drawing on examples from Switzerland, Belgium and the European Commission, among others. This publication is a valuable source of information for policy makers on sustainability impact assessments.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264079915 , 9789264107175
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pêcheries ; Jusqu'à l'épuisement des stocks ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pêcheries : Jusqu'à l'épuisement des stocks ?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick Fisheries
    RVK:
    Keywords: Fischwirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Economics ; Fischerei ; Fischbestand ; Fischverarbeitung ; Fischhandel ; Ressourcenmanagement ; Weltpolitik
    Abstract: The fish on your plate may have been caught by a high-tech trawler, trapped by a lone fisher, farmed along with tons of others, or even stolen by pirates. It may have been captured in the South Atlantic, landed in Europe, and processed in China. Globalisation, North-South relations, changing attitudes and lifestyles, and the way we manage natural resources all influence fisheries. This book uses the expertise of the OECD to assess these issues, and describes the challenges facing those who work in the industry. Apart from the fishers themselves and their families, it also draws on the points of view of NGOs, government specialists, scientists and independent experts. This book includes StatLinks, URLs under graphs and tables linking to Excel® spreadsheets showing the underlying data "We at International Aquafeed would recommend this to anyone involved in marine fishing and even to those in aquaculture to and aqua policy development as a foundation document for future decision-making. Well done Patrick Love." -The Aquaculturists Blog
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9780230276147
    Language: English
    Pages: XII, 316 S. , graph. Darst
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: IEA conference volume 147
    Parallel Title: Print version Keynes's General Theory After Seventy Years
    RVK:
    Keywords: Economic history ; Economic theory ; Macroeconomics ; Economic history ; Economic theory ; Macroeconomics ; Economics ; Methodology/History of Economic Thought ; Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics ; Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods ; Economic History ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Keynes, John Maynard 1883-1946 General theory of employment, interest and money ; Rezeption
    Abstract: Literaturangaben
    Abstract: This book provides a comprehensive overview of Keynes' contributions to macroeconomics and offers an in-depth analysis of the contested legacy of The General Theory, a book that marked the emergence of modern macroeconomics from the earlier heritage of monetary theory and business cycle and analysis
    Description / Table of Contents: Cover; Contents; List of Figures; Acknowledgments; Notes on Contributors; Introduction; 1 Whose Keynes?; 2 The General Theory in Keynes's Biographies; 3 The Legacy of Keynes as Public Intellectual; 4 Mr Keynes and the "Liberals"; 5 Corporatism and Keynes: His Views on Growth; 6 Keynes, Art and Aesthetics; 7 Keynes and the Social Sciences: Contributions Outside of Economics, with Applications to Economic Anthropology and Comparative Systems; 8 Keynes' Enduring Legacy; 9 The Principle of Effective Demand: The Key to Understanding the General Theory
    Description / Table of Contents: 10 Getting Rid of Keynes? A Reflection on the Recent History of Macroeconomics11 Aggregate Demand, Employment and Equilibrium with Marginal Productivity: Keynesian Adjustment in the Craft Economy; 12 Keynes's Approach to Money: What can be Recovered?; 13 Keynes's Revolutionary and "Serious" Monetary Theory; 14 Was There a (Methodological) Keynesian Revolution?; 15 What Keynesian Revolution? A Reconsideration Seventy Years After The General Theory; Index;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9781921666278 , 1921666277 , 9781921666261 , 1921666269
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Millmow, Alex.; Power of economic ideas.
    Parallel Title: Print version Millmow, Alex Power of economic ideas
    Keywords: Keynesian economics ; Macroeconomics ; Keynesian economics. ; Macroeconomics. ; Keynesian economics ; Macroeconomics ; Economics, finance, business and management ; Economics ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Economics ; Microeconomics ; Economic history ; Keynesian economics ; Macroeconomics ; Australia ; Economic history ; Australia Economic conditions, 1929-1939. ; Australia Economic conditions 1929-1939 ; Australia ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Economics, Keynes once wrote, can be a 'very dangerous science'. Sometimes, though, it can be moulded to further the common good though it might need a leap in mental outlook, a whole new zeitgeist to be able do do. This book is about a transformation in Australian economists' thought and ideas during the interwar period. It focuses upon the interplay between economic ideas, players and policy sometimes in the public arena. In a decade marked by depression, recovery and international political turbulence Australian economists moved from a classical orthodox economic position to that of a cautious Keynesianism by 1939. We look at how a small collective of economists tried to influence policy-making in the nineteen-thirties. Economists felt obliged to seek changes to the parameters as economic conditions altered but, more importantly, as their insights about economic management changed. There are three related themes that underscore this book. Firstly, the professionalisation of Australian economics took a gigantic leap in this period, aided in part, by the adverse circumstances confronting the economy but also by the aspirations economists held for their discipline. A second theme relates to the rather unflattering reputation foisted upon interwar economists after 1945. That transition underlies a third theme of this book, namely, how Australian economists were emboldened by Keynes's General Theory to confidently push for greater management of economic activity. By 1939 Australian economists conceptualized from a new theoretic framework and from one which they advanced comment and policy advice. This book therefore will rehabilitate the works of Australian interwar economists, arguing that they not only had an enviable international reputation but also facilitated the acceptance of Keynes's General Theory among policymakers before most of their counterparts elsewhere
    Abstract: The triumph of the economists? --Part I.Backing into the limelight: the interwar Australian economics profession.Economic ideas and an assessment of Australian economists in the 1930s --The Australian economy during the Depression decade --The interwar Australian economics profession --Part II.Triumph and tribulation.The Premiers' Plan and the economists --The agonistes of the economists, 1931-1932 --The Australian recovery, 1933-1936 --Part III.The march of Keynesian ideas.The Royal Commission on Monetary and Banking Systems --Australia, 1936-1938: the nascent Keynesian state? --The economics of near-war.
    Description / Table of Contents: The triumph of the economists? -- Part I. Backing into the limelight: the interwar Australian economics profession. Economic ideas and an assessment of Australian economists in the 1930s -- The Australian economy during the Depression decade -- The interwar Australian economics profession -- Part II. Triumph and tribulation. The Premiers' Plan and the economists -- The agonistes of the economists, 1931-1932 -- The Australian recovery, 1933-1936 -- Part III. The march of Keynesian ideas. The Royal Commission on Monetary and Banking Systems -- Australia, 1936-1938: the nascent Keynesian state? -- The economics of near-war.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9781921666872 , 1921666870 , 9781921666865 , 1921666862
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Indigenous participation in Australian economies : historical and anthropological perspectives
    Keywords: Aboriginal Australians Economic conditions. ; Aboriginal Australians Employment. ; Economic anthropology Australia. ; Hunting and gathering societies Australia. ; Business enterprises, Aboriginal Australian ; Business enterprises, Aboriginal Australian. ; Economic anthropology ; Hunting and gathering societies ; Aboriginal Australians Economic conditions ; Aboriginal Australians Employment ; Business enterprises, Aboriginal Australian ; Economic anthropology ; Hunting and gathering societies ; Aboriginal Australians ; Aboriginal Australians ; Society and social sciences Society and social sciences ; Sociology and anthropology ; SOCIAL SCIENCE ; General ; Aboriginal Australians ; Economic conditions ; Aboriginal Australians ; Employment ; Business enterprises, Aboriginal Australian ; Economic anthropology ; Economic history ; Hunting and gathering societies ; Ethnic & Race Studies ; Gender & Ethnic Studies ; Social Sciences ; Australia ; Anthropology ; Economics, finance, business and management ; Economics ; Australia Economic conditions. ; Australia Economic conditions ; Australia ; Electronic books
    Abstract: "The chapters of the volume bring new theoretical analyses and empirical data to bear on a continuing discussion about the variety of ways in which Indigenous people in Australia have been engaged in the colonial and post-colonial economy. Contributions cover settler capitalism, concepts of property on the frontier, Torres Strait Islanders in the mainland economy, the pastoral industry in the Kimberley, doggers in the Western Desert, bean and pea picking on the South Coast of New South Wales, attitudes to employment in general in western New South Wales, relations of Aboriginal people to mining in the Pilbara, and relations with the uranium mine and Kakadu National Park in the Top End. The chapters also contribute to discussions about theoretical and analytical frameworks relevant to these kinds of contexts and bring critical perspectives to bear on current issues of development."--Publisher's description.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Introduction , The emergence of Australian settler capitalism in the nineteenth century and the disintegration/integration of Aboriginal societies: hybridisation and local evolution within the world market , The interpretation of Aboriginal 'property' on the Australian colonial frontier , From island to mainland: Torres Strait Islanders in the Australian labour force , Exchange and appropriation: the Wurnan economy and Aboriginal land and labour at Karunjie Station, north-western Australia , Dingo scalping and the frontier economy in the north-west of South Australia , Peas, beans and riverbanks: seasonal picking and dependence in the Tuross Valley , 'Who you is?' Work and identity in Aboriginal New South Wales , Sustainable Aboriginal livelihoods and the Pilbara mining boom , Realities, simulacra and the appropriation of Aboriginality in Kakadu's tourism , English
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basingstoke, Hampshire [u.a.] : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9780230281745
    Language: English
    Pages: XVIII, 326 S. , graph. Darst
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Studies in economic transition
    Parallel Title: Print version Serbia's Transition : Towards a Better Future
    Keywords: Macroeconomics ; International economics ; Economics ; Regional economics ; Spatial economics ; Macroeconomics ; International economics ; Economics ; Regional economics ; Spatial economics ; Economics ; International Economics ; Regional/Spatial Science ; Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics ; Economic Systems
    Abstract: Literaturverz. S. 290 - 303
    Abstract: The book analyzes the twenty years of economic transition from socialism to capitalism in Serbia. It offers a comprehensive evaluation of the achievements and failures of the transition, and explains why its course has been more complex and unique than elsewhere in the former socialist world
    Description / Table of Contents: Cover; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; 2 Serbia on the Eve of Transition; 3 The Early 1990s: Political and Economic Instability; 4 Post-Dayton: Slow Progress with Transition; 5 Serbia's 'velvet' Revolution and Its Aftermath; 6 Embarking on Transition for a Second Time; 7 Transition Strategy Flaws: Privatization and Restructuring; 8 Integrating Serbia into the EU; 9 The Way to a Better Future: Remaining Challenges; Postface; Notes; References; Index;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basingstoke [u.a.] : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9780230274280
    Language: English
    Pages: XIV, 280 S. , graph. Darst
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Series Statement: IEA conference volume 148
    Parallel Title: Print version Is Economic Growth Sustainable?
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sustainable development ; Macroeconomics ; International economics ; Development economics ; Environmental economics ; Urban economics ; Sustainable development ; Macroeconomics ; International economics ; Development economics ; Environmental economics ; Urban economics ; Economics ; Urban Economics ; Environmental Economics ; Sustainable Development ; Development Economics ; Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics ; International Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: How can we determine if current growth patterns are sustainable, and what changes to we need to make to make them more so? This volume addresses these issues in a rigorous yet accessible fashion, presenting the current research of some of the world's leading scholars
    Abstract: How can we determine if current growth patterns are sustainable, and what changes to we need to make to make them more so? This volume addresses these issues in a rigorous yet accessible fashion, presenting the current research of some of the world's leading scholars
    Description / Table of Contents: Cover; Contents; List of Tables and Figures; List of Contributors; The Sustainability of Economic Growth; 1 What Are the Health Effects of Air Pollution in China?; 2 Why Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture Could be Economically Substantial; 3 Wealth, Saving and Sustainability; 4 China, the US, and Sustainability: Perspectives Based on Comprehensive Wealth; 5 Counting Nonmarket, Ecological Public Goods: The Elements of a Welfare-Significant Ecological Quantity Index; 6 The Challenge of Crafting Rules to Change Open-Access Resources into Managed Resources
    Description / Table of Contents: 7 How Does Trade Affect the Environment?8 Corporate Environmentalism: Doing Well by Being Green; Author Index; Subject Index;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Warszawa : Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland
    ISBN: 9788361100256
    Language: Polish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (319 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de Frascati 2002 ; Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
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